Corpora and LSP Translation Natalie Kübler1 0. Introduction This
Contents
1. Learning to Translate 47 60 CLUEB Bologna Pearson J 1998 Terms in context Amsterdam John Benjamins Sager J 1994 Language Engineering and Translation Consequences of Automation John Benjamins Amsterdam Sinclair J 1991 Corpus concordance collocation Oxford Oxford University Press Wichmann A S Fligelstone A McEnery and G Knowles eds 1997 Language Corpora and Teaching Longman London2. little too wide as shown in example 3 2 La grande majorit des amateurs de photo num rique pense que la r solution de 200 1200 v rification et analyse de l image en temps r el sur cran couleur la focale utilis e et donc 1 angle de champ ainsi que les accessoires mont s d un contraste lev et d un angle de vision lat ral tendu appareil photo bonne qualit en A4 Si augmentation de la taille d image est un plus la nouvelle incluse qui raine dans la base de l appareil photo dans l ensemble verrou Effect d images Livr cable de connexion drivers Le MAVICA MVC FD 51 Prix This problem is readily solved by defining the minimum number of characters a word must contain as amp N Aw 3 de amp N w 4 In this case words such as Ja which can be either a definite article or a noun a key in music are discarded and many terms of the domain can be found using this method 3 couleur 3D la balance des blancs TTL et la compensation de tons Le Nikon D1 est le premier appareil Ce chapitre fournit des informations sur la composition de photographies en utilisant 1 autofocus les Timer Le dessus du contr leur sont les configurations de foyer d instantan continues et d encadrer Avec du r glage automatique de distance et confirmation de charge du flash fonctionnement multimode auto off A tokenizer using perl like regular expressions is also available It sorts single word units frequenc
3. of English translating from English into French can compare the use of lt term gt department and lt term gt thing in the general English corpus the idiomatic structures in the glamour department or in the speed department are found and present the same use as in the white balance department About the lt term gt thing occurrences in general English corpora such as Mr Kissinger said the petition thing never happened confirms the hypothesis that white balance thing is not a term Examining the left hand side context of white balance allows the translator to find collocations such as accurate daylight cloudy manual automatic or auto white balance A commonly applied process in English leads to the shifting of the POS of a word from noun to verb 7 But it will look white to you when you take the pictures because your brain will automatically white balance it More information can be extracted from a monolingual corpus about only one term Once translators have listed possible terms phraseology derivational processes etc the time comes to find the equivalents in the target language here French 4 3 1 Equivalents in the target language The single general term balance is usually translated into French by quilibre Searching for quilibre in the French corpus on digital cameras does not yield any result The solutio
4. via internally grown tools Our tools were developed at the University of Paris 13 Foucou et al 2000 and have migrated to the University Paris 7 They can be accessed on 2 The Web can help find linguistic information but is of course not as balanced and liable as a carefully chosen collection of texts the working Web site of the DESS 2 1 Corpora The corpora that are accessible to the students consist of monolingual comparable and parallel corpora in English and French There are two type of corpora general language and specialized language corpora specialized corpora 2 1 1 Specialized corpora We define specialized corpora as a collection of texts dealing with a particular subject area and written by experts to various types of audience experts to experts experts to students experts to laymen For the time being the on line available specialized corpora deal with computer science digital camera gene therapy and video editing The underlying philosophy of our corpus collecting principles is to take advantage of the existing resources that are accessible on the Web For the projects described below the specialized corpora that were used were the Computer Science and the Digital Camera corpora Computer Science Our computer science corpus has been collected to teach computational English to French speaking students in computer science Foucou amp K bler 2000 The corpus must therefore be representative of the diff
5. work in groups on specific projects in order to prepare them for the non academic world in which dealines must be met for job completion 1 2 2 Particular objectives for undergraduate students The full time students in their fourth year at university have never translated a whole document There is no project until the fourth year As they have always translated text samples they only have a vague idea of the processes involved in the translation of a document outside the university Our aim was to show them the tasks that must be done in the real world and the steps that must be taken beyond the process of translating itself such as documentation terminology working with experts proofreading etc 1 2 3 Particular objectives for postgraduate students The postgraduate students already know of the processes associated with translation However they are still quite wary of computers especially machine translation MT systems The pedagogic objective here lies in convincing students especially the TS group that MT systems can be useful tools and are no threat for human translators They therefore learn how to use a Web based MT system Systran as a tool to help them in the translation process A side effect of the argumentation leads them to understand how corpora can help enhance MT systems which is a bonus as some of our students work in NLP companies 2 Corpora and Tools The corpora students use are accessible on a Web site
6. Corpora and LSP Translation Natalie K bler 0 Introduction This paper reports on an experimental approach to the training of specialized translators through the application of corpus query tools to textual data The use of corpora within the frame of translation and languages for special purposes LSPs is nothing really new In specialized translation translators often have to work as terminologists as they have to deal with terms and their translation into the target language that are specific to a subject area that they may not know very well People working in terminology have been using paper corpora for a long time to search for term candidates and their phraseology The great change in the past years has been characterized by a greater accessibility to electronic corpora and powerful personal computers The experiment took place at the Department of Intercultural Studies and Applied Languages Etudes interculturelles et langues appliqu es at University Paris 7 The students on which the experiment was carried out were undergraduates and postgraduates preparing for a diploma in specialized translation and language engineering The approach I used took the form of projects based on group work The first section of this paper describes the students with whom the experiment was led and the pedagogic objectives of this experiment Section two describes the corpora and the tools used The projects run during the academic year are de
7. a Corpora sustain the whole work done in the two projects I am now going to describe how they were used in those which shall reveal the experimental approach that was adopted 4 1 Understanding terms When reading a text to be translated translators are liable to find terms they will not understand because they are too specialized The first use of corpora here is to help translators find definitions of specific terms that cannot be found in specialized dictionaries or glossaries Pearson s Pearson 1998 approach to finding terms can be adapted in this case In the subject area of digital cameras the term white balance denotes a concept that is not accessible to non experts Following Pearson s method of looking for terms it is possible to search the following sequence in the digital camera corpora The sequence called 0 30 white balance allows the user to look up called followed by 0 up to 20 characters spaces symbols punctuation marks etc followed by white balance in lower or upper case It hits the following definition 5 These little marvels can automatically balance the color of light electronically so that nothing comes out looking too hot or too cold It s called White Balance WB for short which simply means the camera tries to keep white objects fairly white so they don t take on extreme color casts Another definition can be found using the same type of method 6 White balance functi
8. cially in technical translation Current work involves collecting more specialized corpora on various subjects Postgraduate students have to collect corpora for their terminology and translation projects They are therefore required to digitize them when necessary and tag them so that they can be integrated into our Web based tools As the introduction of corpora in translation training radically changed the way students looked at languages it led me to work on the development of a general methodological approach to introduce basic knowledge in linguistics and natural language processing and on how to use corpora in the fields of terminology and specialized translation REFERENCES Arnold D L Balkan R Lee Humphreys S Meijer L Sadler 1994 Machine Translation An Introductory Guide Oxford Blackwell Foucou P Y N Kiibler 2000 A Web based Environment for Teaching Technical English Lou Burnard and Tony McEnery eds Rethinking Language Pedagogy Papers from the Third International Conference on Language and Teaching Peter Lang GmbH Frankfurt am Main K bler N P Y Foucou forthcoming Teaching English Verbs With Bilingual Corpora Examples in the Computer Science Area in S Granger ed Corpus Based Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies Rodopi Amsterdam Maia B 2000 Making Corpora A Learning Process in S Bernardini and F Zanettin eds Corpus Use and
9. d crit la mani re de composer Trop sombre une photographie est sous expos e Trop claire elle est surexpos e Ouverture L ouverture des d obturateur au dessus de 1 8 000 pour exposer correctement La vitesse de synchro la plus lev e d instantan expliquez vous que je n arrive jamais exposer correctement un groupe de personnes Si vous constatez que fr quemment trop claires et apparaissent surexpos es Le mode de prise de vue nocturne du mod le PowerShot 400 ISO et un flash int gr assure une exposition correcte dans toutes les situations Une utilisation This search result is teeming with terms and linguistic information such as the adjectives sous expos and surexpos The extracts e sujet est sous expos and exposer correctement un groupe de personnes reveal a specialized use of the verb exposer and its compounds In general French the argument in the position of the direct object cannot either be animate nor human with the specific meaning it has here The next two search strings describe structures of compound nouns in French that are common processes used to coin new terms in LSPs amp N w de amp N w amp N w amp A w The first one defines a multi word noun composed of a noun followed by the preposition de of and followed again by a noun and the second one a multi word noun composed of a noun and an adjective As there is no POS disambiguation the first results of this kind of search are a
10. erent genres computers science students are confronted with OS manuals Internet manuals newsgroups specialized dictionary computer science jargon This corpus was also used by our postgraduate students in the project that will be described below The available corpora in this domain are the following the Free On Line Dictionary Of Computing 500 000 words the Internet Request For Comments RFCs 8 5 million words the Unix manual man 1 6 million words articles from Wired 100 000 words mails from computer science newsgroups 100 000 words the Linux HOWTOs 500 000 words The HOWTOs have been aligned with their French translation and thus are considered as a translation corpus Digital Camera All the documentation used comes from around twenty Web sites either in French or in English and from user manuals They can be accessed separately although not all are accessible outside the university for copyright reasons The size of this corpus is around 400 000 words 2 1 2 General corpora Our aim is not to collect a general corpus of English or French but a general comparable corpus built of newspaper is available to check the degree of specialization of a term It is clear that using the British National Corpus or The Bank of English will provide more information about general English It is though quite convenient to have a general corpus at hand The available newspapers in French and English are the follow
11. ght incandescent adjusted for every shot adjustments stitch assist in camera and continuous modes need the menuing controls have some cool features data is reset changed With Ver 1 2 department than my CP950 usually does feature to be a little strange Instead In addition to auto and presets for in this room is to use manual white It even tells you to use a tripod mode And that s all the manual The sequence white balance WB whites sorted by the right hand side context gives a list of possible multi word units including white balance potential terms white balance setting white balance mode white balance control white balance compensation white balance system white balance feature white balance department white balance thing In this case the method consists in first checking whether other terms can be followed by setting mode ce 39 cc control etc If this is the case it leads to a new list of terms Then possible uses of verbs such as to set to control to compensate must be looked up to define the verb structures in which the term can be an argument and which argumental position it takes Linguistic intuition tells us that white balance department and white balance thing are not terms but just idioms that can be found in the general language However the non native speaker
12. he French Web site Each group was also responsible for coordinating one of the different tasks and for making the information available to the whole group e The corpora groups were in charge of merging the corpora collected by the different groups deleting the duplicate corpora checking for possible mistakes and submitting the completed corpora to me so that I could integrate those into a concordancer e The terminology group set up a term base under ACCESS that other groups added to they also had to check for consistency e The documentation group collected and commented on the various glossaries found by the other groups and took charge of copyright problems e Two groups were responsible for proofreading the translations e The last group was responsible for creating the French Web site linking the files and checking the HTML tagging it should be noted however that this task was done in a parallel class in which students were taught the basics of HTML Everybody had to do a little of everything and each group was responsible for one task on behalf of the whole class 3 2 Postgraduate project and procedure As the aim for the postgraduate students was different the project consisted in translating a part of the Free On Line Dictionary Of Computing FOLDOC into French using e an on line MT system SYSTRAN e comparable corpora in general and computer science CS English and French e parallel corpora also called t
13. ies but also all the words containing specific sequences The sequence below describes all the words ending with the suffix ible 39 66 39 66 w ible It results in a list containing words such as accessible compatible flexible impossible etc 3 Project Description The undergraduate and postgraduate students had to carry out and undertake different projects as their background was different as were some of the pedagogic objectives 3 1 Undergraduate project and procedure The undergraduate project consisted in translating a Web Site on digital cameras collecting and using comparable corpora in English and French in this specific subject area General language corpora were also available in English and French as they are useful to test the degree of specialization of a term The Web had to be used as a huge corpus when more linguistic or encyclopaedic information was needed The Web site that was chosen consisted of a series of reviews on digital cameras The class was divided into groups of three each group being responsible for the translation of one review and one of the following tasks Downloading their review in HTML and plain text format Collecting documentation from the Web user manuals Checking the documentation with an expert Collecting French and English corpora on digital cameras Completing a term base with terms in the two languages Translating their review Proofreading Creating t
14. ing The Times 3 5 million words The Herald Tribune 1 5 million words Le Monde million words A whole year of each of those newspapers has been collected 2 2 Tools The concordancer to which students have access is based on perl like regular expressions and allows queries containing POS tags Although the concordancer uses POS tags on plain text the words are not disambiguated following thus Sinclair s Sinclair 1991 view of using corpora This allows the user to begin with as wide a search 3 The URL is the following http wall jussieu fr 4 Some of the corpora that are used are not available outside university for confidentiality reasons with the companies we work with 5 All the examples in the Tools section come from our digital cameras corpora in French and in English as possible and to narrow it little by little looking thoroughly at the results A common word in the field of digital cameras in French is the term exposition exposure Instead of looking up only exposition the first step consists in finding all the sequences including expos in French The search string is the following w expos w which will retrieve occurrences such as those shown in the following short concordance sample 1 La synchro lente permet au film d tre expos a clairage ambiant de arri re plan et la synchro retard sur le par exemple quand le sujet est sous expos voir le Guide Rapide Cette section
15. n lies in looking up for the other component of the term i e white and searching for blanc in the French corpus Examining the context in which blanc appears indicates that the equivalent of white balance is balance des blancs In French balance usually means scales The same search as for the English term must be done on the French term to find the French verbs that are used or the adjectives and their position in French The collocates high or low are often found with the term exposure Possible translations of high and low in French are usually haut and bas In the case of exposition French for exposure the adjectival collocates must be forte strong and faible weak cc 5 Working with Comparable and Parallel translation Corpora In the field of computer science postgraduate students had access to comparable corpora as well as to a parallel or translation corpus Linux HOWTOs translated into French As their task was to analyze SYSTRANSs translation problems and find the correct translations they already had a list of terms and structures to look for 5 1 Literal translations SYSTRAN translates for example the term firewall machine into machine de mur pare feu which is a literal and incorrect translation Looking for the term in English leads to search for the French translation in the corresponding paragraph Luckily the parallel c
16. nt tools 1 2 Pedagogic objectives There are two types of pedagogic objectives in the experimental approach described the general objectives are the same for the undergraduate and postgraduate students the particular objectives depend on the knowledge and situation specific to undergraduate or postgraduate studies which are detailed below These differences also mean different projects 1 2 1 General objectives The students concerned are generally computer literate at both undergraduate and postgraduate level As students in specialized translation they have to build term bases in varied areas health related subjects variations in the fur of cats wine making computer science astronomy geology spiders and so on Students are used to working on paper corpora and extracting potential terms manually The general objectives of the experiment that was carried out consisted in graduating from paper to electronic corpora the aim was to help students become familiar with electronic corpora and corpus query tools and to use the Web as a mega corpus browsing it for linguistic and encyclopaedic information as Maia 2000 underlined it Linking the paper corpora which students have to collect in their terminology projects with electronic corpora and the Web resulted also in the gathering of corpora in the various subject areas students were working on Another general objective was to help people learn to
17. ntists use the English word when they talk together or when they write or translate documents for other computer scientists In the case of a user manual that is written for a wider audience the terms garde barri re or coupe feu is more widely used 5 2 1 Terminology problems MT systems often have trouble with LSPs Words commonly used in general English have a very different meaning in CS English On the other hand translations that standardization organizations have tried to impose are not used by the experts These two phenomena can be illustrated with the following sentence EN and its translation by SYSTRAN SYS Looking up for possible translations of hackers and crackers in the French corpora FR shows that the first one is usually not translated and that the second one is translated as pirates which bears the same negative connotation as crackers in CS English 10 EN Hackers create crackers destroy SYS Les intrus cr ent des biscuits d truisent FR Les hackers cr ent les pirates d truisent 5 2 2 Verb structures and their arguments Verbs are not widely described in LSPs although they play a most important role As described in K bler et al forthcoming specialized verbs may not exist in general language or have completely different meanings 11 EN Your BIOS may not allow you to boot to a Linux installed there FR Votre BIOS peut ne pas vous permettre de d marrer un syst me Linux qui
18. on that allows you to have natural colors by adapting the whites to the light The following useful remarks can be drawn from these two definitions white balance can be abbreviated WB the adjective white can be nominalized see adapting the whites 4 2 Linguistic information Obtaining more linguistic information about this term entails finding concordances for the left and right hand side contexts of white balance WB and whites Here is an extract of selected concordances SHQ TIFF SHQ HQ SQ HIGH SQ Gray Card 18 and use the camera in the menu as well as adjusting ISO and rundown of everything you can change continuous shooting with exposure and capabilities exposure compensation Only the more advanced features like on this in a second and more The Condition under which Preset away It actually did better in the with moderate compression I found the now onto another nice feature manual The only way I ve found to get accurate shutter infinite focus and daylight see quite a few examples of the cloudy White Balance White Balance White Balance White balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance white balance Auto sunlight cloudy tungsten Hold mode When ever you move from one settings Some other items of note Auto manual sunli
19. orking with Unix and using SGML HTML SQL PHP and perl SGML and HTML are markup languages the former being an international standard to format documents the latter being the most widely used format to build Web pages SQL is a language used to query databases and PHP is used to build databases on the Web Perl is a programming language that is widely used to process natural language Multilingual linguists or translators with skill in computer techniques and programming languages are more and more required by companies dealing with NLP translation localisation etc Students are trained to translate mostly from English into French The second group usually translates from English into French and either German Spanish or Portuguese into French As some of them are not native speakers of French other translation pairs are also accepted e g English into German or Greek into English The TS group learns fewer computing skills i e basic skills in HTML and nothing about Unix The two postgraduate groups work part time in private companies i e they spend one week at 1 University Paris 7 kubler ccr jussieu fr university and the other one with a company as interns They have to carry out various tasks depending on the company they work with translating technical documents post editing technical writing building term bases building electronic dictionaries for Natural Language Processing NLP systems and manipulating texts using differe
20. orpus comprises a definition of firewall Our concordancer allows the user to look for concordances and then to have access to the English paragraph in which a selected occurrence has been found as well as to the corresponding paragraph in French Here is an extract of what can be found for firewall 8 A firewall is a term used for a part of a car In cars firewalls are physical objects that separate the engine from the passengers They are meant to protect the passenger in case the car s engine catches fire while still providing the driver access to the engine s controls A firewall in computers is a device that protects a private network from the public part the internet as a whole The firewall computer from now on named firewall 9 Firewall est un terme automobile Dans une voiture un firewall est une pi ce qui s pare le bloc moteur du compartiment passagers Il est pr vu pour prot ger les passagers en cas de feu au moteur en maintenant le controle de ce dernier par le conducteur En informatique un firewall est un p ripherique qui protege la partie priv e d un r seau de la partie publique InterNet en entier L ordinateur firewall ci apr s denomme firewall As is often the case in CS French the English term is not translated Further searches in French corpora show however that French equivalents for firewall do exist and are used depending on the genre of the text French computer scie
21. ra that cannot be updated every month in fast evolving LSPs A last example in CS and digital camera English that was recently found on the Web is the term prosumer which is a contraction of professional consumer a blend Conclusion and Future Prospects This paper set out to show how combining various types of corpora and the Web can be introduced in translation training Using comparable corpora in LSPs helps to overcome problems of artificiality in parallel corpora General language corpora are also necessary to test the degree of specialization of a term Finally the Web can be of great help in subject areas that change very quickly and in which neologisms are very common One of the questions that can be asked is the following is this adequate training for future translators Our department works with private companies in which our students carry out various kinds of tasks that are related to corpora and from the feedback companies give the university it seems that the answer is positive Translation training however leads to various kinds of jobs such as terminology extraction manipulating documents using programming languages building dictionaries for MT systems localization translating Web sites technical writing Learning to use corpora and corpus query tools can give future translators the technical skills that were usually not associated with translation but which seem to be more and more necessary espe
22. ranslation corpora in which the source text was in CS English and the target text in CS French e the Web as a corpus and source of linguistic information Working in small groups students elected to translate several entries in the same subject area such as programming languages networks games e mail the Web operating systems and so on The first step was to carry out a rough translation using SYSTRAN MT system The next step consisted in analyzing SYSTRAN s translation problems at all linguistic and non linguistic levels format lexicon terminology lexicon grammar syntax semantics and pragmatics They then had to correct the translations Working in a parallel course on HTML each group had to publish their project on the Web 3 3 A Short Presentation of SYSTRAN The SYSTRAN machine translation system is based on a transformer architecture texts are translated sentence by sentence and input sentences are transformed into output sentences with the simplest possible parse There is no complete parsing thus no complete representation of the sentence A package of lexical and grammatical translation 6 http www foldoc org rules transform the source sentence into a target sentence re ordering words and taking into account phenomena such as agreement This system has the advantage of being quite robust carrying out a translation in any case even when sentences are not gramatically correct Obviously the drawback of this
23. scribed in section three The use of corpora and the results obtained are detailed in section four and five 1 1 Students Groups and Pedagogic Objectives The students were divided into two groups undergraduate and postgraduate Postgraduate students have more experience than undergraduate students For this reason the pedagogic objectives were slightly different 1 2 Students and student subjects Undergraduate students are in their fourth year of university study French degree Ma trise They usually do not have any professional experience as translators They are trained as full time students to translate from English into French and from German or Spanish into French The vast majority of them have been taught basic computer skills for the humanities i e word processing spreadsheet software database use and Web browsing Most of them have a basic knowlege on General Linguistics but know nothing about Natural Language Processing or Corpus Linguistics Postgraduate students are in their fifth year of study French degree DESS a postgraduate professional degree that leads to work with private companies and not to a PhD Postgraduate students are divided into two groups IL Industrie des Langues Language Industry TS Traduction Sp cialis e Specialized Translation The first one IL is more oriented towards the language industry students are taught more computing skills such as w
24. t complete many problems arise concerning the verb structures and the types of arguments that are allowed in the different syntactic positions Working with a parallel corpus and checking on comparable corpora gave the students a clearer picture of complex verb structures in French 5 2 3 Using the Web For the two projects students were required to use the Web for different tasks When they could not find a translation in the corpora they had to formulate a hypothesis and try and confirm it by querying the Web In the term focus brackets for example brackets must not be translated by parenth ses The correct translation is not in the digital cameras corpora the translation of focus however can be found mise au point Using a search engine on the Web for mise au point leads to the complete translation 14 focus brackets rep res de mise au point and not parenth ses The number of Web pages that are found containing a specific term is a criterion that helps validate a term In CS English a Trojan horse is a virus that works like the Greek Trojan Horse in Homer The hypothesis was that the French translation was used as well in CS French The result of a query about cheval de Troie on a search engine deals almost only with CS documents concerned with viruses The Web is thus used to complement the usual context of a term that does not have enough context in the corpora or to simply complement corpo
25. type of system lies in the results which are never sure to be reliable Some translations are surprisingly good others have nothing to do with the source text All well known and difficult to parse phenomena such as conjunctions disjunctions long distance dependencies and global ambiguity pose problems Simpler issues such as the position of noun modifiers in French and in English are not always well managed 4 EN The IETF is a large open international community of network designers operators vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation management and evolution of the Internet and to resolve short and mid range protocol and architectural issues FR L IETF est une grande ouverte communaut internationale des cr ateurs de r seau des op rateurs des constructeurs et des chercheurs dont le but est coordonner l ex cution la gestion et l volution de l Internet et de les r soudre protocole sous peu et de mi port e et issues architecturales Apart from the difficulties related to syntactic analysis issues such as anaphora resolution or those connected with pragmatics and world knowledge are not taken into account in this MT system As will be shown below issues raised by translating LSPs can be dealt with using various types of corpora 4 Working with Comparable Corpora The first part of this paper dealt with specific projects and tools used as background information before explaining the role of corpor
26. y serait install As said above official standardization bodies sometimes suggest terms that are never used by the expert community The French Commission for Computer Science Terminology tried to impose amorcer to translate to boot A thorough search in our corpora as well as on the Web reveals that amorcer is not a possible translation When a specialized verb has several possible translations i e possible parasynonyms or different uses parallel corpora provide the user with the possibility of checking each French translation the other way round The first step consists in listing the possible French translations of the English verb for all its occurrences syntactic structures and possible arguments must also be listed 12 to boot strap lancer d marrer booter and not amorcer 13 When Linux boots Quand Linux se lance The second step requires the translator to look for all the French verbs and check whether their equivalents in English are all the same The question is do all the French translations of to boot i e lancer d marrer booter match to boot when looking at the French occurrence first and then at the English corresponding paragraph The answer for lancer which is a possible translation of to boot is negative for example ce 39 ec 39 ec lancer launch run issue type a command As SYSTRAN works with translation structures that are no
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