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MICRO 6502 Journal, Volume 12, May 1979

1. 88 S SON mU Sp Z 2 m ti LP S ux s njgudsiogqeumoue somsu geo c t2 8 BS es us A S 2 8 2 SP 2 X DE S u gt VASE ST unm xd cm u m s t 82 28 FRU 3 ow 2 D2 05 5 WP OG SM ws Wu 2 s s Vj CROP UNUS IG Cons 2 S Sp Ub MP s V 9 o GRO 4 gt SkEASRY RAST EHS EY SP Q Q 2 8 S p Sp o Z st Sp Du u S2 S sp S w 8 o3 89 gt Es VPE UJ tg OE SS DOPO H4 SS CO ue p SE S i SABRES Ki Ub V V3 tq Sp tq x Z m vain m S w BER GS 25 lt e 3 918 3 SP a Sp GGG W Sa S 2 ST m tz 9 Sp Weox S gt bs t 3 SP SP s ue TREATS YO Dom 8 Cs 5 tt 8 5 3 S T D gt x u Sse S S 99 Sua t ES E z 3 Z S S SF 5 Y 4 3 8 x SQEPLERRHALASASSSARRASRRASS ASS e MICRO 12 15 Example of a partial Hex Dump obtained with the Program READY MAY 1979 SYM 1 6502 BASED MICROCOMPUTER FULLY ASSEMBLED AND COMPLETELY INTEGRATED SYSTEM that s ready to use ALL LSI IC S ARE SOCKETS 28 DOUBLE FUNCTION KEYPAD INCLUDING UP TO 24 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS EASY TO VIEW 6 DIGIT HEX LED DISPLAY KIM 1 HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY The powerful 6502 8 Bit MICROPROCESSOR whose advanced architectural features have made it one of the largest selling micros on the market today THREE ON BOARD PROGRAMMABLE
2. e Z on on Meads UN ez Ge OZ aO Z KN Z z w lt sao e 2 Z gt gt L I LJ L I L J L I CN NO CO O C O O NO NO NO NO NO 615 END BEKRA s S Q S 9 x 3 9 2 t Pt 55 1 1 BASS 2 w D w s S S SER lt 23 z SI 88 S p RAST S 1 2 84 S G S 2 S x X ts p t2 AHS W 2 c Sp W SSS E S Wu up 3 usu x Z Z 2 S s S S 5 2 8 D w 3 Z Z 5 Z 5 G e Gui OSA z SERRA Z Z so ta AT 3 sS R S SO RO Wut 5 3 88 3 DEUX S w 18 32 S TE t EOUe URGE US OW SE u WX S m Pt 3 2 lt Is S 2 QOO z LS Bad d gt S 5 5 9 S R S S 5 S G 8 w G gt t Z S m s sS 2 S S UNO UIS GI Sp SQ SS w s N SHS amp Z 25 E S S uu ip S S Q Z m n 88 8 BASRSVYS 8 x 5 S Z Z U t S 2 8 2 28 DG DE GB US up up COPS Sh 2 X ow m ov FS SIS ERAS
3. e Hires Games e e Other Program e Missile Anti Missile By T David Moteles Curve Fit by Dave Garson Star Wars Sales Forecasting by Neil Lipson Rocket Pilot Morse Code Saucer Invasion Calendar by Ed Handley Space Maze By Robert J Bishop Polar Coordinate Plot Hires By T David Moteles 9 95 EACH Programs Require 16K rams and rom board All Programs HARDWARE Neil Lipson s Original Light Pen Includes 5 Programs 34 95 SEND Check or M O to P O Box 273 Ply Mtg PA 19462 Programs Accepted for Publication Highest Royalty Paid Postage and Handling A dd 1 00 for first item them 50 for each PA Residents Add 6 Sales Tax MCAD MULTI CHANNEL A D CONVERSION J C WILLIAMS JANUARY 1979 0200 ORG 0200 0200 BASE B000 BASE ADDRESS OF 0816 0200 STORE 9000 START OF 16 BYTE STORAGE AREA 0200 9D 00 BO MCAD STAX BASE START CONVERSION ON CHANNEL X 0203 AO OE LDYIM 0E DELAY FOR CONVERSION 0205 88 DY DEY MINIMUM VALUE 0E 0206 DO FD BNE 0208 AD 00 BO LDA BASE GET CONVERTED DATA 020B 9D 00 90 STAX STORE STORE DATA 020E CA DEX 020F 10 EF BPL MCAD DO NEXT CHANNEL 0211 60 RTS FINISHED EXAMPLE CALLING ROUTINE FOR MCAD 0212 A2 OF MCMAIN LDXIM 0F SELECT CONVERSION OF ALL 0214 20 00 02 JSR MCAD 16 CHANNELS AND GO TO SUBROUTINE 0217 00 BRK EXIT BE SURE TO INIT IRQ VECTOR MAY 1979 MICRO 12 26 MAY 1979 0500 0500
4. THEN GOSUE OM G 2 GOTO eel els E Gea IF Co gt 171 AND Cos gt 176 AND C s 136 E6230 LET R 1 0 PEEK F de IF C 3 THEM V Wok 18 Cs Baa LET aam H 1 RETURN Listing 1 APPLE Applesoft Version of Jim Butterfield s Resequence program MAY 1979 Wu E Ej 8c 6 IZ 6 cT 6 77 07 SZ ZI 00 00 oe oo CO an PAWN ON UN MINTS r UN dn 00 9 Iv 0I suajs g ie3nduooo1OIW XX69 ynBoy g eujieg SU0031B8j Y9SITH q uuof Aq s 487 eupoy Aq Z0S9 ay Buruue1boig J C 10 lI9319AUO oq 3 9I sn QOT V uaaIy 6 C pood0 x0s9 seo1nosay uor3euoju 2069 IIIA 3184 IIA 3184 IA Hed A 3184 AI 3189 9MOH DATH 9184305 OYIIW 9u 3184 WETTTIM ude1bor qrg 2069 3104 3ndu paeogkay II3SV uy sassng ay buriajjng s eubrg o13uoj y paor aq 71 urA18q s1euurDeg 10j Bur ejJi quI 2069 T1V33N33 ptaeq ISO uo owt 89M Kop II P180qiedng aui 3e 00 2 y j ur3eJ1oqu auTYyoeW orsBg ISO ay 150 Jajuadiej xonuj Sp ZI 340Se ddy Jaqunuay Jauyosity juBl 17 21 uq ur u qs s uoaxo J3ISvg Jabaquy ul I
5. comatose eee A Sample Program At the time of this writing neither the Assembler nor the BASIC interpreter is available from my distributor This means that any programming do has to be done using mnemonic codes Although the documentation in the User s Guide is very good the sample programs shown appear to have been produced with the use of an Assembler An example is on pages 7 82 and 7 83 This program is intended to display and print an assembled message but the information on how to prepare the message for storage in memory is absent So if you input this program you ll be all dressed up with nowhere to go The program shown below will allow you to input a message and then retrieve it all with the bare bones 1K RAM AIM 65 How you use this is up to you It could be just for show or you can modify it as desired and include it in more complex routines involving user interaction with the computer This program does feature single key access user function key F1 F2 or F3 Key f 1 allows you to write to memory key F2 retrieves the entire message and key F3 retrieves the message a line at a time with the space bar being used to advance the display to the next line of the message The maximum length of the message is 13 lines An asterisk is typed at the end of the message when it is written to memory which takes the computer out of the loop in all of the modes I hope the information in this article helps you
6. ARG n GOTO Go to fine BOT Go to bottom of file last line 1 SCH Search backwards up into file for the next occurence of the string specified in the last search command ARG t SCH Search backwards for string t SCH Search forwards down into the file for the next occurence of the string specified in the last search command ARG t SCH Search forward for string t APP Append move cursor to last character of line 1 INS Insart a blank line beforere the current line ARG n INS Insert n blank lines before the current line DEL Delete the current line saving it in the push buffer ARG n DEL Delete n lines and save the first 20 in the push buffer DBLK Delete the current line as long as it is blank PUSH Save current line in push buffer ARG n PUSH Save n lines in the push buffer POP Copy the contents of the push buffer before the current line CINS Enable character insert mode CINS CINS Turn off character insert mode BS Backspace GOB Gobble delete the current charac ter and pull remainder of characters to right of cursor left one position EXIT Scroll all text off the screen and exit the editor HOME Line scroll up to move current line to top of screen APP APP Left justify cursor on current ine ARG GOB Clear to end of line Apple PIE Cassette 16K 19 95 TRS BOPIE Cassette 16K 19 95 Apple PIE Disk
7. Di 1 hg tr e t I XN met Wr 1 Du p m r Y I CM 1136 STAR izat CHF YL ali LIA sH T tit Tt T 34 d bet ft bel gag pab a213 3 1228 SEC YH E 1228 ECS TTi Hair E 12468 LIY SLESZ LEZZ a313 156 PREM SG A A a i Leen RTS TST1 LOY S8GEEG LEZZ PRAT 256 CLIT COLT m os ra m Uc ma n Ta V3 Et 12 FENT LIA LESS EFL COLIT Y si CO OR C D DA L l tri Cu Pu m P po Ti Ti x T m T Vu US DATA ENTE THROUGH USER ERIT m i n US CH AJ OG Pi mt IATA DATA CTFL17 rt a Cyt Ta mr m 2 qe eM eM qM MA PL D CO J Y dr i a fu 1 r 5 JMF STAR ELH 1438 EH rt 3F2 4C BL m FIBRE CAE eer TABLE ooga ge COLT FIED LESS Gana GREG uL HAZE Bern YL BE STARR uS see see T E e Figure 1 S C Assembler Example MAY 1979 MICRO 12 11 softside soitware 305 Riverside Drive New York N Y 10025 212 866 8058 D t program 1 GRAP
8. 1 Arey 4 NI 3105 OM uyor K 103081tq ade T WAS K18jJep j 1 ud sor dooSs 1036 ueuiedda 1 10 3SV8NI3 UBATTING STIIUj T WAS 34 10 ueiboig 349013 V I TITW peij Ie O0131uo dej 833essej l se 18u 9 a33e og udeso 193jeuj oA se NIV GNV HAS WIN NIL ei nies saat ra a i MAY 1979 MICRO 12 compas microsystems 224 S E 16th Street P O Box 687 Ames lowa 50010 Phone 515 232 8187 single board computers C B I a2 n THE 6500 BASED SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR An industrial quality 6500 based single board computer produced by the company known for quality 6500 hardware and software CSB 1 includes a 6502 processor four ROM EPROM sockets 2K bytes RAM 2114 two PIA 6520 and one VIA 6522 chips All addresses are switch selectable and a single 5 volt power supply is needed Board size is 6 by 9 75 inches The gold plated edge connector adheres to the SYSTEM 65 bus standard Single quantity price is 595 with substantial quantity discounts available Other CSB board products are available or in design Call us today for further information on our CSB family or any of our other 6500 support products Speakeasy Software FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Lre TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS SPORTST
9. 14 325 The Magazine of the APPLE KIM PET and Other 25 22 Systems 55555555555555555555555555558 555555555555555555555555555585 5555 i 55555 5555 5555 5555555555555555555555555555 555555555555555555555555555555 55555 25953 5555 2524 5555 L55555 5559 555555555555555555555555555 9555555555555555555555555 6 66666666 6666666666666668 666666666666666666666666666 222222222222222222222222 22222222222222222222222222 ee 224 P2227 P2223 22222 2222222 22242222 22222222 22222222 22222222 2222222 22222222 1227222222222222222122222222222 2222222222222222222222222222 VIVO sa so r rI SPRAGUE UON 29418 1333333 Mitre Ehara ut Hish Currtot Drivers nerator SCHEMATIC ach driver 72222224 by 8111 Depev COPYRIGHT 1979 SOFTAPER T x 8 dot atrix hit y or piet ank restart backspace siga iu mere Open the manual and LOAD the cassette Then get ready to explore The SCREEN MACHINE gives you the option of saving your the world of Programmable Characters with the SCREEN MA character symbols to disk or tape for later use There is no compli CHINE You can now create new character sets foreign alpha cated patching needed The SCREEN MACHINE is transparent to bets electronic symbols and even Hi Res play
10. Operates within DOS see Table 2 Runs on an 8K machine i have included a couple of examples of the 5 ASSEMBLER II features in Figure 1 and 2 Figure 1 is a functional routine Figure 2 is merely for illustration of the DA feature Most of the assembler capability is illustrated in Figure 1 This routine which compares 2 byte data can be used for many applications such as extended loop counters The example also includes ASCII strings using the pseudo op code AS A jump to the user exit at 3F8 was used to enter the data This also takes advantage of the CTRL Y feature of the Apple monitor By calling the print routine with PRT a hard copy of a listing or of assembled output is obtained The printer driver routine is output from the game paddle connector This is a TTL level serial signal Typing SLO W or FAS T stops the printer output Also SLO W will provide a slow listing of your program You can stop and start the listing with the space bar and escape back to the assembler with a RETURN FAS T cancels SLO W returning to normal screen speed See Slow List MICRO 5 page 21 MAY 1979 For text editing you can insert a line between other lines and list any single line or combination of lines This allows character editing or line editing using Apple ESCAPE functions ESCAPE D C B Also you can DEL ETE any line or combination of lines An asterisk in the first column of the label field allows that line t
11. TEST WAIT FAIL SUCEED JMP LDX LDAIM CLC DE X BMI ADCIM BNE ADC CMP BNE JMP BCC CMP BCS STA JMP CMP BCC STA INC LDA CMP BNE JMP SEC LDA SBC CMPIM BNE INC LDA STA LDAIM STA JMP INC LDXIM LDAIM JSR JMP DEC LDXIM LDAIM JSR JMP DISP TGES 00 ADUNIT 0A DECX UGES RAN ADUP SUCEED TLOW UPP INCA UPP INCA LOW INCA LOW ACNT ACNT LATT TEST FAIL LATT ACNT 01 WAIT BLINK BLIM ONOFF 01 DARK LIMITS LATT MFAIL MFAIL MESSAG TILL LATT MSUCC MSUCC MESSAG TILL SUBROUTINE HTDEC ENTRY JSR HTDEC LOOP SET LOCP INDEX TENS INIT A REGISTER CLEAR CARRY FALG DECR X REG IF NEG THEN FINISHED ELSE ADD 10 LOOP ADD UNITS VALUE COMPARE TO RANDOM GUESS RANDOM REPLACE UPPER WITH GUESS REPLACE LOWER WITH GUESS INCR ATTEMPT COUNT LIMIT REACHED NO YES FAILURE LAST ATTEMPT COMING UP NO YES INIT FOR BLINKING GO WAIT FOR NEXT ATTEMPT FAILURE INCR ATTEMPT LIMIT MESSAGE HI BYTE MESSAGE LO BYTE DISPLAY FAILURE MESSAGE RESTART HI LO SUCCESS DECR ATTEMPT LIMIT MESSAGE HI BYTE MESSAGE LO BYTE DISPLAY SUCCESS MESSAGE RESTART HI LO MAY 1979 4 e 0317 051A 031D 0320 0323 0326 0328 032A 0532C 032E 0550 0332 0334 0336 0339 055C 033D 053E 0540 MAY 1979 DO DA 05 F9 DA 04 03 03 03 FF FF A6 THIS ROUTINE WILL CONVERT A HEX NUMBER TO DECIMAL THE NUMBER T
12. 0500 0500 0500 0500 0505 0505 0507 0508 050B 0530C 050E O30F 0311 0313 0315 0317 0319 031B 031D O31F 0321 0323 0325 0327 0329 032B 032C 032E 0331 0334 0336 0338 055A 033B 033D 033F 0341 0343 0345 0347 0349 034 0340 0550 00 BO 00 05 01 00 BO 00 BO CXAD SUBROUTINE J C WILLIAMS JANUARY 1979 ORG 0300 BASE SPSTR SPSTP CXAD STAX BASE LDAZ SPSTR STAZ SP LDAZ SPSTR STAZ SP CLD LDYIM 05 DY DEY BNE DY BEQ DELAY TSTEND LDAZ SP CMPZ SPSTP LDAZ SP SBCZ SPSTP BCS RT LDAIM 01 ADCZ SP STAZ SP LDAIM 00 ADCZ SP STAZ SP DELAY LDYIM 05 DYA DEY BNE DYA LDA BASE STAX BASE LDYIM 00 STAIY SP BASE ADDRESS OF ADCO0816 STORAGE POINTER LOC OF STORAGE BLOCK START ADDRESS LOC OF STORAGE BLOCK END ADDRESS START FIRST CONVERSION INIT STORAGE POINTER 401 01 USE BINARY MODE INSERT DELAY TO ALLOW INITIAL CONV TO COMPLETE TEST FOR END OF STORAGE BLOCK 401 0 ADD ONE TO STORAGE POINTER 401 401 DELAY TO FIX TIME BETWEEN CONV S READ CONVERTED RESULT START NEXT CONVERSION IMMEDIATELY SET STORAGE OFFSET STORE RESULTS TSTEND ALWAYS TAKEN RT RTS EXAMPLE CALLING ROUTINE FOR CXAD CXMAIN LDXIM 00 LDAIM 00 STAZ SPSTR LDAIM 90 STAZ SPSTR LDAIM FF STAZ SPSTP LDAIM 9F STAZ SPSTP JSR CXAD BRK SELECT CHANNEL 0 SET STARTING ADDRESS OF STORAGE BLOCK TO 9000 401 SET ENDING ADDRESS OF STORAGE BLOCK TO 9FFF
13. 401 EXIT BE SURE TO INIT IRQ VECTOR MICRO 12 27 FIGURE 1 16 CHANNEL ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER SYSTEM FOR 65XX MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS m 8 2 Interrupt Switches 6 ANALOG INPUTS 0 to 5 Volts NMI 16 lines Note add lowpass filters DATA BUS 8 lines to input lines as required ADDRESS A0 A3 4 lines 5 AB A9 78L0 QUT d 8 Volts GND 1 0 A10 At Ground A12 A13 A15 IC s and POWER CONNECTIONS Address 2 GND Switches ADCOB16 17 20 U2 DM8131 16 8 5 03 74LS27 14 3x U4 741 505 14 7 R W ibo 9 J Williams 4 92 m MICRO 12 28 MAY 1979 FIGURE 2 16 CHANNEL A D CONVERTER FOR 65XX SYSTEMS COMPONENT SIDE OF 6 5 X 4 5 PROTOTYPING CARD VECTOR 3662 ADCOBIT 78L05 fo 20 PIN INPUT 4 CONNECTOR lt MICROCOMPUTER BUS ANALOG INPUTS INPUT CONNECTOR DETAIL APPLICATIONS TOP YIEW GND e 5 A D IN o 5 1N 4 e IN15 IN12 ING T ach VOLTAGE INIO lowpass r lt INPUT INS s INS 146 e INT es e INS GNO GND IN2 INO INL GND 45 A 5 POTENTIOMETER A D IN READOUT 100k GND 12 15 25 C 9 85 LM3911 TEMPERATURE A D IN i in test E SENSOR E 50 ernviponme per 474 e GND MAY 1979 MICRO 12 29 HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC hc 120 AL
14. 71 In assignment IN 7F Includes AND 1D LEN 3B Includes 1F LIST NOR DE MAY 1979 MICRO 12 43 PROGRAMMING THE 6502 by Rodney Zaks Reviewed by John D Hirsch Berme Road Kerhonkson NY 12446 In the introduction to this book the author tells us it can be used by a person who has never programmed before Chapter one does begin with a clear presentation of some basic techniques such as binary arithmetic But the quality of the book rapidly degenerates in succeeding chapters which read as though they had been assembled from manufacturer s literature and other sources with more help from a paste pot than a pencil The quality of the writing is technical manualese and the illustration the same mechanistic flavor Also the illustrations and writing are sometimes only tenuously related novice programmer would probably give up along about Chapter 3 when assembly language routines are introduced even though assembly language is not explained until near the end of the book The organization of the book has a certain random quality For instance integer addition subtraction and multiplication are explained in some detail in the chapter on basic programming techniques and then division is relegated to one paragraph while the chapter goes on to a very general explanation of subroutines The experienced programmer will not find the book very helpful either A good chunk of the book is taken up by reprinting 6502 ins
15. Box 1442 Woodbridge VA 22193 Name Disk Catalog Program System Apple Il Memory 32 K minimum Language Integer Basic and Machine Language Hardware Apple 11 DISK Description This program consists of two modules The first DCATPRO is a general purpose data base catalog program for books records tapes programs on diskette etc Features include 40 col records 5 fields 2 with adjustable length and super fast machine language sort The second GENCPINP automatically processes any set of Apple 11 diskettes and generates data base for DCATPRO by reading the D CATALOG information for each disket tes Then you know what you have and where it is all without having to type in a lot of data Copies Over 100 sold Price 10 00 postpaid includes Programs on cassette and 5 pages of documentation Arthur George W Lee Available from George W Lee 18003 S Christina Ave Cerritos California 90701 MICRO 12 38 Name Generalized File Management System APPLE Il Memory 16K Language Integer Basic Hardware APPLE II DISK II Description This package allows you to create update and print disk files The names of fields and files number of fields individual field lengths and file size is user defined You can decide what headings you want to see if any when you print or display and record or the entire file You can use this package to create such files as Parts lists phonenos List of birthdates name and addres
16. Computer System It is a compatible subset of the FORTRAN cross assemblers which are available for the 6500 family of micro processors ASM 65 features many powerful capabilities which are under direct control of the user The PIE Text Editor co resides with the ASM 65 Assembler to form 8 comprehensive development tool for the assembler language programmer Following are some of the features available in the ASM 65 Editor Assembler PIE Text Editor Command Repetoire Disk Based System Decimal Hexadecimal Octal amp Binary Constants 5 Literal Constants One to Six character long symbols Location counter addressing Addition amp Subtraction Operators in Expressions High Byte Selection Operator Low Byte Selection Operator Source statements of the form label opcode operand comment 56 valid machine instruction mnemonics All valid addressing modes Equate Directive BYTE Directive to initialize memory locations WORD Directive to initialize 16 bit words PAGE Directive to control source listing SKIP Directive to control source listing OPT Directive to set select options LINK Directive to chain multiple text files Comments Source listing with object code and source statements Sorted symbol table listing CONFIGURATION Apple 11 48K Disk 69 95 LISA is a totally new concept in assembly language programming Whereas all other assemblers use a separate or co resident text editor to enter
17. MICRO Interrupts Circulation Manager An AIM 65 User s Notes 5 Carol A Stark by Joe Burnett 3 Distribution S C Assembler II 3 Eileen M Enos by Chuck Carpenter Janet Santaguida A PET Hex Dump Program 15 Micro Systems Lab by Joseph Donato James R Witt Jr Super HI LO for the SYM 1 17 Stephen L Allen Chief Gofer Fred Davis by John Gieryic 100 uS 16 Channel Analog to Digital Converter by J C Williams Real Time Games 051 31 by David Morganstein ASK the Doctor Part IV Good News Bad News 35 by Robert M Tripp MICRO is published monthly by MICRO Software Catalog VIII 37 The COMPUTERIST Inc by Mike Rowe P 0 Box 5 Inside the KIM TTY Service 39 elas Red by Ben Doutre Controlled Circulation postage paid at The Integer BASIC Token System in the Apple II 4 Chelmsford MA 01824 by Frank Kirschner Publication Number COTR 395770 Subscription in US 12 00 12 Issues Programming the 6502 by Rodney Zaks 44 reviewed by John D Hirsch Entire contents copyright e 1979 by Renumber Applesoft 45 by Chuck Carpenter The COMPUTERIST Inc MICRO Index Volume II Numbers 7 to 12 47 ADVERTISER S INDEX CAP Electronics 35 Micro lechnology Unlimited 22 Connecticut microComputer 2 Optimal Technology Inc 40 COMPAS Microsystems IBC P S Software House 33 Computer Components 34 Plainsman Micro Systems 40 Computer Forum 24 Programma Internatio
18. New York residents add applicable sales tax MICRO 12 17 SYM SUPER HI LO JOHN GIERYIC APRIL 1979 f SYM REFERENCES us 035E KYSTAT 896A 035E ACCESS 8B86 035E QUTBYT 82FA 035E SCAND 8906 035E KEYO 8923 035E GETKEY 88AF 035E ASCNIB 8275 035E DISBUF A640 035E RDIG A645 MESSAGE POINTERS 035E MFAIL 0360 035E MSUCC 0380 0000 ORG 0000 0000 00 UPP 00 UPPER NUMBER 0001 00 LOW 00 LOWER NUMBER 0002 00 ACNT 00 ATTEMPT COUNT 0003 DD RAN 00 RANDOM NUMBER 2 98 0004 00 TEMP 00 0005 00 UGES 00 GUESS UNITS 0006 00 TGES 00 GUESS TENS e 0007 00 BLINK 00 BLINK FLAG 1 BLINK 0008 00 TDIG 00 SAVE RDIG 0009 DD DARK 00 1 DARK 000A 00 LATT 00 ATTEMPT LIMIT 0008 00 ONOFF 00 BLINKING 000 00 BLIM 00 BLINKING LOOP COUNT INIT 0000 00 COUNT 00 000 00 LOOPA 00 OOOF 00 LOOPB 00 0010 00 CLIM 00 MESSAGE LIMIT 0200 ORG 0200 PROGRAM ORIGIN 0200 20 86 8B BEGIN JSR ACCESS 0203 A9 60 LDAIM 60 INIT BLINKING LOOP LIMIT 0205 85 OC STA BLIM 0207 A9 06 LDAIM 06 INIT ATTEMPT COUNTER 0209 85 OA STA LATT i 0208 9 63 TILL LDAIM 63 INIT UPPER LIMIT 0200 85 00 STA UPP 020 9 00 LDAIM 00 INIT BLINK FLAG 0211 85 07 STA BLINK 0213 85 01 STA LOW LOWER LIMIT 0215 85 02 STA ACNT ATTEMPT COUNT 0217 A9 01 LDAIM 01 Q MAY 1979 MICRO 12 18 0219 021B 021D 021F 0221 0225 0225 0227 022A 022C 022E 0251 0
19. powerful editor compatible with ARESCO files KIM bus interface card fast 6502 controller handles data transfer at maximum Single density speed for excellent reliability power supply for 4 drives patches to Johnson Computer Microsoft BASIC 45 day delivery Single drive 1995 dual drive 2750 Shipping extra uniess order prepaid with cashier s check ALL items assembled tested guaranteed at least 90 days PLAINSMAN MICRO SYSTEMS div 5C Corporation Box 1712 Auburn Al 38830 205 745 7735 3803 Pepperell Parkway Opelika 1 800 633 8724 Continental U S except Al Dealers for OSI COMMODORE COM PUCOLOR ALTOS CONN MICRO 12 40 PTR You should note that the keyboard line has a 220 ohm pull down resistor on it and that the printer line has no pull up You may also notice if your terminal has a FDX HDX selector switch or jumper that the FDX no longer works as advertised This is just KIM trying to be helpful with a wired in interconnect which echos received characters on the output line If this keeps you awake at night cut the trace between pin 11 and U15 and pin 10 of U26 and connect pin 10 of U26 to Vcc I haven t tried it but it should work l m a sound sleeper If you need a for example show a diagram of my own interface logic based on a 7406 gate package which is working quite satisfactorily There are probably 1000 other ways of doing it ea
20. 00 02 RCHAR LDAY 0200 0025 C9 2A CMPIM ASTER 0027 FO 2F BEQ EXIT 0029 20 BC 9 JSR 002C C8 INY 002D CA DEX 002 DO F2 BNE RCHAR 0030 20 24 EA JSR 0033 4C 20 00 JMP RLINE MICRO 12 6 THEN CONTINUE MAY 1979 READ MESSAGE ONE LINE AT A TIME 0036 20 FO E9 ONELIN JSR CRLF CLEAR DISPLAY 0059 AO 00 LDYIM 00 INIT MEMORY POINTER 005B A2 15 OLINE LDXIM 15 INIT CHARACTER COUNTER 003D B9 00 02 OCHAR LDAY 40200 GET CHARACTER FROM MEMORY 0040 C9 2A CMPIM ASTER TEST TERMINATOR 0042 FO 14 BEQ EXIT IF YES THEN DONE 0044 20 BC E9 JSR OUTALL ELSE PRINT CHARACTER 0047 C8 INY BUMP MEMORY POINTER 0048 CA DEX DECR CHARACTER COUNTER 0049 DO F2 BNE OCHAR IF NOT ZERO CONTINUE 004 20 95 E9 WAIT JSR INALL ELSE WAIT FOR A SPACE 004E C9 20 CMPIM SPACE FROM KAYBOARD TO CONTINUE 0050 DO F9 BNE WAIT NOT A SPACE 0052 20 24 EA JSR CRCK SPACE SO PRINT 0055 4C 3B 00 JMP OLINE THEN GET NEXT LINE COMMON EXIT ROUTINE TO CLEAN UP THE DISPLAY AND RETURN TO MONITOR 0058 20 FO E9 EXIT JSR CRLF OUTPUT TO BLANK LINES 005B 20 FO E9 JSR CRLF 005E 00 BRK THEN EXIT TO MONITOR USER FUNCTION DEFINITIONS 210C ORG 010 010C 4C 00 00 JMP WRITE F1 TO WRITE MESSAGE 010 4 1B 00 JMP F2 TO READ ENTIRE MESSAGE 0112 4C 56 00 JMP ONELIN F5 TO READ ONE LINE AT A TIME gt a gt n en co wo nma Uu C CE O Sa C Oh CS ot S MAY
21. 32K 24 95 6502FORTH 2 80 6800 FORTH is a unique threaded language that is ideally suited for systems and applications programming on a micro processor system The user may have the interactive FORTH Compiler Interpreter system running stand alone in 8K to 12K bytes of RAM The system also offers a built in incremental assembler and text editor Since the FORTH language is vocebulary based the user may tailor the system to resemble the needs and structure of any specific application Programming in FORTH consists of defining new words which draw upon the existing vocabulary and which in turn may be used to define even more complex applicetions Reverse Polish Notation end LIFO stecks are used in the FORTH system to process arithmetic expressions Programs written in FORTH are compact and very fast SYSTEM FEATURES amp FACILITIES Standard Vocabulary with 200 words incremental Assembier Structured Programming Constructs Text Editor Block 1 0 Buffers Cassette Based System User Defined Stacks Variable Length Stacks User Defined Dictionary Logical Dictionary Limit Error Detection Buffered Input CONFIGURATIONS AppleFORTH Cassette 16K 34 95 AppleFORTH Disk 32K 49 95 PetFORTH Cassette 16K 34 95 TRS 80FORTH Cassette 16K 34 95 SWTPCFORTH Cassette 16K 34 95 LISA INTERACTIVE ASSEMBLER SOFTWARE ASM 65 EDITOR ASSEMBLER 65 is a powerful 2 pass disk based assembler for the Apple
22. 839 161 POKE 840 179 POKE 841 168 POKE 842 169 POKE 845 00 POKE 844 32 POKE 845 120 POKE 846 210 POKE 847 96 REM SET UP STORAGE AREA FOR ONE REM LINE OF HEX VALUES TO BE PRINTED DIM 1 40 0 40 REM INITIALIZE CHARACTER COUNTER REM THE VALUE OF K DETERMINES REM THE STARTING ADDRESS FOR Kz49152 TO 65556 A USR K 65536 REM LINES 270 530 CONSIST OF A SUBROUTINE CONVERT ALL VALUES FROM REM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL NOTATION 16 D A Hf 0123456789ABCDEF NO L N1 L you LOG I LOG B REM BECAUSE THE DECIMAL TO HEX ROUTINE REM RETURNS A SINGLE O FOR VALUES REM OF 0 LINE 416 CONVERTS REM ANY OF THESE ZERO VALUES TO REM A DOUBLE HEX 00 IF Az0 THEN NO L 00 GOTO 480 LOG D LOG B FOR J G TO O STEP 1 X INT B J REM LINE 455 INSERTS LEADING ZER REM IN HEXADECIMAL VALUES OF LESS REM THAN F 15 EX 7 z 07 ETC NO L NO L MID HE C 41 1 IF lt 16 THEN NO L z O 4NO f L D INT D C X NEXT J FOR J F amp TO 0 STEP l X INT B I C INT I X NI L NI L 4MID H C91 1 2 MAY 1979 THE TEST VALUE 1 539 NUMBER 33 MUST BE CHANGED TO NUMBER 9 IF A BARE PET IS USED 552 REM SUBROUTINE FOR DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION ENDS HERE 542 IF L lt gt 33 THEN 570 535 L 536 REM LINE 542 CHECKS TO SEE IF THE 537 REM REQUIRED NUMBER OF CHARACTERS 538 PER LINE HAVE
23. BEEN DONE VN gt Z ez zzz arn eae UN O O V c 2 t 5 t Z O O O O Z Z ZZ w a Z 5 e Wo amp QN oN IMS mS mM G O z CN e OQ gt M O O O O v 22 2 2 A zz ae Dol o o ZZ e e e trem CO Z N ati tH A w OOOO e Z Z 2 aos m ml 7 zz ae ON cN ane 45 O O O OoOO Z Z Z Z Z e e e e emm X WT NO SSS Sst CE Z a e e e CO Z NX aA N CN waa 5 O O O O z Z Z Z Z Z M lt lt Z Z Z Z n n 0 VN NO ON CO O NO MN UN UN UN UN UNS Ux 1 570 NEXT K 600 REM THE PRINT STATEMENT FOR THE PET 565 L wn e J e 9 lt L I 7908 lt w 2 ex e Z N NZ ew O lt Z oC ec Z A M Ww to ac
24. INTERVAL TIMERS available to the user expandable to five on board 4K BYTE ROM RESIDENT MONITOR and Operating Programs Single 5 Volt power supply is all that is required e 1K BYTES OF 2114 STATIC RAM onboard with sockets provided for immediate expansion to 4K bytes onboard with total memory expan sion to 65 536 bytes USER PROM ROM The system is equipped with 3 PROM ROM ex pansion sockets for 2316 2332 ROMs or 2716 EPROMs ENHANCED SOFTWARE with simplified user interface STANDARD INTERFACES INCLUDE Audio Cassette Recorder Interface with Remote Control Two modes 135 Baud KIM 1 compatible Hi Speed 1500 Baud Full duplex 20mA Teletype Interface System Expansion Bus Interface TV Controller Board Interface CRT Compatible Interface RS 232 APPLICATION PORT 15 Bi directional TTL Lines for user applications with expansion capability for added lines EXPANSION PORT FOR ADD ON MODULES 51 1 0 Lines included in the basic system SEPARATE POWER SUPPLY connector for easy disconnect of the d c power AUDIBLE RESPONSE KEYPAD 11 Synertek has enhanced KIM 1 software as well as the hardware The software has simplified the user interface The basic SYM 1 system is programmed in machine language Monitor status is easily accessible and the monitor gives the keypad user the same full functional capabili ty of the TTY user The SYM 1 has everything the KIM 1 has to offer plus so much more that we cannot begin to te
25. KIM SYM AIM 40 PET 50 PET to MTU style KIM SYM AIM bus adaptor 79 Prototyping board fits in card file 2 regulators 42 We have sophisticated music and graphics software too PLEASE REQUEST OUR NEW EXPANDED SPRING 1979 CATALOG 16K LOW POWER MEMORY Do you want more memory for your KIM SYMIAIM but don t have a 5 amp power supply or fan to cool it Our 16K low power dynamic RAM board is designed for these processors and draws a mere 200MA from 8 volts unregulated and 200MA max 75 MA typical from 16 volts unregulated Our little K 1000 power supply can in fact run 64K of these boards plus a KIM easily K 1016A 16K RAM 340 00 We now have available a multifunction system board for the KIM SYM AIM processors It has a PROM capacity of 12K using the industry standard 2708 PROM or 14K using the readily available TI 2716 Also included is a 2708 2716 PROM programmer 4 para ports and a bidirectional serial port Low power 8 at 350MA 16 250MA K 1012A PROM 10 237 00 MICRO TECHNOLOGY UNLIMITED 841 Galaxy Way Box 4596 Manchester NH 03103 603 627 1464 MICRO 12 22 MAY 1979 D yi AEC The best memory board around Here s why e Low power 2114 Static RAM s e Two independent 8Kx8 memory banks e Fully buffered e One supply only 7 9V unregulated e High quality IC sockets 5 Top grade glass fiber PCB win god Static RAM 325 00 plated contact area Dual regulators Assembled
26. address value K in line 240 This must be in decimal notation hope you get as much pleasure as I did sneaking a look at PET s Basic ALL VALUES ARE CONVERTED TO HEXADECIMAL PRIOR TO IT MUST BE OMITTED 1 REM A BASIC PET HEX DUMP 2 REM THIS PROGRAM WILL PEEK AT PET S 3 REM MEMORY IN ROM STARTING AT A GIVEN ADDRESS K 49152 DECIMAL AND RETURN 4 REM THE CORRESPONDING DATA 5 REM PRINTING THE FORMAT IS STARTING ADDRESS PLUS 32 OR 8 BYTES OF DATA 6 REM PER LINE DEPENDING WHETHER OR NOT A PRINTER IS USED 7 REM 8 REM THE COMMAND ON LINE 10 INITIALIZES THE PRINTER PORT 9 REM IF A BARE PET IS USED 10 OPEN 5 5 CMD 5 11 REM FOLLOWING IS A MACHINE LANGUAGE 12 REM ROUTINE WHICH RESIDES IN NUMBER 2 TAPE 13 REM BUFFER AREA IT RETURNS THE CONTENTS OF THE CORRESPONDING MEMORY 14 REM LOCATIONS SPECIFIED BY K 15 POKE 1 58 16 POKE 2 3 17 POKE 826 22 20 POKE 827 167 30 POKE 828 208 40 POKE 829 166 _ MAY 1979 MICRO 12 13 50 P 60 P 70 P 80 P 90 P 100 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 232 233 235 256 257 258 259 240 241 250 255 256 270 280 390 400 405 410 411 412 415 414 415 416 418 420 430 440 445 446 447 450 455 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 MICRO 12 14 830 179 OKE 851 164 832 180 OKE 833 134 834 180 POKE 835 132 POKE 836 179 POKE 837 162 POKE 838 00
27. avoid some of the problems and frustrations I ve experienced Enjoy your AIM 65 I m having a lot of fun with mine and l m still learning what it s capabilities are WRITE TO MEMORY PROGRAM JOE BURNETT WITH MODS BY MIKE ROWE DUMP PRINT BUFFER CARRIAGE RETURN LINE FEED INPUT FROM ANY DEVICE QUTPUT TO ANY DEVICE SPACE CHARACTER ASTERISK CHARACTER CLEAR DISPLAY INIT MEMORY POINTER INIT CHARACTER COUNTER GET AN INPUT CHARACTER STORE IN BUFFER TEST TERMINATOR IF YES THEN DONE BUMP POINTER DECR CHARACTER COUNTER IF NOT ZERO GET MORE LINE FULL SO PRINT IT GET NEXT LINE CLEAR DISPLAY INIT MEMORY POINTER INIT CHARACTER COUNTER GET CHARACTER FROM MEMORY TEST FOR TERMINATOR IF YES THEN DONE ELSE DISPLAY CHARACTER BUMP MEMORY POINTER DECR CHARACTER COUNTER IF NOT ZERO GET NEXT CHARACTER ELSE PRINT LINE APRIL 1979 0000 ORG 0000 AIM SUBROUTINES 0000 EA24 0000 CRLF E9FQ 0000 INALL 993 0000 OUTALL E9BC ASCII CHARACTER 0000 SPACE 0020 0000 ASTER 002A WRITE MESSAGE TO MEMCRY 0000 20 FO E9 WRITE JSR CRLF 0003 AO 00 LDYIM 00 0005 A2 13 LINE LDXIM 13 0007 20 93 E9 INPUT JSR INALL 000A 99 00 02 STAY 0200 0000 C9 2A CMPIM ASTER OOOF FO 47 BEQ EXIT 0011 C8 INY 0012 CA DE X 0013 DO F2 BNE INPUT 0015 20 24 EA JSR 0018 4C 05 00 JMP LINE READ ENTIRE MESSACE 001B 20 E9 REM JSR CRLF 001 AO 00 LDYIM 00 0020 A2 13 RLINE LDXIM 13 0022 B9
28. be sent to MICRO This both shows that you are a real club and lets MICRO send a flyer to your members describing our publication 2 Regular notification of meetings and events must be provided for this column This will help us inform more potential members about your organization Ee AE SEN IS c I ACE pampas LIII AIM 65 SHEE P N A65 1 AIM 65 1 RAM A65 4 65 w 4K RAM 450 A65 A Assembler ROM A65 B BASIC ROMS SYSTEMS 55 P N All AIM 65 systems are assembled and i PRSI 45V at 5A 24V at 2 5 tested 12V at 1A does not fit inside 95 A series have the power supply external PRS1 PRS2 5V at 5A 24V at 1 i mounte inside ENCI a9 series have the power supply AIM 65 case for mounted inside PRS2 i PRS2 and MEB1 45 nan MEBl Memory expansion bd w 8K P N sos m RAM 8K PROM sockets and S o programmer for 2716 6522 Ee DOTEM d TO chip is 5 65 1 A65 1 in ENCI 495 475 MEB2 Memory expansion bd w 16K RAM populated w 2114 s 325 S 65 18 Same Plus BASIC 595 575 Unpopulated 125 S 65 4 A65 4 in ENC 560 540 VIB Video bd w 128 char 128 S 65 4B Same Plus BASIC 660 640 user char prog up to 100 char line up to 4K EXPANDED SYSTEMS RAM light pen interface and kybd interface 245 E 65 1 65 1 ENCl 5730 710 Thermal Paper Tape 9 85 rolls 10 E
29. begins with the number of bytes in the line followed by the line number Numbers of successive lines are found and POKE into the appropriate location in line 75535 which then lists each line Using these methods you can exercise considerably more control over the BASIC interpreter in your microcomputer CLASSIF IED ADS ZIPTAPE loads 8K BASIC in 15 seconds Slower than a speeding disc Sure but it only costs 22 50 plus 1 00 S amp H 3 00 extra for software on KIM cassette Described in MICRO No 6 SASE for info Lew Edwards 1451 Hamilton Ave Trenton NJ 08629 QUALITY SOFTWARE for the PET I Cheque Check best balancer 7 95 Metric Calc RPN with conversions 7 95 Mem Explorer learn PET details 7 95 Billboard Times Square message of choice 49 95 Send check or money order to MICRO SOFTWARE SYSTEMS Dept M479 P O Box 1442 Woodbridge VA 22193 VA res add 4 sales tax COVER IT UP But let the beauty of KIM 1 show through Attractive functional plexi glass enclosure protects KIM 1 Assembles in minutes with a screwdriver Postpaid only 14 95 Guaranteed Send check today Cover It Up 2120 N W 113 Okla City OK 73120 Tabular Four Way Number Conversion program for 16K Apple II 20 lines of hex decimal octal or binary numbers Includes editing features documentation 3 50 Microspan software 2213A Lanier Dr Austin TX 78758 ADVERTISE IN MICRO FOR ONLY 10 00 A classified ad
30. character you feed in after a Reset It quickly stuffs the results in the 16 bit counter then goes out for coffee until the next Reset The question is will DETCPS buy 9600 bauds The answer is YES albeit a little reluctantly The thing is the DETCPS is sampling the input port waiting for the line to go low it checks for this every 9 us so it could miss your start pulse start by this much Once the line is low it squirrels away 14 us counts checking for line high every 14 us So it could miss the end of your start pulse by 14 us At 10 15 30 or etc CPS this sloppiness is probably acceptable With a Model 33 on the line DETCPS gaily reports 02C2 plus minus OB for instance But if it comes up with 0004 instead of 0003 at 9600 bauds your TV screen will give you a reasonable facsimile of a Chinese fortune cookie slip Just look at it as another Butterfield game Reset Delete Reset Delete Reset Delete BINGO Anyway how many times a day do you Reset Once you get that 3 your link with KIM will be rock solid There are a number of facinating details but 1 will spare you the pyrotechnics If all this is on the leve should be able to prove it right Well have an ESAT 100 RHS Marketing video board equipped with an AY3 1015 UART hooked up to the KIM TTY port The manual admits to a 196 to DETCPS set the speed selector switch to each of the 6 rates available did 10 resets at each and recorded the counts A clever piece of prog
31. including automatic scrolling line wrap around clear screen commands etc Copies 30 Price 9 50 plus 1 shipping Includes Operating Manual detailed configuration information and complete commented source listing Order Package includes KIM compatable tape cassette with both 200 and 0000 versions included Charge cards phone and mail order accepted Available from Forethought Products 97070 Dukhobar D Eugene Oregon 97402 Name CHEQUE CHECKTM System PET Memory 8K Language BASIC with machine language subroutine Hardware PET 2001 8 or 2001 16 32 on special order Description CHEQUE CHECK reduces the probability of error in reconciling bank statement and checkbook even for those ex perienced in the art More important it greatly reduces the time required to find and correct an error when one does occur because it remembers individual entries for later review and modification if necessary Designed and tested for ease of use CHEQUE CHECK is suitable for novice or expert and requires no tape files or knowledge of programming Reviewed in May 1979 issue of Robert Purser s Reference List of Computer Cassettes Copies 60 sold in first three months Price 7 95 quantity discount available Includes Cassette in Norelco style box Description and operating instructions zip lock protective package Designer Roy Busdiecker Available from Better computer stores or directly from Micro Software Systems P O
32. info on programs than BEST of MICRO Volume 1 includes MICRO 12 44 aa PLYS ENCLOSURE i WITH BUILTIN POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATIONS INPUT 110 220 VAC 50 60 Hz OUTPUT 5V 5A 24V 1 GROUNDED THREE WIRE LINE CORD ON OFF SWITCH WITH PILOT LIGHT Enclosure hes room for the AIM end one additional board MEMORY PLUS or VIDEO PLUS AIM PLUS 1000 and AIM PLUS 47500 V1539 DILYS re AIMISYMIKIM ei UPPER iower case ASCII in ud 2204 128 Additional User Programmable a lt Characters GRAPHICS SYMBOLS FOREIGN CHARACTERS Programmable Screen Format up to 80 CHARACTERS 24 LINES KEYBOARD and LIGHT PEN interfaces Up to 4K DISPLAY RAM Provision tor 2K EPROM Provision to add 6502 for STAND ALONE SYSTEM ASSEMBLED AND TESTED WITH 2K DISPLAY RAM VIDEO PLUS 24500 MOTI AIMISYMIKIM ADD UP TO FIVE ADDITIONAL BOARDS AUDIO TTY CONNECTIONS POWER TERMINALS APPLICATION CONNECTORS FULLY BUFFERED FULLY DECODED KIM 4 Bus Structure MOTHER PLUS 8000 VAWR PLUS FULLY ASSEMBLED AND TESTED AIMISYMIKIM Re 8k STATIC RAM io 4 Sockets for 8K Eprom 6522 1 0 Port ON BOARD REGULATORS EPROM PROGRAMMER ez MEMORY PLUS 4 FULLY ASSEMBLED AND TESTEO UY eid P O Box 3 So Chelmsford MA 01824 617 256 3649 e RENUMBER APPLESOFT Chuck Carpenter 2228 Montclair Place Carrollton TX 75006 Renumbering Applesoft progra
33. listing 24 95 Cassette tape with user s manual 14 95 Schematic for relay control board 9 95 All programs on high quality cassette tape Send Send check or money order to relocatable except for the first four instructions which must be calculated if the code is moved The routine uses page zero locations OD OE OF and 10 but you can change that too if necessary The A and X registers contain the message buffer address per comments in the program This message buffer contains segment codes which will light up any combination of LED segments Refer to Figure 4 6 Keyboard Display Schematic in your reference manual for the LED segments in the lower right corner Segment a is turned on by setting bit 0 to a one in a message buffer entry Segment b is controlled by bit 1 and so on with segments c d e f g and the decimal point Thus a hex 5C is a lower case O segments c d e and g Feel free to change either message but don t forget to add a few OO characters at the start and end of your message If you relocate the message buffer then change the register parameters prior to the call to MESSAG One other note on the program By changing the value at location 206 you can alter the rate at which the right LED will blink when you reach your last chance Basie Software self address stamped envelope for complete software catalogue H GELLER COMPUTER SYSTEMS Dept M P O Box 350 New York New York 10040
34. need to feed the line labelled TTY KYBD with positive logic signals low for ones open for zeros from the line labelled TTY id KIM Fie gt TTY KYBD A T SER BUS EXPANSION AIMTM VIMTM SYM M OWNERS and any other KIM bus users buy the best 8K board available anywhere GRAND OPENING SPECIAL HDE RAM S169 for 465 IndustriaU commercial grade quality 100 hour high temp burn in low power KIM bus compatible pin for pin super quality amp reliability at below S 100 prices COMMERICALLY rated S 100 boards cost 25 75 more When you expand your system expand with the bus optimized for 8 bit CPU s the Commodore Mos Technology 22 44 pin KIM bus now supported by Synortek MTU Rockwell International Problem Solver Systems HDE the Comput erist RNB and others KIM 1 computer 179 00 KIM 4 Motherboard S119 power sup ply for KIM 1 alone 45 enclosure for KIM 1 alone HDE pro totype board with regulator heatsink switch address amp decodin logic included 49 50 book First Book of 9 95 boo Programming a Microcomputer 6502 8 95 SPECIAL PACKAGE DEAL KIM 1 power supply BOTH books listed above ALL for 5209 FILE ORIENTED DISK SYSTEM FODS FOR KIM BUS COMPUTERS Make your KIM or relative the best 6502 develop ment system available at any price Expand with HDE s full size floppy system with FODS Editor Assembler 2 pass assembler
35. of selecting colors from a color menu Selection from either of the two menus is accomplished by depressing E the RETURN key To place the selected shape on the screen depress the RETURN key 2 3 This demonstration program is a low resolution graphics color bit pad demonstration A color menu is displayed and user selects a color by de B pressing any key To place the color on the screen depress key To clear the working screen the user depresses the ESC key LOWER CASE ADAPTER FOR THE APPLE Il 042 04479 49 95 WORD PROCESSOR Program that uses the lower case adaptor 042 04420 59 95 The lower case adapter will only work in the normal field mode Inverse or flashing lower case characters will not work This adapter will increase your Apple into a 96 character 6 4 character set It also includes few other characters like v COMMODORE 8K PETS 8LEFT AT THE REDUCED PRICEOF 699 95 Plus 15 00 for Shipping amp Handling Call For Confirmation and Reservation 16K RAM FOR APPLE 11 200NS or 75 00 Plus 2 00 for Shipping amp Handling PROGRAM DESIGN INC Software is probably the best written educational software available We have the complete line of P D I software for the PET TM and the APPLE 11 Following is a list of titles available from P D I VOCABULARY BLDR 016 01259 16K INT BASIC First tape in a two tape
36. only Designed specifically for the KIM 1 SYM 1 AIM 65 Specifications Access time 450 nS max Power consumption 1 35 amp typ Also available Buffered Mother Board EPROM Programmer CVT Power Supply Software Standard Forth Compiler Sea 65 Editor Assembler Order from local dealer or directly from SEAWELL MARKETING INC 315 N W 85th Seattle WA 98117 e 206 782 9480 Available in Europe Write for dealer list O Check or money order enclosed Send more information ____ _ eae zs O Charge my Master Charge or VISA Name oo Bee mt a Address o _ _ _ mns a T Ga SS LIE Acct xli cs co ecc cms State c ZID uter E BUSINESS i EDUCATIONAL A PERSONAL 14052 EAST FIRESTONE BOULEVARD SANTA FE SPRINGS CALIFORNIA 90670 213 921 2111 TY d 714 739 0711 LIGHT PEN FOR THE APPLE 035 03610 34 95 mansum Plugs into the game paddle connector It includes three demo programs gt This demonstration program is a tutorial on the use of the lite pen asa menu RENE selection tool It is self prompting and instructing and is a perfect example Wm of a realistic lite pen application 2 This demonstration program is a low resolution graphics demonstration which allows the user to select from menu of high resolution shapes In addition the user is also given the capability
37. talk you in English Spanish or any language 15 95 JUPITER EXPRESS Command your ship thru the hazards of the Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 9 95 FORTE A music language writte ke basic you use line numbers for your notes You ca trace line numbers or notes You can ever print the words of any song Save your song vour Disk 19 95 FORTH JL Is the creatior f Wm Graves This language gives you faster execution of programs than basic and is easier to program than machine language Our 100 page manual will teach you everything vou will need FORTH JL comes complete with demo programs on one Apple diskette 49 95 WHERE TO GET IT Look for the SOF TAPE Software lisplay in our local computer store Apple dealers throughout the United y F States Canada South America Europe and Australia carry the SOFTAPE Software line of quality products If your local dealer is sold out of SOFTAPE Software you can order it direct from us by check or Visa Master Charge If you have any ques tions call us at E 213 985 5763 E Or mail your order t address below We ll add your name to ou mailing list for free and announcements of new products 10432 Burbank Blvd North Hollywood CA 91601 MERO MAY 1979 STAFF Editor Publisher Robert M Tripp ISSUE NUMBER TWELVE Business Manager Donna M Tripp TABLE OF CONTENTS Administrative Assistant Maggie Fisher
38. the assembly language program and then an assembier to assemble the source code LISA is fully interactive and performs syntax addressing mode checks as the source code is entered This is similar in operation to the Apple Integer BASIC Interpreter All error messages that are displayed are in plain easy to understand English and not simply an Error Code Commands in LISA are structured as close as possible to those in BASIC Commands that are included are LIST DELETE INSERT PR Zn IN n SAVE LOAD APPEND ASM and a special user defineable key envisioned for use with dumb per ipherals LISA is DISK 1 based and will assemble programs with a textfile too long to fit into the Apple memory Likewise the code generated can also be stored on the Disk hence freeing up memory for even larger source programs Despite these Disk features LISA is very fast in fact LISA is faster than most other commercially available assemblers tor the Apple Il Not only is LISA faster but also due to code compression techniques used LISA requires less memory space for the text file A full source listing containing the object and source code are produced by LISA in addition to the symbol table Apple 32K Disk 34 95 PROGRAMMA INTERNATIONAL INC 3400 Wilshire Blvd Los Angeles CA 90010 213 384 0579 gt 384 1116 384 1117 Apple 1 is a registered trademark of Apple Computers Inc These professional products are available at your
39. the form of a two page letter Not having the monitor listing limited by ability to fully evaluate the changes The Good News According to the letter only two minor hardware changes are required in the cassette circuit This are similar to some reported in dependtly by other users and reported in an earlier column Change C16 to 22 microfarad and change R97 to 1K ohm This list of improvements that accompanied the V1 1 monitor along with my comments appears below The Synertek notes are in bold face My comments are normal type 1 The improved High Speed Cassette read write is significantly bet ter than before was able to write and read quite constantly and was able to produce a tape on one type of recorder and read it on another The volume tone range was much wider Whereas before you had to be right on for any chance of success now you can have a reasonable variation in volume and tone and still get a good read This is particularly important when you are using different recorders with different characteristics The two recorders tested with were Superscope C 190 and a Pioneer Centrex These fairly high quality recorders have not worked reliably with the old V1 0 monitor A suggestion had made to Synertek back in June 1978 was to make the leader time variable While the 8 seconds they had built in in V1 0 is acceptable when you are only occasionally storing a program it was much to long if you intended to use the tape s
40. the stop interval is 2 bits long plus the delay between calls to OUTCH Both GETCH and OUTCH are timed by subroutine DELAY IED4 GETCH also used DEHALF to move its strobe to the mid point of a bit interval but let s not get technical DELAY does its thing based on the contents of a 16 bit counter named for some obscure reason CNTH30 high byte at 17F3 and CNTL30 low byte 17F2 If this counter is equal to 0000 or less DELAY falls through all the way with a resulting minimum bit time of 64us Let s assume your crystal is bang on 1 MHz Presto devide 64us into a million and you come up with 15 625 baud Not convinced OK here s more Every time we add one to the counter DELAY adds another 14 us to its timing loop The high end of the baud scale looks like this Counter Bit Time us Baud Rate 0000 64 15 625 0001 78 12 820 0002 92 10 869 0003 106 9 434 0004 120 8 333 MAY 1979 If we turn this around and start with some of the usual standard baud rates we can calculate the bit times and counter values required For instance 9600 bauds obviously needs something betweem 2 and 3 DELAY doesn t do fractions it doesn t even like odd numbers And how does the counter get properly loaded anyway We ve left the best to the last a little jewel called DETCPS at 1C2A DETCPS is entered following a system reset with TTY enabled Its brief hour of glory is in measuring the duration of the start pulse of the first
41. 12 of the 741527 goes to a 1 this can be used as a board selected signal if needed eg by KIM 1 users for DECODE ENABLE The microprocessor R W and 02 lines along with an inverted board select signal and combined in two NOR gates which 1 latch channel select bits A3 AO and start A D conversion during 02 of write cycles and 2 enable the tri state data bus drivers during 02 of MAY 1979 read cycles The end of conversion EOC signal produced by the ADC0817 when the most recent conversion has been completed can be connected to a processor interrupt line through one of the 74LS05 open collector inverters These interrupts must be cleared by starting another A D conversion Wire wrap construction is suitable for the circuit and component layout is not critical It is good practice however to orient the analog input area away from digital circuits The REF t and REF reference voltages must not be noisy if the full accuracy 20 mV per bit is to be achieved The t5 Volt regulator should not be shared with other circuitry The layout used in one of the prototypes is sketched in Figure 2 Figure 2 also shows several input connections which may be useful The circuit has two limitations 1 input voltages must be between 0 and t5 Volts and 2 signals being converted should not change appreciably during the 100 us conversion period Both of these limitations may be eliminated by appropriate analog conditioning circuitry but the simplicity o
42. 1979 MICRO 12 7 APPLE II S PROFESSIONAL PIE TEXT EDITOR PIE PROGRAMMA IMPROVED EDITOR is a two dimensional cursor based editor designed specifically for use with memory mapped and cursor based CRT s it is totally different from the usual line based editors which ware originally designed for Teletypes The keys of the system input keyboard are assigned specific PIE Editor function commands Sorne of the features included in the PIE system are Blinking Cursor Cursor movement up down right left plus tabs Character insert and delete String search forwards and backwards Page scrolling GOTO line number plus top or bottom of file Line insert and delete any where on screen Move and copy single and multiple lines Append and clear to end of line Efficient memory usage The following commands are available in the PIE Text Editor and each is executed by depressing the systems argu ment key simulataneously with the command key desired LEFT Move cursor one position to the left RGHT Move cursor one position to the right UP Move cursor up one line DOWN Move cursor down one line BHOM Home cursor in lower left left hand corner HOME Home cursor in upper left hand corner PAG Move up toward top of file one page Move down toward bottom of file one page LTAB Move cursor left one horizontal tab RTAB Move cursor right one horizontal tab GOTO Go to top of file line 1
43. 254 0256 0259 025C 023E 0241 0244 0247 024A MAY 1979 89 05 82 05 82 05 82 89 89 A6 A6 A6 02 88 82 INCRAN KEYIN LIMITS DISP JSR JSR JSR _ BNE RIGHT LCOUNT INCLOP READK CMPIM BNE LDA BNE LDA CMPIM LDA STA LDAIM STA DEC BEQ LDA STA INC LDA STA BNE INC JMP JSR CMPIM BEQ TAX LDA STA TXA STA RAN RAN RAN 65 KEYIN 02 RAN KYSTAT INCRAN UPP HTDEC OUTBYT LOW HTDEC OUTBYT ACNT HTDEC OUTBYT SCAND KEYQ READK BLINK 01 DISP ONOFF INCLOP DARK 01 RIGHT RDIG TDIG 00 RDIG DARK LCOUNT TDIG RDIG DARK BLIM ONOFF DISP ONOFF DISP GETKEY ASCNIB 0A SETLOP UGES TGES UGES RANDOM NUMBER INCREMENT RANDOM NUMBER IF EQUAL 99 DECIMAL THEN RESET TO 2 IS A KEY DOWN LOOP UNTIL ONE IS DOWN PUT UPPER LOWER AND ATTEMPT COUNT IN DISPLAY BUFFER LIGHT LED IF KEY IS DOWN IF BLINKING IS REQUESTED IF TIME TO TURN CHARACTER ON IF TURN CHAR OFF THEN GET CHARACTER SAVE IT SET RIGHT DIGIT BLANK SWITCH FLAG ELSE RESTORE RIGHT DIGIT SWITCH FLAG RESET LOOP COUNTER INCR LOOP COUNTER LOOP GET DEPRESSED KEY IS IT A ATTEMPT YES NO MOVE PREVIOUS KEY TO TENS DIGIT PUT NEW KEY INTO UNITS MICRO 12 19 MICRO 12 20 44 06 00 2 DA 60 17 OB OA 80 17 OB 02 02 02 02 03 C2 03 02 SETLOP DECX ADUNIT ADUP RUP TLOW INCA
44. 65 1B Same Plus BASIC 830 5610 E 65 4 A65 4 MEBI 795 775 E 65 4 Same Plus BASIC 895 875 Higher quantities and systems with other options quoted upon request Mail Check or Money Order EXCERT INCORPORATED Attn Laurie 4434 Thomas Avenue South Minneapolis Minnesota 55410 612 920 7792 Add 5 00 for shipping insurance and handling Minnesota residents add 4 sales tax AN AIM 65 USER s NOTES Joe Burnett 16492 E Tennessee Avenue Aurora CO 80012 The AIM 65 Microcomputer made by Rockwell is one of the newest most versatile home computers available today At the time of this writing January 1979 it sells for 375 For this you get the complete computer with a 20 character alphanumeric display full size alphanumeric keyboard a printer which uses inexpensive calculator type paper 1K of RAM and 8K ROM resident programming Options include the ability to add 3K more memory a 4K assembler and an 8K Basic interpreter all on board simply by purchasing them and plugging them An application connector and an expansion connector accept standard 44 pin edge connectors and allow the control and 1 of two cassette units and a teletype as well as off board additional memory On board programming ROM resident gives you the ability to display memory in either hex or mnemonic alter memory edit programming turn the printer on and off display registers and enter any of th
45. BER OF BYTES IN THE MESSAGE MINUS FIVE THE MESSAGE IS IN THE FORM OF SEGMENT CODES A MEMORY LISTING FOLLOWS LOAD THIS BEGINNING AT LOCATION 0360 0360 OB 00 00 6E 00 38 0368 3F 3F 6D 79 00 00 OO 00 THE SUCCESS MESSAGE BEGINS AT LOCATION 0380 0380 08 00 00 39 5C 50 50 79 0588 58 78 00 00 00 KIM SYM AIM ACCESSORIES BY MTU REAL GRAPHICS FROM OUR VISIBLE MEMORY Over the last year and a half we have delivered hundreds of our Visibie Memory graphic display boards and customers are still finding novel uses for them The Visible Memory is an 8K byte memory board that is directly compatible with the KIM SYM AIM computers and functions just like an 8K memory expansion its content however is also displayed on a standard video monitor as a 320 by 200 dot array with each dot corresponding to a bit in memory Since each dot is individually controtlable any kind of image even text 22 lines 53 characters with subscripts superscripts is possible Our assembly language graphics text software package makes programming the Visible Memory easy Microsoft 9 digit BASIC users now have access to the graphics and text routines through our just released BASIC Patches Package In fact the images above were created entirely with SIMPLE BASIC programs K 1008A VISIBLE MEMORY 240 00 OTHER ITEMS KIM Power supply 35 00 AIM Power supply 80 00 Enciosed card file for 4 boards KIM 75 SYM 80 AIM 95 8 bit audio system DAC Filter Amp
46. C and try to enter the following BASIC line 100 DEL 0 50 You will get a syntax error because the Apple Interpreter does not allow the command DEL in deferred execution mode Now do this reenter the monitor and change the 62 PRINT to 09 DEL and the 49 for PRINT to OA for DEL by entering 3FF7 09 Return 3FFB OA Return Reenter BASIC control C and list Try this instruction by adding lines between 0 and 50 running the program and then listing it This allows you to write a program which will carry out some functions only the first time it is run and then automatically delete those lines In addition to inserting instructions which cannot be entered as deferred commands you can modify the program under program control As an example here is a program which will stop and start listing a long program by hitting a key on the keyboard Bring up BASIC Enter 257 LIST 0 RETURN HIT RESET 3FF6 3FFF RETURN You will see 3FF6 OA 01 3FF8 01 74 BO 00 00 03 5B 01 What this means 3FF6 OA Ten bytes in line 3FF7 8 01 01 LINE 257 3FF9 74 TOKEN FOR LIST 3FFA BO Means Number follows 3FFB C 00 00 LINE TO BE LISTED LO Hf 3FFD 03 TOKEN FOR COLON 3FFF 01 End of BASIC LINE Now enter 3FF7 FF FF Return Cont C List You have 65535 LIST O RETURN Now enter 100 X PEEK 16384 POKE 16368 0 1F X 127 THEN 0 GOTO 100 Reset 3FCF 3FFF Return Change line no from 100 to 65534 by entering 3FDO FE FF Return Change GOTO 100
47. CLOSED A 100 uS 16 CHANNEL ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER FOR 65XX MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS J C Williams 55 Holcomb St Simsbury CT 06070 Analog to digital A D conversion can be useful in many microcomputer systems The design presented here takes advantage of a large scale integrated circuit the ADCO8I7 to simplify a 16 channel 8 bit A D system which can be attached to the bus of 65XX microcomputers The applications that have found for this system have included straight data acquisition game joystick position reading graphic input generation and voice recognition Of course the software for each of these applications is different but they all require multichannel reasonably fast A D The 100 us conversion time of this system depends only on the 1 MHz clock frequency of the microcomputer The microprocessor is not involved in the A D conversions Once the conversion is started the processor can work on other tasks until the digital result is available The Hardware This device appears to the programmer as a block of memory starting at a base address BASE and extending through 16 locations to BASE t 15 The actual circuit described occupies 256 locations because of incomplete decoding An analog to digital conversion of a selcted channel say channel X is started by writing to BASE t X The 8 bit conversion result may then be read from any location in the block eg BASE any time after the 100 US conversion time has
48. D BI Lasi LIA HES list 1118 DATA HT THE 1120 aziz AD be PS 1138 LIA DEC G3dE AD ez 82 1148 LIA 1 1158 Et SYMBOL TABLE Hee ES TEC He Figure 2 DA Pseudo Op Example MICRO 12 10 AMPLE load program from tape save program to tape list entire program list selected line list range of lines delete selected line delete range of lines renumbers all lines erase program program slow list program fast list printer driver 1B77 1BFF assemble program execute starting at expr add program from tape to one in memory HE LO BYTE HE HI EYTE RIDREZZ LO BYTE DEC HI EYTE MAY 1979 S ASSEMBLER II EXAMPLE 5 ASSEMBLER JI L nTI t COMPARES HES WALUES AMD INDICATES WHICH GREATER Or 1 St a TU I uaa adt PIX mbar kA al Ys 388 Y 5 T Tanke FE me ur n an ma Ta sg n pm en D oT in xx DEFAULT IS T 1 I 2 2 MR 2 2 2 H en ram T a s Te Lad 1 ai dmg s sot ut nou 1 Pu cn cn fe rey p p kaq rm f T ENS at DI ft rn Tit m L p 1 m Gl m m ayy ti mal aa I La Li p
49. FF FF 00 00 from the monitor it is easy to find the start of the program and then manually reset CA and CB to that location This is the way program instructions are stored in memory All numbers are in hex 08 Y lu End of line indicator always 01 Tokens for vate statements Line number Lo byte HI byte This is line 100 Decimal Number of bytes in BASIC line also one less than the number of bytes from the beginning of the next line Figure 2 MAY 1979 As an example power up the Apple bring up BASIC and enter 100 PRINT 0 50 Enter the monitor by pushing reset and then examine the program by entering EXAMPLES FOR 16K Apple 4000 HIMEM titer Location stored in 4C and 4D nemen c e RE P rogram wee eee 3FA6 T First line in program Location stored in CA and CB Figure 1 Memory Map for Program Storage 3FF4 3FFF return Locations for a 16K Apple Subtract 2000 hex for a 4K or add 4000 hex for a 32K Apple You will see this 3FF4 OC 64 00 62 3FF8 00 00 49 B5 320001 which means oc There are 12 bytes in this line 64 00 It is line 100 Decimal 62 PRINT see Table 1 for complete list of tokens BO The next two bytes are a number rather than tokens 00 00 The number 0 49 The comma in a PRINT statement B5 Another number follows 3200 The number 50 01 End of BASIC line MICRO 12 41 To demonstrate the use of this information return to BASI
50. HICS PAC Quadruple your PET s graphic resolution Do not be stuck with the PET s cumbersome 25X40 1000 point display With the Graphics Pac you can indi vidually control 4000 points on screen It s great for graphing plotting and gaming The Pac is a set of three programs with full documentation PLOT places coordinate 0 0 in the screen s upper left hand corner cr more sophisticated applications the Pac includes GRAPH which plots point 0 0 in the center of the screen allowing you to plot equations in all four quadrants As a bonus a Hi Res Doodle game is included this on a high qual ity cassette for 9 95 ASSEMBLER 2001 is a full featured assembler for your PET micro computer that follows the standard 6502 set of ma chine language mnemonics Now you can write machine code programs Store your assembled programs load them run them and even list your programs and various PET subroutines Unlike other assemblers this is one pro gram You do not have to go through a three tape process to edit and run a program Of course to make more space you can trim out the features you do not need Assembler 2001 allows you to run through the USR of SYS commands This valuable program is offered at 15 95 BIKE An exciting new simulation that puts you in I charge of a bicycle manufacturing empire Juggle inflation breakdowns seasonal sales variations inventory workers prices machines and ad campaigns to keep your enter
51. INI without soldering sensor cables Just plud in Pluss reenter tenes me ct te ee into the AINI o the AIM161 Starter Set 189 00 SENSORS TRA Includes one AINi 1s one POM1 one ICOM and one OCON Sensors for teareratures Pressures flows humidity levels PH etc AIM162 Starter Set 259 00 Includes one AIN162 one one ICON and ome 009 e COMFUTER INTERFACES TRA For the 5 60 elc Use in place of OCON FETSET1a 295 00 Eliaiasles ihe need for soldering or special construction Includes one one CABLE 24 one AIMi ls one POWI and one MANMDDI PET Interface Module 49 95 Gives iuo IEEE poris one user and one DAN SYSTEMS KIMSET12a 205 00 interface pori Saves vear and tear on the PET s printed Includes KIND circuit board Also called PETSAR me MON se CANLE me nd ELEC RC a U ERE ERE MICRO INTERRUPTS NEXT IN 35 1550 While this space is usually used to discuss the contents of the current issue I would like to use it this month to talk about the exciting new changes coming up in the June 1979 issue of MICRO These changes reflect our continuing effort to make MICRO even better than before The most significant change is that MICRO will be increased in size from the current 52 pages up to 68 pages This is due to the continuing growth of both the articles submitted for publi cation and the increased interest in advertis
52. LAMUCHY 07820 201 362 6574 KIM 1 PRODUCTS FROM HDE INC DM 816 M8 8K STATIC RAM MEMORY This is the finest memory board available for the KIM 1 at any price Commercial Industrial quality All boards are continuously operated and tested for a minimum of 100 hours prior to release Full 6 month parts labor warranty DM 816 DI1 8 FLEXIBLE DISK SYSTEM Available in single and dual drive versions Includes interface card power supply Sykes controller and drive cables and manual File Oriented Disk System software with HDE text editor DM 816 MD1 5 FLEXIBLE DISK SYSTEM Single and dual drive versions include interface controller power supply Shugart drive cables and man ual Advanced version of FODS software with HDE text editor Latest addition to HDE peripheral product line DM 816 CC15 MOTHER BOARD A professional mother board for the KIM 1 All KIM 1 functions remoted includes power on reset 15 con nectors Provision for Centronics printer interface Card cage and cabinet configurations available DM 816 UB1 PROTOTYPE CARD Designed for ease of special applications development Handles up to 40 pin dips HDE ASSEMBLER An advanced two pass assembler using 6502 cross assembler mnemonics Free form line oriented entry Directives include OPTION BYTE WORD FILE OFFSET END Output options include LIST NOLIST SYMBOLS NOSYMBOLS GENERATE NOGENERATE ERRORS NOERRORS TAB NOTAB Assemble from single
53. LE and PET Software in Southern California Send for our Catalog 1 00 16K RAM CHIP SET FOR APPLE II Reference Books For APPLE and PET Owners 56500 Programming the 6502 9 95 ONLY Tested amp Burned 95 PET User Manual New from Commodore 9 95 WORKSHOPS Call for details FirstBookofKIM 8 95 e PET 3rd Saturday of the Month MOS Tech Programming Manual 6502 e APPLE 4th Saturday of the Month MOS Tech Hardware Manual CLASSES Apple Topics We offer a series of classes on Apple to aqualnt owners with some of the unique features and capabilities of their system Topics covered are Apple Sounds Low Res Graphics Hi Res Graphics Disk Basics and How to Use Your Reference Material Sessions are held every Thursday Night at 7 00 p m APPLE HARDWARE PET HARDWARE Upper amp Lower Case Board I Now you can display both upper and lower case characters on diat E ta OS I BK DESCRIBED OE cassette your video with the Apple il Includes assembled circuit board 7167 neo pe Y ry 795 00 sor ware PET 2001 16N Computer PET with 16K bytes of memory Programmer Aide and large keyboard with separate numeric pad and PRINTER SPECIALS FOR APPLE AND PET on keys External cassette optional ne TRENDCOM 100 with interface for Apple or PET B ES PET 2001 168 Computer As above but has standard type writer
54. NH 03874 603 474 2230 ACG of NJ 6502 6800 User Group Lew Edwards reports that the group is very active Meetings on 4th Friday at Union County Technical Institute have all kinds of expanded KIM s PET s an Apple group as well as AIM s and SYM s starting to show up It s a wonderful way for beginners to get help from others in solving problems getting their systems up and running etc Has really been taking off the last 6 7 months ABACUS Apple Bay Area Computer Users Society Hayward BYTE Shop 1122 B Street Hayward CA David R Wilkerson Secretary writes We have an active membership of 40 and we have devel oped a club library of 200 programs Currently we are negotisting to trade libraries with sev eral other clubs For more info call Ed Avelar President 415 583 2431 Northwest Suburban Apple II Users Group Serving Apple II users in the Northwest Subur ban Chicago area we provide a forum for the interchange of knowledge problems and applica tion of the Apple II computer Meetings are held the first Saturday of each month at the Palatine Illinois Park District facility For more information please contact Ken Rose 650 Pompano Lane Palatine IL 60067 312 359 6723 ATTENTION ALL 6502 CLUBS MICRO will be happy to donate a free six month subscription to any legitimate 6502 oriented club or user group There are only two require ments for this offer l A copy of the club group mailing list must
55. NT EEHLIEER I FIRST LINE 8 spi PRINT INPUT SIN LET T DIM k 1 1 2 GDSUE egscla IF G THEN GOSUE HEAT F LOSUE ejes FOR F 1 To H IHT iM T k tb T rnv d C im Life GOSUE shies Ts T4 4 fo ci an c d ses S POKE A ish Mox 256 _ eaede POKE AsHt L GOSUE Mr GOSU E eci7a IF G THEN HEST P sose GOSUB gelea FOR F 1 THEN GOSUE 68110 NEXT PRINT GOTO LET J IF T gt THEN FOR J 1 TO T F VMLI lt gt V THEN NEST 24 20 RETURN IF lt gt 8 THEM GOSUE amp a r8 IF J THE T DATI P ale D ita 7T iT mio m e Men me dd mo 50110 G ZLIE 68870 IF J THEM RETURN EBLEG M ML IF M B THEM PRINT 2 RETURN FOF D R TOE 1 iis INT AH 18 dz IF M amp THEN Ls rh xs HEAT D IF hH ita 1 i it Hu a Yo B THEN T odd ERIS PRINT INSERT 31 RETURN gaiga LET F 249 LH IH EB1TB LET A F M IH amp B8 LET F PEEK PEEK 1 25611 FEEK 56A 3 65 tA 21 PEER 3 256 L 2 d LET i U R 1 E HIC PEEK B IF C
56. O CONVERT UPON ENTRY THE A REGISTER CONTAINS UPON EXIT THE A REC CONTAINS THE UNITS DIGIT AND THE X REGISTER CONTAINS THE TENS DIGIT ORG 0300 HTDEC LDXIM 00 INIT TENS COUNT SEC HTA SBCIM 0A SUBTRACT 10 DECIMAL BMI HTB INX INCR TENS DIGIT BNE HTB ADCIM 0A UNITS DIGIT STA TEMP TXA CLC ROLA ROLA ROLA ROLA ADC TEMP RTS I SUBROUTINE MESSAG ENTRY JSR MESSAG THIS ROUTINE WILL PARADE THE MESSAGE SPECIFIED BY THE CALLER ACROSS THE LEDS THE A REGISTER CONTAINS THE LO BYTE OF THE MESSAGE ADDRESS THE X REG CONTAINS THE HI BYTE OF THE MESSAGE ADDRESS THE FIRST BYTE OF THE MESSAGE CONTAINS THE NUMBER OF BYTES IN THE MESSAGE MINUS 5 THIS COUNT INCLUDES THE FIRST BYTE MESSAG STA MAD 401 CHANGE INSTRUCTION STX MAD 02 STA MADX 01 CHANGE INSTRUCTION SIX MADX 02 MAD LDA FFFF ADDRESS WILL BE CHANGED STA LDAIM 00 STA COUNT STA LOOPA STA LOOPB INC COUNT MESS LDY COUNT LDXIM 00 MADX LDAY FFFF ADDRESS WILL BE CHANGED STAX DISBUF INY INX CPXIM 06 BNE MICRO 12 21 0342 6 OD INC COUNT 0344 20 06 89 MESSA JSR SCAND 0347 E6 OE INC LOOPA 0349 00 F9 BNE X MESSA 034B E6 OF INC 100 034D A5 OF LDA LOOPB O34F C9 02 CMPIM 02 0351 DO Fl BNE MESSA 0353 A5 OE LDA LOOPA 0355 85 OF STA LOOPB 0357 A5 OD LDA COUNT 0359 C5 10 035B DO D5 BNE MESS 035D 60 RTS THE FAILURE MESSAGE BEGINS AT LOCATION 0360 THE FIRST BYTE IS THE HEX NUM
57. OSUB6000 PRINTA TA INT AL 500 1000 IFTA 80THENTA 80 IF TAXI THENTA 1 Y 21 X TA 1 GOSUB6000 IFFUZOGOTOSOO0 GOSUB5000 IF Z21360T0500 BU 12 4 Z 48 IF Z 48 THENBU 0 FORTIZITODE AzSIN 10 NEXTTI VP VE AP AL NEXTT 3X 2X 2X 3X X 1 2000 FORJ 1T02 2005 X 36 Y 12 GOSUB6000 PRINT LOW FUEL 2010 Y 13 GOSUB6000 PRINT WARNING 2020 A SIN 10 d 2030 GOSUB6000 PRINTMT Y 12 GOSUB6000 PRINTMT lt 2035 A SIN 10 MICRO 12 32 MAY 1979 2040 NEXTJ 2050 DEZI RETURN 3000 SP VP VE 2 3010 IFSP 2560T02200 3015 PRINT PRINT 3020 PRINTTAB 20 CONGRATULATIONS YOU TOUCHED DOWN AT A MERE 3030 PRINTTAB 30 SP FT SEC A SAFE LANDING 3040 PRINT PRINTTAB 20 DO YOU WANT TO TRY AGAIN AND 3050 PRINTTAB 20 INPUT PROVE IT WASN T LUCK N 3060 IFN zZ N THENRUN BEXEC 3070 GOTO190 3200 PRINTCHR 26 3210 N 40 3220 FORI 1TON X 1 INT 79 RND I Y 1 INT 23 RND 1 3225 GOSUB6000 PRINTCHR 23 INT 15 RND 1 GOSUB6000 NEXTI 3230 X 20 Y 10 GOSUB6000 PRINT YOU JUST BLEW A CRATER 3240 Y 11 GOSUB6000 PRINTABS VE FEET IN DIAMETER ON THE 3250 Y 12 GOSUB6000 PRINT SURFACE OF THE MOON BETTER TRY AGAIN 3260 Y 14 GOSUB6000 INPUT READY Y N N 3270 GOTO190 5000 Z PEEK 64513 5005 IFZ 13THEN RETURN 5010 IF Z gt 128THENZ Z 128 RETURN 6000 27 61 31 CHR X431 RETURN BOvoresaapasaancsensascenvsopsencessueseuseses
58. PLE 37900 Sli facets of user operation programming and for f See if you qualify for a CCI of OC P F Card and get great discounts on selected purchases for your Apple and PET Retrofit kit required for operation with PET 2001 8 WHY SHOULD YOU BUY FROM US Because we can help you solve your problems and answer your questions We don t claim to know everything but we try to help our customers to the full extent of our resources Prices subject to change COMPUTER COMPONENTS OF ORANGE COUNTY 6791 Westminster Ave Westminster CA 92683 714 891 2584 Hours Tues Fri 11 00 AM to 8 00 PM Sat 10 00 AM to 6 00 PM Closed Sun Mon Master Charge Visa B of A are accepted No COD Allow 2 weeks for personal check to clear Add 1 50 for handling and postage For computer systems please add 10 00 for shipping handling and insurance California residents add 6 Sales Tax ASK THE DOCTOR PART IV GOOD NEWS BAD NEWS Robert M Tripp Ph D The COMPUTERIST Inc P O Box 3 So Chelmsford MA 01824 In Jast month s issue announced that Synertek Systems has infor med me of an improvement to the SYM monitor which should solve the audio cassette sensitivity problem that had mentioned in several columns have since received a copy of the new SYM 1 Supermon Version 1 1 on a pair of EPROMs which I had supplied to them and have had some chance to evaluate the new version The documentation received was in
59. REAL TIME GAMES ON OSI David Morganstein e 9523 48th Place College Park MD 20704 This note discusses how real time games can be written for OSI Challenger systems which use a serial terminal run from the ACIA The terminal in my system is an ADM 3A but the same principal applies to any other The sample program which is included does use the cursor control procedure of the ADM 3A but it is a common enough terminal that many readers will be able to use it directly The cursor control is accomplished in a one line subroutine and can be changed to another procedure easily My original goal was to write video games but did not have a separate TV monitor 440 video board and A D convertor to do this Fortunately there was a way First discuss a procedure for polling the serial terminal keyboard and then the video display on the terminal The basic idea was to use a PEEK command rather than an IMPUT statement That way the program does not have to stop while the player ponders his response This was the ONLY way to play Lunar Lander The typical version gives the Captain unlimited time to ponder his response and minimizes crash landings Several articles in BYTE and elsewhere talk about using A D convertors and joysticks Of course this is a fine way to go but the same effect can be created without the added hardware The input byte from the appears at 01 To get a little appreciation for this look at the ROM mon
60. RIVIA N WARLORDS KIDSTUFF m BULLS AND BEARS MICROTRIVIA AES _ 4 Y M Ev PW AS Sam 35 Y N N APPLE PET TRS 80 Now available at over 1 000 stores worldwide Speakeasy Software Box 1220 Kemptville Ontario Canada 1J0 613 258 2451
61. SIC the Apple stores characters as they are entered in a character buffer hex locations 0200 to O2FF When return is entered BASIC parses the entry that is interprets the ASCII characters and breaks the instruction into executable parts It determines what is a command what are variables data and so forth If it is legal and is preceded by a number between 0 and 32767 a line number it stores it in memory in a fashion discussed below If there is no line number it simply executes the command and awaits further instructions The way the programs are stored is quite clever When BASIC is initiated control B or E000 G from the monitor several thiigs happen First the highest available user memory RAM is stored in memory locations 004C Lo byte and 004D Hi byte called the HIMEM pointer Also locations OOCA and 00 the start of program pointer get the same numbers since there is no program as yet As program steps are entered they are stored starting at the top of memory highest line numbers first and the start of program pointer is decreased accordingly See Figure 1 When a line with a higher number than some already in memory is entered they are shuffled to preserve the order One application if you enter a program and then hit control B the program is not scratched or erased only the start of program pointer is affected Since powering up the Apple fills the memory with a pattern of ones and zeros it looks like
62. SIMULATION PRINTTAB 10 TO PLAY MERELY ENTER THE POUNDS OF PRINTTAB 10 FUEL WHICH YOU WISH TO BURN BY TYPING A DIGIT 0 9 PRINTTAB 10 THE NINE GIVES MAXIMUM BURN SLOWING YOU DOWN AT THE PRINTTAB 10 FASTEST RATE A ZERO GIVES NO BURN AND LETS YOU FRE PRINTTAB 10 FALL PRINT INPUT GO PRINTCHR 26 Y 4 X 28 GOSUB6000 PRINT TIME TO FUEL EXHAUSTION X 20 Y 7 GOSUB6000 PRINT BURN RATE X 50 GOSUB6000 PRINT FUEL X 20 GOSUB6000 PRINT LBS SEC X250 G0SUB6000 PRINT LBS X 20 GOSUB6000 PRINT VELOCITY X250 GOSUB6000 PRINT ALTITUDE 20 GOSUB6000 PRINT FT SEC X 50 GOSUB6000 PRINT FT 20 GOSUB6000 PRINT ESTIMATED TIME TO LANDING z1 G0SUB6000 F ORIZ1T079 PRINT NEXTI 1 GOSUB6000 PRINT O z1T07 X210 I GO0SUB6000 PRINTI NEXTI X230 Yz24 GO0SUB6000 PRINT ALTITUDE X10 000 FT GOSUB6000 VE 100 MT FUZ10000 AL280000 DE 2 5 BU 22 FORT 1T010000 IF T 2 ING T 2 THENPRINTCHR 7 VE VE BU 32 25E8 25E8 AL AL AL AL INT VE 2 IFAL lt OGOTO3000 lt 500 05082000 FU FU BU 2 IFFU lt OTHENFU 0 BU 0 IFBU lt OTHENB NO BURN GOTO410 B STR INT FU BU X 38 Y 5 GOSUB6000 PRINTMT GOSUB6000 PRINTB X 21 Y 9 GOSUB60CC PRINTBU X 50 GOSUB6000 PRINTFU X 22 Y 14 GOSUB6000 PRINTVE X 50 GOSUB6000 PRINTAL IF VE gt 0THENA ESCAPE GOTOA60 A STR INT AL ABS VE Y 19 X 38 GOSUB6000 PRINTMT G
63. WIV uy ueiboig dung 134 V Iequnuay 134 941 ATT93S I9ABSOJI uBUl9H 8 35 abenbue UTUO9BN 134 V Ser1ouey ay 10 s ueu uinqi us y uqor 134 94 10 bur33o g uor3nposey ubtH g aA18H K8pol WOY InoA sao MOH pie ng s u uqso4q8 3 JO 3u PI9TJ1833ng wie JISVH 134 9ptsu uasuajsrIuj ue y 134 9u3 ujr or3sKor 8484 03 MOH 10 sofudeisj snonur3uoj 8 KaAQieH JISV8 8 134 3 UUBJ W 139 94 10 weiboig say y uoqubraij A189 13 13d N NOAN ON Lm Lon Lo r UNUS N UTJTBY piewpj 31009 5 196 v 9 A ul uuop leur peseq 2269 T WAS 9 O9TSUSS M A WDI IXVA 10 WDi3 ST3JA SBE OUOIN 5 10 38UuJO 4 WI pa32811oj Used seurjnoy sorudeis 2069 Ioqnzg sweiboig bnqeq 3Isyg Aut aq 71 urAX8y 2 NIV 94 10 inoH 92 abptig 3 eiopoau pieog ue pue I WIM 10j uueurijry rTessm io03TUO4 WI Paseg 70 9 Ino puedx3 pBg SMSN AT Hed 8378 III 3184 Towwerbolg WOYd3 uy II 1184 I 3184 ddri W 3318qoy 103500 SV 1938
64. aw detailed graphs of mathematical functions which the user defines in Basic syntax The graphs appear in a large rectangle whose edges are X and Y scales with values labeled by up to 6 digits Graphs can be superimposed erased drawn as dashed rather than solid curves and transformed The transformations available are reflection about an axis stretching or compressing change of scale and sliding translation The user can alternate between the graphic display and a text display which lists the available commands and the more recent interactions between user and program Expected users are engineers mathmaticians and researchers in the natural and social sciences in addition teachers and students can use the program to approach topics in for exam ple algebra trigonometry and analytic geometry in a visual in tuitive and experimental way which complements the traditional primarily symbolic orientation Copies Just released Price 14 95 Cat No 0123 includes cassette tape 12 page instruction booklet Author Don Stone Available from many computer stores or Powersoft Inc P O Box 157 Pitman NJ 08071 609 589 5500 MICRO 12 37 Name 6502 VDR Systems Any 6502 with room available at 200 or DDOO Memory 4K Language 6502 machine code Hardware Memory mapped video board such as Polymorphic Systems VTI Solid State Music VB 1B Etc Description Organizes memory mapped display for teletype like use
65. ber an existing program You can still load the renumber program before you start a new program Here s how you use it Load the append program first It fits in page 3 starting at 3A5 Load the lower line no Applesoft program Type Call 933 and return Load the higher line no renumber program Type CALL 955 and return Use RUN 60005 to start renumbering Be sure to record any output that appears on the screen Write down the information and check the renumbering on the lines indicated Putting longer line numbers in short spaces will be one message Another will ask you to check where you used a THEN for a GOTO The renumber program is not sure if it should renumber a line or a parameter My thanks to Jim Butterfield for providing us with such a useful program and helping me get this one running Also thanks to Bob Matzinger from the Dallas Area Apple Corps for some modification suggestions and the Applesoft ROM append routine xL Ha r mo UE STA ERE H2 ec LIR FEZ mo BP STH Ty 25 ZEL AS LTA ES mz SBC mo STA Ha en LOR EA ZEC Bin STR tec Ho 8E LIA f co ES STA AG LIA 097 co STA tec ce FE IH ASF ei FF TIT FF Listing 2 Applesoft append program This program can be used to append any two programs together MAY 1979 MICRO 12 45 MICRO 12 46 E d HOME PEINT s PRI
66. ch one of which can be improved by SuperSilicon If it works and doesn t smoke have at it BEN S s EPROM PROGRAMMER Software available for F 8 6800 8080 8085 Z 80 6502 KIM 1 1802 The EP 2A 79 will program the 2704 2708 TMS 2708 2758 2716 TMS 2516 TMS 2716 TMS 2532 and 2732 PROM type is selected by personality module which plugs into the front of the programmer Power requirements are 115 VAC 50 60 HZ at 15 watts It is supplied with a 36 inch ribbon cabie 14 pin plus for connecting to microcomputer Requires 1 1 O ports Assembled and tested 145 Plus 15 25 for each personality module Specify software OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY INC Blue Wood 127 Earlysville Va 22936 Phone 804 973 5482 MAY 1979 ALL GATES 0646 2 THE INTEGER BASIC TOKEN SYSTEM IN THE APPLE Frank D Kirschner 2643 Rockledge Trail Dayton OH 45430 There are two primary methods of storing BASIC programs in microcomputers One involves storing the entire program letter by letter and symbol by symbol somewhere in memory and interpreting the ASCII codes on execution This is typical of BASIC compilers and some interpreters like the TRS 80 Level 1 A more memory efficient system uses tokens eight bit bytes each of which represent a BASIC word or symbol The TRS 80 Level 11 uses this method as does the Apple II to which the examples which follow apply When in Integer BA
67. course 10 lessons amp 1 quiz ea tape 13 50 VOCABULARY BLDR II 016 01314 16K INT BASIC The second tape in a two tape course 10 lessons amp 1 quiz tape 13 50 PRESCHOOL IQ BUILDER 016 01195 16K INT BASIC 6 lessons Same amp Different amp 1 program letter builder 13 50 h STEP BY STEP 016 01356 16K APPLESOFT A tutorial program in computer language of Applesoft basic 10 lessons 39 95 js WORD MASTER STORY BUILDER 016 01399 16K INT BASIC Thinking person s game Nouns verbs amp adjectives 13 50 MEMORY BUILDER 016 01410 16K INT BASIC A concentration game with 20 boxes on screen 13 50 Following is a list of software companies that we deal with We are adding new software every month APPLE Software Bank Speakeasy e Powersoft Forum Southeastern Software Wise Owl Workshop Program Design Inc Programma International e Personal Software e Quality Software e Peripherals Unlimited Software e George W Lee Software e Pet Shack Creative Computing ZZYP PAX e Softape uS o Computer BUSINESS e eC p m EDUCATIONAL 14052 East Firestone Bivd Santa Fe Springs CA 90670 UE PERSONAL 213 921 2111 714 739 0711 NAME POT PERI Yes you may charge it ADDRESS B of A Card l Mastercharge CITY Expiration Date ONE UIS el ee c TOTAL Signature AMOUNT EN
68. coursecs 9995828309880305008990000000008080008000200800002 SOFTWARE HOUSE Machen 8853000305802592521220523023058000 0000060002320 0028070000209 80008 SER ROB EOS89 UA RGOOUSOONOBOBARSRGSONDROSEA FORMERLY PETSHACK PET SCHEMATICS FOR ONLY 24 95 YOU GET 24 X 30 schematic of the CPU board plus oversized schematics of the Video Monitor and Tape Recorder plus complete Parts layout all accurately and painstakingly drawn to the minutest detail PET ROM ROUTINES FOR ONLY 19 95 YOU GET Complete Disassembly listings of all 7 ROMS pius identified subroutine entry points Video Monitor Keyboard routine Tape Record and Playback routine Real Time Clock etc To entice you we are also including our own Machine Language Monitor program for your PET using the keyboard and video display You have the Monitor program on cassette for only 9 95 extra PET to PARALLEL INTERFACE with 5V 8A power supply 74 95 55884308422808680090027 0980805 Send for our free SOFTWARE BROCHURE Dealer inquiries welcome PET EXPANDOR PRINTER PRINTER PRICE won 525 Small size of 4 5 H 12 W x 9 D impact printing 3 copies e Prints 80 columns wide Print Cylinder not a matrix Uses 8 paper pressure or pin feed Easy to maintain yourself or return to us Regular Paper Coated paper not required e Lightweight 111 Ibs with cover e Prints 10 characters per s
69. decimal depending on whether or not a printer is to be used With the data bytes in hex notation it is very easy to correlate them with the 6502 microprocessor machine language instruction set The program listing has been thoroughly debugged and tested Although the program was originally written for a PET with a Centronics printer as outlined in the REM s the program will run on a bare PET with no problem The changes for a bare PET are as follows Omit line 10 Change line 542 to read 542 IF 139 THEN 570 3 Omit all print statements and substitute instead the print format outlined in the REM s at lines 606 through 612 These print lines are to be placed at line 545 546 547 548 4 Notice that there is no comma or semicolon after the last print character This is very important otherwise the format will be destroyed no A considerable amount of time was spent on both versions of the program No problems were encountered in running either version i hope that by following the machine language coding of the 6502 some of you will obtain a better understanding of PET s Basic inner workings Also some of you who have the T I M monitor will be able to trace its subroutines and jumps to Basic Perhaps it may inspire you in writing some machine language programs or routines should add that if one wishes to look at different addresses other than the COOO 49152 decimal all you need do is to change the starting
70. e many resident subroutines With cassette units connected you can read or write to either one and set up the AIM 65 to handle KIM 1 format X1 or X3 or the AIM 65 format software The AIM 65 will file and search cassette tapes and the front panel alphanumeric display lets you know the status of the operation in progress as well as the block of data being read or written Three keys on the keyboard F1 F2 and F3 enable user defined functions through programmed jump instructions and are a nice feature Physically the computer circuit board itself is ten inches deep by twelve inches wide and the keyboard which attaches through a supplied ribbon cable is four inches deep by twelve inches wide Included with the computer is a roll of paper for the printer feet for the computer circuit board and the keyboard circuit a User s Guide manual an R6500 Programming manual a System Hardware manual a Programming Reference Card an AIM 65 Summary Card and a large schematic diagram as well as the warranty card don t forget to mail this in Software Compatibility As with any new product there are some problems One is with the KIM 1 software The KIM 1 is a very basic computer and the AIM 65 is sophisticated by comparison An example of the problem with the software is the KIM 1 PLEASE program PLEASE loads data into memory locations which either are dedicated for use by the AIM 65 or are not present in the AIM 65 Consequently althou
71. econd 64 Character ASCII Character Set Full Documentation Included This is the ideal low cost reliable self maintained printer with which to complete your PET System P S SOFTWARE HOUSE P O Box 966 Mishawaka IN 46544 219 255 3408 T 1979 FOR PET TRS 80 COMPUCOLOR SOUNDWARE adds music and sound effects to your computer includes DEMO PROGRAM SOUND COMPOSER to create your own BASIC sound subrcutines and instructions Unit has volume control earphone jack connectors 1 warranty 29 95 for PET amp TRS 80 39 95 for Compucolor includes diskette SOUNDWARE SOFTWARE FOR 8K PET Compatible with all CB 2 sound devices Features sound super graphics instruction booklet 90 day warranty 1 ACTION PACK Breakthru 8 versions Target Caterpillar 2 THE CLASSICS Checkers 8 versions Back on Piano Player 3 WORD FUN Speller 4 versions Scramble Flashcard 9 95 per pack or 3 packs plus bonus program for 29 00 More sound programs coming TRS 80 and Compucolor too To Order Send to CAP Electronics Dept M14 1884 Shulman Ave San Jose CA 95124 or call 408 371 4120 VISA Master Charge accepted No charge for shipping when payment is included Please add 15 for C O D Calif residents add 6 tax Prices subject to change without notice DEALER amp DISTRIBUTOR INQUIRIES WELCOME MICRO 12 33 We have the Most Complete Stock of APP
72. elapsed If desired the end of conversion signal from the ADC0817 may cause an interrupt to get the attention of the processor f multiple A D conversions at the maximum speed are required the 65XX can be kept busy with housekeeping during the conversion delay time The example programs illustrate two ways the converter may be driven The system uses just five integrated circuits and can be built for less than 40 The design shown in Figure 1 occupies a six square inch area on a Vector plugboard and draws only 60 mA of current from the t8 Volt DC unregulated power supply Operation of the circuit is simple because the ADCO0817 performs all analog switching and A D functions The base address of the converter is fixed by six switches attached to the DM8131 six bit comparitor When the processor accesses memory locations having address bits A15 A10 matching the switch settings the DM8131 output goes low This output is NOR ed with A9 and A8 to further reduce the memorv space occupied by the circuit to one 65XX page The possible base addresses which can be obtained with this decoder can fall on any 1K boundary and A9 and A8 must be O s For example base addresses in hex can be set to A000 or A400 but not A100 A200 or A300 In the design drawn A9 and A8 must be low for the A D to be selected but this could be changed if A9 and or A8 were inverted using unused sections of the 741505 When the A Disselected the output of the NOR gate pin
73. er in MICRO 9 14 A Fast Talking TIM mentions that KIM can adapt to terminal frequencies up to 2400 baud This was the last straw and either had to pull the plug on my Fast Talking KIM or attempt to put the record straight First off let me say that according to my interpretation of what goes on in KIM the theoretical maximum baud rate of the TTY port is 15 625 How s that for pinning down the etc Not that you should try to operate at this rate without some of the well known fine tuning but there is no reason why you can t hook up your 9600 or 4800 baud terminal with 30 cents worth of gates and be up and running with or without reading the following details f you want to know from whence this bonanza here is the story The smarts for the KIM TTY interface are in the monitor software so let s start at that end There are two main TTY 1 O routines at 1 5 and OUTCH at 1EAO GETCH returns with the character in A but strips off the parity bit in the process If you need bit 7 counting from 0 for your own deep dark reasons then retrieve the full character from CHAR at OOFE on your return OUTCH love that label outputs a stop bit then a start bit then 8 data bits LSB first then another stop bit It may seem illogical to start with a stop but remember that aside from slow machinery the main purpose of a stop bit line high is to make sure that the start bit line low will be recognized In any case
74. ervice to save small chunks of data mailing list information for example The above note says that the leader time is now maintained in ram and can be changed by the user if necessary Since did not have the listing or additional information was not able to test this out But assuming it does work this can be a very significant improvement some programs have written require a lot of extra code simply to get around the fixed leader problem They should be much sim pler now since should be abie to set the leader time in ram and then use the tape cassette routines directly 2 KIM read Read routine improved This has been one of the biggest problems for the SYM 1 since it release The V1 0 monitor had a simple but powerful bug It made an invalid test for the KIM format end of data character and treated the legal 32 46 ASCII pair as an ASCH thereby terminating prematurely whenever it encountered a 2F in the data This made the KIM format mode of the SYM 1 essentially useless This has been fixed in the new version This means that it is now possible to distribute software data bases source files etc between the KIM 1 SYM 1 and AIM 65 using the common KIM format 3 Beeper frequency adjusted for maximum output take their word for this It does sound a little louder but then had never had any trouble with the beeper in V1 0 MAY 1979 4 During the VERIFY command a BREAK key will stop p
75. f the design is lost Builders who want to add features to the circuit should consult the ADC0817 specification and application information The Software Two example subroutines which use the A D converter illustrate how it is handled by software The program which calls the A D subroutine must initialize both the channel selection and storage defining parameters before the JSR instruction is executed In the examples an index register contains the channel selection information because of the ease of using an indexed addressing mode to start a conversion Data storage is either on page O or pointed to by page 0 variables The A D subroutines must either contain delays or take enough time between writing to and reading from the ADCO817 to allow it to finish the conversion Components for this very useful piece of hardware can be obtained from a number of sources readily available to low volume users Both National Semiconductor and Texas Instruments produce the ADCO0817 and its more accurate counterpart the ADC0816 The ADC0817 and its data sheet have been recently listed by Inc 7808 N 27th Ave Phoenix AZ 85021 Many other suppliers such as Jameco Electronics 1021 Howard Avenue San Carlos CA 94979 and Advanced Computer Products 1310 B E Edinger Santa Ana CA 92713 can supply the other components i MICRO 12 25 PROGRESSIVE SOFTWARE PRESENTS SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE FOR YOUR APPLE SOFTWARE
76. flags A for A register to represent an X for the X register and Y for the Y register A simple but very nice improvement 12 De ug on will not cause ram to be write protected did not test this but it sounds reasonable That s the good news The Bad News The bad news isn t all that bad but should be considered First the changes to the Supermon do move some code around and change some internal entry points Although the Synertek programmer I talked to said that this was not going to be very important since the main entry points were not touched found the first program tried to run the SYNC generator from the Reference Manual would not work since two of the routines it requires have moved How great a problem will this be It is difficult to guess haven t seen the listings and do not know what routines were changed and also do not know how often other programmers have used them directly It will be a problem for anyone who is trying to make program for distribution since there may be a requirement for two versions one for V1 0 and another for V1 1 and this adds to the expense and can cause distribution problems Hopefully the number of routines affected is small and isn t a big problem but at present Who knows MICRO 12 35 Second the V1 1 does use up some most all of the Scratch Pad RAM in the System RAM While this is not necessarily a big problem for future programs it may cause problems for ex
77. generally unbroken by ads the protective mailing cover and of course the editorial direction toward useful features and articles over games and blue sky speculetion With the increase in size and production cost there will be an increase in price but not that much The retail price will increese to 2 00 but the subscription will only increase to 1 25 or 15 00 per year in the US This is the first increase in price since we began 12 issues ago Subscriptions will be accepted at the old rate until June 1 1979 so you may want to renew ahead but only for one year MICROBES EKIM or MAXI KIM MICRC 11 20 1701 AD BCS START should have been 1701 BO BCS GETK Robert A Stein Jr reports that the table of memory size changes in A CASSETTE OPERATING SYSTEM FOR THE APPLE II MICRO 11 21 has some errors The corrected table appears below If using CASSOS in other than a 16K machine change location 0358 as follows IF 8K 2F 12K 3F 16K 4F 20K 5F 24K 7F 32K 2218536 8 56 BF 48K CLUB ANNOUNCEMENTS APPLESEED c o The Computer Shop 6812 San Pedro San Antonio TX 78216 No information was included on their current meeting dates nor was there a phone number given This info would make the announcement much more useful An attempt is being made to organize an Apple group in New Hampshire If you are interested please contact Steve Adams Governor Weare Apts Bldg 1 Apt 2 Seabrook
78. gh the AIM 65 can be initialized to accept KIM 1 programming check the listing before you try to do it It ll save you a lot of time and frustration The AIM 65 User s Guide Manual includes a detailed memory map which you can use to determine from a program listing whether or not the program you re trying to load will in fact load as advertised Some Cassette Control Problems A second problem is with the cassette unit control circuitry There are actually two circuits in the AIM 65 for each cassette unit and although Rockwell made an attempt to cover all eventualities they didn t succeed The first circuit makes use of an integrated circuit relay driver which puts a low ground at the cassette MAY 1979 control output pin of the application connector when the computer toggles the cassette unit on The second circuit is a transistor switch which is biased on when the computer toggles the cassette unit on The problem arises in that not all cassette units use a positive supply voltage with the negative line common connected to the cassette unit frame General Electric for example typically connects the positive side of the battery or AC adapter to the cassette unit frame and uses negative voltage for the motor and electronic circuitry At first glance this doesn t look like a problem after all you only need to supply a closure to the remote switch line and the cassette unit will run right Well not quite If you connec
79. he 6502 Program Exch 2920 Moana Reno NV 89509 MAY 1979 Name A Forth System System Apple Memory 24K or Larger Language 4096 ASSEMBLY 6096 Forth Hardware Disk II Description A unique software package for software buffs and serious programmers who have gotten tired of programming in in teger basic and machine language FORTH is an extensable language allowing the programmer to define new dictionary en trys that use previous entrys Most of FORTH is written in FORTH Benchmarks show that FORTH executes 20 times faster than BASIC Included in the package are 1 Powerful screen editor for system development 2 Decompiler used to generate to some extent a source listing It can be used to list our portions of FORTH itself 3 Utility package dump disk maintenance etc does not use ap ple dos 4 Completely documented using a special disk retreival system in cludes some programming examples Editor decompiler is available on source Copies Just Released Price 39 95 tax for california residents Includes One mini diskette manual Author John T Draper Available from Captain Software PO Box 575 San Francisco CA 94101 Name Function Graphs and Transformations System Apple 1 Memory 16K minimum if Applesoft is in ROM otherwise 32K minimum Language Applesoft floating point Basic Hardware No special hardware Description This program uses the Apple Il high resolution graphics capabilities to dr
80. ing in MICRO The 16 page expansion will support growth in both of these arees The second most important change is that MICRO is going to be printed by a more sophisticated printing method It will be printed on glossy stock which make for easier to read text per mits far superior halftones and is slightly lighter so that mailing costs will remain about the same even though the size has increased One objection I have had to the current format of MICRO an objection that has also been voiced by others is that while the articles are the important part of MICRO the overall magazine is a bit heavy or dry overcome this some of the new space will be used for news informal discussions points of view and so forth do not plan to publish love letters but if you have something to say that may not merit an en tire article then write a short note We will make room for these less formal presentations The overall appearance of MICRO will be im proved from the two color cover to the inte rior layout We have analysed a number of other magazines and tried to lift those features that made them interesting and readable I know that there are some purists in the audience who will object to any changes in the magazine but I feel that most readers will appreciate the improvements Some of the current features that we will definitely maintain are the three hole punch the organization of each article into contiguous pages
81. ing cards or use the your programs Just print the new character with a basic print state standard upper and lower case ASCII character set ment The SCREEN MACHINE is very easy to use The SCREEN MACHINE lets you redefine any keyboard character Included on the cassette are Apple Hi Res routines in SOFTAPES Just create any symbol using a few easy key strokes and the SCREEN prefix format You can use both Apple s routines and the SCREEN MACHINE will assign that symbol to the key of your choice For MACHINE to create microcomputing s best graphics example create a symbol an upside down A and assign it to the keyboard A key Now every time you press the A key or when the r Apple prints an A it will appear upside down Any shape can be Cassette and Documentation a complete package 19 95 assigned to any key AE AN INTERPRETIVE MUSICAL LANGUAGE BY GARY J SHANNON COPYRIGHT 1979 BY SOFTAPE TER 5 i 16 8 8 2 78 Fe74 8 874 28 D 4 16 set 8 MICROGAMMON 1 0 Learn practice and inhance your Backgammon BRIGHT PEN What is the difference between a light and a Bright lity with a true compe f 14 95 Pen Intelligent Software and extensive documentation 34 95 APPLE LIS NER Voice ecognit oftware Create y wr grams which listen ani nderstand 31 spoken words English or Foreign No hardware needed 19 95 APPLE TALKER You ople s voice Create p which
82. isting programs which use this previously available resource Care will have to be taken when transferring programs from V1 0 to V1 1 to take this change in scratch pad availability into account Third Synertek does not seem to have a policy yet for how the new V1 1 will be distributed They are still waiting for feedback from myself and a couple of other users before committing to ROM so t will be some time before any of the V1 1 are available at all Then there is the question of systems already in the field or on dealer s SYM 1 Codes Ever wonder what the various codes were that the SYM used key code ASCII code and display code You can look them up in the SYM manual in various places but why not let the SYM itself generate a display of these codes The following program is an aid n establishing the relations between the three different codes Start the program at 0000 The display goes blank and when a key is depressed the display will show key code ASCII and display scan code for a short time and go blank again with beep Submitted by shelves Will there be a reasonable exchange policy say Syner Jan Skov tek s actual ROM production cost of 10 15 00 or is some outlan Majvaenget 7 dish price going to be charged strongly feel that Synertek has the DK 6000 Kolding The Netherlands responsibility to offer the new V1 1 at the lowest price possible Some of the changes they have made are not cosmetic or
83. ith fifty gallons of gas how far can you go with a minimum of accidents Grand Prix places you and your car on a crowded racing track Race the clock and be careful steering around the fast but packed Grand Prix track 9 95 Dealer Rates On Request A PET HEX DUMP PROGRAM Joseph Donato 193 Walford Rd E Sudbury ONT Canada Have you PET owners ever wondered how it could be possible to look at your BASIC which resides in Read Only Memory ROM To be able to look for routines entry points and other interesting codes in machine language This program will do just that You can look at all memory locations in PET s BASIC which starts at 49152 decimal or COOO hexadecimal in memory One is able for example to look at locations D71E through D890 where addition and subtraction routines are carried out D8BF through D8FC where the log function is evaluated D9E1 through DA73 where division is performed and many other locations where other routines are carried out A start for this program was provided by Mr Herman s article of MICRO 7 47 Of course the same information was available in the Commodore Users Notes In any event decided that the ultimate goal of the program would be to provide a memory dump of some sort in hexadecimal notation so that machine language instructions could easily be recognized The output of the program is formatted as a starting address followed by either 32 or 8 bytes of data per line all in hexa
84. itor routine starting at FEOO this is called INCH in the OSD documentation See Figure 1 By peeking at 64513 FCO01 you can read the byte sent by the terminal The only problem with this is the parity bit That is the bytes indicating the numbers 0 9 do not increase smoothly but have bit 7 set or not to insure parity You can solve this by subtracting 128 when the PEEK 64513 is greater than 128 In the INCH routine this is accomplished with an AND 7F masking bit 7 In this way you get values from 48 to 57 for the keys 0 9 Now these values can be used to change the burn rate of the lunar lander The program is fairly short and is generally self explanatory The polling is done in subroutine 5000 The test for 13 is needed since this is a null byte appearing before any keyboard entry has been made As it now runs extra boost can be given by typing a non numeric This should probably be prevented since it will allow a sinking ship to be saved most unsporting The other interesting feature is the cursor control This is accomplished in line 6000 The ADM 3A requires two control bytes be sent CHR 27 and CHR 61 in order to set up the X and Y coordinates which follow As given in the subroutine the X value can be from 1 to 80 and the Y from 1 to 24 which correspond to the column and row counting from the top left of the position to be printed Be careful when using this to not exceed these ranges The cursor control is u
85. keyboard No graphic keys 995 ical to 2001 16N with 32K LIMITED QUANTITY 2001 32N Computer Identica Refurbished Selectric typewriters serially interfaced for plug in bytes of memory 1 763 1 195 00 to APPLE II 1000 00 PET 2001 32B Computer Identical to 2001 328 with 32K All orders must be prepaid Delivery 4 to 8 weeks ARO or full refund bytes of memory 31 743 net 1 195 00 PERIPHERALS Anadex DP 8000 with tracter 2021 Printer 80 column dot matrix electrostatic printer 8 paper width and Apple Interface with full PET graphics capability 549 Centronics 779 2 for Apple ii PET 2022 Printer 80 column dot matrix printer with plain paper or forms handling tractor feed Has full PET with parallel interface 1245 00 Berenice JOIN THE APPLE COMMUNICATION NETWORK PET 2023 Printer 80 column dot matrix printer Plain APPLE COM NET paper printer with full PET graphics Computer Components of Orange County is initiating a PET 2040 Dual Drive Mini Floppy Disk Dual drive intelligent communication network for all APPLE OWNERS We a an GUN DER MS ee 1 095 00 need the help of dedicated Apple users Become a we CHARTER MEMBER of this APPLE TEAM by helping us set mini flopp 171 5K Ret User storage nic n a 895 00 up this DOMO Contact Dave Smith or Dwain Graham PET External Cassette Cassette player recorder to use with COMPLETE COMMUNICATION HARDWARE ds 2 7 T ET User M 1 160 ded FOR YOUR AP
86. last guess After entering the command GO 200 CR press any key to start the contest Eriter your two digit guess decimal only and hit the A key Win or loose you get an appropriate message at the end after which the LED s go blank Hit any key and you are ready for a second game If you didn t guess the number then you will be given one more chance in the next game If you are lucky enough to guess the number then you will have one less chance the next game For you SYMMERS who are interested in taking things one step further you will find MESSAG an interesting subroutine you may want to incorporate in your own programs This code is entirely LE e NOW AVAILAB General Pack 1 Checkbook Balancer Tic Tac Toe Metric Conversion 10 95 General Pack 2 Space Patrol Biorhythm Battlestar One Armed Bandit 18 95 Financial Pack 1 loans Depreciation Investments 12 95 Financial Pack 2 Mortgage amp Loan Amortization Future Projections Risk Analysis 12 95 Statistics Pack 1 Mean amp Deviation Linear Correlations amp Regression Distribution Contingency Table Analysis 18 95 Game Pack 1 Basketball Object Removal Bowling Darts Gopher 22 95 MAY 1979 For SOL IIA and PET 8K Game Pack 2 children educational 12 95 Arithmetic God Addition Dice Distance Rate X Time Tape Data Query File Management System 50 00 PCROS a Real Time Operating System in IK KIM RAM Assembly
87. ll you here So if you want to know more the SYM 1 User Manual is available separately SYM 1 Complete w manuals 269 00 SYM 1 User Manual Only 7 00 SYM 1 Expansion Kit 75 00 Expansion includes of 2114 RAM chips and 1 6522 1 0 chip SYM 1 Manuals The well organized documentation package is com plete and easy to understand SYM 1 CAN GROW AS YOU GROW Its the system to BUILD ON Ex pansion features that are soon to be offered BAS 1 8K Basic ROM Microsoft 159 00 2 TV Interface Board 349 00 We do honor Synertek discount coupons QUALITY EXPANSION BOARDS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR KIM 1 SYM 1 amp AIM 65 These boards are set up for use with a regulated power supply such as the below but provisions have been made so that you add 6 onboard regulators for use with an unregulated power supply But because of unreliability we do not recommend the use of onboard fi regulators All I C s are socketed for ease of maintenance All boards carry full 90 day warranty All products that we manufacture are designed to meet or exceed industrial standards All components are first qualtiy and meet full manufacturer s specifications All this and an extended burn in is done to reduce the normal percentage of field failures by up to 75 To you this means the chance of inconvenience and lost time due to a failure is very rare but if it should happen we guarantee a turn around time of less than forty eight hours f
88. load slow leaks Suitable for static and dynamic ram User s manual Approximately Loads at 2000 or 000 Specify on order HDE TEXT EDITOR TED Complete line oriented text editor accepts upper or lower case commands Functions include line edit line move line delete block delete resequence append list print locate set scratch automatic semi auto matic line numbering lastcommand recall job command This editor is supplied with all HDE Disk Systems User s Manual Approximately 4K Loads at 2000 or EOOO Specify on order ALL PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE FOR LOCATIONS OTHER THAN THOSE SPECIFIED AT ADDITIONAL CHARGE Disk Note A Cassette Note B Manual Only Note C HDE Assembler 75 00 80 00 5 00 25 00 HDE Text Output Processing System TOPS 135 00 142 50 10 00 15 00 HDE Dynamic Debugging Tool DDT 65 00 68 50 5 00 5 00 HDE Comprehensive Memory Test CMT 65 00 68 50 3 00 5 00 HDE Text Editor TED N C 50 00 5 00 15 00 Note A Media charge 8 00 additional per order Save by combining orders Note B Cassette versions available 2nd qtr 1979 Note C Additional charge for object assembled to other than specified locations ORDER DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS LONGASUAND JOHNSON COMPUTER PLAINSMAN MICROSYSTEMS ARESCO COMPUTER GENERAL STORE Box 523 Box 1712 P O Box 43 103 Atlantic Avenue Medina Ohio 44256 Auburn Ala 36830 Audubon Pa 19407 Lynbrook N Y 11563 216 725 4560 800 633 8724 215 631 9052 516 887 1500
89. local computer dealer S232npoJg ei NV ANTA S 2430S SIDE a x EM L S C ASSEMBLER Super Apple 11 Assembler Chuck Carpenter 2228 Montclair PI Carrollton TX 75006 l ve had the good fortune to get an advance copy of an excellent assembler for the Apple 11 The assembler was written by Bob Sander Cederlof and has many desireable features Bob has used sweet 16 and several routines from the monitor and integar BASIC it doesn t run with the Applesoft ROM on The result is a compact co resident two pass assembler A summary of assembler commands and data is listed in Table 1 Here are a few of the assembler features Format compatible with Apple mini assembler Complete text editing using standard Apple screen and line editing features Save and Load as in integar BASIC Psuedo op codes Text for REMs following the line no Tabs to the opcode operand and comment field using CTRL Symbol table Listing fast or slow Stop and start a LIST or ASM at any time Access Apple monitor from the assembler using Run programs from the assembler The S C ASSEMBLER Il includes many other features Among these are Line renumbering starting at 1000 by 10 s Printer driver routine his or yours or mine for that matter Pagination of printed output Program location and relocation Can be used to renumber BASIC programs except branches
90. member how to spell a name then enter the number of letters you do know and the program will walk you through all names beginning with what you entered until you find the one you want A birthday function is included that will search your entire file and list all names birthday and age for any given month A special feature loads up a Perpetual Calendar program that will display any month formatted between the years 1704 and 2099 and highlights any particular day Return to address program is optional Copies Just released Price 15 00 ppd Includes Disk and instructions Author Edward S Kleitches Available from Edward S Kleitches 7207 Camino Grove San Antonio Texas 78227 MAY 1979 UE INSIDE THE KIM TTY SERVICE Ben Doutre 621 Doyle Road Mont St Hilaire Quebec Canada J34 1M3 The fact the KIM s serial TTY port plain and unmodified will operate comfortable at 9600 bauds does not seem to be widely known for one went the parallel interface route as soon as acquired a higher speed terminal and suspect that many others may have done likewise After all what can one expect of an interface described in the User s Manual in these terms You are not restricted to units with specific bit rates 10 CPS for TTY since the KIM 1 system automatically adjusts for a wide variety of data rates 10 CPS 15 CPS 30CPS ETC That s pretty wide alright from 10 to etc Other writers have been equally vague Gary Tat
91. ms suddenly became possible The resequence program in Jim Butterfield s Inside Pet BASIC MICRO 8 39 solved the problem After clearing up a minor problem in the program with help from Jim tried it on a 200 line program Because of the way started numbering in the first place had to fix up about a dozen lines But never would have gotten through that much renumbering otherwise As Jim mentioned in his letter to me a machine language program would have ran a whole bunch faster With DOS and having to find a place to locate such a program the BASIC approach may be easier Here are some comments on the Applesoft version shown in Listing 1 Line 60005 has some prompting inputs to set up the program Use RUN 60005 to start renumbering Line 60060 brances to DELete line Line 60160 is changed to a point to the line no in Applesoft 2049 or 801 Note These are the pointers for Applesoft ROM Line 60160 was also changed to allow starting at any line number M LN IN Line 60170 changed to ailow any numbering increment M M Line 60220 tokens changed for Applesoft this information is in the Applesoft l manual Line 60260 and 60270 added to delete the renumber program and end it To make using the program easier an append program also for ROM does the job The assembly language program shown in listing 2 links the two programs together You only need to do this if you want to renum
92. nal 8 The COMPUTERIST Inc 44 Progressive Software 26 Excert Inc 4 RNB Enterprises 16 H Geller Computer Systems 17 Seawell Marketing 25 Hudson Digital Electronics 30 Softape IFC MICRO 44 Softside Software 12 Speakeasy Software BC Please address all correspondence subscriptions and address changes to MICRO P 0 Box 6502 So Chelmsford MA 01824 617 256 5515 092 150 POCONO ROAD BROOKFIELD CONNECTICUT 06804 203 775 9659 CONNECTICUT microCOMPUTER Inc PETMOD PER ES PRINTER SENSORS e TEMPERATURE CABLE VELOCITY PRESSURE B PET INTERFACE edb pH K RS 232 Y ACCELERATION E m e HUMIDITY INTERFACE MODULE Sieur LEVEL KIM gu e FLUID LEVEL ETC X TRS 80 MOD GPIB IEEE 488 TRS 80 INTERFACE INTERFACE MODULE MANUAL AND EXPANDER ETC DISPLAY MODULE MODULE SYSTEMS hw CmC complete system of modules to let your computer listen to the real world e DAM SYSTEMS FRICE LIST DAM SYSTEMS comronente KIM Interface Module 39 95 Gives one application connector port and one DAM SYSTEMS 161 Analos Inrut Module 179 00 16 8 1 analos inputs 100 microsecond conversion tise CABLE A Interconnect Cables TRA 3 state resuires 8 bit computer output port Connects computer interface to AIMI MANDISIs XPAMURT for control and one 8 bil computer input for data etc 162 1 Inrut M
93. nect the emitter of the transistor pin F of the application connector to ground Now the cassette unit will run and stop in response to computer control until you plug in the ear and or mic lines When you do this and the transistor turns on you create a short circuit across the battery or AC adapter of the cassette unit The reason is that when you wired up the ear n c lines you connected one side to ground on the 44 pin edge connector and now the current finds a path through the cassette electronic circuitry and everything stops Under normal conditions the remote switch on the cassette unit microphone is isolated from everything so no problem exists When you make the return line to the remote switch and the ear mic line return common a short circuit occurs So what do you do now Simulate an isolated switch similar to what the microphone has A relay is the only way if you re going to control the cassette unit with the computer Since my AIM 65 is still in the warranty period have not modified it as I d like to However once the warranty period expires I m going to install two relays on the circuit board and use the transistor switches to control them Then it won t matter what kind of motor control the cassette unit uses lIl have the isolated switch action required to control any cassette unit regardless of the polarity of the voltages involved MICRO 12 5 e n jr VP PAVESE ST PPS VIRTU T QN
94. o be a comment or blank line Very useful for commenting a program 1 used short comments in my programs only have 48 columns Actually the comment can be any length up to 100 Characters or so An asterisk used in the operand field means current location You can add or subtract labels hex and decimal values from the current location Each of these can be added or subtracted to or from each other Here are some examples 1000 LABL LDA CURRENT CURRENT 1010 LAB2 LDA LABL LABL 1020 LAB3 LDA LABL 1030 LAB4 LDA LABLt 1234 1040 LAB5 LDA 1234 LABL 1050 LAB6 LDA SABCD 5678 1060 1070 EXAMPLES OF ADDITION amp SUBTRACTION OF 1080 CURRENT VALUE LABELS DECIMAL AND 1090 HEX VALUES FROM EACH OTHER 1100 Illustration of the DA feature is shown in Figure 2 The intent here is to show data in a single or 2 byte location Once the data value has b en assigned with the DA code it can be manipulated with another feature This feature is shown as a slant line and pound in the first column of the operand field Here s what s happening LDA LABL HIBYTE 2 256 LDA LABL LOBYTE MOD256 As you can see from this and the previous examples these features provide a very powerful assembler capability Before obtained this assembler could never get very enthusias tic about extensive machine or assembly language programming Now with this assembler this coding is as easy as BASIC You can get a copy for yo
95. odule 249 00 CABLE 624 Interconnect Cable 19 95 fs above Plus greater accuracy sold plated contacts 24 inch cable with interface connector on one end and an Pilot light switch selectable start enable and ready OCON equivelent on the other polarities MANDIS1 Manual and Module THA POWI Fower Module 14 95 Connects between the AINIS and the computer interface Supplies power for one 6 Allows or comeuler control of the AIN16 Displays Channel number and ICON Inrut Connector 9 95 For commecting analog inputs to he AIM16 20 card GPIB MOL GPIB lt IEEE 488 Interface TERA ide connector solder eyelets Allows the SYSTEMS MODULES to be used with the GPIB bus instead of a computer s other 1 0 ports OCON Outrut Connector 9 95 For connecting the AIMI amp Lo a computer 20 rin card edde RS232 MOD RS232 Interface Module TEA conneclor solder eyelets Allows DAM SYSTEMS MODULES to be used with an R5 232 f 1 Manifold Module 59 95 Use in Place of ICON Screw terminal barrier strips for XFANDR1 Exrander Module TRA connecting JowsLicks potentiometers voltase sources Allows up to 128 8 bil analog inputs 8 ADM16 Modules to Eliminates the need for soldering Pluss into the AINI6 be connected to one system ANAMAN1 Analogs Manifold Module TRA Use in Place of ICON Connects DAM SYSTEMS SENSORS to the LAM SYSTEMS sets A
96. or multiple source files Place source object and symbol table anywhere in memory Automatic paging with header and page number User s manual Approximately 4K Loads at 2000 or EOOO Specify on order HDE TEXT OUTPUT PROCESSING SYSTEM TOPS A comprehensive output processor including left right and full justification variable page length page numbering Arabic or U C and L C Roman page titling string constants leading and trailing edge tabbing field sequence modification selective repeat selective page output and much more Over 30 commands to for mat and control output of letters documents manuscripts User s manual Approximately 4K Loads at 2100 or E100 Specify on order HDE DYNAMIC DEBUGGING TOOL DDT Built in assembler disassembler coupled with program controlled single step and dynamic breakpoint entry deletion facilitates rapid isolation identification and correction of programs under development Key strokes minimized with single letter unshifted commands and optional arguments User s manual Approxi mately 2K Loads at 2000 or 000 Specify on order COMPREHENSIVE MEMORY TEST CMT Eight separate diagnostic routines test for a variety of memory problems Each diagnostic the sequence of execution the number of passes and halt continue on error is selected by the user on call up Tests include pattern entry and recall walking bit data address interaction access time and cross talk simulated cassette
97. or repair Our money back guarantee If for any reason you wish to return any board that you have purchased directly from us within ten 10 days after receipt complete in original condition and in original shipping carton we will give you a complete credit or refund less a 10 00 restocking vef charge per board VAK 1 8 SLOT MOTHERBOARD This motherboard uses the KIM 4 bus structure It provides eight 8 expansion board sockets with rigid card cage Separate jacks for audio cassette TTY and power supply are provided Fully buffered bus VAK 1 Motherboard 129 00 VAK 2 4 16K STATIC RAM BOARD This board using 2114 RAMs is configured in two 2 separately addressable 8K blocks with individual write protect switches VAK 2 16K RAM Board with only 239 00 8K of RAM 2 populated VAK 3 Complete set of chips to 175 00 expand above board to 16K VAK 4 Fully populated 16K RAM 379 00 VAK 5 2708 EPROM PROGRAMMER This board requires a 5 VDC and 12 VDC but has a DC to DC multiplyer so there is no need for an additional power supply All software is resident in on board ROM and has a zero insertion socket VAK 5 2708 EPROM Programmer 269 00 VAK 6 EPROM BOARD This board will hold 8K of 2708 or 2758 or 16K of 2716 or 2516 EPROMs EPROMs not included VAK 6 EPROM Board 129 00 VAK 7 COMPLETE FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM May 79 VAK 8 PROTYPING BOARD This board allows you to create your own interfaces to plug into the mothe
98. prise in the black Bike is dangerously addictive Once you start a game you will not want to stop To allow you to take short rest breaks Bike lets you store the data from your game on a tape so you can continue where you left off next time you wish to play Worth a million in fun we ll offer BIKE at 9 95 PINBALL Dynamic usage of the PET s graphics features 4 when combined with the fun of the number 1 arcade game equals an action packed video spectacle for your computer Bumpers chutes flippers free balls gates a jackpot and a little luck guarantee a great game for all 9 95 SUPER DOODLE Give your PET a workout This program really puts the PET s graphics to work Super Doodle lets mE you use the screen of your PET like a sketch pad Move a cursor in eight directions leaving a trail of any of the 256 charactrs the PET can produce New features include an erase key that automatically remembers your last five moves a return to center key and clear control Why waste any more paper buy Super Doodle for onlv 9 95 DRIVING ACE Non stop excitement with a fast moving high paced version of your favorite video arcade racing games Shift up Shift Down Watch your gas and be careful on those hairpin turns This dynamite tape has the two most common arcade racing games specially adapted to run on your PET computer Driving Ace simulates an endless road packed with tight turns and gentle but teasing twists Starting w
99. qu die3 onuj 6 21 II 1e quessy 3 6 uta 1 IZ TI atddy y 10 6 81480 9452004 V 9 G TI 3rp3 ue1iboid II atddy uy 103175 j pi8uoTy uuor LT 0T eur dnjes dru j 2269 79 ue 6 01 3671 38 j a tidy Biaqpues 4 Arey 26 6 noA 199 9T s oq MOH uosqeM MAaTASY SATJeIBdWO y 61 6 SIo quaessy II rddy 23 6 6 SOG II erddy y 2 W Tyg dew II uy Jast 1 lt 8 103 207 14 II atddy uy 103 5 j piBuory TT 8 inoA 10 3477 uOSBI 3 H Maipuy uoTjezTuebig A TOM sotydeig ubrH II atddy 2418 2 9284 I UoTS4 Au09 8UTOOS X9H pue S 8 atddy III uos38M u llv 21 1 II etddy ay 10 WYY x91 SON ATY 6 4 II 4 uy 433y3ug 3144 01 530551 804 X3QNI Q3IJISSV12 MICRO 12 47 MAY 1979 66 27 42 21 LT 2T I ZT L TI 6 TT L 0T 6T 0T S 6 8 6 6 8 2 8 17 1 80 44 911000 uog 99T 19S All WIM 94 ptsuI J C suajs g 1aj3nduoooioIy XXS9 10 I9318Au0j boTeuy Ta ueuj sn 00 v T WAS 94 103 Q1 IH 1edng j3euung S qON S I8S 69
100. ramming at that Except for 9600 all resets were OK the first time around The counts did not vary except for 300 baud The results look like this Baud Rate Bit Time us Calc Count Meas d Count 9600 104 2 0003 0003 4800 208 3 000A 000B 2400 416 7 0019 001A 1200 833 3 0037 0038 600 1666 7 0072 0074 300 3333 3 OOEA 00 few further words of explanation for the fellow who be hung up because he has been spared intimate relations with real TTY machines You experts can go figure out an algorithm or two try infinite recursion on Every rule has an exception except this one MICRO 12 39 wha hit RANA AS pa RD CRM Referring to the KIM 1 User s Manual Fig 3 7 you will see two KYBD lines and two PTR lines The action at the other end of these lines is assumed to be as follows During idle conditions the keyboard lines are shorted out generating a continuous high at the input to Q7 the printer lines are connected to a selector magnet quaint or a relay which is drawing a nominal 20 mA when the keyboard is sending characters the KYBD lines are open circuited for zero bits and shorted for one bits When KIM sends characters on the PTR lines it opens the circuit for zero bits by floating the output of O C gate U26 7438 and closes the circuit for one bits by pulling U26 to ground Incidentally this 7438 can sink up to 48 mA If you want to simulate this hardware with some other device you
101. rboard Etched circuitry is provided for regulators address and dota bus drivers with a large area for either wire wrapped or soldered IC circuitry VAK 8 Protyping Board 49 00 POWER SUPPLIES ALL POWER SUPPLIES are totally enclosed with grounded enclosures for safety AC power cord and carry a full 2 year warranty FULL SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY This power supply will handle a microcomputer and up to 65K of our VAK 4 RAM ADDITIONAL FEATURES ARE Over voltage Protection on 5 volts fused AC on off switch Equivalent to units selling for 225 00 or more Provides 5 VDC 10 Amps amp 12 VDC 1 Amp VAK EPS Power Supply 125 00 KIM is a product of MOS Technology ENTERPRISES INCORPORATED KIM 1 Custom P S provides 5 VDC 1 2 Amps and 12 VDC 1 Amps KCP 1 Power Supply 41 50 SYM 1 Custom P S provides 5 VDC 1 4 Amps I VCP 1 Power Supply 41 50 2967 W Fairmount Avenue master 2 Phoenix AZ 85017 602 265 7564 SUPER HI LO FOR THE SYM 1 Jack Gieryic 2041 138th Ave N W Andover MN 55303 Super HI Lo has a new twist to the game This program fits into the standard 1K SYM and execution begins at location 200 The left two LED digits are your upper limit initialized to 99 and the middle two digits are your lower limit initialized to 00 SYM picks a random number and you attempt to guess it Your attempt count is seen in the right two digits The right digit will blink when it s your
102. rintout without printing an error message didn t test this minor im provement but it is nice to keep error messages for real errors 5 BREAK key is looked for on current loop interface If you are using a teletype device it is handy to have the BREAK key work so this change is definitely good 6 Log on changed to SY1 1 Yes 7 After paper tape load the error message count is displayed do not have any paper tape facility to test this but it is a minor im provement 8 Ability to return to a higher lever program left arrow do not quite understand what this is supposed to mean but am sure when additional documentation is available it will make sense 9 Cassette file 1 0 displayed on left digit seven segments This is both cute and useful They have simply taken the ID value and put it out on the leftmost digit It does take a bit of deciphering though The figure below shows the value of each segment on the display These must be separately read and then added together to get the file ID It is useful when you are searching the tape for a particular tape ID 10 Unwrite protect routine added to cassette logic Again could not test this due to zero documentation 11 Register name improvement on display during R command Hooray Now the display shows the register name not a hard to remember and interpret arbitrary number to identify which register you are examining P for program counter S for stack F for
103. s and whatever Copies Just released Price 16 50 Includes Diskette that contains two programs some sample file useages birthdates parts list and a user manual Author Lee Stubbs Available from Les Stubbs 23725 Oakheath PI Harbor City Ca 90710 Name WEAVER System Apple II Memory 32K Language Integer Basic Hardware Disk Il Description WEAVER simulates as multi harness loom with control of warping hook up and treadling Weaving drafts of 40 threads of warp and 40 threads of weft are drawn in 15 colors for patterns requiring up to 24 harnesses Weaving patterns are saved and called by name from disk storage The user interface is designed for easy and efficient use by a weaver Nine pages of documentation include a glossary of commands which defines the functions of the program and a sample draft with descriptive data entry Copies New program Price 15 00 on cassette tape 20 00 on diskette with five sample drafts Author Bruce Bohannan Available from Bruce Bohannan 2212 Pine Street Boulder CO 80302 Name Address and Perpetual Calendar System APPLE Il Memory 32K Language Applesoft 11 Hardware APPLE Il wiDisk II Description This program maintains your master address file on disk User follows a master menu to add or change names look for specific names or review entire file or part name by name Ail out puts are formatted Look and change records with a search function i e If you do not re
104. sed to set up a lander control panel and then update the meter readings as the play progresses If your wondering what line 500 does its used for timing By adjusting the variable DE lay the speed of the game can be changed slightly was shooting for a twice per second update on the panel Unfortunately when the LOW FUEL WARNING comes on the timing changes Well you can t have everything l m sure somebody out there will figure out how to correct this FEOO ORG FEOO 00 AD 00 FC START LDA FCOO FEO3 4A LSRA FEO4 90 FA BCC START 06 AD 01 FC LDA FCO1 09 29 7F ANDIM 7F FEOB 48 PHA FEOC AD 00 FC LDA 00 FEOF 4A LSRA FE10 4A LSRA FE11 90 F9 FEOC FE13 68 PLA FE14 8D 01 FC STA FCOl FE17 60 RTS FE18 20 00 FE JSR START FE1B C9 52 CMPIM 52 FEID FO 16 BEQ FE35 FEIF C9 30 CMPIM 30 FE21 30 F5 BMI FE18 FE23 C9 3A CMPIM 3A FE25 30 OB BMI FE32 FE27 C9 41 CMPIM 41 FE29 30 ED BMI FE18 FE2B C9 47 CMPIM 47 MAY 1979 MICRO 12 31 100 104 106 110 115 120 130 140 150 155 160 190 200 220 230 240 250 260 270 275 280 290 310 320 330 340 345 350 360 370 380 385 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 461 462 463 465 470 480 490 500 505 510 PRINTCHR 26 X 25 Y 10 GOSUB6000 PRINT L UNAR LANDER Y 12 GOSUB6000 INPUT DO YOU NEED INSTRUCTIONS Y N N gt 4 IFN N GOTO190 x PRINT PRINT PRINTTAB 10 THIS IS A REAL TIME LUNAR LANDER
105. simple im provements They are basic corrections to their original flawed V1 0 SYM 1 CODE DISPLAY JAN SKOV FEBRUARY 1979 0000 ORG 0000 SYM SUBROUTINES tas giu 0000 ACCESS 8886 SYSTEM RAM ACCESS 0000 SPACE 8342 OUTPUT SPACE TO DISPLAY 0000 INCHR 8A1B INPUT CHARACTER m 0000 QUTCHR 8A47 OUTPUT CHARACTER od 0000 OUTBYT 82FA OUTPUT BYTE TU NS 0000 SCAND 8906 SCAN DISPLAY 0000 BEEP 8972 0000 20 86 START 258 ACCESS 0003 A2 06 LDXIM 06 0005 20 42 83 LOOP JSR SPACE 0008 CA DEX 0009 DO FA BNE LOOP 000 20 1B BA JSR 000 85 EF STAZ 00 0010 A9 2D LDAIM 2D 0012 20 47 8A JSR QUTCHR 0015 A5 EF LDAZ 00 0017 20 FA 82 JSR DUTBYT 001A AD 42 A6 LDA A642 DISPLAY BUFFER 001D 20 FA 82 JSR DUTBYT 0020 42 0B LDXIM 0B 0022 B6 EE STXZ 00EE 0024 86 ED STXZ 00ED 0026 20 06 89 LOOPA JSR SCAND DISPLAY AND 0029 C6 ED DECZ 00ED TIMER LOOP 002B DO FS BNE LOOPA 002D C6 EE DECZ 00 002F DO F5 BNE 100 0031 20 72 89 JSR 0034 4C 00 00 JMP START MICRO 12 36 MAY 1979 THE MICRO SOFTWARE CATALOG VIII Mike Rowe P O Box3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 Name Missile Anti Missile System Apple Memory 16K Language Apple Il Soft Description Simulated missile attack on 3 D Map of USA Copies 30 Price 9 95 1 00 postage amp handling Includes Cassette with instructions Author T David Moteles amp Neil Lip
106. son Available from Progressive Software P O Box 273 Plymouth Mtg PA 19462 Name DISK DUMP RESTORE System Apple II with disk Memory 32K min Language Applesoft Il and machine language Hardware Apple II Disk 11 Description A disk tape utility to dump and restore all Integer Ap piesoft 11 and Binary programs automatically The program names Binary program addresses and all commands necessary to re load the programs from tape and restore them again to disk under their original names are stored on tape header file Copies Just released Price 8 00 Includes Cassette and instructions Author Alan G Hill Available from Alan G Hill 12092 Deerhorn Dr Cincinnati Ohio 45240 Name NOT ONE System KIM Memory 1K Language Assembly Hardware Bare Kim NOT ONE is an exciting fast moving game of skill strategy and change for one to five players including KIM The game is designed for use with KIM s onboard display and hex pad Besides being an entertainment game the NOT ONE package was designed to introduce some powerful general purpose output manipulation subroutines for the KIM s LED display These include variable speed scrolled alpha numerics The manual also discusses LED segment codes in an effort to in crease the user s knowledge of the display Author Steven Wexler Price 15 00 Includes Source listing manual and cassette Available from S W Inc P O Box 438 Huntingdon Valley PA 19006 T
107. such as the one above may be run in this section for only 10 00 Ad should not exceed six typed lines we may have to cut longer ads down to size and only one ad per person or company per issue Ad must relate to 6502 type stuff and ad must be prepaid Your ad will reach over 6000 readers immediately MAY 1979 o ud TABLE I APPLE II INTEGER BASIC TOKENS BASIC COMMAND OR FUNCTION TOKEN BASIC COMMAND CONT HEX TOKEN ABS 31 LOAD 04 3F MAN OF 72 NEW OB ASC 3C Includes left paren NEXT 59 72 5A 28 first quote NO DSP 79 I 29 second quote NO TRACE 7A AUTO oD PDL 32 0A 3F CALL 4D 72 CLR 0C PEEK 2E COLOR 66 Includes 3F CON 60 72 DEL 09 PLOT 67 OA 68 DIM 4F Numeric Arrays POKE 64 34 65 72 POP 77 DIM 4E String Array PRINT 63 If used alone 22 PRINT 62 Numeric Variable 72 46 40 49 DSP 7C Numeric Variable PRINT 61 String Variable DSP 7B String Variable 28 First END 51 29 Second FOR 55 PR 7E Includes u 56 REM 5D TO 57 RETURN 5B STEP 58 RND 2F GOSUB 5C 3F GOTO 5F 72 GR 4C z 36 HIMEN 10 Includes SAVE 05 HLIN 69 SCRN 3D Includes 6A 6B 72 IF 60 SGN 30 THEN 24 When followed by a 3F line no 72 THEN 25 When followed by TAB 50 a basic TEXT 4B INPUT 54 Numberic Variable S E INPUT 52 String Variable 6D INPUT 53 input if followed by AT 6E VTAB 6F x 28 first 03 29 Second
108. t your GE cassette unit to the relay driver output pin and the computer control has the cassette unit toggled off the cassette unit won t shut off This is because you ve put a negative voltage from the cassette unit at a point which has a nearly equal positive voltage from the AIM 65 and the result is close enough to zero volts that the cassette unit motor runs even though the computer indicated that an off condition exists Okay sc what about the transistor switch Figure 9 4 of the User s Guide manual shows how to connect the wires And the cassette unit won t run At this point you re most likely very annoyed and confused 1 know 1 was The reason that the computer won t control the cassette unit is that 1 figure 9 4 of the User s Guide Manual is in error the positive voltage from the cassette unit battery should go to pin F and the motor line should go to pin E of the application connector and 2 the transistor does not have the voltages necessary to make it work even after the wires are properly connected If you look at the schematic diagram you ll see that the transistor switch in the computer gets its operating voltage from the circuit it s controlling To make it work the transistor must have the proper bias voltage between base and omitter and to get this a common ground must exist between the computer power supply and the cassette unit power supply It would seem that all that would be necessary would be to con
109. to GOTO 65534 by entering 3FF3 FE FF Change the 0 in THEN 0 to 65533 by entering 3FEE FD FF In like manner enter these remaining steps Under each number which has to be entered through the monitor the Hex equivalent in reverse order as it must be entered appears 65533 PEEK 1 IFI gt PEEK 76 FD FF 256 PEEK 77 THEN END COTO 65531 FB FF 65532 X PEEK 16384 POKE 16386 0 FC FF IF X 127 THEN 65534 FE FF 65531 POKE 16374 PEEK I t1 POKE 16380 FB BB PEEK 1 2 GOSUB 65535 FF FF 32767 1 PEEK 202 256 PEEK 203 The steps must be entered in reverse order i e descending line numbers because the interpreter orders them by their number when entered and will not re order lines when the numbers have been changed through the monitor MICRO 12 42 The reason for making all these line numbers very high is so the applications program will fit under the list program Now in the monitor move the start of program and HIMEM pointers below the program 49 Return 4 49 Hit control and list Nothing is listed The program has been stored in a portion of memory temporarily inaccessible to BASIC Load your applications program make sure all the line numbers are less that 32767 and change HIMEM through the monitor 4C 00 40 and execute RUN 32767 The program will list until you hit a key and then resume when you hit a key again It uses the fact that each line
110. tructions one per page and potentially valuable chapters such as the one covering 65 xx interfacing chips are very perfunctory Dr Zaks has the annoying habit of constantly referring the reader to manufacturer s data sheets for more details Chapter 9 covering data structures is particularly puzzling It covers data structures in a general way with practically no information on how they can be implemented in 6502 assembly language Perhaps the author intended this chapter for one of his other introductory computer books and pasted it in this one by mistake The publisher of this book has produced a good many other books which were either authored or co authored by Dr Zaks all in a remarkably short time Reading this book it s easy to see how the trick is done The 6500 family software manual and Caxton C Foster s charming introductory work PROGRAMMING A MICROCOMPUTER 6502 Addison Wesley are still the best texts for learning to program in 6502 machine or assembly language products and COMBINED for 7 00 starting your rc and subscription with issue 7 617 256 3649 shipping TT 15 3 s creative com pating the full size magazine devoted to 6502 information Now published monthly 12 00 per year in USA Now you can get all of MICRO by buying PO Box 3 S Chelmsford MA 01824 APPLEs PETs KIMs SYMs AIMs and other 6502 based systems Who regularly publishes more
111. ur Apple II from 5 SOFTWARE P O Box 5537 Richardson TX 75080 Price 25 00 think you will enjoy it having the efficiency of machine language programs developed with the ease of BASIC The combination of compact programs with interactive capability makes personal computing even more enjoyable MICRO 12 9 Load 1000 1CFFR Commands Run 1000G Hard Entry LOAD or 1003G Soft Entry SAVE LIST LIST lines LIST line line Pseudo ops DELETE line label OR expr origin optional label DELETE line line label EQ expr equate RENUMBER label DA expr data optional label NEW label HS xxxx x hex string SLOW label AS daaaa ad ascii string d is any delimiter FAST EN end PRT ASM RUN expr APPEND Table 1 S C Assembler Il Summary Notes Instruction Steps Bring up DOS per instruction manual Reset to monitor Load assembler from tape Return to DOS using 3DOG BSAVE Assembler LOCK Assembler Call 4096 Jumps to Assembler 33DOG Jumps to DOS soft entry but N m n Q N At this point the DOS is clobbered Any further use of DOS requires a reboot It is very handy though to have the speed of loading the assembler from the disc Table 2 5 Assembler with Apple 1 DOS HASN 1000 IA PSEUDO OP E UR 388 Hia c4 12 iaza HEX DA 1224 Haz 4 1c 1 4 DEC IA 4668 1054 ibti ADDRESS OF DATA lea ErxbP Fa 115142 LIA 4HEX Higg A

MICRO 6502 Journal, Volume 12, May 1979

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