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2. System Performance amp c s sa oe G k a N 2 IN NC ok MUN TS INL SN ON TOY Ez gia ES sS gs Er dex ere bestie ae EFEEFREHHKEERSCEREREDRO REESE LE a Coe EE o Ce As I ket TN NS T Kel T7 Irradiation on a tilted surface kKWh m day S2 E GRRE YS Metros Hoad o 20 40 eo ao 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 DC Power W F Fig 11 4 System Performance and Instantaneous output chart AEPC 2003 The steps in selecting appropriate pump would be as follows consider the upper graph of the above sample figure e draw a straight line from the point in m3 day axis until it intersects with the curve with the required head in meters from the point of intersection A draw straight line down until it meets with the curve for given peak sun of the locality intersection B Finally draw horizontal line from B to the Y axis with Wp indication And the reading in this axis is the required array power in Wp The example in the above figure is for daily water requirement of 8 m with total dynamic head of 10 m in a locality with 5 peak sun In this case the required array power is 230 Wp The Grundfos pump model number SP 2A 4 60 V DC can be used t
3. Wells can vary greatly in depth water volume and water quality Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment to soften the water Proper covering of the open dug well is necessary for the adoption in water supply system s source Yield of open well indicates the ground water movement and discharge capacity of soil in the vicinity There are number of theories and concepts developed for measuring the groundwater movement and discharge but they all may not suitable in our cases so the simplest one is to withdraw the well water by some mechanical means i e pump for some hours in driest season and measure the water level difference in well before and after withdrawal gives the discharge capacity of well Tube well Extracting of water from deep into the aquifer required for human Eu Valer eutlel to fields x Fs Fig 4 3 Layout of Tube Well Discharging into ground reservoir 19 consumption is tube well The water may be extracted from one single aquifer or more numbers of aquifers The term deep is nothing to do with the depth of tube well instead it is associated with the layer from which we draw water If a well draws water from surface layer above the top impervious layer then the well is not tube well Since tube well it draw water below of impervious layer aquifer the water quality obtained is of best quality though it should be checked for underground mineral con
4. To force a quick start To test or observe the system it can be bypassed the normal time delays Switch the power switch off then on again The pump should start immediately if sufficient power is present Pump vibration Most pump models use a helical rotor pump end A slight vibration is normal with these pumps If noise is disturbing try changing the position of the pump The pump models with centrifugal pump end similar to conventional pumps They should produce no significant vibration Pump overload pump on light shows red instead of green The system has shut off due to an overload This can happen if the motor or pump is blocked or very difficult to turn and is drawing excessive current hard to turn Overload detection requires at least 250 Watt output of the solar array This can be caused by a high concentration of solids in the pump high water temperature excessive pressure due to high lift or a restriction in the pipe or a combination of these factors The controller will make 3 start attempts before shutting down the system The system on LED will be off and the red overload LED on The system will not reset until the on off switch is turned off and on again 108 14 Repair and Maintenance Objectives To give detail information regarding the types of preventive maintenance and breakdown maintenance work to be done in solar PV pumping system Again this chapter also includes the common types of problems that occurin s
5. 155 Annex XVII Implementation Flow Chart for Community Based Solar PV Pumping Water Supply System Request from users group UG to VDC Forward request to DDC with recommendation for pre feasibility Feasibility study Formation of WUC and authorization by VDC municipality DDC and registration at District Water Resource Committee DWRS Request from WUC to DDC with VDC recommendation for feasibility study Social and engineering study Re defining service level reduction Exiweting the coverage area Feasibility Study Social assessment Technical assessment Reducing the per capita supply Lowering the design period Option evaluation for No project area and service level redefining Project Feasible Yes Detail engineering design and cost estimation Collection of upfront capital contribution by users along with O amp M fund and opening of bank account by WUC Agreement of implementation of proposed PV pumping WSP among stakeholders Construction activities in sequential Installation of the PV system Regular monitoring work by order From intake to tap stand AEPC DDC Post construction training of WUC and operation and Project completion report certified WUC takes over full maintenance caretakers and handover of spare parts and responsibility of O amp M tanle ta WI IC Regular Follow up and support by After sales service of PV pumping Regular O amp M VDCs
6. Fig 11 1 Schematic diagram of water pumping system When total pumping head is very high it may not be possible to pump in one stage In such case multi stage pumping is to be done Water is pumped from the collection chamber sump well of the first station to the collection chamber sump well of second pump station and from there itis again pumped to higher level Number of stages may be two or more When staging pumping stations technical and economical analysis are to be done In general maximum total 88 head is not exceeded 200 meters On selecting the material and thickness of pipes and fittings possible water hammer pressure must be considered 1 2 2 CHOICE OF PUMP 1 2 2 1 Surface Centrifugal pump Surface pumps are generally suitable for regions where the water level is within 7 m below ground level http d lightpower com surfacepump html A surface or centrifugal pump is normally placed at ground level The pump is suitable for pumping from shallow bore wells open wells reservoirs lakes and canals The solar pump is driven by a permanent DC motor connected directly to an array of solar panels The surface centrifugal pump is presented in Fig 11 2 Such type of pumps are usually designed for high flow rates and low heads The permanent magnet DC motor driving the surface pump is powered by a matching solar array to maximize efficiency An enclosed impeller design ensures smooth operation Made of cast iron these pumps are fin
7. woken plugs and dirt s inside the pipe usually this will interrupt in certain stretches of pipe only It is easy to detect as the air can flow through the solid materials The sections of joints reduced section of the pipe valve Tee etc are the usual place for the blockage Ifthe pipe joints are not buried it s easy to find the internal blockages of pipe Swinging the pipes and hearing the flow of water can find the location of pipe blockage 82 10 9 After finding the blockage it should be remove off This is done by cutting the pipe in accurate point and removing the blockages materials and finally pipe should be jointed under supervision Air The air which is collected and pressured inside the pipe can stop the flow of water Generally the collected air inside the pipe can block the first water flow This is the reason that the water could not throw the air trapped inside the pipe When the water flows inside the pipe the trapped air is compressed in a small volume and it stops the water flow The location of blockages due to air can be found i On the top of pipe line ii At the point of low pressure Generally if the pipe line route is through the irrigation canal where the gradient is low the air blocks can occur Similarly in low pressure stretches usually are near of source iii Below the tank made without provision of outlet and air vent Air blocks can be found supervising on these places Hear the sound of
8. 138 139 140 141 142 148 150 155 157 1 Introduction Objectives To give brief information about the solar PV pumping system technology and its comparison with other technologies for water pumping with the help of graphs and decision flow charts Time 15 min Lesson 1 1 Introduction to solar PV pumping Technology 5 min Lesson 1 2 Comparative study with other pumping system 5 min Lesson 1 3 Decision flow charts 5 min 1 1 Background From the time immemorial the sun has been the prime source of energy for all forms of life on earth The energy we derive from fuel wood fossil fuels hydroelectricity and our food originates indirectly from the sun Solar energy is virtually inexhaustible The total energy we receive from the sun far exceeds our energy needs It is probably the most reliable form of energy available everywhere and to everyone unlike other sources With dwindling supplies of petroleum gas and coal tapping solar energy is a logical and necessary course of action According to Maslow s hierarchy of needs water is the second most important need after clean air for survival of human being According to UNEP report more than 6 000 children are killed by contaminated water every day 3 5 billion people about half the world s population will face a water crisis by 2025 The amount of water available to human beings on earth the so called Water Planet is less than widely believed The future of
9. 5 6 Table 5 7 Ground mounted solar panel mounting post selection table peu Panels ven bes Tosi Eu Du n fb Dia inch Dia inch Depth Gel Cu ft Single Panel A 13 9ft 4 24 38 0 34 4 Double Panel A 27 8ft 4 24 48 0 71 Triple Panel A 41 70ft2 4 30 54 1 16 Quad Panel A 55 6ft2 4 36 56 1 71 Single Panel A 13 9ft2 4 24 38 0 34 6ft Double Panel A 27 8ft2 4 30 50 0 92 Triple Panel A 41 70ft2 4 36 54 1 29 Quad Panel A 55 6ft2 6 36 60 1 92 Single Panel A 13 9ft2 4 30 38 0 43 gft Double Panel A 27 8ft2 4 30 50 1 16 Triple Panel A 41 70ft 6 36 54 1 44 Quad Panel A 55 6ft 6 36 60 2 16 Note Minimum post diameter post hole diameter and post depth values have been designed for wind speed of 95mph Sites where wind load exceed these values will need to be examined by a experienced engineer Ref Design of Small Photovoltaic PV Solar Powered Water Pump Systems 2010 USDA For detail wind load calculation pls refer other materials A good stuff available on Determining wind and snow load for solar panels by SOLARWORLD Disinfection In PV pumping system if source is of well preserved spring or spring fed stream and filtration unit is properly taken care of and functioning well it is advisable not to adopt the below mentioned procedures As this process involves sound technical know how and additional structures that gives additional ove
10. Check that appliances are mounted securely If loose or incorrectly mounted attach them securely Clean all exposed parts of each appliance Clean light bulbs and plastic covers 14 1 5 Pump Incase of submersible pump electrical connections have to be checked at least once every six months e The brushes if any are to be changed after six months of continuous use The inverter connected to the pump has to be checked at least once a month for proper operation Besides there are a number of simple faults that can arise which needs immediate corrections Poor electrical connection caused by dirty wet or corroded terminal or plugs Blocked strainers and filters on the pump Failure of suction pump due to loss of prime caused by faulty foot valve or air leaks in suction line specially in case of surface pump Leaking pipe and hose connections Leaking pump gland seal Some pumps need frequent replacement parts as suggested by its manufacturers n case of positive displacement pumps loosening of belts and chains may occur hence requiring tension adjustments In many cases the manufacturers may have special recommendations for routine and preventive maintenance These recommendations have to be strictly followed for proper and safe operation of the complete system In each station there must be card mentioning the dates when routine and preventative maintenance are carried out If any fault has been observe
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12. SPA47K5100 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 87m 57m 60m 100m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA67K5100 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 114m 67m 60m 100m 65mm 2 1 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA67K5130 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 67m 50m 100m 130m 65mm 2 1 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA67K5250 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 44m 25m 130m3 250m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA67K5251 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 52m 30m 130m 250m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPB67K5500 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 33m 15m 150m3 500m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC 129 Solartech 0 37 55kW AC Solar Pump Model List E 3m mE Recommended Open Water H Daily Water FI let Dia i ia Pump Spec ater Head aily Water Flow Outlet Dia Adapting Well Dia Circuit Voltage SPA611K100 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA611K130 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA611K250 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPB611K500 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA615K100 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA615K130 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA615K250 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPB615K500 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC822K270 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC822K330 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC822K420 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC822K540 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC822K700 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC830K270 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC830K330 3PH 380V 50Hz 62
13. backfilling the sides may fall down and re digging might add the work for the 81 Community HDP pipes are available in 25 to 300 m Coil They are uncoiled in the site itself During this activity care should be taken that no stretch of the pipe is damaged For this A stick of Bamboo is inserted in the coil and holds it by a person another person gradually bulls an end a laid in the ground for the jointing A wooden peg must close the end of the pipes before the work is halted for that day This is protecting from entering any things into the pipe Before joining the end of the pipe must be checked thoroughly and carefully On doing so if there is any case for flow interruption after backfilling there will not be necessary to see the pipe by re excavating the trench and cutting the pipe Joints should be checked whether it is proper or not by moving the pipe up and down Backfilling After laying the pipe in trench all the length should be backfilled with soil leaving unfilled 2 3m in joint sections Upon distribution of water the joints should be checked for In this manner leaking joints can be found easily and immediately In the backfilling of first 15 20 cm depth of trench the soil from the sides should be dropped and compacted by foot by the villagers For the first layer there should not be stones leaves and bushes in the soil After backfilling 50 cm with this type of soil holder or stones also may be placed over this Backfilling
14. inspect the float switch system If the system has a float switch it will be mounted in the tank If inspection is not feasible it can be bypassed the switch or test it electrically If a float switch is not being used there must be a wire between the terminals Inspect the float switch Is it stuck in the up position There are two types of float switch normally open and normally closed Check to see that the wiring is correct for the type that is used Force a quick start If it is restored a connection or bypass the probe or float switch there is no need to wait for the normal time delay Switch the on off switch or the power source off then on again The pump should start immediately if sufficient power is present Electrical Testing 114 A multimeter is required and a clamp on ammeter is helpful Test the solar array circuit Open circuit voltage This is idle voltage It is normally high because no current is being drawn it s doing no work Short circuit current or spark test This is helpful if the pump is trying to start or does not seem to get full power Disconnect the array from the controller before making this test A short circuit at the array will only cause current slightly higher than normal If there is no a DC amp meter a spark that can jump 1 4 6 mm indicates a good probability that the array is working properly Voltage under load with pump running Current under load was connected to th
15. lt 2 Doce Pipe flowing full in bends exerts the force in vertical or horizontal direction due to unbalance internal force or centrifugal force in order to counteract this force some external support should be provided and that is called anchor block The spacing of support pillar should be judicially decided after laying out of GI pipe such that the pipe should not swing horizontally or vertically Generally it should be spaced about 8 10m distance seeing the ground and rise of pillar and near or on the fittings There should be thrust block at the beginning and end of the pipeline and spaced around 5 to 6 pieces of hanging GI pipe length 39 An example design of thrust block is given in Annex XVI 5 3 6 Waste Water Ditch The water coming out from tap post of PV pumping system is costlier water so it should be well preserved However it is impossible to control almost all of water flowing out from tap ST0NE VASONRY W n E oS post The water flowing out Elevation of Support Pillar from tap plateform should be Fig 5 19 Typical Section of Support Pillar well managed such that it should not create any social or environmental it should not be the place for mosquito breeding adverse impact An earthen ditch length amp breadth3 6m and depth 0 5 0 8m is sufficient to store the waste water The bottom and side of the ditch can be dry stone lined so that the soil does not get muddy If po
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17. should not be tapped for Proper drainage should be provided around the spring source to divert the run off water and prevent it from damaging the intake A drainage diversion ditch should be dug at a distance of at least 8 m above and around the spring to divert the surface water away Special care should be taken to insure that the source is not affected and there is no leakage Spring intake should be constructed at the source or nearer to the source It should be protected well from human intrusion strom water possible contamination and vandalism 5 2 2 Stream Intake A stream intake is built when a stream is selected as the water source The characteristic of a stream intake depends on the type of stream its morphology and the expected maximum and minimum flows The intake in a stream should be located to take advantage of its morphology Since each river has its own unique characteristics only a general guideline can be provided for design and construction Configuration and other requirement for its design should be specifically assessed and pursued Generally a sedimentation tank needs to be constructed with a stream intake 5 2 3 Infiltration Galleries Infiltration galleries are suitable for tapping sub surface flow in river beds having a moderate depth of water bearing strata sand A minimum depth of about 3 m of aquifer below the minimum water level is considered necessary for construction of infiltration galleries The infi
18. silt is blocking the flow If the check valve itself is clogged with dirt To help prevent dirt problems After years of use it may be necessary to replace the pump end Electrical Testing These tests are extremely helpful when trying to assess the performance of a system or locate a fault Obtaining and using a multimeter Measuring current amps is easiest if you have a clamp on ammeter Probe input Some meters give a choice of probe sockets The negative black probe always goes in the common socket The red probe input varies and is specified below Part 1 Testing the Solar Array DC This test refers to a 48V solar array with a pump set The system voltage may vary The current is determined by both the array and the load current draw of the pump system If the pump is not under full load like in a bucket the current may be as little as 1 amp Range if the meter is auto ranging this does not apply Otherwise use the range than the reading expected For example in Testl normal voltage is around 80 The proper range may be 100V or 200V depending on the meter design Access open the junction box for access to the terminals The appearance of the wiring may vary Monitoring a Solar PV Pump System Observe the output of the pump at the point of discharge If not it may not know if it malfunctions Consider installing a water meter or additional valves so that the flow can be directly observed Monit
19. valve at the tank Helical rotor models Water may be warmer than 72 F 22 C This causes the rubber stator to expand and tighten against the rotor temporarily non damaging Helical rotor models Pump may have run dry Remove the pump stator outer body from the motor to reveal the rotor If there is some rubber stuck to the rotor the pump end must be replaced To reset the over load shut off red light switch the pump controller off and on Lower current may indicate In a deep well the level of water in the source may be far above the pump intake so the actual lift is less than expected This is not a problem The pump head may be worn thus easier to turn than normal especially if there is abrasive sediment 115 d There may be a leak in the pipe system reducing the pressure load Helical rotor models Water may be colder than 46 F 8 C This causes the rubber stator to contract away from the rotor The pump spins easier and produces less flow under pressure Test the low water probe circuit If the controller indicates source low when the pump is in the water the low water probe system may be at fault When the water level is above the probe the switch in the probe makes contact That causes the applied voltage to drop toward zero The systems sees water and allows the pump to run If the voltage is greater than 3V dry shut off is triggered The low water probe has an internal 1K resistor in series with
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21. 0L 0 ETO 00 12 800 osre s 00 1 5 061 Sc8 c eu 18 6 LI e10 qns 1991 oro C00 00 100 SLT SLT u 6 8 I 9 peqner u 0001 oro 00 00 100 00 00 0c I yl 9 neg yen ol 886 oro S00 00 C00 oos T oos T Ost 9 dHS loouos 6 69 L oro 100 00 100 S79 S79 sc 6l 8I 9 opo ounr 8 199 oro S070 00 C00 00 00 8c IZ 0c 9 OL YEN L 606 oro 00 00 100 oss oss c LI 9I 9 019105 9 00 Sz oro 1070 00 000 SLI SLI L 9 LI 9 uequug TLAN OLTE oro oTo 0021 100 00 CCT s I Ste Scl v6 06 H mo qns PL oro 00 00 100 SL9 SL9 LC 0c l T una ox ney Y 1991 oro 700 00 100 SLT SLT Iu 6 8 I FOL OL SET oro 100 00 700 oor oor 17 tt TE r OLIEN Scy oro 100 00 700 SLOT SLOT tt TE TE 2 9 or reaneaq I ILN BI IP 91 ei tri EN zi rd ul for 6 s 9 c rl c iz cl UI sd sd sd o1 sd d pd pd Pd SON pd vea Tu Dd SON SON Toned Pod mod MOJ 99d 1024 Jd mold pwuq pueureq Bde Eos ots tt s r EUR m HHJOSON ON PEM 10 dE ON de Symurow pojsnfpy usISoq de oSe1oAV Bee end dng jo oN N i I i JIRA MIOL JINS AT oL IPO eor usISoq aseg quasalg uomne no e Mop dey pueura q 1384 euonninsug pueura T 14 30s uroq dv jo uonduosiq sd opo IPI MOP UNUTUN pod or sjuopnjs Joy puewoq endep 1oq pod cz puewoq ejide Jag 0329 JL d seyeq pounbos efizepuns Ajrunuruio Jo 9urN npueurqye r LOPALSIG jefuepung OqA 9 ON Cava NOLIVOO I NO
22. 150 350VDC SPA41K1060 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 23m 12m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K1060 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 23m 12m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K1100 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 12m 8m 60m 100m 50mm 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K1100 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 12m 8m 60m 100m 50mm 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5010 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 128m 87m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5010 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 128m 87m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5020 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 99m 68m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5020 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 99m 68m iom 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5040 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 51m 33m 20m 40m 40mm Ve 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5040 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 51m 33m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5041 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 60m 39m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5041 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 60m 39m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5060 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 29m 15m 40m 60m 50mm on 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5060 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 29m 15m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5130 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 10m 7m 100m3 130m 50mm 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5130 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 10m 7m 100m 130m 50mm 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K5100 3PH 22
23. 2 1 Continuous System It is the water supply system in which water is made available to tap stand throughout the day 24hrs When water is required faucet of tap post is opened and Fig 3 1 Gravity Water Supply System after fulfilling the demand faucet on tap post is closed thus not allowing running away the water in non use hours The water is available in the tap post on as and when required basis that is why it s name is termed as continuous system During non use hours water is reserved in the reservoir tank located at uphill side of tap post 3 3 2 2 Intermittent System When a water supply system is designed to feed the tap stand at certain interval of time then it is called intermittent system When safe yield of source is less than the daily design demand of community or water cannot be made available to the tap stand at as and when required basis then this system can be adopted 15 3 2 Pumping cum Gravity This system typically can be the one in which combined features of both the pumping water supply system and gravity flow water supply system satisfies Water at certain reach is pumped and at other reaches water is made flow on gravitational forces Typically water source located at downhill from the community can be pumped up at elevated location and water is stored there on called reservoir Water can then be d Sens SERVICE RESERVOIR SETTLEMENT RL 1125 367m T1 4HH 17Popn V RL 1102
24. 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4750010 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 81m 56m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4750010 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 81m 56m 1ms 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4750020 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 60m 41m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4750020 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 60m 41m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4750040 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 29m 19m 20m 40m 40mm 1 1 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4750040 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 29m 19m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4750060 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 15m 8m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4750060 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 15m 8m 40m 60m 50mm 22 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4750100 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 7m 6m 60m 100m 50mm 27 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4750100 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 75kW 7m 6m 60m 100m 50mm 2A 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K1010 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 93m 63m ims 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K1010 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 93m 63m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K1020 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 790m 54m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K1020 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 79m 54m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA41K1040 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 43m 27m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K1040 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 1kW 43m 27m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 185 450VDC
25. 5 allow computation of head loss for the range of flow encountered in designs of gravity flow community water schemes When spreadsheets are designed for computing the Hydraulic Calculation the following factors should be adopted k 20 1 mm or 1 mm p 1000 kg m u 0 001 N m at 4 C Flow in pipes also results in other type of losses known as minor losses This loss is caused when water flows through valves fittings and when flow direction and area is changed In pipes whose length is greater than 1000 times the diameter these losses are insignificant and can be neglected Only in case of pump systems and treatment network estimation of minor losses might be critical The residual head provided at a stand post is sufficient to take account of minor losses Minor losses can be estimated by equation 6 2 V i Loss x Minor Loss factor 2g Minor losses are not considered in the design of pipes For designing of the distribution pipeline spreadsheet containing formulae can be prepared or readily available spreadsheet for the purpose can be utilized Result of such prepared spreadsheet should be checked with already approved design of similar systems otherwise it may come to bite you later on Here is a simple format for the spreadsheet is presented 65
26. A faulty appliance switch Use a short wire and connect the switch terminals together If the appliance works the switch is faulty Corrective action Replace the switch An appliance has been wrongly connected Check the connection at the appliance Make sure that wire of the appliance is connected to the wire of the controller Corrective action Connect the wires correctly The wire size is too small or too long Measure the length of the wire run Check to see if the wire is too small for its length Corrective action Replace the wire with one of the correct size Connections are loose or dirty Remove wires from all connections between the appliance and the controller Clean the wires and terminals Replace the wires and tighten the connections 14 2 1 3 Failure type 3 The system works but runs out of power This is the most common problem with solar PV systems and can be caused by many things acting alone or in combination This may be caused by 1 Too little energy from the panels The reason for this may be shading damaged panels wiring too small or too long dirty or loose connections panels not facing in the right direction or dirt on the panels Corrective action Remove the cause of the shade or move the panels so they are no longer shaded and are facing in the right direction clean and replace the panels if damaged check the wiring on the panels Incorrect adjustment of the charge controller This may preve
27. Currently such solar PV systems are usually installed at isolated sites where the power grid is far away such as rural areas or off shore islands But they may also be installed within the city in situations where it is inconvenient or too costly to tap electricity from the utility grid PV is a mature technology to convert sunlight into electricity Some advantages of photovoltaic technology are given below e One of the cleanest forms of energy Environment friendly Easy to install operate and maintain Long life Solar panels can last up to 25 years or more Modular design hence easy to expand Ideal for remote areas where utility grid is not reliable Safe to handle Once installed properly most devices can be used by laymen without risks e Freedom from utility grid which is often not available especially in remote areas e Can be used as stand alone or grid connected systems as well as with other energy sources as hybrid systems 1 5 Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies PV cells are made of light sensitive semiconductor materials that use photons to dislodge electrons to drive an electric current There are two broad categories of technology used for the formation of PV cells namely crystalline silicon which accounts for the majority of PV cell production and thin film which is newer and growing in popularity Mono Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Poly Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Fig 1 1 Mono and Poly C
28. DDCs and implementing components from the supplier activities by users within warranty period Project Operation continue 156 For Details Please Contact Alternative Energy Promotion Centre AEPC Khumultar Height Lalitpur P O Box 14237 Kathmandu Nepal Tel 977 1 5543044 5539391 Fax 977 1 5539392 Website www aepc gov np
29. Gauge SWG Brimingham Wire Gauge B WG US Steel Wire Gauge US SWG and number based sizing system such as 7 22 3 20 etc However the wire size in the given standard can be converted in to sq mm using appropriate conversion table or consulting the wire manufacturer s specification sheet It is also the usual practice to specify the size ofthe wire in diameter instead of cross sectional area The standard wire gauge chart is given in Annex VII 11 4 2 Wire Sizing Methodology There are two factors that dictate the selection of wire size Properly selected wire size must satisfy both the factors equally 11 4 2 1 Ampacity Based Sizing The sizing of the wire based on the current handling capacity the capacity that does not produce overheating of the wire is the first approach in wire sizing The household AC wiring is based on this principle only as the voltage drop in the wire does not play major role in AC applications The current handling capacity or Ampere Capacity or Ampacity of the wire is chosen to be slightly greater usually 2596 than the maximum load current that will flow through the wire The wire specification chart usually specifies the Ampacity for given wire size in the form of a table 96 While calculating the DC load current the total real power required to operate the load is to be divided by the system voltage But for AC load currents the apparent power needs to be divided by the system voltage Since for rea
30. If there are make arrangements for removing the vegetation or moving the panels to a shade free place 14 1 2 Wires Check the wire covering insulating sheath for cracks or breaks If the insulation is damaged replace the wire If the wire is outside the building use wire with weather resistant insulation Check the attachment of the wire to the building to make Pigs mice rats dogs birds and insects sure that it is well fastened have all been known to cause damage to and cannot rub against sharp IN system wiring and components Always d he thewind bi visually check all wires and components for HEUS Wee y OWS damage and insect nests If someone has changed the Fig 14 1 Damage of wires by Animals 109 wiring since the last check make sure that it is the correct size that it has suitable insulation that the connections are properly made and that it is fastened securely in its new place fsomeone has added more wires to the PV system to operate additional appliances advise the owner that this may seriously lower the reliability of the system Advise increasing the panel and to handle the increased load e Check the connections for corrosion and tightness 14 1 3 Power Conditioner Check that the junction box is still firmly attached If it is not attach it correctly with screws Keep the junction box clean 14 1 4 Appliances Turn on each appliance and check that it is working properly
31. Outputs of Free WSP Softwell P Ltd Softwell Nepal Photovoltaic Technology and Systems Design SIEMENS Solar Industries California USA 1995 R N Clark and B D Vick A Case Study on Performance of Tracking and Non Tracking Solar PV Pumping System Rural Drinking Water Supply System Policy and Procedures Nepal Water for Health NEWAH 3rd Revised 2011 Rural Gravity Flow Water System Design Techniques and Standard Structures UNICEF 1995 Solar Module MS M100 Characteristics Macro Solar Technology Co Ltd www Macro solar com 2014 07 29 Solar Photovoltaic System Design Manual for Solar Design Engineers Alternative Energy Promotion Center AEPC Energy Sector Assistance Programme ESAP 2003 Solar Pumping Systems GRUNDFOS 1998 Solartech PSD600 DC Solar Pump www Solartech com Standard Drawing Description Nepal Water for Health NEWAH 2013 Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters A Design Construction and Operation Manual SANDEC SKAT 1996 Technical Standards of Civil Components for Community Based Rural PV Drinking Water Supply Project under AEPC ESAP AEPC ESAP 2011 Vital Water Graphics An Overview of the State of the World s Fresh and Marine Waters 2nd Edition 2008 122 Annex I Characteristics Macro 0 2 4 6 8 10 Voltage V 14 Drainage holes 14x9 f Mounting siots 8 places AL 2 04 Ground holes 2p
32. Surge Protector 5 Cable Splice Kit 15 PV Generator emt ii It is recommended to install a Surge Protector at each 7 Surge Protector controller sensor input 8 Safety Rope 9 Water Meter 10 Pressure Sensor 45 Ex Aapectcaors and rtomten we glen win god nt errors re posse and rods may be sueco cange LORENTZ 145 L ENIZ BERNT LORENTZ GmbH amp Co KG Zi Kr gerskoppel 7 Tel 49 0 4193 7548 0 D 24558 Henstedt Ulzburg Fax 49 0 4193 7548 29 www lorentz de info2012 lorentz de Wednesday 06 August 2014 DESIGN 20M 40M3 Solar pumping project Sizing Layout H Static head Vertical height from the dynamic water level to the highest point of delivery T Tilt angle Angle of the PV generator surface from the horizontal plane M Motor cable The cable between controller and pump unit L Pipeline E aa ak QUADRI EEUU lhe a dk hat NN length of pipeline B Drawdown Lowering of water level depending on flow rate and recovery rate of the well D Pipeline inner diameter 55 E toI ma yanka QUA GU Quoi WERL jus Gb es ui rid vy Bir AREE i LORENTZ without notice 146 S5NI 1 3S jeuoneuJeiu ebues 3onpo4d ZH OG Aouenbeu4 NI 901 7 NM NIG A TOvt T E z a v ttdy A 97 06 Ala O0E 0 A c3jseldus A Nz sz 40S mt ost 2 3 Say jo sequam uoau s je5 dwing s e s apno dung en pn pepnpur 1070W aweu 3 npoud Td 48
33. To divide the inlet flow of water outlet pipe size and proper orientation horizontal allow the flow to be distributed at an approximate ratio regardless of variations in the inlet flow In some cases the proper pipe combination can control the flow accurately enough to eliminate the need for globe valves The outlet flows are controlled by outlet pipe size and orientation and will be independent of any oversized downstream pipelines The DC operates on the principle that open channel flow in two horizontal pipes lower edge at the same height will be approximately proportional to the pipes diameters Diameter of pipe 1 Diameter of pipe 2 Flow in Pipe 1 Flow in Pipe 2 Important The pipes must be placed LEVEL with respect to lower edge and in a Horizontal orientation if the outlet flows are to be in a ratio approximately equal to that of the outlet diameters Three methods can be used to divide the flow A Proper orientation and sizing of GI outlets B The pipeline from DC to RVT can be designed to control the flow naturally C An orifice can be placed in one or all of the outlets to control the flow not recommended 5 2 13 2 Uses Reservoir Tank as DC RVT DC This method can be used when the RVTs are in series This will often be the case since many villages in Nepal follow a given route down a hill side RVT DCs eliminate the need for a separate distribution chamber lowering project costs and
34. adversely affected or clogged during operation 5 2 5 1 Horizontal inlet filter outlet Roughing Filter mainly separates the en Roughing filtration f fine solids which are Doo OOOO Horry E not retained by the M coarse medium fine preceding Siete sedimentation tank G water table in clean filter at beginning of filter operation The effluent of 2 water table in loaded filter at end of filter operation roughing filters Fig 5 4 Section of Horizontal Roughing Filter 24 Typical sectional layout of HF LEGEND z i mm B 12mm 4 8 mm Water Surface Drain Flow Direction Elevation of HF Fig 5 5 Schematic Drawing of Horizontal Roughing Filter Source Design Guideline 1 12 Volumes GON DWSSD 2002 should not contain more than 2 5 mg l solid matter to comply with the requirements of the raw water quality for slow sand filters Coarse gravel filters mainly improve the physical water quality as they remove suspended solids and reduce turbidity However a bacteriological water improvement can also be expected as bacteria and viruses are solids too ranging in size between about 10 0 2 mm and 0 4 0 002 mm respectively Furthermore these organisms get frequently attached by electrostatic force to the surface of other solids in the water Hence a removal of the solids also means a reduction of pathogens disease causing microorganisms The efficiency of roughing filtration in microorga
35. at all times unless it is desired to have the system off A solar direct pump should start under the following conditions 1 Clear sunshine at an angle of about 30 depends upon locaiton or more from the surface of the solar array 2 Cloudy conditions if the sunshine is bright enough to cast some shadow 107 3 Low water probe submersed in the water source or bypassed in the controller Water low light Off 4 Full tank float switch is not responding to a full tank Tank Full light Off When sunshine is insufficient When sunshine on the array is present but too weak for the pump to run it will attempt to start about every 90 seconds During each attempt it will be seen the pump on light come on When pump runs slowly pump on under weak sun conditions When pump stops from a sudden shadow on the solar array if a shadow suddenly passes over the array like if one walk in front if it the controller will lose track of the input voltage It may make rapid on off noises and a high pitched noise then stop This does not indicate a problem The pump will attempt to restart after the normal delay Time delays 1 After pump stops due to insufficient sunshine 120 sec 2 After full tank float switch resets 2 to 3 sec 3 After low water probe regains contact with water in the source 20 min but the indicator light will slowly flash for the rest of the solar day or until power is disrupted or the controller is turned off on
36. can t just bolt a wire to the planet Instead you must bury or hammer a rod of conductive noncorrosive metal generally copper into the ground and make sure most of its surface area contacts conductive that means moist soil This way when static electricity or a surge comes down the line the electrons can drain into the ground with minimal resistance In a similar way to how a drain field dissipates water grounding acts to dissipate electrons If a drainpipe doesn t discharge adequately into the ground backups occur When electrons back up they jump the gap forming an electrical arc to your power wiring through your equipment and only then to ground To prevent this install one or more 8 foot long 2 4 m 5 8 inch 16 mm copper plated ground rods preferably in moist earth A single rod is usually not sufficient especially in dry ground In areas where the ground gets extremely dry install several rods spacing them at least 6 feet 3 m apart and connecting them together with bare copper wire buried An alternate approach is to bury 6 13 mm double 8 8 mm or larger bare copper wire in a trench at least 100 feet 30 m long The bare copper ground wire also can be run along the bottom of a trench that carries water or sewer pipes or other electrical wires Or cut the ground wire in half and spread it in two directions Connect one end of each buried wire to the grounding system Try to route part of the system into w
37. devices designed for the purpose Some systems use salts to improve the conductivity of the surrounding soil HI Install one or more copper plated ground rods at least 8 feet 2 5m long preferably in moist earth Where the ground gets very dry poorly conductive install more than one rod spaced at least 10 feet 3m apart IV If the soil is rocky and does not allow ground rods to be driven bury bare copper wire in a trench at least 100 feet 30m long If a trench is to be dug for burial of water pipes ground wire can be run along the bottom of the trench The wire size must be minimum 16 sq mm or double 10 sq mm Connect one end to the array structure and controller Or cut the ground wire shorter and spread it in more than one direction Dry or rocky locations To achieve good grounding at a dry or rocky site it is needed to emphasize grounding and lightning protection more seriously and to coordinate the effort with other earth excavating procedures that need to be done For more detail visit www lightning org Bond interconnect all the metal structural components and electrical enclosures Interconnect the PV module solar panel frames the mounting rack and the ground terminals of the disconnect switch and the controller using wire of minimum size 6 mm2 and run the wire to an earth connection Ground connections at the controller The controller and junction box have redundant ground terminals inside They are all conne
38. efficiency Fig 11 3 Submersible Pump http www auFeasibility Study Table 11 4 Example of water discharge for various head using submersible pumps http www aurore in Total Dynamic Head Water Output lit day m 1100 Wp 1800 Wp 7 55 000 72 000 10 50 000 67 000 25 30 000 47 000 30 29 000 39 000 50 7 000 20 000 Table 11 5 Example of submersible pump system components http www aurore in Model AV 1100 GF AV 1800 GF Array Capacity 1100 Wp 1800 Wp 90 Solar Panel Size 75 Wp 75 Wp Solar Modules TBP 1175 75 16 24 Wp Support Structure 1 2 Pump Capacity 0 75 hp 0 75 hp Maximum Total Head 50m 50m Maximum Suction Head 7m 7m Water Discharge Size 40 mm 40 mm Water Output 10 m head 29 000 lit day 39 000 lit day Array Junction Box 2 Nos 2 Nos Installation Kit Set Set User Manual No No 2 HDPE Pipe 50m 50m 11 3 2 3 Lifespan of the pump The exact life span of the pump varies from model to model Life time of pumps is hard to specify The submersible pumps usually last a long time since they are made of stainless steel However when there is a lot of sand or silt in the water the moving parts will wear out quickly reducing the life of the pump The surface pumps are made of much less hi tech materials cast iron and MS steel and rust a lot But again parts can be replaced and by doing so the life
39. exceeds the difference in density giving HDPE a higher specific strength It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher temperatures 120 C 248 F for short periods The HDPE pipe comes with following standards e NS 40 2042 published by Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology e The Pipes is supplied either as coils with a minimum inner diameter of 25 times the OD of the pipes except 2 2 5 and 4 kg Sq cm pressure ratings as given below or in lengths of five meters Table 5 2 HDPE Pipe Properties Pipe Size Pressure Rating Series Supply Inner Coil mm kg cm length m diameter m 16 10 V 300 0 50 20 10 V 300 0 50 25 10 V 200 0 70 32 6 IV 200 0 80 32 10 V 100 0 80 40 4 HI 9 40 6 IV 100 1 00 40 10 V 100 1 00 50 4 HI 5 50 6 IV 100 1 25 29 2 50 10 V 50 1 25 63 4 III 5 63 6 IV 50 1 50 63 10 V 25 1 50 All pipes above 63 mm dia is supplied in 5 m length These pipes are supplied in coils as per the order of the client A continuous line between 2mm to 5mm wide must be indelibly and clearly marked along the pipe surface according to the following code 2 5 kg cm working pressure red line 4 0 kg cm working pressure blue line 6 0 kg cm working pressure Green line e 10 0 kg cm working pressure Yellow line Each pipe shall also have the following information ma
40. future operation and maintenance requirements The critical aspect of this approach is that it relies completely on the pipeline to control flow The RVT DC is located at the site of the first sub system tap stand The two Fig 5 14 Typical Section of Ferro cement RVI DC 36 outlets are placed at different levels 5 cm the CDF stands for Continuous Demand Flow distribution line being Total demand of water in 24 hrs is higher than the converted into demand in per second transmission line The dieren dites e If total demand 24000lit per 24hrs inlet CDF and outlet CDF CDF 24000 24 60 60 0 2781ps to the lower RVT is equal to the RVT s sub system s CDF The main disadvantage of the RVT DC is that a decrease in source will not be equally distributed since the transmission main outlet is lower and will always get preference in terms of flow The transmission outlet must be slightly lower for two reasons If the sub system users damage or over consume the negative effect empty RVT must not be felt by the other sub systems In addition the outlets cannot be at the same level because the distribution line is designed for peak flow whereas the transmission main is only designed for the remaining system s CDF That is if the tank was empty minimum water level the distribution line would receive a much greater proportion of the incoming water 5 2 13 3 Break Pressure Tank BPT When water flo
41. hand side of equation 4 must be known to calculate the diameter D Of these Q L and g are known while hL can be set by the designer This leaves only one unknown factor f Experiments over the last 100 years have shown that friction factor fis not a simple constant but varies depending upon flow condition type of liquid flow velocity pipe diameter and the pipe material Studies have shown that it depends simultaneously on p V u D k whose functional relationship has been developed by Colebrook and White as 64 1 bi 2 51 fs 09 87xD Rex fo Where Re pVD u Reynolds s Number kD Relative Roughness Ratio f Friction Factor Friction factor thus calculated should be used in equation 4 to compute the diameter Other factors that need to be known for calculating f are k D u which depends on temperature and velocity V For High Density Polyethylene HDP pipes the following surface roughness factor should be adopted k 0 1 mm For GI pipes and HDP transmission mains between a stream source and sedimentation tank in which deposition is likely to occur the value of k should be adopted as k 1 mm Both sides of the equation 6 contains f It therefore can be solved only by an iterative method which is a cumbersome exercise Hydraulic calculation can be done by using spreadsheet program designed for the purpose containing the format shown in Table 8 8 Similarly tables derived on the basis of equations 4 and
42. human beings depends upon on whether we can use the scarce water sources with care and efficiency AEPC 2003 1 2 Breakdown of Earth s Water As per the UNEP report http www unwater org stastics statistics details en c 211801 breakdown of the earth s water is shown as below The Earth s total water volume 1 4 Billion km Out of this sea water is 97 5 and fresh water is only 2 5 Out of available fresh water glacier and eternal snow is 68 9 Ground water and frozen soil is 30 8 and e Lakes and rivers consists of only 0 3 0 105 Million km 1 3 Fresh Water Scarcity Less than 0 0196 of the water on the blue clad planet is available to human being http www worldwidelife org habitats freshwaters The seawater accounts for 97 5 of the water surface and most fresh water exists in the form of polar ice or deep underground water It is interesting to mention that if the earth were one meter in diameter the amount of available water would be just a spoonful The shortage of sparse and valuable water has got more acute in the 21 century as a result of the world population explosion tripled in the past 100 years while water consumption exploded six times in the same period About 2 8 billion people or 4096 of the world s population are suffering from water shortfalls Vital water graphics 2008 Contaminated water causes some 80 of diseases in developing countries and sales of mineral water are increasing sh
43. information like number of water sources in the locality type of water sources local construction material available in the vicinity major market areas and route to reach along with time and cost involved A part from that present condition of water fetching peoples aspiration and willingness to pay for the PV Pumping System should be discussed thoroughly To discuss all these parameters is beyond the scope of this manual but major data that should be get from there is presented here 7 1 3 Household Survey Preliminary data can be collected from the community meeting and later on every household should be visited to acquire the full fledged data required for water supply system design cost estimate preparation and further analysis Standard formats can be prepared at office for data acquiring from the community and those can be used in survey Below is a sample format that can be used for demographic data collection 7 1 4 Demand Survey People s aspiration regarding service level number of households per tap 52 post local materials contribution non local materials contribution is well reflected in the mass community meeting These aspiration expressed in the meeting should be recorded in well structured format for further proceedings These aspirations resembles the community demand in boarder terms if any of the demand seems to be discussed with locals we can bring it in to discussion immediately and process for deci
44. into a gutter below that channels the water to a water tank Fog collectors which can also harvest rain and drizzle are best suited to high elevation arid and rural areas they would not work in cities because of the space constraints and water needs of an urban environment This systems best works in the region where there remains fog and light wind most often generally above 1500m altitude in context of Nepal 17 4 Water Sources Objectives After completing this chapter participant will be able to comprehend different water sources available in the earth and their mode of occurrences Time 30 min Lesson 4 1 Water Sources 30 min 4 1 Surface Sources Surface water is water on the surface of the earth as in the river stream lake and pond It is lost through evaporation seepage into the ground where it becomes ground water used by plants for transpiration can be abstracted by human for different purposes like agriculture living and industry etc The water available in the surface water source may be contaminated polluted or fresh so careful investigation of the source and surrounding environment should be carried out before selecting the surface sources for the water supply system Generally environment around the source and possible pollution points in and around should be clearly identified with remedial measures Spring This Q amp 3 Nonflowing Potentiometric is the natural Rechatgeof Artesian Surface of Confin
45. is done in layer Once a layer of 20 30 cm is filled and compacted the other layer is placed on the top of it A slight heap formation on the backfilling will equalize with G I after it became naturally compacted in due course of time If the backfilled trench is depressed much it will became drainage channel upon rain This will in future might expose the pipe So this is very important point to be bear in the mind The raised portion by backfilling should be made The soil around the pipe should be well compacted The grass should be planted above and side of raised portion so as not to deposit new soil Backfilling the steep sloped trench and high steps of paddy land stone masonry wall is necessary on the trench This prevents the trench from sliding GI pipe is required to cross the small streams and to suspend the pipe across the difficult sections But if this is not available next alternative should be thought In this condition larger sized HDP pipe can be used to cover the first one The useful life of HDP pipe can be increased considerably by careful laying and backfilling A little effort given during this stage will increase years of life Blockages The water flow will be stopped partially of fully due to blockage inside pipe This blockage of flow in pipe could be due to the following reasons a Solid materials inside the pipe b Air blocks Solid materials The blockage due to solid things is due to presence of stone stick
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47. kWh m day Jan May and Oct Dec 4 5 kWh m day June Sept Ambient temperature at pumping site 25 degree Celsius Pipe friction loss equivalent including discharge velocity head 1 m Static head 25m Draw down level 5m Calculate hydraulic energy PV power and no of modules rquired Solution Daily Water required 300 people x 301 60 cattle x 4012 11 4 m Total dynamic head static head friction loss draw down 254145 31 m Design solar insolation 4 5 kWh m day minimum value selected for worst case F 0 8 F 0 9 94 Discharge of water from the pump total volume of water required minimum available peak sun in hours 11 4 m 4 5 hours 2 53 m hours E pxgxVxH m 1000x9 81x11 4x31 0 5 x3 6 1 926 kWh P E SxF x E 1 926 0 8x0 9x4 5 0 594 kWp 594 Wp The current delivered can be determined by Iarray P system voltage Iarray 594 48 11 37 A In case of a single module cannot deliver the required current number of modules are needed to connect in parallel The number of required modules can be calculated by N Iarray Imp Where I mp is the current at maximum power of the module Imp 4 3 A for Module MS M100 manufactured by MACRO SOLAR Annex D N 12 37 4 3 2 876 3 N is usually rounded upto the next highest integer value System Voltage depends upon the selected pump power conditioner to be used selected pump Then number of strings of parallel connecte
48. momentum change A water hammer commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe It is also called hydraulic 61 shock When a pipe is suddenly closed at the outlet downstream the mass of water before the closure is still moving thereby building up high pressure and a resulting shock wave This can be calculated by following formula Where V velocity of flow in pipe m s g acceleration due to gravity m s w specific weight of water N m K Bulk modulus of water N m d bore of pipe opening m t thickness of pipe m E Young s modulus of elasticity of pipe material N m 1 m Poisson ratio Water hammer should be accounted along with the total head of the pumping system as the pipe used for the system should be capable enough to handle the total head water hammer otherwise pipe material will get burst Pipe used near the pump and far from the pump can be separately designed as the total pressure near the service reservoir gets retired so low pressure rating pipe can be used at that end The optimum use of the formula is given in example of following pages Example of finding pumping head and design of Transmission line Data 1 Total water demand per day 48 00 cu m 2 Type of source Spring 3 Safe yield 1 0 l p s 4 Total length of the pumping main 200 m 5 Level difference between the source and reservoir
49. od 6 noja Pinja Pnpog di3H SGINOI 103f0Nd SSNIMVMNG AVO 1NdW3OVid3M SNIZIS 3OIANJS 3BN IVN3ITI ANDOIWLVD 3WOH A Wy SsO4dawna ajdumx3 147 f Sump Well ing o Drawi Annex XIV VALVE CHAMBER Le x TYPICAL PLAN OF A MASONRY SUMP WELL 148 Annex XV Protection of Solar Power System from Lightning by SOLARINSURE solariNSURe Insuring the Alternative Energy Industry How to protect your solar power system from lightning Lightning is a common cause of failures in photovoltaic PV and wind electric systems A damaging surge can occur from lightning that strikes a long distance from the system or even between clouds But most lightning damage is preventable Here are some of the most cost effective techniques that are generally accepted by power system installers based on decades of experience Follow this advice and you have a very good chance of avoiding lightning damage to your renewable energy RE system Get Grounded Grounding is the most fundamental technique for protection against lightning damage You can t stop a lightning surge but you can give it a direct path to ground that bypasses your valuable equipment and safely discharges the surge into the earth An electrical path to ground will constantly discharge static electricity that accumulates in an aboveground structure Often this prevents the attraction of lightning in the first place Lightning arrestors and surge protect
50. or Diesel Fuelled Small Engines 1 7 4 Wind Pumps 1 7 5 Water Wheels Turbines Ram Pumps and Current Turbines 1 7 6 Solar Photovoltaic Pump 1 8 General Decision Flow Chart Electromechanical Components 2 Water Pumping System Configuration 2 2 Water Pumps 2 2 Centrifugal Pumps 2 2 2 Volumetric Pumps 2 3 Motors 2 3 DC Motors 2 3 2 AC Motors 2 4 Integrated Pump Motor Machines 2 5 Power Conditioning Circuitry 2 6 Array Wiring and Mounting of Water Pumps 2 6 Array Wiring 2 6 2 Array Mounting Water supply systems 3 Gravity Flow 3 3 Open System 3 3 2 Closed System 3 3 2 Continuous System 3 3 2 2 Intermittent System 3 2 Pumping cum Gravity 3 3 Ground Water Supply System 3 4 Rain Water Harvesting 3 5 Fog Water Collection Water Sources 4 1 Surface Sources 4 2 Sub surface Source Solar PV Pumping Water Supply Systems 5 1 Introduction 5 2 Components of Solar PV Water Supply Systems 5 2 Spring Intake 5 2 2 Stream Intake N 0000 10 000 A tnt d ROO N HE 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 2 3 Infiltration Galleries 5 2 4 Collection Chamber 5 2 5 Water Treatment Units 5 2 5 1 Horizontal Roughing Filter 5 2 5 2 Design Criteria of HRF 5 2 5 3 Slow Sand Filter 5 2 5 4 Rapid Sand Filter 5 2 6 Water Treatment 5 2 7 Sump Well 5 2 7 1 Capacity of Sump Well 5 2 8 Pipeline 5 2 9 Transmission pipeline 5 2 10 Distribution Line 5 2 11 Reservoir Tank 5 2 12 Tap stand 5 2 13 Other Structures 5 2 13 1 Distribution Chamber
51. or anyone who is doing earthwork that will contain your grounding system 153 Annex XVI Example of Thrust Block Design Design of Thrust Block Design a thrust block for a 100 mm diameter main conveying water at a pressure p of 10 5kg cm at a location where the deviation angle is 600 in a horizontal plane The subsoil is sandy and has a density Y of 1800 kg m angle of internal friction 300 and zero cohesion c 0 for sandy soil Assume velocity of flow V as 2 00 m s Take density of concrete Dc 2400 00 kg m3 Assume soil cover H 0 60 m Take unit weight of water 1000 kg m Design Criteria Factor of Safety should be at least 2 00 Minimum surface reinforcement should be not less than 5 kg m Center to center spacing of bars not exceeding 500mm Solution 1 Calculate Cross Sectional Area of Pipe A z 102 4 78 54 cm 2 Calculate Horizontal Thrust exerted P 2 p A Sin 9 2 2 10 5 78 54 0 50 kg 824 25 kg Horizontal resistance Pr against horizontal thrust P comprises 3 components Lateral Resistance of Thrust Block Lateral Resistance of Soil against the block i e passive earth pressure Pp and Lateral Resistance of Soil when the block is free to yield away from the soil mass i e active earth pressure Pa Thrust Block Size Trail Let us try a thrust block of 0 90 m 0 90m 0 90m 3 Lateral resistance of thrust block u W u Weight of block Wb Weight of soi
52. other set of panels was mounted in a fixed position The passive tracking system was observed flipped over out of the direct rays of the sun when the wind was gusting from the southwest However the passive tracking system pumped enough additional water during the early mornings late afternoons and days with low winds to average slightly more water pumped than the fixed system Daily water volumes averaged 1 705 L day for the system with the fixed solar panels and 1 864 L day for the tracking system Although the passive tracking system pumped slightly more water the difference in average daily rates was not enough to warrant purchasing the tracker FIXED VERSUS PASSIVE TRACKING PANELS Controller Bushland TX 2 day WWiw m cO m i oC c ON Doily nsolclon Month of Yeor DC Pump Motor EES Fived 1983 1995 M neo 956 Ej Poss Trockingl 1996 124 Annex III Tables for Calculation of Investment Costs and Feasibility Analysis 1 Investment Cost isa L L T j Dumas L T ume S L T w ML vjem L L T ua T T j vt Construction ofstorage tanks awa KS wiwa Cx Miseetaneous S TL TL 2 Annual expenditure estimation 1 Annual satar of operators it Depreciation of equipments in Repair and maintenance amam _ L v omerewemes 3 Cash Flow Year Expenditure s ierit Revenue eee Cum
53. p 0 197 m 1 Ips 3 RL 1075 87m 1 PS Tap 1 RL 1087 456m usvezzor s dot Tap 7 RL 1063 45m 25H 10 203 m 20H 10 203 m 52 Ips e g Ips Tap 6 RLz1065 56m Tap 4 RL 1073 456m Source Output of Free WSP by Softwell Nepal Flow Velocity While sizing the pipe diameter minimum and maximum flow velocities in the selected pipe should also be considered Minimum velocity in the pipe line should be fixed to wash sediment particles which should not be allowed to settle at any point The velocity must be sufficient to move sediment along with water To destroy excess head small sized pipes are used which however increase the flow velocity At velocities greater than 3 m s air and water tend to mix affecting flow and the head loss Also at high velocities when the faucets are suddenly closed the phenomenon of water hammer may also occur Hence the following minimum and maximum velocity limits should be adopted Minimum Velocity Transmission mains from stream intake to storage tank need special attention 68 a b This is because river water may bring with it sediment particles that enter the supply line Preferable minimum flow velocity shall be in downhill stretches 0 4 m s in uphill stretches 0 5 m s Maximum Velocity When a valve is instantly closed the maximum velocities in the pipes that may allow water hammer pressure within the permissible limit of the pipe are theoretica
54. panel tilted towards the equator by an amount equal to the latitude of the site Fig 12 1 Tilt Angle of Solar Arrays seasonal angle and forget it 12 2 Electrical Installation 12 2 1 Power Conditioning Junction Box and Electrical Conduit Location The risk of lightning damage can be reduced by positioning the controller close to the solar array not to the pump Protection from solar heat In extremely hot locations electronic devices may not be reliable if they are not protected from heat The controller must be mounted in the shade extreme heat may trigger a thermal switch in the controller and cause it to turn off An ideal location is directly under the solar array on the north side of the mounting pole In case of the shade being unavailable a piece of sheet metal can be cut and bolted behind the top of the controller On bending the sheet over the controller provides the shade to it Location of controller It is necessary to mount the controller vertically to keep out rainwater It is preferable to mount it on the North Side of a pole or other structure this helps to reduce solar heating This may also allow easiest access without hitting your head on the lower south edge of the array 12 2 2 Junction Box The cable connections are protected in enclosures known as junction box that provides the necessary connectors Some of the solar panels such as Kyocera and Sharp come with serviceable junction boxes However most
55. payback period Discounted Cash Inflow Actual Cash Inflow 1 i Where 11s the discount rate n is the period to which the cash inflow relates 15 2 3 Net Present Value NPV The net present value is an equivalence method of analysis in which a project s cash flows are discounted to a single present value NPV AO 1 H A1 1 i AN 1 1 Where Ais annual cash flow lis discounted rate NP V gt 0 Accept NPV 0 Reject NPV 0 Remain indifferent In order to calculate net present value the format is presented in Annex III 15 2 4 Net Future Worth The net future worth NFW is used to determine a projects value at commercialization a future date not its value when we begin investing the present NFW i PW i F P I N Where Iis discounted rate N is no of years 15 2 5 Capitalized Equivalent It is a constant annual net cash flow In the project with lengthy service lives it is recommended to apply CE i AA Annual equivalent criterion AE i PW 1 A P I N Where I is discounted rate N is no of years 120 15 2 6 Benefit Cost Ratio This method is the ratio of total discounted income to total discounted cost B C ratio Total discounted income Total discounted cost It is generally used to find out the relationship between investment cost of the project and the benefit produced by the unit of investment If benefit cost ratio is less than one while dividing benef
56. pressure waves due to water hammer This may affect pipe joints threads and fitting and in extreme cases even the pipeline may burst It is for these reasons the maximum pressure in the distribution main should not exceed a maximum static pressure 60 m even if pipe material with a permissible working pressure of 10 kg m is used Only in cases of pipe sections aligned along areas and gullies that would not be habituated in the future the static head can be increased to say 80 meters 5 2 11 Reservoir Tank A reservoir tank is constructed to balance between demand and supply of water If the inflow rate supply is less than the outflow rate demand a reservoir tank is constructed to reserve the water in non supply hours and providing that surplus water in peak hours Since the water is supplied to the tap stands in the closed intermittent system it is imperative in the Solar PV Pumping Systems to provide a reservoir tank Both the water coming from transmission main and going out from the distribution system is in the intermittent system we can adopt the following consumption pattern for designing the reservoir tank Table 5 3 Consumption Pattern of Intermittent Inflow and Intermittent Outflow WSPs Community Tap Peak Factor 4 0 Time Period Hours Cum Cum Surplus Deficit From To In Out Inflow It Consumption It It It 6 30 AM 9 30 AM 0 50 3 0 9 30 AM 4 00 PM 6 50 0 0 4 00 PM 7 00 PM 0
57. solar panels require wiring the junction box before installation A solar junction box is installed directly on to the back of every PV panel produced and serves as the interface between the conductor ribbons on the panel and the DC input and output cables Solar junction boxes contain bypass and blocking diodes to 100 protect the panel from reverse current during hours of darkness if the panels are in shade or if covered by debris e g leaves 12 2 2 1 Connection process Firstly it is needed to unscrew the 4 screws in order to open the junction box Inside there will be more screws But itis needed to unscrew only two screws the ones on the bottom left and right under which there should be a positive and negative sign It is not required to disconnect the mounting and diode connection screws Then bring the wires into the junction box via a conduit or directly with a cable using a rainproof cable connector 12 2 2 2 Mounting the junction box to a pole The junction box can be mounted onto the solar array support pole It clamps to fit around the mounting pole This makes a very strong assembly that is easy to adjust 12 2 3 Electrical conduit Once the array wiring design wire size and junction box are decided it is needed to decide the number and rating of the fuses and switches The ratings of the fuses or circuit breakers are generally kept about 1 5 times the maximum current flowing The interconnections among the compon
58. the momentum of the water is converted into useful pressure for lifting They are normally used for low head low pressure applications particularly if direct connection to the solar panels is required They are well suited to high pumping rates and due to their compactness wherever small diameter bores or well exists Centrifugal pumps are characterized by the torque being proportional to the square of the speed angular velocity of the impeller These pumps have relatively high efficiencies but rapidly loose pumping performances as their speed reduces and in fact do not pump at all unless quite substantial spin speeds are achieved This is a problem for a PV powered system when light intensity is reduced Maximum speeds performance is achieved at high spin speeds making them easy to match to motors which tend to develop maximum torque maximum efficiency at similar speeds For conventional centrifugal pump designs high efficiencies are only obtained for low pumping pressures and hence relatively small pumping heads of less than 25 meters To overcome this limitation either multistage or regenerative centrifugal pumps can be used Other advantages of centrifugal pumps include their simplicity with a minimum of moving parts and corresponding reliability low cost robustness tolerance to pumping particulates and low starting torque On the other hand another potential limitation of centrifugal pumps is their inability to be self prim
59. the switch When closed in water the normal resistance is around 1000 To bypass the low water probe and activate the pump connect a small wire between the probe terminals in the junction box Restart the controller If the pump runs there is a fault at the probe or in the probe wiring The wires may be shorted touching each other or open broken or the moving part on the probe may be stuck with debris or the probe may be out of its normal vertical position Test the full tank float switch If the controller indicates Tank full when the tank is not full the float switch or pressure switch system may be at fault If the remote switch circuit is not being used there must be a wire between the terminals There are two types of float switch normally open and normally closed Check to see that the wiring is correct for the type that is used Most float switches are normally open Disconnect a wire from the terminals and the pump should run Connect a wire between the terminal and the pump should stop Most pressure switches and some float switches are normally closed Connect a wire between the terminals and the pump should run If the pump responds to the bypass tests above but not to the float switch the wires may be shorted touching each other or open broken or the switch may be stuck If the pump runs but flow is less than normal with debris or out of its correct position Is the solar array receiving sh
60. wall and an intake tank is built near at the source with stone masonry in cement mortar A valve box should be constructed to keep the valve safe It can be made with stone masonry in mud mortar Before starting any work local materials such as stones aggregates and sand should be collected in site Stone breaking production of aggregates and transportation of these materials in site should be carried out through the community contributions Before starting of foundation excavation the water course should be diverted by excavating a canal or laying of pipe above the intake The working site should be dry as far as possible Later foundation should be excavated for catchments wall intake tank and valve box This should be done as per technical drawings and consultations of supervisor A little bit wider area is excavated than the exact size of intake to make easy to work In excavation of foundation of catchments wall it should be excavated up to impermeable strata like rock bed so that water does not seep thought it Outer dimensions of catchments wall intake tank and valve box should be marked on the ground as per drawings This should be set with bamboo pegs 79 and thread A 15 cm stone and aggregate soling is done in trench This will prevent water from percolation through the bottom of catchments wall Soling should be compacted adequately with clay Soiling is not necessary in hard rock area A 1 2 4 cement concrete
61. water swinging the pipe After finding the location of Air blocks it is necessary to remove it There are many means to remove it I hole is made at that point by hot nails and after releasing the air it should be closed by nails brass which is more practical and easiest means II By providing air valve where air blocks occur more frequently Horizontal Roughing Filter Construction 1 Horizontal Roughing Filter structure is simple in construction mostly adopted of masonry structure and methodology followed same as in previous pages of masonry structures Materials and labors required as per design and cost estimate of the HRF is prepared in advance at the site and below mentioned construction sequence can be followed 2 Digging of trench foundation as per detail drawing of the HRF Generally HRF is constructed half below the ground 3 HRF of three compartment trench is dug at once and bottom plate upon which whole structure rests is casted at first above the dry stone soling with sand of thickness 15cm 4 Two walls of extreme ends are constructed solid while two intermediate walls are semi solid perforated separate walls weep wholes are left at specified distance as specified in the design 5 Inlet and Outlets of HRF are placed at same level in opposite site and collected through water trough at specified height as per design and drawing 6 Other construction process is same as that of general masonry structure but grad
62. will receive surges even from lightning in the clouds Similar surges can still occur even if the wires are buried but most installers agree that buried transmission wiring further limits the possibility of lightning damage A simple strategy to reduce susceptibility to surges is the twisted pair technique which helps equalize and cancel out any induced voltages between the two or more conductors It can be difficult to find suitable power cable that is already twisted so here s what to do Lay out a pair of power wires along the ground Insert a stick between the wires and twist them together Every 30 feet 10 m alternate the direction This is much easier than trying to twist 151 the whole distance in one direction A power drill can sometimes be used to twist wiring as well depending on the wire size Just secure the ends of the wiring into the drill s chuck and let the drill s action twist the cables together Make sure to run the drill at the lowest possible speed if you try this technique The ground wire need not be twisted with the power wires For burial runs use bare copper wire if you use conduit run the ground wire outside the conduit The additional earth contact will improve the grounding of the system Use twisted pair cable for any communication or control cables for example a float switch cable for full tank shutoff of a solar water pump This smaller gauge wire is readily available in pre twisted multiple or
63. 00 13 14 15 12 2 Electrical Installation 12 2 1 Power Conditioning Junction Box and Electrical Conduit 12 2 2 Junction Box 12 2 2 1 Connection process 12 2 2 2 Mounting the junction box to a pole 12 2 3 Electrical conduit 12 2 4 Keeping the electrical conduit and junction box sealed 12 3 Installation Line Diagrams SAFETY 13 1 Grounding and Lightning Protection 13 2 Surge Protectors Surge Arresters 13 3 Additional Lightning Protection 13 4 Care to be taken while Installation in a Surface Water Source 13 5 Warning for Siphon Applications 13 5 1 Operating the pump An Example 13 5 1 1 Switch Repair and Maintenance 14 1 Routine Maintenance and Preventive Maintenance 14 1 1 PV Array 14 1 2 Wires 14 1 3 Power Conditioner 14 1 4 Appliances 14 1 5 Pump 14 1 6 Monitoring and Evaluation of Installed water pumps 14 2 Trouble Shooting 14 2 1 Types of System Failure 14 2 1 1 Failure type 1 Total system 14 2 1 2 Failure type 2 Some appliances work but some do not 14 2 1 3 Failure type 3 The system works but runs out of power 14 2 2 Troubleshooting Financial Analysis 15 1 Project Cost Estimation 15 2 Feasibility Analysis 15 2 1 Simple Payback Period 15 2 2 Discounted payback period 15 2 3 Net Present Value NPV 15 2 4 Net Future Worth 15 2 5 Capitalized Equivalent 15 2 6 Benefit Cost Ratio 15 2 7 Internal rate of return 15 2 8 Sensitivity Analysis References Annex I Macro Solar Module MS M100 Characteristics Annex I
64. 00 30 50 Jack pump 100 35 60 The losses are shown in the following figure conversation loss Pump conversion loss Input Solar Energy Mechanical energy Usefrul hydraulic energy Fig 2 3 Losses in Pump AEPC 2003 13 2 6 Array Wiring and Mounting of Water Pumps 2 6 1 Array Wiring Array cables should be heavy duty with all connections in watertight function boxes with strain relief connectors The gauge of wire should be selected so as to keep resistive losses to less than 3 For reliability splicing of the leads from the motor to the array output cable should utilize crimp on connectors with resin filled heat shrink tubing or equivalent or equivalent to ensure long lasting dry connections All wiring should be attached to support structures with nylon wire ties PVC conduit should be used for the array output wiring to submerged motor pump For a submersed motor pump heavy duty doubly insulated cable is essential Also the array and mounting frames need to be grounded using substantial copper wire Grounding through the motor pump and well should not be relied upon as the system may be dismantled for various reasons Lightning protection should be considered and bypass and blocking diodes should be included where appropriate 2 6 2 Array Mounting All support structures should be anodized aluminum galvanized or stainless steel and need to be designed to withstand the maximum possible wind loading f
65. 0V 50Hz 1 5kW 20m 12m 60m 100m 65mm 2 1 2 150mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA41K5100 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 1 5kW 20m 12m 60m 100m 65mm 21 2 150mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA42K2010 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 163m 111m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA42K2020 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 145m 90m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA42K2040 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 79m 51m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA42K2060 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 50m 27m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA42K2130 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 17m 12m 100m3 130m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA42K2100 3PH 380V 50Hz 2 2kW 30m 18m 60m 100m 65mm 21 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA43K0020 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kw 187m 114m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA43K0040 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kW 105m 65m 20m 40m 40mm 1 1 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA43K0060 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kW 67m 37m 40m 60m 50mm 21 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA43K0061 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kW 79m 43m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA63K0100 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kW 40m 24m 60m 100m 65mm 21 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA63K0130 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kW 23m 16m 100m 130m 65mm 21 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA63K0250 3PH 380V 50Hz 3kw 18m 9m 130m 250m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA44K0020 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kw 225m 149m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA44K0040 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kw 145m 89m 20m 40m
66. 10 Distribution Line Pipeline connecting the reservoir tank to tap post is termed as distribution line Itcarries the maximum demand flow peak flow in system Mostly distribution line are laid as dead end pattern system and designed accordingly in rural water supply systems Distribution pipelines are used to supply water to the various consumers Pipes of different diameters and lengths constitute a distribution network Distribution pipe sizes are determined by the tap flow rate when the water is supplied through the stand post The distribution system should supply water at adequate residual head and should be accordingly sized Design of distribution line in 32 solar PV pumping system as such follows a simple gravity or i ea flow engineering principle Not Ste pls refer article 8 1 4 2 for due J P basis of design for distribution e T lt line CORRECT The hydraulic grade line gt should as much as possible be 10 m above the ground level Due to the nature of the ground profile some times it may fall below the ground at critical points In such case Fig 5 11 Pipe line Profile and HGL negative pressure would develop in the pipeline which must be avoided Few typical examples of hydraulic grade line are shown in Fig 5 11 rHGL ia RUM CORRECT In a distribution system the flow changes continuously due to the opening and closing of faucets These changes may create high
67. 110 meters 6 Altitude of the source 1295 m above sea level MSL 7 Average temperature of water 200C Find the pumping rate Let us select the pumping rate in such a way that 48 cu meter water is pumped in 12 hours Then the pumping rate Q 48000 12 x 60 x 60 1 111 L p s 62 2 Find sump capacity As the source yield is less than the pumping rate water to be pumped should be first reserved in a sump well The effective wet volume of which may be calculated by using formula V 3600 Q Q Q x T 3600 1 111x10 5x10 5x10 12 5 94 cum s Q 2 111x10 Choose 6m3 capacity stone masonry tank of standard dimensions 3 Total Pumping Head and Transmission Line Sizing FINDING OF TOTAL PUMPING HEAD AND TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN Sample Project Distance of pumping main L 200 00 m Total level difierence between Source and proposed reservoir 110 00 m The discharge to be pumped Q 4000 00 L h 1 111 Ips By Lea s formula economic size of pumping main D is given then D 1 22 x sqri O where Q is in m3 sec Hence D 40 66 mm However avallable size of GI pipe nearest to this size is 50 00 mm Hence use50 mm Gl pipe having bore 7 50 00 mm Calculation of head loss Here discharae Q 1 11 Lps For 50 mm GI pipe Pipe bore D 50 00 mm For length L 7 200 00 m Pipe material being used GI Velocity of flow V Q A 4Q nD 0 57 m s Absolute roughness z 1 00 mm 4 lt lt f 1 1 14
68. 2 x log K d Coefficient of fnction f 0 0507 321 25 VD 0 00114 0 92 Using Darcy Weisbach equation Headloss H f L D v 2a 3 64 m Total headloss 3 64 Total head for pumping Level difference headloss Suction head m Depth of sump well z200m However take the dyanimic level of water for submersible pump as 1 2 m below the sumpwell ynamic level of water below the sumpwell for submersible pump as 1 20 m Total dynamic head H 116 84 m 4 Computing Water Hammer Pressure and Checking the Pipe Capacity Water Hammer Pressure Since the pump is closed suddenly which results the water hammer pressure at the delivery pipe The water hammer pressure Ph is given by V F ET g d l l w K LE 2m V velocity of flow in pipe m s g acceleration due to gravity m s w specific weight of water N m K Bulk modulus of water N m d bore of pipe m t thickness of pipe m E Youngs modulus of elasticity of pipe material N m 1 m Poisson ratio For galvanised iron pipe and for above condition V 0 57 m s g 79 81 m s w 9810 00 N m K 2060 00 N mm Where d 50 00 mm t 3 60 mm E 210 00 kN mm 1 m 0 270 Max water hammer pressure Ph 0 768 N mm 7 83 kg cm Max pressure that should be withstand by conduit material static pressure water hammer pressure 19 37 kg cm This pressure may withstand by GI medium duty pipe with flange joints 63 8 1 4 2 Distribution line a S
69. 239 Part I 1990 published by Bureau of Indian Standards Manak Bhawan New Delhi India This table gives more detail about the GI pipe properties GI pipes come in three categories 30 3 4 1 Heavy duty Table 5 3 GI pipe properties 2 Medium duty and Pipe Weight Thickness x per m 3 Light duty 15 mm GI pipe medium duty 1 284 2 60 Generally light duty pipe is not used 20 mm Gl pipemedium duty 1 658 2 60 in the water supply projects Medium 25 mm Glpipe medium duy 253 3 20 32 mm GI pipe medium duty 3 279 3 20 duty pipe and heavy duty pipes are 40 mm GI pipe medium duty 3 788 3 20 fr equently used in water supply 50 mm GI pipe medium duty 5 319 3 60 systems in Nepal These two pipes can 65 mm GI pipe medium duty 6349 3 60 be used in combination or alone as per Imo GI pipelmeditm duty EE 2 100 mm GI pipe medium duty 12 99 4 50 required as the case may be water LsmmGI pipe medium duty 16 95 4 85 column height to be withstand by the 150 mm GI pipe medium duty 20 00 4 85 pipe For pressure rating of GI pipes 200 mm GI pipe medium duty 332 6 00 pls refer Annex IX of this manual 15 mm GI pipe heavy duty 1 513 320 CI Cast Iron 20 mm GI pipe heavy duty 1 969 3 20 25 mm GI pipe heavy duty 3 077 4 00 It comprises predominantly a gray 32 mm GI pipe heavy duty 3 968 4 00 cast i
70. 4 Detail Project Report 9 4 Detailed Survey design and Cost Estimates Report 9 4 2 Social Report 9 4 3 Community Training Records Construction Procedure of Structures 10 1 Site Inspection for Construction 10 2 Construction Materials 10 3 Construction Methods 10 4 Ferro cement Tank Construction 10 5 Stream Catchments 10 6 Spring Intake 10 7 Distribution Tank 10 8 Pipe Line 10 9 Horizontal Roughing Filter Construction Water Pumping System Design 11 1 Introduction 11 1 1 Basic Steps in System Design 11 2 General approach for designing 11 2 1 Feasibility of Directly Coupled System 11 3 General approach for design 11 3 1 Head Calculation 1 2 2 CHOICE OF PUMP 1 2 2 1 Surface Centrifugal pump 11 3 2 2 Submersible pump 11 3 2 3 Lifespan of the pump 11 3 2 4 Choosing the right pump 11 2 3 Array sizing 11 4 Wire Sizing 11 4 1 Size and Types of Wires 11 4 2 Wire Sizing Methodology 11 4 2 1 Ampacity Based Sizing 11 4 2 2 Voltage Drop Based Sizing 11 4 3 Power conditioning Testing and commissioning procedure of Solar PV pumping system 12 1 Installing the Solar PV Array 12 1 1 Location of the Solar PV Array 12 1 2 Shading 12 1 3 Solar Array Assembly Methods 12 1 4 Solar Array Mounting Rack 12 1 5 Orientation Setting of Tilt angle of the Solar Array 58 60 60 64 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 73 74 74 74 75 76 78 79 81 81 83 85 85 85 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 91 93 95 96 96 96 97 97 99 99 99 99 99 100 1
71. 40mm 11 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA44K0060 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kw 94m 55m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA44K0100 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kW 50m 32m 60m 100m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA64K0100 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kw 56m 36m 60m 100m 65mm 2 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA64K0130 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kW 30m 22m 100m 130m 65mm 2 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA64K0131 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kw 37m 27m 100m 130m 65mm 2 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA64K0250 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kW 26m 13m 130m 250m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPB64K0500 3PH 380V 50Hz 4kW 17m 6m 150m 500m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA45K5040 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 172m 111m 20m 40m 40mm 1 1 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA45K5060 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 113m 62m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA45K5100 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 67m 44m 60m 100m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA65K5100 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 75m 48m 60m 100m 65mm 2 1 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA65K5130 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 53m 39m 100m8 130m 65mm 2 1 2 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA65K5250 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 35m 21m 130m 250m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPB65K5500 3PH 380V 50Hz 5 5kW 25m 10m 150m 500m 76mm 3 150mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA47K5040 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 237m 147m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPA47K5060 3PH 380V 50Hz 7 5kW 137m 75m 40m 60m 50mm 2 100mm 625 750VDC 500 600VDC
72. 457 T2 5HH 19Popn 1098 342m T3 6HH 21Popn RL 1070 214m in Filteration Unit Intake RL 995 215m Sump Well RL 1000m _ RL 992 31 HORIZIONTALLY LAID PUMP b SOLAR PV SYSTEM Fig 3 2 Pumping cum Gravity System distributed to the community through the gravity flow system Water from the source to the service reservoir is made flow with the aid of external energy and reservoir tank to the tap post is without use of any external energy gravitational force Different possible alternative layout drawings of the PV pumping system is attached in the annex for through understanding of the system 3 3 Ground Water Supply System Ground water is the water stored under the surface of earth in its saturation zone a c e s x Wat Such zones may be found as a single storage ard eL G Lj ij continuous or in separate strata When water from these strata aquifer is extracted and carried up to earth surface to feed the water supply system then system is called Ground Water Supply System To develop a ground water supply system following components ia mesa are essential to exist conditioning Water level Pump Motor s A ground water strata or aquifer Fig 3 3 Ground Water Supply System s A completed well tube well Source http www siliconcpv com A mechanism to lift water up to ground level such as hand pumps or electrical pumps e Asystem for water d
73. 5 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC830K420 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC830K540 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC830K700 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC845K270 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC845K330 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC845K420 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC845K540 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC SPC845K700 3PH 380V 50Hz 625 750VDC 500 600VDC Performance based on 6kWh m day of solar radiation May 1 2014 www solartech com 130 Sc fess seo v6l0O yzi ees sec yo cero szi coc 800 vl 691 en eseoo isco jeer cor ocr ors seo jooi frez zeoo el 9Ic rr 68000 ezeoo eor sre src sor oo co roz roro z 69c 611 80900 ooroo es fesz fes9 ser oreo cos se joro u sze siz rroo soro0 igo soz fes vori soco fiss cce SCIO or sir 9c L 600 eooo feses fror foor Loc esco v69 ove rto cis re fomo SLLUO oey feer fei fosc orco eco oor foro co ety fero eoo joe ri fesi fie reco sos vv foro fi L EL 69 s0cO0 fics sgr ro 668 ory 98TO zr ses arco 901 i ges Jro Jie oss ceco i i i seo josto 46 fro cseco cel r tr amp O fieco ar ro fose CoL ferro coc ios foo itv 8c erso ve90 ferso fssro feor siz SrS00 forz sit v9ro _ 0 9 000000 0 L 941 ogner IIM vy q3ue Jod sseq 1oddoo JO pd OTM JO sung IPW puepuejg Aroede juoum ysu Jod soy uonoos ss01 ILL 9nex IM p repuej
74. 50 3 0 7 00 PM 6 30AM 0 00 0 0 School Tap Peak Factor 6 0 33 Table 5 4 Consumption Pattern for School Tap Time Period Consumption 10 00 am 2 00 Pm 4 hours 100 96 But care should be taken in different consumption pattern in different localities and consumption pattern suitable to that locality can also be adopted If consumption pattern other than the standard is adopted peak factor should be adopted accordingly Please refer the following example for Peak Factor calculation procedure Total hour of supply 3 hrs i e 6 30 am 9 30am Percentage of 3hrs in 24hours a day 3 24 x100 12 5 Water demand in 12 5 of time 50 thus Peak factor 60 12 5 4 0 Reservoir tank can also be designed as intermittent inflow and continuous outflow system Since there is every chance that any of the tap stands s faucet openings and loss of water in continuous outflow system if a community is small one this pattern may be adopted as water can be effectively preserved in a small community otherwise this system should be discouraged costlier water should not be spilled off Following standard consumption pattern may be used to design the reservoir tank in this system Table 5 5 Consumption Pattern of Intermittent Inflow Continuous Supply Time Period Inflow Hours Water Consueipacn From To 5 00 AM 7 00 AM 0 25 0 7 00 AM 12 00 AM 2 9 35 0 12 00 A
75. 9 12 1 4 Solar Array Mounting Rack The mounting structure may be of fixed type or tracking type and wind resistance and safety must be considered for its operation A solar tracker is a special pole mounted solar array rack that tilts automatically to follow the daily path of the sun The daily water yield increases by 40 50 during summer but it becomes less effective in winter and cloudy weather 12 1 5 Orientation Setting of Tilt angle of the Solar Array In Nepal the photovoltaic array is usually tilted at 30 towards south Maximum performance can be achieved on tilting the photovoltaic array towards the sun Adjustment of the tilt angle can be done in both tracking and non tracking system where the optimum tilt angle is determined by the location latitude which also varies with the time of the year There may be three options L Year round compromise no seasonal adjustment Set the angle equal to the latitude of the location and a forget it This is practical because rb ap gt people often forget to adjust the array C II Seasonally adjusted On comparison to option I it increases the daily water production by about 896 Here the adjustment is to be done twice per year To Equator 305 Panel Surface Horizontal III Seasonal use only If the pump is to be used no more than half of the year set the array to the appropriate For most locations most sunlight is recewed on a
76. ANA IA1 S JUMUIA lol Ajroedeo CUZ IOANA IA1 S JUMO C 135 00 000 SZ 00 000 0T 00700008 00 000 L 00 00 L 00 00c T 00 00c 00000 0c 00 00 TET 001 001 001 001 001 001 e e 007000 cc 00 I IE 00 Svr ILI 00 Svr ILI 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 00 I 00 06 IS 00 S0r cc e 2 pli m EN HEN HM a EE um NEN Ml Lo Jor um _ NENNEN an E pg NEN 001 00000508 joor oo ooc joor ooost joor 00009 foot O000c foot o000r joor 000001 I 00 0S1 1199 9U8LI 00 001 007I 00 I 8 00I 001 O0L 88I oor eei oo foru foor ros oor TL 9LT m s ps ON wu ON DW eurer SununoJA 10 99 01g SINS ISAY Suruo1usrT Xoq yams JoOJd 19j AA yoryq pue pol o qe sales jjo uo YOUMS e qe doiq coos WA 9 qe pemouuy rw dung cz 0000 Nem spouued T p p p 00700Z I p po pc p po pi FL E Wa Wa Ws wa Ws jueuoduio Tejos q moa Sug wd SING Youed JO uOHEAEOXO 10 M A ZT SO ut Youd JO uoneAeoxo 10 M A uou n outdid ur Sur pue UOTJEA OXO UI omy 72 J99 gumuop AAAH J8xol guucdddH 9 J8xol gumugpdddH S J8xol guuceHdddH t J8xol gumuczdddH 136 O0 LC WL9 T m C 0000001 joor t at 00 000 0 O T O I g E 00 000 0
77. Cost Estimation In order to do the financial analysis of the project total cost of the project is to be known Total cost comprises of expenditures to be incurred in different components of the systems such as equipments construction transportation erection and commissioning etc In fact detail listing of the equipments and other items is to be prepared for costing Cost estimate report should contain all the component of PV pumping system civil and electro mechanical and presented in easily understandable format to all concerned authorities It should follow the standard practice of engineering and should not be customized by project wise or implementing organization wise For achieving the uniformity along all the organizations and keeping standard of the report it is advised to use the standard software or spreadsheet program across all the involved partners Here is the example of spreadsheet format meant for calculating the project cost quickly mostly useful for pre feasibility study task and efficiently It uses the costing of different components for a base year and base region base year is taken 2071 and base region is taken for center region and for another year and another region multiplies by some factor seeing their geographic hardship and market access COST INDEX It is simple to use and fast to the result This method is already practiced in other countries and organization like in India CPWD central public work department s
78. HR RaO Caled on Gallons indicated are B 40 m 133 Imperial Gallons E uS ta z E TRO 69 1520 HR 14 142 3130 HR M 200 4400 60 m 200 ft AROS 38 860 HR 04 56 1230 HR 07 8 6 1890 HRO 110 2420 80 m 266 ft ES 1450 78 1720 100 m 333 ft HR 04H 38 840 ARA ARON X 10 120 m 400 ft R 04H 4 990 KB T 9 140 m 466 ft Res popila aa AK NN 150 m 5 Tt Wire 16 mm 160 m 533 ft Wire 16 mr gesto terae iH 38 0 55 NE 70 HR 04H 34 750 d T Fon 449 4193 7548 0 HR 04 30 Fax 49 4193 7548 29 infogptorentz de www lorentz de HR 04H j 30 4 630 The calculations are based on Uni Solar US64 panels down in bore For battery powered pumping system Flow rates may vary plus minus 10 96 All systems are request data for 24 and 48 Volt flow chart Selected for optimum performance Each system can 170 m 566 ft to 230 m 750 ft use ETAPUMP HR handle an additional 15 96 in case of unexpected draw 03H ask agent for flow rates www lorentz de info lorentz de Rel 3 1 141 Annex XIII Sample Calculation Pumping System by LORENTZ for 40 m Discharge LORENTZ yd zi BERNT LORENTZ GmbH amp Co KG Krogerskoppel 7 D 24558 Henstedt Ulzburg www lorentz de Wednesday 06 August 2014 for Solar PV 20 m Head and Tel 449 0 4193 7548 0 Fax 49 0 4193 7548 29 into2012 lorentz de DESIGN 20M 40M3 Solar pumping project Param
79. I 00 000 0 O I 00 1 OT 007I ON 00 foor 1001 00 Tr 00 0S7 I 00 0 Z I 00 0S7 7 0001 00 WJ peo P Ien lN peo por oAeup c oor Ssa SUIUOISIUIUIO pu ZUNS OSY uone e1su oorooo se ovr fes 00 UCL 0 00 I8L Bid INN 007000 ST oo ooo se foot O01 FE EI 0 ee voors 137 Annex IX Working Pressure of G I Pipes IS 1239 Threaded Inner Diameter mm Thickness mm em m apes 40 Thickness mm Effective thickness Working Pressure mm m Inner Diameter mm Class Thickness mm Effective thickness Working Pressure mm m s o e 26 09 2 3m w st 36 ow m 3 wo 2 4m 25 4 3 i 39 a o a4 a e 3 a NOTE 1 Allowance equals the three groove as per American Standards 2 Formula used S PD 2T 2320 Mpa 3264 m of water 138 Annex X Head Loss Due to Friction in Galvanized Iron Pipes Per 100 Meters of Pipe Length m 037 030 0 62 073 Lo 1 27 LAT 68 230 300 380 470 ssf p sso ma sJ sof o so 6 80 ssf o e so e 9 930 o 2 1060 s e so 1160 Fas o e 1330 sof e 3e 1500 s e aso 1700 m S o 190 wu o 270 E SE s 3700 E SEL po x m L son x m 720 x J 60 L wp sp Es E a xp xs a or L LE LE 0 29 0 37 0 44 EN o o O23 3 I ow x n x
80. I A Case Study on Performance of Tracking and Non Tracking Solar PV Pumping System Annex III Tables for Calculation of Investment Costs and Feasibility Analysis 1 Investment Cost 2 Annual expenditure estimation 100 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 102 102 104 105 106 107 107 107 109 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 113 113 113 118 118 119 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 121 122 123 124 125 125 125 3 Cash Flow 4 Net Present Value 5 B C Ratio 6 Internal Rate of Return Annex IV Comparison of Solar and Diesel Pumping Systems Annex V Solartech PSD600 DC Solar Pump Annex VI Solartech 0 37 55kW AC Solar Pump Model List Annex VII Standard Wire Gauge Table Annex VIII Costing of PV Water Pumping System Including Civil Components Annex IX Working Pressure of G I Pipes IS 1239 Annex X Head Loss Due to Friction in Galvanized Iron Pipes Per 100 Meters of Pipe Length m Annex XI Equivalent Lengths of Valves Sudden Cross Sectional Changes and Bends m Annex XII Data Chart of Lorentz Solar Pump Annex XIII Sample Calculation for Solar PV Pumping System by LORENTZ for 20 m Head and 40 m Discharge Annex XIV Drawing of Sump Well Annex XV Protection of Solar Power System from Lightning by SOLARINSURE Annex XVI Example of Thrust Block Design Annex XVII Implementation Flow Chart for Community Based Solar PV Pumping Water Supply System 125 125 126 126 127 128 129 131 134
81. LLVZINVD2O LAOddANS dS AA HAWES HINVN HINHHOS puruia 4210A 211 21nduio oj j22uspp24dS p fo a dumxj 9 21901 56 8 1 2 RVT Design The size of the reservoir for a particular community water system is a function of the community s total demand the community s consumption patterns and the continuous demand flow CDF from the source to the reservoir tank RVT Among the above three parameters the second one i e the consumption pattern of the community varies drastically from one community to another since every consumers consumes the water as per their conveniences depending upon his her habits which further depends on season to season and other factors Hence the study of the consumption pattern is not practical to do on each and every new project site Therefore the following consumption pattern intermittent type is tacitly assumed for PV pumping systems However for a small community where there is less chance of misuse of water all the members of WSP system are much aware and preservation of water has been highly practiced CLOSED CONTINIOUS system can be designed and RVT design varies accordingly Service Reservoir Designed by two methods as discussed in previous pages a RVT Sizing in Intermittent Inflow Intermittent Outflow WS System SCHEME NAME Kattike WSP WARD DISTRICT LOCATION NO 4 5 6 VDC Sundarijal Kathmandu a Scheme Information a Reservoir Tank No 2 a 2 Served Standposts 5to 11 2
82. M a 3 Average Design Demand to be Supplied through Reservoir 0 050 i s 4325 000 l day a4 Available Minimum flow from Ihe Source Safe Yield Vs a5 Adjusted Optimized supply to Reservoir from Source 0 300 Vs 25920 0 Iday a Total Design Flows of all Standposts 0 700 b Reservoir tank sizing assuming Intermittent Inflow and Intermittent Outflow System Maximum Required supply hours based on Supply from Source 10 28 hours Maximum Required supply hours based on Demand 1 72 hours Adopted hours of Supply hours Recommended Supply Hours and Period First Shift 6 30 AM To 8 30 AM Second Shift 4 00 PM To 7 00 PM Time Periad Hours Cum inflow From To In Qut t Max Surplus Deficit 4500 H 450 cum Provide Reservoir Capacity of 500 cum c Recommended Reservoir Size Recommended Size for RVT 02 cum Time to Fill the RVT Hr 57 b RVT Sizing by Intermittent Inflow Continuous Outflow SCHEME NAME Kattike WSP WARD f DISTRICT LOCATION NO 4 5 6 VOC Sundarijal Kathmandu a Scheme Information gt a1 Reservoir Tank No 2 a2 Served Standposts Sto 11 a3 Average Design Demand to be Supplied through Reservoir 0 050 s 4325 000 l day a4 Available Minimum flow from the Source Safe Yield 2 000 Vs 85 Adjusted Oplimized supply to Reservoir from Source 0 300 Iis 25920 0 Vday a Total Design Flows of all Standposts 0 700 Vs b Reservoir tank sizing assuming Intermittent I
83. M 5 00 PM 5 20 0 5 00 PM 7 00 PM 0 20 0 7 00 PM 5 00 AM 0 0 0 5 2 12 Tap stand Tap stand is a structure visible to all It is more than just a water supply system structure Its A multi reservoir system water supply project has number of service reservoirs RVTs The settlements of the rural village generally are scattered in nature and it might not be possible to design should therefore command the whole area with a single RVT In conform closely to the such cases numbers of RVTs are located in social and cultural parallel so as to command the whole settlements aspirations of the with ease It has following features and advantage community The stand 1 Separate RVT for separate settlement post must be 2 It divides the project area in sub projects area 3 One sub project operation performance does not disturb the another others 4 The ownership feeling of villagers to sub appropriately located It must be aesthetically pleasant and robust The central pad of the stand NC project increases post should be made of 5 Operation and maintenance process gets masonry while cement easy concrete paving with 34 plastered surface would be desirable on the outside The drainage from the stand post should be taken away from it and safely disposed When it is not possible to easily drain away waste water appropriate soakage pit is provided The location of a stand post is governed by the population
84. Ras m i Carer pes rue Secr Dues Mase Secr eec zx pue gm J Co Xe E a Ee Ei BW e L s s x 7x x s p xs ao zm e em eg xm a xj A f 5464 519 222255 ETT E e xx own at 39 ox at at pres uscite po o J eg ma d d d aj em eme sm fan eUi en jo J ag eb G aj v lt ZJETE eo fm mg cwm x a d zi s s aon jassia ea je us 234 tw vj oW d o Gw ae xz ES Wee EpL ERE a Se sets ea ime Jes 2es lt d d ssss amse onesunkwwslirBNS ta ae EE 153 7 d ae voa panjunan M 58 b Auto level Survey Calculation Profile survey concept is given in detail in article 6 1 1 here only the presentation of data in systematic way is shown It should be noted that Auto level survey work should only be conducted or feasible where the project area is relatively less distance from road head less transportation and utmost accuracy is desired like in case of transmission line of project If the project is lies in remote place it is cumbersome to carry the auto level Data acquired by abney is in acceptable range if done with proper care accuracy checking is done before start and after completing of each day of survey foresight and back sight reading in every station Following table shows the systematic recording and computation of Auto level survey KORDA Dae menm Lei A i p 8 eem o1 ad 2s aj oa aj 0D a
85. Required quantity of bleaching powder per day 0 020kg 0 25 0 080 kg 0 080 1000gm 80gm 43 Feasibility Survey Procedure Objective After completion of this chapter participant will be Familiarize with the essential techniques of feasibility survey of WSPs head measurement discharge measurement Computing total demand of community and comparing measured discharge vs demand discharge Deciding the feasible or unfeasible WSPs Obtaining essential social data Time 1 hrs Lesson 6 1 Head measurement with minor instrument l hrs Lesson 6 2 Discharge measurement 1 2 hrs Feasibility survey is very first step In any project to decide whether the project should considered for further consideration or not Source yield head measurement tentative and community interest into probable water supply project is sought in the feasibility survey Tools and Techniques involved in feasibility survey are discussed here in further details 6 1 Head Calculation GPS and minor instrument handling GPS The Global Positioning System GPS is a space based satellite navigation system that provides location and time Navigation Screen information in all weather StreetPilot ili conditions anywhere on Fig 6 1 GPS Hand Receiver or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites Essentially the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with th
86. Solar photovoltaic water pumping lt Alternative Energy Promotion Centre AEPC Alternative Energy Promotion Centre AEPC Training Manual on Solar PV Pumping System Prepared by GRID Nepal in joint venture with Center for Energy Studies Institute of Engineering TU September 2014 Government of Nepal Ministry of Science Technology and Environment MoSTE Alternative Energy Promotion Centre AEPC Khumultar Height Lalitpur P O Box 14237 Kathmandu Nepal Tel 977 1 5543044 5539391 Fax 977 1 5539392 Website www aepc gov np Authors Prof Dr Jagan Nath Shrestha Dr Ajay Kumar Jha Er Rajendra Karki Reviewers Pankaj Kumar Programme Officer AEPC RE Source Chaitanya P Chaudhary Programme Officer NRREP SESC Sundar B Khadka AEPC NRREP SESC Niraj Rajaure Programme Consultant AEPC RE Source Printing Support Renewable Energy Source RE Source Acknowledgement This Training Manual for Solar PV Pumping System is the outcome of commendable efforts made by Prof Dr Jagan Nath Shrestha Team Leader GRID Nepal JV IOE CES Dr Ajay Kumar Jha and Er Rajendra Karki We along with the team of the authors wish to express sincere thanks to Alternative Energy Promotion Center AEPC SESC and RE Source We would like to thank specially Mr Ram Prasad Dhital Executive Director AEPC Mr Rudra Khanal Coordinator AEPC RE Source Mr Chaitanya P Chaudhary Programme Officer NRREP SESC Mr S
87. adow free light It only takes a small shadow to stop it Is it oriented properly toward the south and tilted at the proper angle Be sure you have the right pump for the total lift that is required out of the well up the hill In the case of a pressurizing system the pressure head is equivalent to additional lift 1 PSI 2 31 feet 1 bar 10 m Be sure all wire and pipe runs are sized adequately for the distance Inspect and test the solar array circuit and the controller output as above Write down the measurements There may be a leak in the pipe from the pump Open a pipe connection and observe the water level Look again later to see if it has leaked down There should be little or no leakage over a period of hours Measure the pump current and compare it with the table in the previous 116 Dn dm D OOO section There is a max RPM adjustment in the controller It may have been set to reduce the flow as low as 50 Has the flow decreased over time Is the AC motor current lower than normal The pump end pumping mechanism may be worn from too much abrasive particles sand or clay in the water Is the AC motor current higher than normal Does not start easily in low light This is likely to be related to dirt in the pump and or pipe Look in the water tank or pipes to see if sediment has been accumulating Run the pump in a bucket to observe Remove the pipe from the pump outlet check valve and see if sand or
88. al feasibility of the project What will happen internal rate of return if the project cost increases than earlier estimate In such situation the estimated IRR goes down and IRR will then be less than market rate of interest Then the project will be risky Thus it is recommended to do sensitivity analysis before investing for a project 121 References 1 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 26 A Guideline for Designing Pumping Station of Drinking Water Supply Scheme Government of Nepal Department of Water Supply and Sewerage 2002 Comparison of Solar and Diesel Pumping Systems Shenxhen Solartech Renewable Energy Co Ltd Data Chart of Lorentz Solar Pump www lorentz de 2014 08 04 Design Guidelines for Community Based Gravity Flow Rural Water Supply Schemes volume II Design Criteria Government of Nepal Department of Water Supply and Sewerage 2002 Guidelines Gravity Water Supply System Survey Design and Estimate Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund Development Board RWSSFDB 2006 http d lightpower com Surfacepump html 2014 07 06 http www aurore in 2014 08 01 http www citel com http www lightning org 2014 08 03 http www unwater org statistics statistics detail en c 211801 2014 07 15 http www worldwildlife org habitats freshwaters 2014 07 25 Irrigation Reference Manual Peace Corps 1994 Lorentzn Compass 3 0 10 77 www lorentz de 2014 08 13
89. am Detailing of household population and education status of the community should be interviewed and recorded in the prescribed format at the time of survey by social professional and analyzed and presented elegantly in the final report A part form present water supply situation economic condition of the villagers and accessibility to different infrastructures of the villagers also should be included in the report Supervision Monitoring amp Evaluation Plan and Periodic Progress Report How the project progress will be kept in track what are the inputs and outputs in definite time interval should be well defined in advance during project development phase This plan should be made at project level at community and should be attached in the project report For achieving this Community Action Plan CAP can be the best tool CAP should well define the positions like a What is the work b Where the work is to be executed c When the work is to be executed d Who will be the responsible for that e How the work will be executed A part from that the project plan for internal and external supervision and monitoring should be well defined It should include detail plan of supervision who when and how monitoring at community level and external and evaluation of final output and liquidation of the project 9 4 3 Community Training Records Training like any other activities in a project is meant to help in smoth effective a
90. amage PV modules and inverters controllers This can have serious consequences for the operation of the system A surge protector performs well for expensive equipment However when comes the protection of large equipment that work under high voltage surge arresters are best Surge arresters are less expensive compared to surge protectors The use of surge protectors has been increasing rapidly This is because of its features and higher capability of protecting expensive equipment from surges Size and type of surge protection to be used with PV system depend upon size of PV array maximum Iscstc number of strings max voltage Vocstc MC connectors and 104 ca Ma SURGETEK Fig 13 1 Surge Protectors fuse protections and protective fuses both is AC and DC sides As an example PV surge protection panel system as refered by CITEL French company is given below Table 13 1 PV Surge Protection Panels m Voltage V Cunami No of strings surge Device CITEL DC protection SPV 50 600 3ST CPV 50 1000 3ST ea 6 CPV 50 800 6S T 0 5 CPV 50 800013ST 13 3 Additional Lightning Protection The controller has built in surge protection devices However additional grounding measures or surge protection devices are recommended under any of the following conditions 1 Isolated location on high ground in a severe lightning area 2 Dry rocky or otherwise poorly conductive soil 3 Long wire run more than 100 feet 30m f
91. ar PV pumping system and provide training to 20 Energy and Environment Officer EEO and planning officer of District Development Committee DDC This volume of Training Manual in Solar Water Pumping System consists of technical details required for feasibility study designing and implementation of institutional Solar Water Pumping Systems The manual is with adequate information and guidelines to be used in training for engineers working in solar PV or for those interested to work in this sector Authors team headed by Prof Dr Jagan Nath Shrestha Dr Ajay Kumar Jha and Er Rajendra Karki have put their significant effort in preparing this manual and I would like to acknowledge their effort in this endeavor I would like to thank Mr Rudra Pd Khanal AEPC RE Source Coordinator Mr Pankaj Kumar Programme Officer Mr Chaitanya P Chaudhary Programme Officer NRREP SESC Mr Niraj Rajaure Programme Consultant and entire RE Source family and SESC for their cooperation in preparing this manual I further would like to acknowledge the support of GRID Nepal and CES IOE and all who provided the valuable suggestions to complete this manual We are also thankful to all those who helped us directly or indirectly in preparing this training manual on Solar Water Pumping System Ram Prasad Dhital Executive Director Alternative Energy Promotion Centre AEPC September 2014 Abbreviations DD Two Dimensions AC Alternating Curr
92. ard to the concerning line agencies 9 2 Pre feasibility feasibility study Report The pre feasibility feasibility report should contain the following information I II III IV V VI VII Delineation of project area Household and Population to be served Present water supply situation in the proposed area Water demand present and future Measured and estimated safe yield of source Layout plan with tentative location of different components with approx elevations of source and proposed service reservoir tentative pumping head Tentative Pipe Length source to service reservoir and distribution line VIII Willingness to pay for the project contribution upfront capital contribution IX X XI XII and O amp M cost by users and other kind contribution No source dispute guarantee from VDC Availability of local materials like sand stone wood skilled and unskilled labor Tentative project cost Costing module for feasibility study is given the following chapter The feasibility study report of a scheme should clearly state the viability of the project in terms of technical social and economical aspects Thus the report will contain tentative technical design and cost estimates of the schemes The base line information on socio economic health hygiene and sanitation status should be recorded so that these data could be 71 compared later to monitor and evaluate the project benefits 9 3 Registrat
93. arply even in developing countries One fourth of the world population depends on underground water In most rural areas water scarcity is even prominent In practice a significant amount of water is being pumped out either from underground source rivers lakes or springs etc Nepal is not an exception A significant number of people in all three geographic regions of Nepal are facing scarcity of potable water resulting in undesirable water borne diseases Among various alternatives one of potential way to avail water is to pump water from appropriate sources using available electrical energy In areas where national grid is not available and no other economic alternatives exist Photovoltaic Water Pumping System PVWPS could be sustainable technology for rural drinking water and other uses Due to high initial investment such system seems relatively expensive Therefore optimum designing of PVWPS needs critical engineering considerations Apart from this socio economic analysis is a must to justify the application of chosen PVWPS in a given location for given conditions 1 4 Photovoltaic Technology Photovoltaic technology is a method of exploiting electrical power from photons bunch of light particles in the form of solar radiation Insolation is the total energy received from the sun in a day in a unit surface area on the earth The unit of insolation is Kilowatt hour per sq meter per day For Nepal the yearly average insolation can b
94. array to standard AC power similar to that supplied by utilities In general all system control functions are integrated into the inverter An inverter is selected based on surge capability continuous power output efficiency voltage regulation total harmonic distortion waveform and serviceability 98 12 Testing and commissioning procedure of Solar PV pumping system Objectives To give detail information regarding care to be taken while installation of various electromechanical components of the solar PV pumping system Time 20 min Lesson 12 1 Installing solar array 10 min Lesson 12 2 Electrical Installation 10 min 12 1 Installing the Solar PV Array 12 1 1 Location of the Solar PV Array A location with an unrestricted sun exposure through the day and through the year needs to be chosen as full exposure of the solar array is critical for full performance of a solar direct system The fuel to drive the solar pump is the sunlight The array can be placed several tens of meters or more from the wellhead water source No loss of performance will occur if the electrical wire is sized properly but the cost of wire will increase significantly 12 1 2 Shading The pump stops completely on shading a small portion of a PV array Each PV module panel contains a series of solar cells typically 36 or 72 cells The cell that is shaded acts like a resistor and thus reduces the output of the entire array The power will be reduced disp
95. at given in the article 5 3 in previous chapter and that can be presented in the simple spreadsheet format for the sake of simplification Please refer the table 2 8 for the format The amount of water required for a rural community depends on factors like the economic level of the community their consciousness and other physical and social aspects In case of a bazaar the demand would be higher due to commercial activities and the transient population In solar PV Systems following water demand purposes should be fulfilled 54 Domestic Demand drinking bathing utensils washing and cooking etc Institutional Demand school health post and VDC building etc Requirement for livestock and poultry drinking purposes for poultry farm e Likely wastage amongst all users allowance for wastage some percent may be added All these demands are discussed earlier in detail here we are going to place these demands in simple spreadsheet format for detail calculation purpose 55 puejsde euonrpp oprAoJd sd 7 0 Uey 1943313 st mop JI pu sd 1 0 o pojsnfpe uooq sey y Udy sd 1 0 uet sso SI op JI Sd 0 0 1s re u 03 JJO Surpuno1 Aq MOY yeod oui 107 pojsnfpe usoq sey moja dey usIsaq Z pojdope uooq sey jo 10938 xeod ALON 0L CE orl cro 00 TUO OSbL 0 0061 0 061 0666 SET 181 81 8c BIOL puro
96. ation of sand is most important in this structure and given in table below Table 10 1 Guidelines on size and length of filter material for different types of water Type of Solid Filtration Rate Gravel sizes of s Vf different Fractions boa 16 24mm Settle able Solids 0 6 1 m h 12 18mm 200 400cm 8 12mm 83 12 18mm Suspended Solids 4 0 8m h 8 12mm 100 300cm 4 8mm 8 12mm Plankton algae 0 3 0 5m h 4 8mm 50 150cm 2 4mm River bed gravels are found to be best for the HRF filter media if not found filter materials as expected the values given above should not be taken too rigid Gravel from quarry can also be sieved through meshes or perforated steel plates used as sieves The filter media used for roughing filters has to be clean and free from organic material It is therefore important to wash the aggregates thoroughly in order to remove all loose and dirty material from the surface of the filter media If this recommendation is not followed the effluent quality of the roughing filter will be poor and result in rapid clogging of the filter The total area of the open joints in separation walls should ideally amount to 20 to 30 of the total filter cross section and be equally distributed over the entire cross section to maintain an even flow throughout the horizontal flow roughing filter 84 11 Water Pumping System Design Objectives To give detail knowl
97. aximize the pipe sizes used while minimizing the costs of the pipe As pipe sizes are increased the system head loss due to friction is decreased The size of the suction and discharge piping should be at least the size of the pump connections Suction pipe should be one 1 to two 2 size larger than the pump connection never smaller A reducer can be used to in the suction line to allow for the suction pipe that is oversized The overall design of the piping system should be as straight and as short as possible with a minimal about of bends or turns in the system Sudden changes in pipe diameter will cause turbulence and head loss in a system and therefore should be avoided A velocity of 2 1 to 6 8 meters per second is recommended with a preference of the flow to below 4 8 meters per second Velocities of more than 10 2 meters per second should be avoided The larger pipe will also assist with the increase of the NPSH available and reduce pressure losses due to friction The piping configuration and fittings on the suction must be closely considered to minimize friction losses Any unnecessary fittings valves or accessory items should not be designed or installed in the pump suction piping A straight length of 4 to 10 pipe diameters should be designed into the suction piping prior to the pump suction connection If this length is not possible the use of straightening vanes or diffusers can be installed to ensure uniform flow 5 2
98. cted in common with the metal enclosures of both the controller and the junction box Ground connections can be made to any of these points Ground connections to aluminum This applies to connections at the solar array 103 framework and at the controller s enclosure box Connections to aluminum must be made using terminal lugs that have an aluminum to copper rating labeled AL CU and stainless steel fasteners This will reduce the potential for corrosion Do not ground the positive or the negative of the power circuit The best lightning protection results from grounding the metallic structure only and leaving the power system ungrounded This is called a floating system With a floating system and a good structural ground lightning induced surges tend to reach ground through the structure instead of the power circuit When high voltage is induced in the power circuit the voltage in negative and the positive sides tend to be nearly equal thus the voltage between the two is not so high and not usually destructive This method has been favored for many decades by most engineers in the remote power and telecommunications fields Solar array wiring Bind the array wires close together or use multi wire cable Avoid forming loops This helps induced voltages in each side of the circuit to equalize and cancel each other out Wire twisting for long runs Twisting wires together tends to equalize the voltage induced by lightning It r
99. ctive AC loads apparent power is higher than the real power Ampacity of the wire need to be higher 11 4 2 2 Voltage Drop Based Sizing For the wire to be used in low voltage high current applications voltage drop across the wire is another important factor to consider All conductors have some small resistance which causes a loss of voltage in a circuit depending on the size and length of the wire The specific value of voltage drop voltage factor for given wire size is expressed in terms of volt meter The voltage drop in wires causes less voltage applied to the load from array Less charging voltage means less energy stored and less voltage at load means unstable operation of the load Therefore the national standards specify the maximum allowable voltage drop in each segment of the wire The selected wire may meet the Ampacity requirements but may not be suitable with regards to the allowable voltage drop The Nepal Interim PV Quality Assurance NIPQA has specified the following level of voltage drop V in each wire segment Less than 596 between CR and loads Less than 3 between array and CR and CR to inverter The voltage drop in each wire segment can be calculated using the following formula AV Max current flowing through the wire x Wire length both way X Voltage factor NIPQA has specified the formula for determining the wire size in sq mm based on both Ampacity and voltage drop requirements S 0 3 LIm AV Where
100. d corrosion use only approved hardware for making connections to ground rods Use copper split bolts to splice ground wires reliably Grounding Power Circuits For building wiring the NEC requires one side of a DC power system to be connected or bonded to ground The AC portion of such a system must also be grounded in the conventional manner of any grid connected system This is true in the United States In other countries ungrounded power circuits are the norm Grounding the power system is required for a modern home system in the United States It is essential that the DC negative and the AC neutral are bonded to ground at only one point in their respective systems and both to the same point in the grounding system This is done at the central power panel Producers of some single purpose stand alone systems like solar water pumps and radio repeaters recommend not grounding the power circuit Refer to the manufacturer s instructions for specific recommendations Array Wiring amp Twisted Pair Technique Array wiring should use minimum lengths of wire tucked into the metal framework Positive and negative wires should be of equal length and be run together whenever possible This will minimize induction of excessive voltage between the conductors Metal conduit grounded also adds a layer of protection Bury long outdoor wire runs instead of running them overhead A wire run of 100 feet 30 m or more is like an antenna it
101. d 2er a 140 aj axe aj oxD E SEEI aj om These data when mae properly should be plotted to note the important points for pipeline design Once the pipeline ground profile drawing is over designer will be in easy position to process design further There are plenty of freeware and paid versions of longitudinal profile drawing applications Free WSP by Softwell in one of them in the market those can be used for the purpose If those software are not available in time simple MS Excel line draw chart functionality can be used to visualize the longitudinal profile in paper Below is the example of longitudinal profile of ground section 3050 0 3040 0 30300 iater Existing GL Level m Tap1 Chainage Km 0405000 43043 043 0421000 43040718 0427000 43039076 0433500 43039471 O438500 43038213 Fig 8 1 Ground Profile of Pipeline 59 8 1 4 Pipeline Design Pipeline design is the final step to complete the WSP design process It consists of choosing the appropriate type HDPE GI DI and size of the pipe used in the different section of the system The pipeline transfers water from the source to the service area Pipelines require high investment outlay and hence careful consideration is necessary for its design Choosing its alignment size and material therefore calls for utmost caution Proper selection of pipe alignment route is essential to ensure that the pipeline is laid throu
102. d it must be registered in this card This card must be accessible all the time at the site 14 1 6 Monitoring and Evaluation of Installed water pumps The purpose of Monitoring and Evaluation M amp E is to make sure that the system works properly and satisfy the users as foreseen in the design phase 110 14 2 and in the long run it becomes sustainable Monitoring and evaluations of installed pumps should be carried out after one month of complete and successful installation to answer the following questions Is the system performing as per the specification of supplier this may include parameters like discharge of water at specified total dynamic head ambient temperature and insolation Has the system brought positive social changes in the area e Have the suggestions and comments of users group been incorporated Have the users paid back the loan component in time if any The same procedure mentioned above should be repeated after six months twelve months after a complete successful installation Then after monitoring and evaluation be carried out once every six months Trouble Shooting Well designed well installed and well maintained solar PV systems are reliable and can have a long trouble free life but sooner or later there will be a failure The process of finding the cause ofthe failure is called troubleshooting The process of making the system work properly again is called repair 14 2 1 Types of Syst
103. d modules to get required system voltage can be calculated by N Nominal system voltage nominal module voltage N 48 12 4 Finally the total number of modules can be determined by N N xN N 3x4 12 The array consists of 12 PV modules with 4 in series and 3 strings in parallel Example 3 Nowadays there are various software developed by manufacturers of sophisticated PV based water pumping systems One needs to mention location with solar insolation value the total head needed including frictional losses and total volume of water needed per day The detail solution related to PV based water pumping system using software LORENTZ COMPASS 3 0 10 77 for insolation of 4 5 kWh m day total head 20m and volume of water required 40 m day is given in Annex XIII 11 4 Wire Sizing Wire sizing is the selection of the wires of appropriate size and type It is one of the critical aspects of Solar Pumping system design In fact it is important to choose proper size wire in Solar Pumping system to ensure safe operation and minimize voltage as well as power losses 95 11 4 1 Size and Types of Wires Wires can be solid or stranded bare or insulated ordinary PVC insulated or with UV protection type insulation Solid wire consists of a single wire of required cross sectional area whereas stranded wires are made of multiple numbers of wires of smaller cross sectional area Often AC house wiring is done with solid wire or stranded wir
104. density and by the settlement pattern In areas having low population density a stand post may be needed to serve only a few houses The provision of a stand post may be determined by the following two factors a Maximum desirable walking distance to fetch water and b The number of people who are supplied water conveniently The number of people to be served by a stand post is also determined by the tap flow rate A stand post should serve a maximum 100 users The following stand post location criteria based on water carrying distance should be used as a reference Table 5 6 Maximum Distance of Stand Post Location from Users Service Level Walking Distance Desirable In Exceptional Cases Horizontal 150m 250m Vertical 50m 80m The criteria for locating stand posts should be clearly explained to the users who should decide the sites Often the location of a stand post is influenced by certain groups It can be avoided by selecting a location which would be acceptable to all the users To avoid complications the following guidelines should be followed in locating a stand post e Accessible to all users all the time Not located within a house or court yard fthe location is likely to create friction the villagers should be persuaded to choose an alternate location e Located where waste water is drained away easily In some cases few houses may exist along the transmission main route These users
105. dicate a failure of the electronics Look for burnt wires bits of black debris and any other signs of lightning damage Open the junction box Is the power in switch turned on Pull on the wires to see if any of them have come loose Inspect the grounding wires and connections Most controller failures are caused by an induced surge from nearby lightning where the system is not effectively grounded Ground connections must be properly made and free of corrosion Check the low water probe system If the controller indicates Source low when the pump is in the water inspect the low water probe system The probe is mounted on or near the pump If inspection is not feasible it can be bypassed the probe or test it electrically If the probe is not being used there must be a wire between terminals 1 and 2 The probe is a cylindrical plastic device mounted on or near the pump It contains a small float on a vertical shaft The float must be able to move up to indicate that it is submerged and down to indicate that it is dry The probe must be positioned vertically within about 10 The probe or a probe wire may be broken Inspect the wires for damage Does the pump run when the probe is out of the water This can happen if the float in the probe is stuck In surface water this can happen from algae a snail or other debris Check the full tank float switch If the controller indicates tank full when the storage tank is not full
106. e TOR steel rod exhibiting brown in color No any deformation other than factory made shape No oil or grease stacked on its surface and surface should show clear not attacked by the corrosion 74 Cement Ordinary Portland cement is used for mortar The cement which is already set and hard should not be used Cement should be screened if some small particles are mixed All the cement should be stored in dry store till it is used If the cement used is damaged or inferior in quality the structure may leak or damage So cement should be checked property Sand Sand should be clean It should be free from organic and chemical matters which makes mortar weak For e g there should not be Clay Lime amp Mica Adopting bottle test method should check the quality of sand If the sand is found to be inappropriate due to quality then it should be collected from another place Don t use the sand of landslide area or also don t use very fine sand because it won t produce good mortar The Ferro cement tank should not be built where the good quality sand is not available Water The water should be fresh and free from silt and decomposed waste materials The strong and durable mortar needs clean water As the water requirement is high for the construction of Ferro cement tank there should be well management of sufficient supply of water For this purpose the pipe may be laid from the Source to RVT 10 3 Construction Methods Mixing of Morta
107. e a valve is closed upstream of the air valve 5 3 4 Washout WO Washout is a structure provided to get rid of the accumulated sediment in the pipeline that has been filled up due course of time while its operation This structure is located at the lowest elevation along the longitudinal profile of the pipeline alignment Normally WO might not require locating in the PV Pumping Projects The water is pre treated at horizontal roughing filter and pumped to service reservoir so there is less chance to have sediment in the water after service reservoir There is no need of have WO in the transmission line of PV Pumping projects If WO is felt to require in the distribution line should be located at the deepest point along the pipeline alignment and analyzed properly whether there is possibility of accumulating the sediment along the route 5 3 5 Support Pillars and Thrust Blocks Transmission line or distribution line if there is chance of pipeline to be passed from or above of the ground there is every chance that pipe is vandalized and broken ultimately These pipes should be properly secured in position and do not get swing in any circumstances HDPE pipe should always be buried under ground but GI should pipe should not be So this situation is mostly in case of GI and in Fig 5 18 Plan of Thrust Block transmission line in PV pumping systems The masonry structure built to support the pipeline is called support pillars
108. e controller with reverse polarity No lights will show on the controller This will not cause damage Test the motor circuit resistance test with power off make this test if there is proper voltage at the controller input but the motor does not run It will confirm the condition of the entire motor circuit including the motor pump cable and splice Test the running current of the motor circuit AC amps this is one of the most useful trouble shooting techniques because it indicates the force torque that the motor is applying to the pump For greatest ease use a clamp on ammeter available from local electrical equipment suppliers It allows to measure current without breaking connections The current stays nearly constant as voltage and speed vary The measurements may vary by as much as 10 and more if temperature is out of the normal range Comparing the reading with the standards provided by manufacturers this will indicate whether the workload on the motor is normal for the lift it is producing Future changes may indicate pump wear or change in the level of the water source Higher current especially pump overload light may indicate The pump may be handling excessive sediment sand clay The total dynamic head vertical lift plus pipe friction may be higher than expected it is There may be an obstruction to the water flow sediment in the pipe ice in the pipe a crushed pipe or a partially closed valve Is there a float
109. e etc e Pipe installation loss which is caused when the design flow rate passes through the pipe within the stand post structure Safety head to provide safety against survey inaccuracies For public tap stand post following Residual head has been recommended 69 Table 8 7 Residual Head Structure Residual Head m Stand post ideal 5 10 acceptable up to 15 BPCs and Storage Tanks 10 15 If the residual head exceeds the specified values at the stand post the excess head over the minimum required should be controlled by installation of a ferrule at the main line or an orifice near the stand post or a flow regulating key at the stand post Used in Western Development Region If the residual head is high excess head should be burned off by installing an orifice plate If water supply system is to be designed for household connections too following minimum residual head is desired to maintain at connections points generally ferrule point Single storey building 5m Twocstorey building 10m Three storey building 15m Design of Orifice There may be points in a system where the residual head at a discharge point is excessively high This can particularly happen to tap stands For such cases it is possible to install a device orifice which creates high frictional losses in only a short length of pipeline Design of such orifice can be done by this formula Q CAJ2gh Where Q flow C Coeffic
110. e sites and larger installations These durable units offer robust protection and compatibility with a wide variety of system voltages Some devices have indicators to display failure modes Lightning Rods Lightning rods are static discharge devices that are placed above buildings and solar electric arrays and connected to ground They are meant to prevent the buildup of static charge and eventual ionization of the surrounding atmosphere They can help prevent a strike and can provide a path for very high current to ground if a strike does occur Modern devices are spike shaped often with multiple points Lighting rods are typically only used at sites that experience extreme electrical storms If you think your site falls into this category hire a contractor who has experience in lightning 152 protection If your system installer is not so qualified consider consulting with a lightning protection specialist before the system is installed If possible select a North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners NABCEP certified PV installer see Access Although this certification isn t specific to lightning protection it can be an indication of an installer s level of overall competence Out of Sight Not Out of Mind A lot of lightning protection work is buried and out of sight To help ensure that it gets done correctly write it into your contract s with your system installer electrician excavator plumber well driller
111. e taken around 4 5 to 5 5 KWh m day AEPC 2003 The PV system comprises of systematic arrangement of components designed for the purpose of supplying usable electric power for a variety of applications harnessing the power from the sun Photovoltaic power capacity is measured in watts peak Wp Solar power is pollution free during its use The conversion principle of the photon into solar electricity is based on photovoltaic effect When the PV modules are exposed to sunlight they generate direct current DC An inverter then converts the DC into alternating current AC Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells In fact individual PV cells are interconnected to form a PV module This takes the form of a panel for easy installation Solar array is a group of similar modules connected in series and parallel to increase the power delivered by the PV system Series connection of modules increases the final array voltage whereas parallel connection of modules increases the output current keeping the voltage level as a single module A small PV system has capability to power a single home or even an isolated AC or DC based device Solar PV systems can be classified based on the end use application ofthe technology There are two main types of solar PV systems grid connected or grid tied and off grid or stand alone solar PV systems Off grid solar PV systems are applicable for areas without utility grid
112. e time it was received The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is The receiver can determine the user s position and display it on the unit s electronic map A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position latitude and longitude and track movement GPS can advantageously be used to locate any point in the earth with reference to any datum line Nevertheless the height altitude given by the GPS is not of much accurate despite from differential GPS so it should not much rely on Its work thus limited to the feasibility purpose only WGS 1984 system setup in GPS Menu gt gt Setup gt gt Enter gt gt Time i Time format 24 hr ii Time zone Other iii UTC Offset 5 45hrs Units i Position Format hddd dddd ii Map Datum WGS 84 iii Units Metric iv 44 North Ref True v Angle Degrees Altimeter For very rough idea of the altitude of any point altimeter can be advantageously used This is a hand held instrument working in the concept of barometric pressure If gt o more pr cised barometric altimeter used for the purpose it Se can be more accurate and reliable then the GPS altimeter As z barometric pressure changes with the weather surveyors 7 5 AST must periodically recalibrate their altimeters when they reach pns a known altitude such as a trail junction or peak marked on Fig 6 2 Altimeter a topographical map It directly give
113. ed Aquifer outcrop of Aquifers by x Well d t Precipitation groun Water Flowing on to the artisan k ee ground surface and flowing in the ground naturally Spring water as 1t comes out from the earth is best water for the drinking purposes but they yield much less in quantity For small villages and towns these are the best source of supply They should be well preserved while using for water supply systems The yield of sources whether it is surface or sub surface greatly depends upon the hydrological cycle or monsoon in the region reader are encouraged to go through other materials for hydrological cycle the detail of which is beyond the scope of this manual and geological features of the area above all source of water is rain for all the water sources Fig 4 1 Surface and Sub surface water sources and its occurrences on the earth River Streams These are the cumulative collection of small springs and rivulets from long run catchment Since any river or stream run through different places along its progress they derive contents from those sources during its course Though there is self purification of stream rivers see BOD of river for further readings takes place during its run but it requires certain parameters to satisfy So while choosing the river stream as water supply system proper care should be taken like preservation of catchment environment in and around the source Appropriate 18 treatment mechanism sho
114. edge on designing and selection of various electromechanical components of Solar PV Pumping System with the help of figures charts and workout examples Time 1 hour and 45 min Lesson 11 1 Water pumping system design 5 min Lesson 11 2 General approach for designing 10 min Lesson11 3 Directly coupled and battery powered system 5 min Lesson 11 4 General approach for designing 1 hour Lesson 11 5 Wire sizing 15 min Lesson 11 6 Tracking and non tracking system 10 min 11 1 Introduction PV powered water pumping has versatile applications ranging from residential use agricultural sector to small scale industrial purposes The design of each system poses ample challenges due to complications that arise due to the large range of water sources consumer requirements and system configurations However a close scrutiny and consideration of modifying parameters for each condition solve the problems related to design aspects The basic design principles are given here with some worked out examples at the end 11 1 1 Basic Steps in System Design Designing a PV water pumping system has two very important aspects a Selection of the most suitable system component types this is crucial in providing a low maintenance long life system of reliability b Matching of system components this is a difficult area requiring considerable know how and expertise and will ultimately be responsible for the performance of the system wit
115. educes the voltage differential between the wires This reduces the probability of damage This method is employed in telephone cable and in many other applications Some power cables are made with twisted conductors To twist wires one can alternate the direction of the twist about every 30 feet 10 m This makes the job much easier Float switch cable A long run of control cable to a float switch in the storage tank can pick up damaging surges from nearby lightning The best protection is to use shielded twisted pair cable Shielded cable has a metallic foil or braid surrounding the two wires Low water probe cable A long horizontal run of wire to the low water probe at the pump can pick up damaging surges from nearby lightning Wire twisting is helpful The best protection is to use shielded and twisted pair cable This product is suitable for direct burial but not for submersion in the well At the wellhead make a transition to submersible probe wires 13 2 Surge Protectors Surge Arresters The solar PV pumping system needs effective lightning and surge protection Due to open area and large space requirement solar PV pumping system is especially threatened by lightning discharges during thunderstorms Causes for surges in the PV systems are inductive or capacitive voltages deriving from lightning discharges as well as lightning surges and switching operations in the upstream power supply system Lightning surges in the PV system can d
116. eeing our situation different from them this method advantageously can be utilized for costing of projects in feasibility stage by an organization The costing of equipments should be based upon quotation received from companies The investment cost and annual expenditure estimation formats are presented in Annex III It is necessary to project the income as well as expenditure to be incurred for the period of next 10 years after commissioning of the project The expenditure should include the salaries of directly involved people The expenditure is to be divided at least into two broad headings investment cost and operational cost 118 Problem In a PVPS project Annual Income Rs 418 800 Water charges for drinking Rs 418 000 Annual Expenditure Rs 375 983 Annual discount Rs 109 633 Annual interest Rs 152 950 Annual salary Rs 24 000 Annual maintenance Rs 87 400 Contingencies Rs 2 000 Profit Rs 42 817 Profit Annual Income Annual Expenditure Rs 418 800 Rs 375 983 Rs 42 817 15 2 Feasibility Analysis It is done with the study of cash flow analysis and finding of payback period net present value and internal rate of return and B C ratio etc The cash flow format is presented in Annex III 15 2 1 Simple Payback Period Simple Payback Period Initial Cost Uniform annual benefit The payback period should be used as a screening method only It reflects liquidity not the profitability of project Problem The est
117. em Failure There are three types of solar PV system failure Each type of system failure has a different cause and troubleshooting methods are different Failure type 1 The system stops working entirely None of the appliances work Failure type 2 Some appliances work normally others do not Failure type 3 The system works but runs out of power too quickly Each type of system failure has a different cause and troubleshooting methods are different 14 2 1 1 Failure type 1 Total system If the system fails completely the reason is usually a broken wire poor connection or controller failure The problem is to isolate the fault in the system 1 Fuse or circuit breaker problem Make sure that all appliances are switched off Check any fuse or circuit breaker in the panel to the whole circuit Corrective action Disconnect the loads at the controller If the fuse is blown replace it with the correct type and ampere capacity of fuse If the circuit breaker is tripped turn it back on If the fuse or circuit breaker blows again there is a problem with the wiring between the panel or with the controller Continue with this checklist If the fuse or circuit breaker does not blow reconnect the load and turn the appliances on If the fuse or circuit breaker blows again there is a short in the appliance wiring or in an appliance 111 Faulty panel or panel wiring Disconnect the leads to the panel terminals of the charge contro
118. ent O AWG AmercalWieGauge S O BC BenefitCost BPC Break Pressure Chamber O BPT jBreakPresureTank y O BWG BiminghmWire gauge j C Alternating Current G Americal Wire Gauge C C T G SET Cr PCmthon District Energy Environment and Climate Change Unit T S UI DP GL H RF B B B B C C C C C C C DI Duciilelron IDT Distribution Tank District Water Resources Committee F F errocement Galvanized Iron Global Positioning System FOO Geo GPS GU Graphical Users Interface HDP High Density Polyethylene HL Hydraulic Grade Line Households HP Horsepower HRF Horizontal Roughing Filter Institute of Engineering Short Circuit Current at Standard Test Condition istribution Tank D W P P W A A B D D E I I C I P P 2 A A D D D D D G G G H H H H H PSI c SSF SWG RPM Revolution Per Minute United States Department of Agriculture RVT RT Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Water Users and Sanitation Committee Contents Introduction 1 1 Background 1 2 Breakdown of Earth s Water 1 3 Fresh Water Scarcity 1 4 Photovoltaic Technology 1 5 Crystalline Silicon and Thin Film Technologies 1 5 1 Conversion Efficiency 1 6 Solar PV Pumping System 1 7 Alternative Sources of Power for Water Pumping 1 7 1 Human Labour Using Hand Pumps 1 7 2 Draught Animals 1 7 3 Petrol
119. ents Protected against too low and too high input voltage Protected against earth leakage Protected against dry run 11 2 3 Array sizing The hydraulic energy E required to pump water can be calculated by using the following formula E pgVH n Where V total volume required per day in m H total dynamic head in m p density of water in 1000 Kg m g acceleration due to gravity 9 81 m sec and n pump efficiency 3096 to 5096 in normal cases Example 1 Determine the hydraulic energy needed to pump 1500 1 d from a depth of 40 m The efficiency of the pump is 30 Solution The hydraulic energy E p xg x Vx H n Given p 1000 kg m 93 g 79 81 m s V 1 5 m day H 40m n 0 30 Therefore E 1000 kg m x 9 81 m s x 1 5 m x 40 m 0 3 0 545 KWh 1 kWh z 3 6 MJ The size of array can be determined by P E SxF xF Where E Hydraulic energy needed K Wh day S Average daily solar insolation peak sun in hours F Array load mismatching factor usually F 0 8 F Temperature derating factor for array power loss due to heat In general 0 8 for warm climate and 0 9 for cool climate Example 2 A surveyor collected following data from a rural village Population 300 Number of cattle head 60 Average water consumption human 30 litres day person Average water consumption cattle 40 litres day cattle Monthly average solar insolation at optimum tilt 5 5
120. ents are accomplished after installation of each component independently The outdoor wiring must be protected from human activities weather and from chewing animals For this purpose it is essential to use electrical conduit pipe Use of strong high quality outdoor cable is recommended in case of not using the conduit Where cables enter the junction box install sealed strain relief cable clamps 12 2 4 Keeping the electrical conduit and junction box sealed It becomes prominent for animals insects water and dirt to enter through the holes so the unused holes must be sealed Keeping in mind this fact each hole is supplied with a rubber plug that can be kept in place for this purpose It is important to note that the grounds of system failures are the loose connections 12 3 Installation Line Diagrams The schematic diagram for water pumping system can be prepared in similar manner as done with non pumping applications However additional safety device like water level sensor has to be installed in the system Moreover the power conditioning devices such as maximum power tracker if required by the pump may be installed in the system The suggested installation line diagram for various configurations is given in the figure below Water level PV Array Power DC Motor Pump 7 conditioning circuitrv Array Disconnect Fig 12 2 Directly coupled DC motor pump AEPC 2003 101 13SAFETY Objectives To give detail informati
121. er and type of users may serve enough Present condition of water supply system how people are fetching water local market market center of the village prevailing wage rate in the village availability of local and non local construction materials willingness to pay for the PV pumping system of the villagers are some other information need to be drawn from the feasibility survey Depending upon the all these data furnished from the feasibility survey any project further can be analyzed for further takings 48 7 Detail Survey Objectives After completion of this chapter participants will be able to Understand the techniques involved in the detail site survey of PV Pumping Systems Do Profile leveling by abney level and auto level instruments Time 2 00 hrs Lesson 7 1 Process involved in detail survey i e technical and social survey Time hrs Lesson 7 2 Profile leveling by abney level Time 1 2 hrs Lesson 7 3 Profile leveling by auto level Time 1 hrs 7 1 Technical Survey Any project seen feasible from the feasibility survey should be undertaken for the detail survey Most of the survey data coming from the feasibility study should frequently matched during detail survey procedure Detail survey is the next step of feasibility study so these should be looked in conjunctions with another not separate activities 7 1 4 Profiling Determination of ground surface elevations
122. er media fraction gravel size 6 First Compartment LI 2 4m dg 20 12 mm 7 Second Compartment L2 1 3m dg 8 12 mm 8 Third Compartment L3 1 2m dg 4 8 mm May be more compartments with other fractions of filter media List of symbols dg mm Gravel size L1 2 3 m Filter length W m Filter width H m Filter depth A m Filter cross section area AH cm Headloss Q m h Flow rate Qd m h Drainage flow rate VF m h Filtration rate Vd m h Drainage rate 5 2 5 3 Slow Sand Filter The substantial reduction of bacteria cysts and viruses by the slow sand filters is important for public health Slow sand filters also remove the finest list of symbols design guidelines impurities found in doda mm Ni Bo passing Vr P S o1 02mn A hs m sand depth the water For this M E tees dites ir aos Rn reason they are uc 2 uniformity coefficient of supernatant waler L m filter length 0 20 0 45 w p laced at the end of w m filter width size 10 a vun the treatment line A m2 filter bed area MM wel The filters act as AN Gu V NOR ri Q m h fow rate h 08 09m strainers since the vF m h filtration rate ha 02 03m small suspended solids are retained at Source Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filterest A Design Construction the top of the filter and Operation Mannual SAN DEC SKAT 1996 However the biological activities of the slow sand filter are more impor
123. ery small streams We do not need any special equipment for this estimate Water velocity and cross sectional area through which it traverses is easily calculated with the help of tape only and discharge can then be found as shown in the examples Example Step 1 Prepare a float A good float may be a piece of wood or a bottle filled 45 6 2 3 with weight as shown in figure Step 2 Where to measure Find and mark a length AA to BB along the stream which is straight for a distance of at least 10 meters Try to find a place where the water is calm and free from water plants so the float will flow easily and smoothly Step 3 Find average velocity You can calculate the average time the float has taken to travel from AA to BB Add the three measurements and divide the sum by 3 Find the surface water velocity in m s by dividing the distance from AA to BB by the average time in seconds and multiply this result by 0 85 a correction factor to estimate the average water velocity of the stream Weight in bottie Fig 6 4 Floats Jor V VA method Step 4 Find average width Our width measurements were 1 1 m 1m 1m 0 9m 1 mand 1 2 m use 1 m for the average width Step 5 Find the average depth Our depth measurements were 0 2 m 0 6 m 0 9 m 1 2 m 0 8 m and 0 3 m the deepest one is 1 2 m so the average depth is 1 2 m 2 0 6 m Fig 6 5 Area of Flow Depth amp Height Source Irrigation Reference Man
124. es This is because owing to the high system voltage 220 V in Nepal the relative magnitude of the current flowing through the wires is low But in PV applications including Solar Pumping System the DC voltage level is relatively lower than the AC and therefore for same load the magnitude of the current will be relatively large For higher currents the cross sectional area of the wire size must be larger Solid wires with larger cross sectional area become stiff and difficult to work with so stranded wire is often used in PV installations Wire can be made of aluminum or copper Aluminum wire can be considered for very long wire runs e g national grid transmission lines because it costs less than equivalent copper wire But for most wiring applications in PV systems copper wires are used Type of insulation used in wire is also important in PV Indoor wire not exposed to the outdoor environment can have ordinary PVC insulation But the outdoor wire must have special insulation UV resistant insulation so that the insulating material will not deteriorate over time due to exposure to UV light The wires need not to be directly exposed to the sunlight to deteriorate as even light reflected on the back of the modules from the ground will eventually weather the wire insulation The standard unit of size of the wire is square millimeter But in practice various other standards are in place these are American Wire Gauge AWG Standard Wire
125. eter Location 4 5 kWh m per day Total dynamic head 20m Required daily output 40 m Sizing for 4 5 kWh m Motor cable 25m Dirt loss Pipeline Products Quantity Details I PS1800 C SJ8 7 1 pc Submersible pump system including controller motor and pump end LC120 12P 8pc 960 Wp 8 x 1 modules 27 tilted Motor cable 25m 4 mm 3 phase cable Accessories 1 set Well Probe Surge Protector PV Disconnect 440 20 1 Daily output at 4 5 kWh m 39 m Hourly values 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 16 00 17 00 18 00 56 5 54 53 4 Output m h tput mh 24 a 2 0 0 0 0 Energy kWh 0 012 02 04 05 058 57 40 026 042 0 Irradiation KWh m 0 0 12 0 28 0 45 0 59 0 66 0 66 0 59 0 45 0 28 0 12 0 Ambient temp C 15 15 16 18 20 22 25 25 25 25 24 24 1 5 Created by LORENTZ COMPASS 3 0 10 77 LORENTZ a All specifications and information are given with good intent errors are possible and products may be subject to change without notice 142 LORENTZ PA MAR ERF Tel 49 0 4193 7548 0 D 24558 Henstedt Ulzburg Fax 49 0 4193 7548 29 www lorentz de info2012 lorentz de Wednesday 06 August 2014 DESIGN 20M 40M3 Solar pumping project System characteristic 14 m 13 10m 12 15m 11 20m 10 25m z 8 30m t 35m 40 m O s 4 3 i 2 1 Fe 0 0 6 0 8 1 12 14 1 6 Power kW Min 800 W m 20 C Max STC PV generator Cell temperature C 46 25 Temperature loss 11 Dirt
126. etter areas like where a roof drains or where plants are to be watered If there is steel well casing nearby you can use it as a ground rod make a strong bolted connection to the casing In moist climates the concrete footers of a ground or pole mounted array or a wind generator tower or ground rods encased in concrete will not provide ideal grounding In these locations concrete will typically be less conductive than the moist soil surrounding the footings If this is the case install a ground rod in earth next to the concrete at the base of an array or at the base of your wind generator tower and at each guy wire anchor then connect them all together with bare buried wire In dry or arid climates the opposite is often true concrete footings may have a higher moisture content than the surrounding soil and offer an economical opportunity for grounding If 20 foot long or longer rebar is to be embedded in concrete the rebar itself can serve as a 150 ground rod Note This must be planned before the concrete is poured This method of grounding is common in dry locations and is described in the NEC Article 250 52 A3 Concrete Encased Electrode If you are unsure of the best grounding method for your location talk with your electrical inspector during the design phase of your system You cannot have too much grounding In a dry location use every opportunity to install redundant ground rods buried wire etc To avoi
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128. ferably in a moist location A single ground point should be made This provision will prevent the possibility of potentially dangerous fault current flowing between separate grounds In some PV systems where the PV array is located far from the load a separate ground can be used at each location This will provide better protection for the PV array from lightning surges If multiple ground points are used they should be bonded together with a grounding conductor e All exposed metal parts shall be grounded equipment ground The equipment grounding conductor should be bare wire or green wire The equipment grounding conductor must be large enough to handle the highest current that could flow in the circuit One can get injured working on any PV system Cuts bumps falls and sprains hurt just as much and cause as much lost time as the electrical shock and burn hazards generally thought of Although most safety suggestions are just plain commonsense people still get hurt in industrial accidents Fortunately few have been hurt working on PV systems no deaths have been reported The goal is to reduce the number of injuries to zero This requires good work habits an awareness of potential hazards and a program where safety rules are frequently reviewed In solar water pumps one of the most common causes of electronic controller failures 102 is the surges induced by lightning Damaging surges can be induced from lightning that s
129. g hours to fetch water to perform household chores The problem can be overcome by installing two water tanks one situated near the water source to collect water from its running source and the other near the village situated at a higher altitude with required head After that it will be incorporated with a high efficiency solar DC or AC water pumps to lift water from lower tank to the upper The water collected at upper tank is distributed through normal pipelines The only energy available at many of these remote sites is Solar Energy So one uses an array of Solar Photovoltaic modules to pump the water from the water source to the upper tank to be installed at higher altitude During day time the Solar PV modules generate electrical energy which runs the pump and the water is pumped up from the source to the upper tank At night time the pump stops automatically l 7 T C T Collection Tank Photovoltaic Array Power conditioning Fig 1 3 Schematic PV pumping System AEPC 2003 1 7 Alternative Sources of Power for Water Pumping A wide variety of power sources are utilized depending upon local conditions Each power source has various advantages and disadvantages and has specific applications where it is the favored energy source and determines the corresponding pumping technique AEPC 2003 1 7 1 Human Labour Using Hand Pumps Advantages readily available in most places low investment cost can be flex
130. gation with large pump high rates Efficiency is reduced AC or diesel motors due to twisting friction Vibration and weight of shaft and bearings 4 Submersible Can pump water from high Low flow at high head Drinking water pump depth 300m AC motors require supply system Water proof motor surface mounted Drip irrigation connected directly to inverter system multi stage impellers Brush less DC operation possible with electronic commutation 5 Helical Can move very gritty water Torque friction and Drinking water in Can use MPPT to supply vibration losses supply system ENSE surge power Small or moderate Drip irrigation High head applications yolume ot water system discharge 6 Jack pump High head applications Low discharge Drinking water Both AC and DC motors Needs frequent supply system can be used maintenance 7 Diaphragm Simple to operate Low to medium flow Small scale water pop Medium to high head nue supply system 12 2 5 Power Conditioning Circuitry The role of power conditioning circuitry is to provide the motor pump with the most suitable voltage current combination while ensuring the solar panels operate at their maximum power points In effect it alters the load impedance to match the optimum impedance of the array The circuitry of course must consume very little power to justify its inclusion and in most systems will typically consume 4 to 7 of total power It is also expensive usually costing more than
131. gh stable terrain to minimize disruptions later on Before starting the pipeline design process designer should have through knowledge of different terminologies and technology used in PV water supply systems and s he should have completed the following tasks e Complete sketch of layout plan structures location RL users information e Social data compilation completed household population tole wise Total water demand in terms of CDF i e Ips Source yield and tapped yield from source Profile survey data calculation e Water demand tap stand wise Sump well and service reservoir design Pipeline profile plotting in suitable scale Designing the appropriate pipe type and size is the core technical part of any water supply system designing process Solar PV pumping system pipeline design consist of different approaches for transmission and distribution pipeline design compared to that of any gravity flow WSP design process 8 1 4 1 Transmission line a b c d e Diameter for most economical flow velocity should be selected From experiences it has been found that flow velocity in the pumping main may be selected as v 0 5 to 1 5 m s Lower velocity for long pipeline and higher for short pipeline Steps for transmission line design The economic size of the pipe in pumping is given by the Lee s formula and practiced in exercise in example below Lee formula D 1 22NQ Where D diameter of pipe i
132. gn criteria obsolete in a matter of years For instance the preference to avoid power conditioning circuitry and the like could change if new developments combined with field experience indicated adequate reliability and performance could be achieved or if a new type of positive displacement pump or AC motor proves vastly superior and more economical Table 11 1 Comparison between directly coupled and battery powered system Connection Merits Demerits Simplicity I Reon Low efficiency Directly coupled to array Low maintenance No water at night Low cost Quick to install Predictable supply ps mutum Maintenance complexity Battery powered PP y High cost sped Charge control failure Availability of water when required 86 11 2 1 Feasibility of Directly Coupled System A directly coupled system is one where a low starting torque such as a centrifugal pump can be driven by a DC motor that receives its power directly from the solar panels No batteries inverters or power conditioning circuitry are used other than perhaps safety cut out relays activated by level flow or pressure sensing transducers When the sun shines brightly the system operates and water is pumped either for storage or direct use An approach for designing directly coupled PV powered water pumping must include the following considerations 1 The volume of water to be pumped and over what period The volume to be pumped may vary si
133. gn point However careful attention should be paid to performance losses and mismatch that results from using these machines away from the design point such as with a different head or flow rate AEPC 2003 11 Table 2 1 Types of Pump Centrifugal Positive Displacement Volumetric Self priming surface Jet pump Vertical turbine Submersible High speed impellers Large volumes Moderate head Loss of flow rate with higher head Low irradiance reduces ability to achieve head Possible grit friction Helical cavity Jack pump Diaphragm Volumetric movement Lower volumes High head Flow rate less affected by head Low irradiance has little effect on achieving head Unaffected by grit Table 2 2 Merits and demerits of different types of pumps AEPC 2003 S No Pumptype Merits Demerits Applications LE Self Single impeller Limited to atmospheric Flood irrigation x artis Can be used with common Pressure dE Moving water along ent DC motors maximum 7 m the land through pup Must be primed before pipelines each start up 2 Jet pump Increased effective suction Decreased net flow Surface pumping head max 30 m Inefficient due to low Venturi could be place in net flow rate front of the impeller chamber or at the input of the suction pipe 3 Vertical Multi stage impellers Head limited by shaft Used for large scale Turbine allowing deep pumping at length irri
134. gnificantly throughout the year and in fact may be entirely non critical for some months of the year as for some irrigation applications This will have important implications regarding array tilt angles For instance a ifthe demand profile throughout the year is reasonably constant such as for a domestic water supply a tilt angle in the vicinity of latitude 20 will be necessary to give the most uniform insolation levels throughout the year falling on the solar panels b ifthe amount of water to be pumped out is to be uniform throughout the year but with a definite bias towards summer months such as for drinking water a tilt angle in the vicinity of latitude 10 will probably be desirable c ifthe annual amount of water to be pumped is to be maximized such as with a large storage reservoir a tilt angle in the range latitude 10 to latitude should be used d ifthe water pumped during summer months is to be maximized such as for some irrigation applications a tilt angle in the vicinity of latitude 20 will be preferable to ensure the solar panels point directly at the summer sun In general increasing the tilt angle will provide more uniform pumping throughout the year 2 The pumping head and its seasonal variations must be known and where possible information regarding water source replenishment rates should be obtained 3 The inclusion and economics of water storage should be considered in conjunction with co
135. h regard to efficiency of operation One of the most important questions to be asked before designing a particular system is what level of reliability is necessary and to what extent can maintenance be carried out The answer to this question leads to preference toward either a directly coupled system with attributes concerning simplicity reliability low maintenance and long life or a system which sacrifices these features in order to gain better efficiency However these features enhances issues regarding increased complexity higher maintenance poor reliability and shorter life expectancy related to power conditioning circuitry inverters and perhaps batteries Other constraints influence the type of system selected and each system needs to be designed on its own merits No one PV Water Pumping System design will be ideal for all locations PV based water pumping system probably introduces the greatest variability of system design with regard to configuration and component selection Several computer simulation and design tools are now available to assist designers However their uses require a high level of water pumping knowledge 85 and good data on site selection and component performance 11 2 General approach for designing The general approach to designing a system can be summarized as follows 1 Determine the volume of water to be pumped each day 2 Determine the total head 3 Calculate the pump rate from the nu
136. hments should be 45 cm more than that of tank height Now the valve box can be built with stone masonry in 1 4 cement mortars Its height is to be as of intake tank An outlet pipe of 63 mm HDP is laid inside the valve box immediately over the stone soling It drains out the water collected inside the valve box A wooden form work of 7 cm height should be fixed inside and outside over the wall of the intake and valve box It will provide support for the concreting A R C C beam should be built along the waterway of intake Refer the drawing for required reinforcement Within wooden formwork 1 2 4 mixture of concrete of 7 cm thick is poured A prefabricated Iron manhole frame one for intake and another for valve box is placed in slope between slab and frame After sufficient hardening of R C C And removing the wooden formworks A 35 cm wide catchments walls built with stone masonry in cement mortar A c cm thick concrete is poured above the catchments wall It may require wooden formwork Concrete floor inner wall of tank and outer surface of catchments wall should be plastered in two coats The first coat 1 3 cement sand mortar and the second coat 1 2 cement sand mortar External surface of intake tank valve box and catchments walls in finished with pointing 1 3 cement mortars 80 Dry stone is packed in between source and passage to the intake where water enters This acts as a filter and helps to keep out suspended particles This wa
137. ibly deployed simple technology and easy to maintain Disadvantages e high feeding cost and associated wages lowoutput limited by the strength of the human body to about 10 m day from a depth of 10 m or 5m diverts a valuable resource from more productive activities 1 7 2 Draught Animals Advantages readily available in most places medium investment costs convenient power output for small scale irrigation can be flexibly deployed Disadvantages high feeding costs involving extra food production feed required even when no power can usefully be utilized 1 7 3 Petrol or Diesel Fuelled Small Engines Advantages widely available technology high outputs possible on demand and portable low initial capital investment per unit of output easy to use Disadvantages fuel costs dominate and are increasing in real terms fuel shortages are common in many places spare parts are often hard to obtain in remote areas good maintenance difficult to obtain in remote areas relatively short useful life breakdown is common high imported element involving scarce foreign currency in most developing countries 1 7 4 Wind Pumps Advantages relatively mature renewable energy technology when used for stock watering low cost in areas with adequate wind potential zero fuel costs suitable for local manufacture relatively simple maintenance needs Disadvantages moderate output fluctuating with wind speed critical
138. ient of Orifice generally 0 6 A cross sectional area of orifice g gravitational acceleration h head loss through orifice Knowing value of Q C g and h it can be calculate the area of the required orifice and then diameter of the orifice 70 9 Report preparations Objectives After completion of this chapter participant will be able to Understand minimum requirement of the reporting standard Keepuniformity among the report across the organizations Time 1 hrs Lesson 9 1 Pre Feasibility study reporting requirement and standards hrs Lesson 9 2 Detail design and cost estimate report preparations and standards l hrs All the activities throughout the project cycle should be documented properly It is proposed to record all activities during need assessment project implementation and operation phase of the project Each project file should contain minimum of following documents but not limited to this 9 1 Need assessment by the community and request for a water supply project Community opting for a water supply project should discuss their need for water supply project identify the potential water sources and agree on their participation and capital cost operation and maintenance cost contribution Representatives of the community should then produce a formal request to the concerning VDC and VDC should endorse and forward the request to DDC for pre feasibility study DDC will approve the request and forw
139. ildren and animals It job can be done before or during the construction of tank 10 5 Stream Catchments The construction of stream catchments is done with stone masonry work in cement mortar The Dam with cement and stone masonry is built when the flow of stream is to be diverted from the construction site If the water 1s flooded over the newly constructed dam downstream could be damaged So for this purpose the temporary dam is constructed to divert this water first As far as possible the dam is constructed during the period of dry season First the setting our of the dam is done with the wooden page and thread Than 40 cm deep trench is excavate at the construction site Depending upon the soil condition 5 cm thick 1 3 6 constructed is laid at the bottom The stone masonry wall in cement sand mortar is constructed over this floor The length of dam depends on the width of the stream There is different length of dam for each stream catchments intake Height of dam depends on the following parameters 78 1 Intake pipe should be at least 40 cm below the water level This will allow the sediment particles to settle at the bottom 2 Dam should be made at least 20 cm higher than the water level recorded highest water level within few years It is necessary to ask villagers about this matter It is built so as not to enter the water around the dam even during highest flood 3 Height of dam should be at least 80 cm above the stea
140. imated cost of proposed PVPS project is cost Rs 1 748 000 and subsidy is provided to the tune of Rs 437 000 The annual income estimated from the project is Rs 418 800 while the annual expenditure is estimated at Rs 113 400 Rs 1 748 000 Rs 437 000 Simple payback period Rs 418 800 Rs 113 400 LIS Bs OOO yng a Rs305 400 gt That is to recover the investment made in the proposed project can be backed in 4 years and 3 months In case the subsidy is not provided to the project then it would require 5 years and 9 months to get investment back Rs 1 748 000 Simple Payback period a dg 800 Rs 113 400 5 72years 15 2 2 Discounted payback period The major drawback of simple payback period is that it ignores the time value of money To counter this limitation discounted payback period can be used The discounted payback period is the amount of time that it takes to cover the cost of a project considering discounted cash flows It means a discounted payback period gives the number of years it takes to break even from 119 undertaking the initial expenditure without ignoring the time value of money In the discounted payback period it is needed to determine the present value of each cash inflow taking the start of the first period as zero point at specified discount rate The discounted cash inflow for each period is given by the projects that have a negative net present value will not have a discounted
141. in a field in order to construct a profile map is necessary for determining land leveling requirements and placement structures etc Every surveyor working with PV Pumping System should have at a minimum an Abney level a Fig 7 1 Abney Level surveying rod a measuring tape minimum of 30 meters a carpenter s level and a scientific calculator capable of computing roots and powers of trigonometric relations This will allow the surveyor to determine elevation differences profiles and area measurements Some topographic mapping can be accomplished with this equipment For significant leveling work however an engineer s level and or transit are often required This equipment is not often available to the surveyor The theory and practice of land leveling is beyond the scope of this manual The surveyor should consult appropriate references and obtain assistance from an engineer before undertaking significant land leveling 1 Abney Level is a hand held instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm and a protractor scale Abney Level is an easy to use relatively inexpensive and when used correctly an accurate surveying tool The Abney Level is used to measure degrees percent of grade topographic elevation and chain age correction By using trigonometry the user of a Topographic Abney Level can determine 49 height and grade Fig
142. ing Performance Curve PSD600C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Power W Power W Flow m h nw B ow o o o o o o Shenzhen Solartech Renewable Energy Co Ltd Tel 486 755 B615 172B 486 755 8615 1708 E ma il sales solartech net cn Fax 86 755 8615 1018 www solartech cn 128 Annex VI Solartech 0 37 55kW AC Solar Pump Model List solartech Pump Recommended Open Recommended MPP Model Pump Spec Power Water Head Daily Water Flow Outlet Dia Adapting Well Dia Circuit Voltage Voltage SPA4370010 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 37kW 47m 32m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4370010 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 37kW 47m 32m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4370020 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 38kW 29m 20m 10m3 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4370020 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 39kW 29m 20m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4550010 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 70m 48m 1m 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4550010 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 70m 48m im 10m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4550020 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 40m 28m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4550020 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 40m 28m 10m 20m 30mm 11 4 100mm 185 450VDC 150 350VDC SPA4550040 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 23m 15m 20m 40m 40mm 11 2 100mm 350 450VDC 280 350VDC SPA4550040 2 3PH 220V 50Hz 0 55kW 23m 15m 20m 40m 40mm 1 1
143. ing Consequently they are frequently used as submersible pumps preferably in conjunction with a submersible motor Alternatively self priming centrifugal pumps where a chamber containing water at the side of the pump keeps the pump effectively submerged and hence primed is also used The major trade off involved with the design and use of centrifugal pumps is the requirement for high efficiency versus the need for an impeller with long life and good tolerance of aggressive impurities in the water High efficiency can be obtained with small clearances and narrow passages but this is undesirable for pump reliability and the ability to pump liquids contaminated with particles In addition high efficiency can be obtained with a high speed impeller which again acts to shorten the life of the pump In summary pumps need to be designed and selected for specific application and environments 2 2 2 Volumetric Pumps Volumetric or positive displacement pumps are the other class of pumps often used for water pumping applications particularly for lower pump rates from deep wells or bores Examples of volumetric or positive displacement pumps are poster pumps diaphragm pumps rotary screw type pumps and progressive cavity pumps Figure 2 2 provides basic guidelines for selection of the pump depending upon the total system head and daily pumped volume of water Svstem head m 200 Positive displacement 00 jack pumps Submersible mul
144. ing space during maintenance Store room for spare parts and tools should be provided The flooring of the pump house should be strong enough and should not be damaged during repairmen of the machine There should be sufficient space to move between them during maintenance purpose but no unnecessary empty place All space should be well lighted The door of the pump room should be large enough and should open outwards to allow passage of all parts of the installation as well as to use it as an emergency exist Drainage opening must be provided in the pump room Never construct pump house in mud mortar joints 40 5 5 Foundation for solar panel mounting structures Solar PV installations require support structures commonly referred to as racking or mounting to secure the panels to the ground or building roof For ground mounted structures racking may be mounted onto foundations that are driven I beams channels or posts or screwed helical piles and earth screws Ground systems are either fixed tilt or track the movement of the sun either in one axis or two axes Roof top racking are either ballasted with concrete pavers resting on ballast trays or attached with penetrations onto the roof of the building or fastened to metal seams with clips There are also hybrid systems which are principally ballasted but also have Fig 5 20 Roof Layout of PV Modules attachments to compensate for Fig 5 21 Ground Layout PV Module
145. ion is easy and reliable Slow sand filters are usually operated at 0 1 to 0 2 m h filtration rates Consequently an area of 1 m sand produces about 2 5 to 5 m of water per day The flow rate is preferably controlled at the filter inlet and the water level is maintained at a minimum level above the sand bed by means of a weir or effluent pipe located at the filter outlet Effective biological treatment can only be achieved if a reasonably steady throughput is maintained Therefore a 24 hour operation is recommended as it makes maximum use of the available filter installations The initial filter resistance of a clean sand filter ranges between 0 20 and 0 30 meter The head loss gradually increases with progressive filtration time The sand filter has to be cleaned when filter resistance amounts to about 1 meter Filter cleaning must be carried out once the supernatant water has reached its maximum permissible level i e when maximum filter resistance of about 1 meter is attained for the designed filtration rate Well operated slow sand filters should at least achieve more than 1 to 3 months of filter runs The term filter run is defined as the time between two subsequent filter cleanings In order to realize such long filter runs slow sand filters have to be supplied with relatively clear water 5 2 5 4 Rapid Sand Filter The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification Rapid sand filters use re
146. ion of WSUC For the effective coordination to different stakeholders and implantation of project community organization CBO should be formed and should have acquired the legal identity After the identification of project area and benefiting households the general meeting of the beneficiaries should form a 7 11 Members Water Users and Sanitation Committee WUSC that should socially and geographically inclusive The WUSC endorsed by VDC Municipality will apply in a prescribed form for registration to District Water Resources Committee DWRC The DWRC will issue registration certificate after doing necessary examination of the situation and that should be produced by community at the time of project implementation agreement 9 4 Detail Project Report 9 4 1 Detailed Survey design and Cost Estimates Report Detailed survey and design is carried out after the projects are selected for implementation The detailed survey is done to collect accurate information to design and fix exact positions of different components of the project The detailed design report will have all information as in the feasibility study report and should come in prescribed format The following checklist gives the minimum contain of the report but necessary to limit on following a Intake site plan working drawing protection works b Transmission Main layout plan ground profile pipe design and other structure in route c Treatment plant design parameters
147. is S Required wire size cross sectional area of the copper wire in sq mm L Length of the wire in meters Im The max current in Amp AV Max allowable voltage drop in percent It is to be noted here that the above formula takes care of voltage factor as well as the Ampacity level of the copper wire and is included in the multiplier coefficient equaling to 0 3 The size of the wire for each segment is to be calculated using the above formula The wire sizing requires great deal of attention The main effect for the load case is the reduced voltage level to the loads impairing performance of some of the voltage critical loads 11 4 3 Power conditioning DC DC converters DC DC converters are solid state electronic devices which change the input voltage and current levels to different output levels Usually in a photovoltaic system a converter lowers the incoming voltage level to a 97 specified level for the pumping system As converters have more than one output voltage the pumping system can be changed as per requirements and availability of water The converters can be useful to directly match the output characteristics of an array to a specific load Thus a DC DC converter can be selected based on output voltage maximum output current efficiency interference level and overload reverse polarity protection Inverters Inverters are required in systems which supply power to AC loads Inverters convert the DC output of the PV
148. ished with anti corrosive primer followed by silver colored polyurethane paint Fig 11 2 Surface Centrifugal Pump http www aurore in Table 11 2 Example of water discharge for various head using surface pumps http www aurore in Water output lit day Total dynamic head m 900Wp 1800Wp 6 1 10 000 1 43 000 8 1 04 500 137 500 10 75 000 1 21 000 14 68 750 1 10 000 Table 11 3 Example of pump system http www aurore in Model AV 900 RM AV 1800 RM Array Capacity 900 Wp 1800 Wp Solar Panel Size 75 Wp 75 Wp Solar Modules TBP 1175 75 12 24 Wp Support Structure l 2 Pump Capacity 1 hp 2 hp 89 Maximum Total Head 14 m 14 m Maximum Suction Head 7 m 7 m Water Discharge Size 52mm 65 mm Water Output 10 m head 75 000 lit day 1 40 000 lit day Array Junction Box No No Installation Kit Set Set User Manual No No 2 HDPE Pipe 10 m 10 m 11 3 2 2 Submersible pump A submersible pump is one that is immersed in water It pumps water by displacement Most deep wells use submersible pumps These pumps are costlier but have a longer life and greater reliability than surface pumps Such type of pumps is designed for high head and medium flow application They are multi stage pump and has high efficiency micro computer based inverter The inverter optimizes the power input and thus enhances the overall system
149. istribution 3 4 Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse before it reaches to aquifer Thus accumulated water can safely be used for drinking water purposes and the water supply system is called Rain Water Harvesting Water Supply System Rain water collection units can be built for either the individual 16 households or settlements level depending upon the requirement budget and different other social parameters Collection area Conveyance system Storage facility We are here mainly concerned with the Solar PV Pumping cum Gravity Urn rre III systems SO here and onwards Fig 3 4 Rainwater Harvesting only that system will be focused 3 5 Fog Water Collection This is the water supply system in which naturally occurring fog is condensed and collected to water tank by means of well designed fog collector system Fog a cloud that touches the ground is made of tiny droplets of water each cubic meter of fog contains 0 05 to 0 5 grams half the weight of a paper clip of water Fog collectors look likes tall volleyball nets slung between two poles but they are made of a polypropylene or polyethylene mesh that is especially efficient at capturing water droplets When the fog rolls in the tiny Fig 35 Fog Collection System Source http www fogqvest org droplets of water cling to the mesh and as more and more cluster together they drip
150. its by the cost it means project expenditure is greater than the expected income or benefit So the project will not be financially or economically viable If benefit cost ratio is greater than one it means benefits will be more than the cost incurred The project will yield more income or benefit and will be viable If benefit cost ratio is one benefit from the project will be equal to cost of the project The projects whose benefit cost ratio is greater than 1 will be feasible for undertaking according to this method In order to determine benefit to cost ratio the format is presented in Annex III 15 2 7 Internal rate of return The internal rate of return IRR is the discount rate at which NPV is zero At this rate discounted annual expenditure and discounted annual income will be equal In order words internal rate of return will indicate expected maximum interest rate from the investment For a project if IRR gt MARR Accept MARR is the minimum attractive rate of return IRR MARR Reject In order to calculate internal rate of return the format is presented in annex 15 2 8 Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analysis is undertaken to how much risk will be there if changes occur in some ofthe items ofthe NPV benefit cost or IRR analysis The future is quite uncertain The cost and interest may go up due to various reasons Demand of service or goods may go down These things may naturally have impact upon economic and financi
151. ixed 1 2 hour its application However it could be 75 used for other purpose A wet jute bag sheet can be used to retard the setting time of the mix Karni is used for the plastering care should be taken to ensure that all the items like binding wire and rods are well covered by the plaster Holes and spaces should be filled property Plastering should be started from the bottom and carried to top In Ferro cement tank It is better to apply the second coat of mortar in the same day as the first was applied If this is not possible due to inadequate setting of the first coat the previous coat should be applied with rich solution of 1 2 cement sand mix can be done Curing Any construction work done by cement should be kept wet for at least 21 days in terai and 28 days in hill region There are number of ways to keep the cemented surface wet for days Depending upon the orientation of surface and these methods can effectively be applied Tank should be covered by wet jute bags sheet to control the setting time This is important wherever the sun is bright water should be sprinkled over the jute sheet daily at least for the 7 days The strength of the tank depends considerably on how much curing is done If the weather is hot and dry a frequent application of water is required within a day Proper curing with water is vital for its strength and this is an important stage of construction Formworks The function of the formwork is to sup
152. l Ws Weight of water Ww 3 1 Calculate Wb L B H b Dc 0 9 0 90 0 0 90 2400 kg 1749 60 kg 32 Calculate Ws L B H y 0 90 0 90 0 60 1800 kg 874 80 kg 3 3 Calculate Ww o L 3 14 D2 4 1000 0 90 3 14 0 102 4 kg 154 7 07 kg W 1749 6 874 80 7 07 kg 2631 47 kg Coefficient of frictional resistance 0 30 Lateral Resistance of Block W u 0 30 2631 47 kg 789 44 kg Calculate Passive Resistance of Soil Pp Coefficient of passive resistance kp 1 sin o 1 sin 1 sin 300 1 sin 300 3 Pp kp y H2 1 2 3 1800 0 602 0 90 2 kg 874 8 kg Calculate Active Earth Pressure Pa Coefficient of Active earth pressure ka 1 sin o 1 sin 1 sin 300 1 sin 300 Pa ka y H 2 c ka 0 50 c 0 1 3 1800 0 60 kg 360 kg Total Resistance Pr W u Pp Pa 789 44 874 8 360 kg 2024 24 kg Calculate Factor of Safety f Pr P 2024 24 824 25 2 45 Since Factor of Safety 2 45 is greater than minimum factor of safety 2 the block size 0 90 0 90 0 90 m is acceptable If factor of safety is less than 2 it can be increased by increasing block size and vise versa Provide minimum surface reinforcement 5 kg m with c c spacing of bars not exceeding 500 mm Ref DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY BASED GRAVITY FLOW RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES VOLUME II DESIGN CRITERIA by Government of Nepal Department of Water Supply and Sewerage 2002
153. l alone 5 2 5 Water Treatment Units Fig 5 1 Infiltration Gallery Since water treatment is usually the most difficult element in any water supply scheme it should be avoided whenever possible The general statement that no treatment is the best treatment especially hb S ha applies to rural water M T PP section B amp section C C supply schemes Fig 5 2 Schematic Layout of Treatment Units which gener ally Source Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters A Design exhibit a poor Construction and Operation Manual SANDEC SKAT 1996 infrastructural and institutional framework to adequately maintain water treatment facilities The use of better water quality sources is therefore an alternative which will always have to be taken into serious consideration If no other alternative is available rural water treatment must concentrate on improving the physical and bacteriological water quality by locally sustainable treatment processes 23 Surface water has to undergo a step by step treatment Coarse solids and impurities are first removed by pretreatment whereas the remaining small particles and microorganisms are separated by the ultimate treatment step The required water treatment scheme is mainly dependent on the degree of faecal pollution characteristics of the raw water turbidity and on the available type of surface water a Removal of Coarse Materials Sedimentation Separation of v coarse solids fro
154. l coatings are often applied to ductile iron pipes to inhibit corrosion the standard internal lining is cement mortar and standard external coatings include bonded zinc asphalt or water based paint These pipes are available in different in size 3 64 though custom size and ratings can be manufactured and pressure ratings Normally 150 to 350 psi 1 psi 70 0703kg cm 10 54 to 24 60kg cm These pipes are not commonly used in the rural water supply systems and not dealt in much here 3l 5 2 9 Transmission pipeline A pipe that feeds a storage tank reservoir tank at certain interval of time as per pump operation schedule from a source Sumpwell Reservoir Tank Reservoir Tank Reservoir Tank is called a Transmission Main In solar PV pumping system it should also be designed with some peak factor see article 5 2 11 for calculating the peak factor So in this system transmission main is also designed with the concept of closed flow Since transmission line designed with closed system there is always the static pressure in pipe in order to prevent pump damage from backwater flow during non operation hours and a check reflux valve should be provided after the pump down in the sump well The design principle for the transmission main is givien in the article 8 1 4 1 But there are some special considerations during the design of pumping main that is discussed here The goal of selecting the pipe size of the system is m
155. l in subsequent chapters A sump well is downhill side structure of RVT that get water from HRF source and feeds to the RVT through pumping Pump is generally located at sump well Sump well further is described in detail later on and gravity fed technology to supply the water from source to the end users There should essentially be a balancing reservoir at uphill side of the village that feeds the water to the distribution pipe network Water is delivered from Source to the Sump well through gravity flow Sump well to Balancing Reservoir through pumping and balancing reservoir to service tap stands through gravity fed pipe network Since water is supplied to the community in this system with the use of Balancing Reservoir or simply Reservoir the system is referred technically as closed system Since the water in pumping system costs more and loss of every drop of water is the loss of money directly thus an intermittent system of water supply system should be adopted 5 2 Components of Solar PV Water Supply Systems 5 2 1 Spring Intake A spring intake is provided to abstract water from a spring source It also prevents outside water and other sources of pollutants from entering into the transmission main The intake thus protects the water from getting contaminated The water outlet points of the spring should be properly identified before intake construction is initiated Very low yield spring source lt 0 05 Ips
156. l valve installed in one branch will regulate the flow at both branches Two separate pipes are connected to two section of the tank to reservoirs The method of construction is similar to the Construction method of Ferro cement tank given in article 8 3 1 some more consideration during the construction of DC are The reinforcement of partition wall should be continued to the reinforcement of the external wall For this purpose before plastering reinforcement of external wall of tank where this is to be continued to partition a hook shape arrangement is to be provided Chicken wire GUI wire and the reinforcement bars used for the partition The way of fixing these items are not different from that in external wall Two washout pipes are provided one at each section 10 8 Pipe Line The trench digging should be done through the survey line Required depth of trench of pipeline is 90 cm 3 0 The required width of trench should be approximately 40 cm wide This depends also on the people who excavate the trench Generally trench excavation and pipe laying is carried starting from source to down wards Laying Upon completion of 100 m excavation of trench depth and alignment of pipeline should be cheeked by overseer or technician If the trench is found correct by supervision pipe can be joined and backfilled property Timely backfilling is important because the cattle may drop into the trench Similarly if it rains before
157. laces Solar Module MS M100 Hye Junction box Back View 16 18 20 22 0008 7 8008 0 6008 m 400N m 2008 Electrical Characteristics Module MS M100 48 Glass EVA Cells EVA TPT Encapsulation Size and Number of cells SectionA A Note mm 125mmx 125mm 48 6x8PCS Maximum power Pmax w 100W 105W 110W E y Tolerance 53 Open Circuit Voltage Voc v 29 28V 29 28V 29 28V Short Circuit Current Isc A 4 74A 4 90A 5 08A Maximum Power Voltage V 23 28V 23 52V 23 76V Maximum Power Current imp A 4 30A 4 46A 4 63A Max Sys Oper Voltage v 1000V Diodes 3by pass Dimension MM 1074 801 35 Weight KG n 1000 Operate Temp scope C 40 85 Relative humidity Oto 100 227g steel ball fall down from 1m height and 60m s wid Resistances Koen Pm is not less than 90 in 10 years and 80 in 25 years Warranty wan WWW MACRO SOLAR COM 123 Annex II A Case Study on Performance of Tracking and Non Tracking Solar PV Pumping System A case study on performance of Tracking and Non tracking solar PV pumping system By R N Clark and B D Vick Two 100 Watt solar water pumping systems each consisting of two 53 W photovoltaic panels and a diaphragm pump were installed to provide water for livestock The pumps were set at a depth of 30 m and the systems were identical except that one set of photovoltaic panels was mounted on a passive tracking device and the
158. latively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles and impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals typically salts of aluminum or iron Water and flocs flows through the filter medium under gravity or under pumped pressure and the flocculated material is trapped in the sand matrix Mixing flocculation and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede filtration Chemical additives such as coagulants are often used in conjunction with the filtration system It is best suited for municipal water supply projects Since much of paragraph has already been taken for water treatment units this further has not been dealt in detail here 27 Note Readers are encouraged to go through other text book materials for further reading in the water treatment headings 5 2 6 Water Treatment Water from a slow sand filter with a well developed biological layer is hygienic and safe for consumption any further treatment such as disinfection is therefore not necessary As documented by numerous examples in many developing countries provision of a reliable chlorine disinfection system in small rural water supply schemes is often not practicable A regular supply of mostly imported chemicals and accurate dosage of the disinfectant is the two main practical problems encountered 5 2 7 Sump Well A sump well generally serves the dual function Home for the pump submersib
159. le laying Stores water during non pumping hour and safely dispose of surplus water collected in excess of the pipe capacity Collect the flow from the intakes when more than one source is utilized in case HRF is not provided Each source should have its own individual pipeline to the sump well for this purpose Allow free flow to avoid creation of back pressure in the spring Generally water is collected in a sump well and is then pumped to the service reservoir through transmission pipeline Hence designing of a sump well is consisting of determining the capacity of sump well layout of electro mechanical equipments In a small say up to 50 HH having spring as water source there may not need of collection chamber HRF and sum well structures in sequence These all structures together can raise the project cost Only well built intake intake with valve chamber with sump well in sequence can serve the purpose In sump well pump should be secured well for this pump can be laid horizontally mostly the submersible pumps and plain cement concrete blocks of dimension 30cm x 20cm x 12cm can be laid in sequence and tied the pump with these blocks by knot or strong steel wire of 6 8mm dia After tying the pump with concrete blocks it will not change its position due to vibration during its operation hours If horizontal pump is used instead pump can be laid outside of sump well in a small shed made especially for it called pu
160. let This will cause an upward thrust on the motor shaft resulting in damage to the motor Prevent this by installing an air vent or a vacuum breaker at the high point on the pipe 13 5 1 Operating the pump An Example 13 5 1 1 Switch Power On Off When switched off on during operation it resets all system logic Indicator lights system green The controller is switched on and the power source is present In low power conditions the light may show even if there is not enough power to run the pump Pump on green Motor is turning Sequence of flashing indicates pump speed Pump overloads green changes to red Source low red The water source dropped below the level of the low water probe After the water level recovers the pump will restart but this light will slowly flash until the sun goes down power is interrupted or the power switch is reset This indicates that the water source ran low at least once since the previous off on cycle Tank full red Pump is turned off by action of the remote float switch or pressure switch or manual switch whichever is wired to the remote float switch terminals RPM indication Pump speed can be read off by the flashing sequence of the pump on LED Starting the pump Be sure there is not a closed valve or other obstruction in the waterline Switch on the array disconnect switch in the junction box and toggle the power switch on the controller It is normal to leave the switches on
161. ll can be easily dismantled and rebuilt during maintenance work The excavated portion around the backside of the catchments wall should be filled with small stones and aggregates as filter pack through which water can percolate This should be done up to level of dry stone masonry wall Above all a clay plaster of 15 cm sloping outwards should be applied this is to keep out the rain water from entering into the chamber It is recommended practice to use a thick sheet of a plastic just beneath the clay layer e Rest of the space around the intake tank valve box and catchments should be backfilled with ordinary soil in such a way that it prevents the rainy water from flowing into the intake structure e A channel should be excavated around the intake structure to keep out the rainwater and other surface water It prevents the source water from contamination This channel should be 20 25 cm deep with stone soiling on edge and should be above 5 10 m from intake Afence should be erected around the intake to protect the intake structure being damaged from man amp animals e Aretaining wall should be made around the intake if it is needed For this it is recommended to consult with the supervisor 10 7 Distribution Tank Distribution tank 1s constructed of Ferro cement This tank is small and circular in shape and is divided into two sections by Ferro cement partitions Supply pipeline divides into two branches inside the tank The Contro
162. ller Check the voltage across the two wires from the panel when the sun is shining If the voltage is less than 12 V there is a problem with the panel or the panel wiring If the voltage is 12 V or more measure the amperes from the panel If the amperes are very low for the panel that is installed the connections to the panel may be loose or corroded Also the panel may be damaged Corrective action Disconnect all the panels and carefully check that each one is working properly voltage and amperage Replace panels that are not working well Clean all terminals and wires Reconnect the panels making sure that the correct wires are connected to the correct terminals Also make sure that the panels are not shaded Faulty controller Check the voltage at the panel connections on the controller when the sun is shining If the voltage at the pump connection is less than 13 5 V and the voltage at the panel connection is more than 14 V the controller has probably failed Some types of complex computerized controllers cannot be tested with simple voltmeters If that type of controller is thought to have failed one have to replace the controller with one known to work properly and wait to see if that cures the problem Corrective action Replace the controller Faulty wiring between controller and pump Measure the voltage at the pump connections and controller connections If the voltage is more than 0 5 V lower at the controller there is a wi
163. lly obtained as on HDP pipes class 6 kg cm v 2 3 m s on HDP pipe class 10 kg cm v 2 8 m s A balance thereof must be struck between destroying excess head and the danger of creating a flow condition where high pressures due to water hammer can easily develop Hence maximum velocity in pipelines should be restricted to e Desirable 2 5 m s e Exceptional 3 0 m s Static Head The static head in a pipeline refers to the difference in elevation between a point considered in the supply line and the open higher end of that pipeline where the water is exposed to atmospheric pressure This in most of the cases can be a Storage Tank or a BPC Static head occurs in the pipeline when a pipe flowing full is closed and the flow velocity becomes zero Following static head can be adopted for the design Transmission Main For HDP pipes pressure class 10 Kg cm not more than 80 m For GI pipes pressure class conforming to BS 1387 medium grade not more than 160 m For more than 160 m use welded joints for pipe amp fittings Distribution Lines Acceptable 60m Exceptional cases 80m e Withself closing taps e g Jayson Taps 20m Residual head The dynamic head remaining at the end of a pipe section is referred to as residual head The residual head at a stand post BPC or storage tank is required to account for e Appurtenance head loss which is caused by the design flow rate passing through a faucet float valv
164. loss 0 Pmax Wp 687 960 Vmp M 123 137 Imp A 56 7 Voc V 159 174 Isc A 63 B Pout 687 Vout V 123 lout A 56 Motor cable Power loss 26 0 79 1 9 2 3 Pump system Motor power W 137 667 1 495 Motor voltage V EC 62 121 Motor current A 22 76 12 Motor speed rpm 2 025 2 400 3 010 Flow rate m h 0 62 Etficiency 0 50 53 STC Standard test conditions for photovoltaic modules 1000 W m solar iradiance 25 C cell temperature 25 W AS spectans and omalon e ve win god nen er re oeste a pouce may be sueco change LORENTZ 143 L R E N TZ Sy BERNT LORENTZ GmbH amp Co KG a Kr gerskoppel 7 Tel 49 0 4193 7548 0 D 24558 Henstedt Ulzburg Fax 49 0 4193 7548 29 www lorentz de info2012 lorentz de Wednesday 06 August 2014 DESIGN 20M 40M3 Solar pumping project Wiring diagram Controller AT ISAT IMA MA IMA NVA MVA NZ 3 5 Z Created by LORENTZ COMPASS 3 0 10 77 ON All speci without Aas EPG kaqman pa QUAD yap EEE IH SENG Gai DOVES and prozac ety Ho MU Noemie LORENTZ 144 LORENTZ Wednesday 06 August 2014 DESIGN 20M 40M3 Solar pumping project System Layout BERNT LORENTZ GmbH amp Co KG Kr gerskoppel 7 Tel 49 0 4193 7548 0 D 24558 Henstedt Ulzburg Fax 49 0 4193 7548 29 www lorentz de info2012 lorentz de 1 PS Controller 41 Float Switch 2 Submersible Pump 12 Sun Switch 3 Stilling Tube 13 PV Disconnect 4 Well Probe 14 Lightning
165. lt location should be firmly made stable zone and not prone to landslide or flood hazards etc If some of those elements are unavoidable in small scale proper protective measures should be adopted at the site Any structure site should not be drastically changed then the survey it may affect other parameters like head flow velocity or capacity range of the pipe materials etc If it is unavoidable to change the construction location of the structures approval should be taken from the concerned design engineer 10 2 Construction Materials All the construction materials used for the construction should meet the standard specification as designated in the implementation guideline Below are some of the materials that should have respective quality standard for use for further readings pls refer other standard specification books Steel works Different types of steel items are used in construction of water supply system are e Chicken wire It should be finely woven of in hexagonal shape made from steel wire of not less than 1mm thickness 20gauge The outer side of the wire should be finely zinc coated Plain wire of 3 5 mm It should be of correct diameter while measuring by a gauge meter to nearest of 0 0001m The wire should be finely coated with zinc and should not be peeled off before using It should show the 755gm of weight in 10m of its run Reinforcement bars These bars used for water supply system should preferably be th
166. ltration line collection channels consists of single or double row of perforated pipes or dry masonry channels These may be laid parallel to the river axis either on the inside or outside of the river bed The channels are laid with the grade 1 in 300 to 500 at appropriate depths for the purpose of extracting water The perforated pipes or dry masonry channels are covered by gravel 22 filter arranged in TOP ViEW layers coarser material closer to the pipes or channels am Infiltration wells or galleries arg oe appropriate only SIDE view along the foothills The river bed infiltration gallery should be located at a point where stream matu sa kaqpis does not change direction and where water would be available throughout the year When an infiltration gallery is recommended a detail design should be prepared on the basis of site condition A high level of supervision during installation is also required 5 2 4 Collection Chamber As name suggest this is a structure used to collect water from two or more than two water sources and providing head for downside structures It eliminates the possibility of parallel running pipelines from sources As much as possible this structure should locate minimum distance from two more sources If the source is spring and does not contain or very less amount of sediment load there is no need of collection chamber or water treatment unit all these functions will be served by sump wel
167. ly site dependent 1 7 5 Water Wheels Turbines Ram Pumps and Current Turbines Advantages low cost long life low maintenance fuel free power source if suitable site conditions are available to exploit water power Disadvantages depends upon relatively rare site conditions which limit the areas that could benefit from this type of prime mover 1 7 6 Solar Photovoltaic Pump Advantages energy resource is almost universally available high correlation between energy available and water needs low environmental impact and reliable Zero fuel costs longlife PV modules more than 20 years low maintenance and operation costs can be operated by unskilled labor suitable for systems of any size Disadvantages sophisticated technology not suitable to local manufacturers e high initial investment cost output fluctuation due to varying solar insolation Water pumping applications can vary widely both in their requirements and in the conditions under which pumping must take place The cost unit water cost considerably fluctuates depending upon the variables such as volumes and timing of water required water source capacity and depth from which it is to be pumped replenishment rates of the source and seasonal variability of static head bore or well diameters and solar insolation characteristics 1 8 General Decision Flow Chart Water can be pumped using wind energy solar energy and diesel ge
168. m bed On construction of dam spillway is constructed to allow the sudden flow Spillway is constructed in such a portion of dam from that portion the water from dam can be discharged our as an overflow Spillway of diverting the water from dam does functions as an over flow At least 2 nos of GI Pipes of 3 diameter is laid as washouts near the intake pipe It is to clean the sediment particles collected just upstream of Dam Washouts are fixed at the bed level of the river and closed by the end caps A G I outlet pipe with the strainer is directly inserted inside the dam and is extended to sedimentation tank The GI strainer fitted to outlet pipe at the dam separates the coarse particles After completion of wall dam is plastered with 1 2 cement sand mortar The trench is filled with soil and compacted Subsequently dry stone masonry wall is built to protect the bank of the river At the downstream side of spillway a dry stone soling is to be done Dry stone masonry wall is built around the outlet pipe of the intake structure to protect the strainer pipe Dry stone is packed across the width of the stream from 4 5 m upstream of the dam to project the Dam from big boulders carried by flood during rainy season This dam is constructed with bid boulders of 1 to 1 5 m in size and packed up to spillway level 10 6 Spring Intake Spring water flows on the ground surface from one or many points In order to collect the water catchments
169. m pim the water is preferably carried E Eth out by a plain EEEE se d i mentat i on nver nake Pa iinan rate Q8 m W NL vete Bo tank since sludge jm removal fom 9 such tanks is less troublesome than from roughing filters Simple Fig 5 3 Typical Section of Ferro cement Sedimentation Tank sedimentation tanks can be designed Ferro cement sedimentation tank simple in construction and very robust in function can be used in PV Pumping a system that uses the water source as stream or river having high suspended load it should be used only for water tapped from river stream having high suspended sediment load If there is cost implication depending upon the source type and sediment load only sedimentation tank or horizontal roughing filter can be used to prevent harming the pump of the system b Removing the finer material and biological contaminants Filtration Filtration is a process of removing undesirable contaminants suspended solids and gases from raw water in which water is passed through the bed of course materials The goal of this process is to produce water fit for a specific purpose Most water is disinfected for human consumption drinking water but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes Water coming from source might contain physical or biological parts that should be removed before pumping it to the service reservoir so that pump health does not
170. may be served by tapping average flow from the transmission main A storage tank of 1 m capacity may be provided along with a stand post to distribute water to these household The population that would be benefited from a stand post should be accurately estimated This would need detailed study of the cluster and settlement pattern 5 2 13 Other Structures These structures some of them or all in any project should be used in PV pumping system only in uttermost need has been felt These structures in one hand increases the technical complexity of project in the other they increases the possibility of water leakage and loss on the route Every care should be taken to minimize the water loss leakage in the route while making layout of the project 5 2 13 1 Distribution Chambers DC When we need a multi reservoir system PV Pumping Project to design there comes a DC structure in the scene A distribution chamber DC is used to 35 proportionally divided inlet flow Two main functions of the Distribution Tank are as follows 1 to break water pressure and 2 to divide and distribute water to different supply clusters The different types of tank used include masonry tanks Ferro cement tanks and plastic tanks Stone masonry with cement mortar is also implemented in projects as it is easy to construct and easy to fit the pipes and fittings in the masonry tank Stone masonry tanks have also proved easier to operate maintain
171. mber of sunlight hours based on peak sun 4 Select the pump referring to catalogues of reputed manufacturers concerned 5 Select appropriate size of solar PV array However prior to following these guidelines it is useful to ascertain whether a directly coupled system no batteries no inverter and no power conditioning circuitry is feasible for the particular application If so such a system is strongly recommended even though its use provides little flexibility in component choice and system configuration However there are occasions when directly coupled systems are unsuitable These include When pumping heads are too large to be able to use a centrifugal pump with reasonable efficiency When suitable DC motors are not available such as with some large systems greater than 10 HP where little choice exists or when a submersible motor is necessary and no brush less DC motors are available at a suitable price Whenthepumpingrate in bright sunshine exceeds the water source replenishment rates e When it is essential batteries be used for energy storage i e where availability of pumped water must be very high and tank storage is unsuitable e g portable units Locations characterized by excessive cloudy weather making the poor part load efficiencies of a directly coupled system unacceptable It should be recognized that the PV water pumping industry is evolving rapidly with the potential to make any preferred desi
172. medium size stream too for flow measurement They provide a very easy and accurate way to measure the discharge for low to medium discharge streams 6 3 Overall demand calculation The water demand should be calculated using the following parameters and a demand vs supply check should be made using the form i Domestic Demand No of houses n Assume present population 5 4n Design period 15 years Population growth 2 3 per year Demand 25 liters per person per day Therefore Design population 7 6n and Domestic demand 190n liters per day or 0 0022n liters second Note Nepal s population growth rate 2 27 household size 5 38 in average but different development region has different values So please follow according to the recent regional value EDR Population growth rate 1 87 household size 5 23 CDR Population growth rate 2 65 household size 5 26 WDR Population growth rate 1 92 household size 5 25 MWDR Population growth rate 2 26 household size 5 58 FWDR Population growth rate 2 71 household size 5 92 Source Preliminary results of pop Census 2001 Central Bureau of Statistic Nepal ii School Demand No of school pupils p 47 Assume demand 10 liters per pupil per day Therefore School demand 10p liters per day or 0 0001 6p liters second iii Health Post Demand No of health posts h Assume demand 2500 liters per health post per day Theref
173. mp house The detail of pump house is given in subsequent chapters 5 2 7 1 Capacity of Sump Well When the source yield is less than the pumping rate or water from several sources are to be pumped at once water is first collected in a sump well the effective volume of which is determined from the formula V 3600 Qp O Q x Tcu m S Qp where 28 no of starts per hour Qp pumping rate m s Q inflow rate m s T no of pumping hours hrs The volume of sump is minimum if the pumping rate equals twice the inflow rate in which case above formula reduces to V 900 x Op x T S 5 2 8 Pipeline 1 Pipelines are the carriage of water from source to service reservoir and service reservoir to tap posts They are the heavy investment of any water supply projects So we need to first understand different alternatives within piping system to better optimize the cost of any projects Materials Pipe of different materials is available in the market some of them are High Density Polyethylene Pipe HDPE These are the most commonly used pipes in rural water supply systems in Nepal HDPE is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum known for its large strength to density ratio The Fig 5 7 HDPE Pipe density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low density polyethylene HDPE has little branching giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength than LDPE The difference in strength
174. n 0 16 0 52 ME NE s uec a Le e p 016 062 0 18 Jf 070 022 J 083 025 J L10 033 L L50 045 onf L85 0 55 0 17 230 068 022 2 70 320 096 032 0 18 3 80 4 50 5 20 6 80 7 50 8 30 9 40 0 065 13 00 18 00 0 13 23 00 0 22 3000 900 280 105 022 37 00 027 45 00 0 33 52 00 62 00 047 N j 7200 2200 660 250 055 80 00 0 63 0 85 139 Annex XI Equivalent Lengths of Valves Sudden Cross Sectional Changes and Bends m Standard Standard Medium Pane Nominal elbow nine size Glove Run of 45 deg Gate valve Reduced Reduced lbow valve mm standard tee a pum ee 3e 255 ia im o9 o0 030 so 1524 sm 396 305 152 153 99i or 030 6 1830 1005 aso 366 183 18 122 091 046 o 2440 1220 sso 46 24 25 19 12 061 o 3500 1676 20 610 335 274 189 152 026 Ls 4577 2440 1097 914 as 427_ 274 230 107 xw ess 3333 1524 226 610 sso 42r 305 137 40 50 65 100 150 200 Sudden enlargement Sudden Contraction Borda Ordinary entrance entrance d D 1 4 d D 1 2 d D 3 4 d D 1 4 d D 1 2 d D 3 4 Nominal pipe size Equivalent L s in terms of d Equivalent L s in terms of d 140 Annex XII Data Chart of Lorentz Solar Pump LORENTZR FLOW F B CHART FOR ETAPUMP _ 1 20 m 67 ft
175. n m and bore hole of pipe Q discharge through pipe in m Velocity of flow V Q A 4Q D Coefficient of friction f 1 14 2 x log K D421 25 VD 0 00114 0 9 Swamee and Jain equation Where K absolute roughness of pipe material 0 1 for HDPE and 1 for GI D bore hole of pipe Head loss from the pipe HL f x Lx V 2gD where D in m Darcy s Weisbach formula Total Dynamic head for pump level difference between sump well and 60 a service reservoir head loss suction head Combination of the both GI and HDPE can be made in transmission but while doing so water hammer pressure in transmission line should be considered and only if pipe is capable to withstand that pressure HDPE pipe should be used Measures for preventing damage by water hammer should be introduced and the design of the delivery pipeline should be done in such a way that water hammer do not occur Possibilities of water hammer occurrence are followings The water feed line length is more than about 20 times the actual head and the actual head is 10 m or higher The flow velocity in the water feed line is 1 m s or higher There is a raised portion in the water feed pipeline In this case air trap or water column separation may occur The friction head loss in water feed line is over 30 to 40 of the water feed pressure The pump is started while the discharge valve is open The valve operation time is short Total head for
176. n the middle of tank Outlet amp overflow pipes should be 15 cm away from the inner side of wall Inlet pipe should be in other side of the tank this should we more than 15 cm from inner side of wall Check the arrangement of overflow washout amp inlet pipes whether the gap between these pipes is 20 cm or not The mouth of wash out should be 10cm below of outlet Soling Soling is done by stone gravel and sand and should be free from soil Max 20 cm soling is required for up to 4 m RVT and 25 cm soling for more than 4 m capacity of RVT 15 cm soling is enough for valve box Concrete Floor One should make enough concrete and mortar So first prepare the well platform for this purpose It can be made of C G I sheet or large size stones There should be enough space for two people to work and this should be leveled so that water and cement does not flow Before concreting reinforcement roads bent in 90 should be fixed in place which helps to make monolithic structure of tank Fix these in spacing as shown in design and drawing Measure accurately and check the position of roads because the position cannot be changed after concreting After fixing the rods bent in 90 1 2 4 cement concrete is poured around the roads to fix in its position The floor should be casted 10 cm more than the outside diameter of the tank Floor should be slopped toward the center of tank 5 cm slope is required for up to 4 m tank and 10 cm for m
177. nd efficient execution of work and complete the project in given time with desired outputs Community training need should be accessed at the time of survey by social professional like account keeping leadership maitenance worker etc and prescribed for the implementation in the project report Training that can be started at local level or should sent outside the community need project implementating agency support should be categorized accordingly The detail cost estimate required to conduct the trainings should be included in the detail project report 73 10 Construction Procedure of Structures Objectives After completion of this chapter participant will be able to Understand the basic ideas about construction of civil engineering structures Understand the construction procedures of intakes ferrocement structures and tap stand posts etc Time 1 and hrs Lesson 10 1 Site inspection for construction of structures preparation of construction materials and basic construction technology V5 hrs Lesson 10 2 Construction procedures of different structures hrs 10 1 Site Inspection for Construction Before starting of the construction work a team of technical person should verify physically all the locations of the proposed structures and visit from intake to last tap sand It is the last available time for the whole project team to correct the work if any error persists in design or layout Any structure s bui
178. ne route terrain It is believed that less the special structures high the 37 sustainability of the system Special JC zmes care should be taken while locating these structures along the route of 5 3 2 Gully Crossing Ban xr pipeline VO si RR a T d 5 3 1 Suspended Crossing Ae a mm N NC ms Suspended crossings are required whenever the ee Sasi Lage J pipeline crosses a river or e a stream or wide and deep gullies Crossings may be Fig 5 16 Section of Suspension Crossing of Pipeline also required to cross over an unstable terrain which may be subjected to erosion and landslides Three categories of crossings are often encountered Gully crossing for a span up to 6 m Dry khola Stream crossing and Suspended crossing when the span is greater than 6 m GULLY CROSSING 8 11m IN LENGTH Narrow and deep gullies up to T wm ems MM 6 m spans can be crossed by a span of GI pipe above the 9M EN H bottom of the gully clear of e the maximum flood level and z _ suitably anchored to the banks of the gully or using stone masonry wall i x whichever is found to be an n i suitable Wide gullies or wing streams which dry up should nd ze be crossed by GI pipes buried SECTION AT AA at 1 5 to 2 m depth and Fig 5 17 Gully Crossing of Pipeline anchored in the masonry or gabion walls to prevent it from getting washed away during flood
179. nerator as some options Each option has its own conditions for economic operation The decision chart for selection of pump is shown below Rural Supply Daily Duty 800m Use Wind Based pump Mean Wind 22 5 m s Use Solar Based pump Daily Isolation gt 2 5 kwh m day Use Diesel Based pump Fig 1 4 Decision Flow Chart for the Selection of the water pumping technologies AEPC 2003 7 2 Electromechanical Components Objectives To explain the water pumping system configuration giving information about various electromechanical components of the solar PV pumping systems that would later help in design of those components Time 40 min Lesson 2 1 Water pumping system configuration 10 min Lesson 2 2 Water pumps 15 min Lesson 2 3 Motors and Integrated motor pump machines 5 min Lesson 2 4 Power conditioning circuitry 5 min Lesson 2 5 Array mounting and mounting of water pumps 5 min 2 1 Water Pumping System Configuration There is a range of possible components and configurations for photovoltaic water pumping systems as shown in figure 2 1 Selection ofthe most suitable components and configurations for each specific application and site is critical to the economic viability and the long term performance of the system PV Array Solar Generator AC Motor T Pump Motor Centrifugal Fig 2 1 Water Pumping System Configurati
180. nflow Cont nuous Outflow System 5 00 AM 7 00 AM 7 00 AM 12 00 AM 12 00 AM are 8100 5 00 PM en tT 20 0 8100 7 00 PM 500AM 0 0 8100 Maximum Surplus Deficit 4640 M Supply hours to meet the Minimum required Reservolr capacity 464 cum 463 demand Provide Reservoir of capacity cum 116 of Average Demand c Recommended Reservoir Size Recommended Size for RVT 02 5 00 cum Time to Fill the RVT Hr 8 1 3 Pipeline profile final alignment data calculation and plotting a Abney Level Survey Calculation Pipeline route selection is a very tactical issue in surveying duration A well thought pipeline route should show minimum number of undulations longitudinally and most efficient route to pass the water In rural water supply scheme abney level is sufficient to get the ground profile picture as discussed above After having the field book in hand that should be presented in proper format and process further for calculation and pipeline design purpose To mark the high low point and other remarkable points along the pipeline drawing of pipeline profile can be done in graph paper as used to do traditionally but it consumes the much time So this data processing tasks should be processed in appropriately designed spreadsheet and CAD software that reduces the time and cost as well as the final result produced will be appealing one Table 8 2 Abney Level Data Calculation e amane TES rage BS
181. nism reduction may be in the same order of magnitude as that for suspended solids e g an inlet concentration of 10 100 mg l can be reduced by a roughing filter to about 1 3 mg l The bacteriological water quality improvement could amount to about 60 9995 or the microorganisms are reduced to about 1 2 log Larger sized pathogens eggs worms are removed to an even greater extent Roughing filters are used as pretreatment step prior to slow sand filters Slow sand filtration may not be necessary if the bacteriological contamination of the water to be treated is absent or small particularly in surface waters draining an unpopulated catchment area or where controlled sanitation prevents water contamination by human waste However physical improvement of the water may be required with permanent or periodic high silt loads in the surface water 25 Excessive amounts of solids in the water lead to the silting up of pipes and reservoirs For technical reasons roughing filtration may therefore be used without slow sand filtration if the raw water originates from a well protected catchment area and if it is of bacteriological minor contamination i e in the order of less than 20 50 E coli 100 ml 5 2 5 2 Design Criteria of HRF S No Design parameters Recommended Values 1 VF Q HxW Q A 0 3 1 5 m h 2 Vd Qd L1 L2 L3 xW 60 90m h 3 Max headloss AH 30cm 40cm 4 H recommended filter depth 0 8 1 20m 5 Filt
182. nsumer needs 4 Any available insolation data should be obtained and used in conjunction with the local conditions e g for determining the light intensity incident on the solar panels at certain angle during morning noon or afternoon 5 Select a pump to suit the range of operating heads and physical dimension constraints imposed by the application and one that will pump the required volume of water when operating at its maximum efficiency point It is essential the torque speed characteristics ofthe selected pump to be known to facilitate system matching 87 11 3 General approach for design 11 3 1 Head Calculation Total pumping head is determined by using following formula Hoa H h vd 2g 10 P P r m Where H actual pumping head the vertical height between the suction water surface and the discharge water surface m h total loss in head in piping m vd 2g Discharge velocity head m P Pressure exerted on the discharge water surface Kg cm P Pressure exerted on the suction water surface Kg cm r Specific weight of the liquid Kg l When both the suction and discharge water surfaces are open to the atmosphere the total dynamic head of the pump is calculated by the equation H H h vd 2g m Total Storage Tank Static Water Level Jraw down Level Pump Total Static Head Ha A B Total Dynamic Head Htotal A B C Pipe Friction pressure head
183. nt the getting energy for the pumps In some cases a special controller tester will be available but when it is not it can be checked by asking the user to keep appliance use to a minimum for several sunny days Come to the site in the late afternoon of the third or fourth sunny day while the sun is still shining Check the voltage at the connections and at the panel terminals of the controller If the two voltages are about the same and they are both above 13 V for a 12 V system or 26 V for a 24 V system then the charge controller is probably working properly Corrective action Replace the controller and send the old one for repair 14 2 2 Troubleshooting Inspect the system Many problems can be located by simple inspection Inspect the solar array 1 Is it facing the sun For details see solar array orientation Is there a partial shadow on the array If only 10 ofthe array is shadowed it can stop the pump Inspect all wires and connections 113 Look carefully for improper wiring especially in a new installation Make a visual inspection of the condition of the wires and connections Wires are often chewed by animals if they are not enclosed in conduit pipe Pull wires with your hands to check for failed connections Inspect the controller and junction box Remove the screws from the bottom plate of the controller Move the plate downward or the controller upward to reveal the terminal block where the wires connect In
184. o fulfill these requirements Now if the water requirement or the total height is greater than that mentioned in the curve select the curve for higher capacity pump The results obtained from the manufacturers chart must also be verified by the results of calculations based on previously described formula Alternately the results of the calculation may also be verified using manufacturers charts Solar pumps are available in different capacities The surface pumps can be 92 used to lift water from a maximum depth of up to 7 m Sometimes the pump can be installed inside the well up to 10 m deep For wells deeper than that a submersible pump is more advisable The choice of solar pump depends on the quantity of water required and the depth at which water is available To design a system however it is necessary to view the whole picture and consider all the resources So the final installation must be based on a thorough site study by the experts concerned Attention Water to be pumped Sand content generally should not be more than 50gm m e pH should be in between 5 to 9 e Chloride content should be not more than 500 ppm at 30 deg C Temperature should be within 40 deg C Selected solar submersible pump with built in motor should have the following Features Main switch incorporated Maximum power point tracking Fault indication Protected against overheating Protected against overloading Protected against voltage transi
185. of 10 cm thickness is poured over the soiling Concrete should be well compacted The width of the concrete pad should be 10 cm more than the width of the wall of the catchments and the intake tank A cutoff wall is caste with 1 2 4 cement concrete of 20cm width and 50cm deep OR as per required Above the concrete floor 35 cm wide walls of catchments and intake tank should be built with stone masonry in 1 4 cement mortars Service pipes in intake wall are fitted as mentioned below o Washout A2 GI pipe as washout is provided to wash the tank as and when required o Overflow A 2 G I pipe as an overflow is fitted to drain the excessive water of tank This pipe should be sufficiently long so that the drained water does not erode the strata immediately downstream the intake This pipe is generally 5 10 m in length o Outlet An outlet pipe is the pipe from where the pipeline starts Size of the outlet pipe should be one size bigger than the H D P pipe immediately down A HDP strainer is fitted on it and should be positioned at 10 cm above the concrete floor All service pipes are fitted inside the valve box through the partition wall of intake tank It protects the pipe At each interface the walls should be roughened to increase the bond between the pipe and wall before fitting GI pipe A 1 1 cement mortar should be poured around the pipe and left for some days The height of the tank should be built as per drawing The height of the catc
186. on AEPC 2003 In the simplest photovoltaic water pumping systems the solar panels are directly connected to a DC motor that drives the water pump For such simplified systems DC motors and centrifugal pumps are virtually mandatory due to their ability to be matched to the output of the solar PV array Volumetric also known as positive displacement pumps have completely different torque speed characteristics and are not well suited to being directly coupled to solar panels When volumetric pumps are used it is therefore common for power conditioning maximum power point tracking circuitry to be included between the solar panels and the motor pump to convert the DC electrical energy into a suitable useable form Similarly ranges of motor types are used for water pumping systems including DC series motors DC permanent motor DC permanent magnet brush less motor AC asynchronous induction motors and AC synchronous motors As with the different types of pump each motor has its advantages and disadvantages which determine suitability to particular applications In case of AC motors an inverter must also be included between the solar panels and the motor 2 2 Water Pumps The two broad categories of pumps are generally used for PV powered pumping systems centrifugal and volumetric displacement pumps 2 2 1 Centrifugal Pumps Centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller that throws the water radially against a casing so shaped that
187. on about the types of safety equipments to be used for the protection of solar PV pumping system their detail descriptions and ways of use Time 25 min Lesson 13 1 Grounding and Lightning protection 15 min Lesson 13 2 Warning siphon appliances 10 min Safety is a full time and the responsibility of every employee Practicing safety requires Good work habits and a clean work area Proper equipment and its uses Awareness of hazards and how to avoid them Training in CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation and First Aid Periodic reviews of safety procedures 13 1 Grounding and Lightning Protection The purpose of grounding any electrical system is to prevent unwanted currents from flowing especially through people and possibly causing equipment damage personal injury or death Lightning natural and man made ground faults and line surges can cause high voltages to exist in an otherwise low voltage system Proper grounding along with over current protection limits the possible damage that a ground fault can cause One conductor of a PV system gt 50 volts must be grounded and the neutral wire of a center tapped three wire system must also be grounded If these provisions are met this is considered sufficient for the battery ground if batteries are included in the system A ground is achieved by making a solid low resistance connection to a permanent earth ground This is often done by driving a metallic rod into the earth pre
188. or the particular location Lock washers or equivalent should be used on all bolts to remove risk of them coming loose during the subsequent 20 years The structures should be located as close as possible to the well to minimize wire lengths and where necessary fencing may be utilized to protect from animals theft vandals etc Tracking support structures can be useful to enable the solar panels to point more directly at the sun throughout most of the day Motorized or passive tracking mechanisms although cost effective in terms of electrical energy produced per unit cost introduce considerable maintenance and reliability problems However a more feasible alternative is to use a manual tracking system whereby a simple adjustment by an operator can take advantage of the changing sun position One such regime is where a seasonal adjustment of the tilt angle is made four times each year to compensate for the variation in the sun s angle of declination Another form of adjustment allows for redirection of the solar panels twice a day taking greater advantage of both the morning and afternoon sun It should be noted that the concept of manually redirecting the solar panels is dependent upon the availability of an operator which for some remote or inaccessible locations may not be feasible or practical However the studies have indicated that a simple manual tracking system requiring two adjustments per day could increase daily efficiency of the sy
189. ore Demand 2500h litters per day or 0 03h liters per second v DESIGN DEMAND IS THEREFORE EQUAL TO Demand 190n 10p 2500h liters per day or 0 0022n 0 00016p 0 03h liters per second 6 4 Demand vs Source supply The calculated design demand should be compared with the source s minimum yield measured during the dry season Remembering that for most of the year the flow from the source will be greater than the minimum yield the following criteria should be used to confirm a project s feasibility Ifminimum yield gt design demand If minimum yield gt 0 75 x design demand project is feasible but the use of alternative sources if available should be considered fthere is no any alternative source around the village 15 liters per person per head per day can be considered This is the minimum design for the time being This quantity cannot serve the increase population and also cannot be used for production purposes 6 5 Socio economic survey and present water supply situation Project area delineation demographic data collection and service level determination are carried as part of social survey Active participation of local during data collection is must Standard formats prepared for the purpose can be used in the survey Amount of data to be collected depends upon the information to be drawn from the data and further processing required As part of feasibility survey settlements in the village numb
190. ore than 4n tank Formworks HDP pipes are used for from works because this is available easily amp easy to shape it The pipe used is of 32 mm diameter First coil the pipes against the rods fixed vertical starting from bottom to top As you proceed from bottom to top use bamboo post to support the coil for fixing it in position amp giving the required shape Don t be greedy in shuttering Use enough bamboo at 90 each other Reinforcement in Ferro cement wall Firstly each rebar s bent in 90 are fixed with straight vertical bars Each vertical straight bar should be long enough for the height of tank and a margin for bending to connect the roof bars Next first layer of chicken wire tied with the rebar to cover the whole area of outer surface of tank There should be at least 20 cm overlap between the two wire messes Then 3 5 mm GUI wire should be provided to cover the whole wall of the tank over the chicken wire net The wire is tied with the rebar at each intersection Finally you should cover the second layer in whole outer face of the tank by chicken wire mess Vertical rebar chicken wire mess and simple wires should be fixed tightly by means TI of using binding wire To do so it takes more time but this job should be done correctly and carefully Plastering of dome roof of FC tank Now the outer surface of tank is ready for plastering This needs of 2 coats of same thickness First coat is quite difficult because the m
191. oresight steps 5 and 6 above Example An example survey is presented in Figure below Notation for this survey is presented in the following table Table 7 1 Auto level Survey Recording Format 1 2 3 4 5 6 C Sta Bs HI Fs Elev Notes PtA 25 102 5 100 Assumed elev Pt B 11 5 91 Tpl 4 2 95 2 Pt B PtC 12 3 82 9 0 2 ur 100 20 HI 97 00 6 1 37 5 W aoe Ler Xi t oS A is Ted 2 EA sae 7 TEs er o ooo o o o o o e e ooo eo eo e c e e m orn o o lt a o o gt m lt A s gt gt 4 A aa e m m m 2 w o 6 o ooo EJ o o 2 eo o 1 ose lt E hd a 4 mq L a s g 4 5 2 ous gt i Uu 7 wo nuu 7 t au u e 7 Fig 7 5 Profile Leveling by Auto Level Source Irrigation Reference Manual Peace Crops 1994 51 The steps used in the example problem are different from those used by professional surveyors They have been simplified in an attempt to reduce confusion and are more than adequate for the type of surveying that is necessary in small scale piped water systems When using this method always remember the following simple calculations 1 Known elevation Back sight reading Height of Instrument 2 Height of Instrument Foresight 2 Next Elevation 7 1 2 Social Survey Community meeting with villagers at very first day of village entry for surve
192. oring the water level in the storage tank Will you be able to observe the level of water in the tank If one cannot easily see into your storage tank here are some methods of tank monitoring Dipstick in the air vent Float with a visible rod that protrudes through the top of the tank Clear sight tube alongside the tank Precision pressure gauge 117 15 Financial Analysis Objectives To give detail information about the method of total cost estimation of the solar PV pumping system project and ways of evaluation of the economic feasibility of the project through various analysis Time 40 min Lesson 15 1 Project Cost Estimation 10 min Lesson 15 2 Feasibility Analysis 30 min As like other project or schemes Solar Pumping System involves investment and other resources and has to borne risk It is needed to perform or assess financial evaluation to minimize the risk of investment and maximize the benefit from the scarce investment resources A Solar Pumping System needs sufficient amount of investment and is expensive Such project involves risk because most of the cost must be met at the beginning Thus the promoter of the project needs to convince the investor as well as financers a private company funding agency and or banks that the project is financially feasible and the investment is therefore safe Different financial aspects of the project are to be looked into for exploring its financial viability 15 1 Project
193. ors are designed to protect electronic equipment by absorbing electrical surges However these devices are not a substitute for good grounding They function only in conjunction with effective grounding The grounding system is an 149 important part of your wiring infrastructure Install it before or while the power wiring is installed Otherwise once the system is working this important component may never get checked off on the to do list Step one in grounding is to construct a discharge path to ground by bonding interconnecting all the metal structural components and electrical enclosures such as PV module frames mounting racks and wind generator towers The National Electrical Code NEC Article 250 and Article 690 41 through 690 47 specify code compliant wire sizes materials and techniques Avoid sharp bends in ground wires high current surges don t like to turn tight corners and can easily jump to nearby wiring Pay special attention to attachments of copper wire to aluminum structural elements particularly the PV module frames Use connectors labeled AL CU and stainless steel fasteners which reduce the potential for corrosion The ground wires of both DC and AC circuits will also be connected to this grounding system Refer to Code Corner articles on PV array grounding in HP102 and HP103 for more advice Ground Rods The weakest aspect of many installations is the connection to the earth itself After all you
194. ortar does not stick easily and the reinforcement should be covered totally by mortar First coat should be 15 mm thick The surface should not be fine rather should be slightly rough so as that the second coat stick easily When the first coat is set then only second coat is applied First coat should be dried fully Before applying second coat wet jute sheet should cover the first coat to retard the setting action Second coat should be smooth and fine The 1 2 ratio mortars are used for both coats Painting of tank After completion of tank and curing covers can be fixed on its position Then all the outer surface of tank should be painted with white snowcem paints the painting should be done at least after 7 days from the date of completion of tank This allows the tank to be properly dry up Filling the tank by water Filling the tank with water is done slowly The tank should not be filled with water in at a time generally in a newly constructed tank The water should be filled up gradually in a week time not suddenly in full depth This is to avoid sudden loading of the tank This will prolong the life of the tank Backfilling of Trench After filling operation backfilling should be done around the excavated trench of tank In carrying this job care should be taken to prevent from being damaged by the tools used for the backfilling Fencing of Tank A fence has to be erected around the tank in order to protect the tank from ch
195. ose of this hole is to allow water to fill an internal gap to conduct heat away from the rubber stator River or stream Secure the pump from logs and debris that may float downstream Use stainless steel wire rope or chain instead of plastic safety rope plastic rope will weaken in sunlight Consider digging a shallow well near the stream This will allow filtration of the water through the earth and will protect the pump from floating debris or human tampering Position of the low water probe The low water probe must be positioned vertically within 10 Normally it is to be installed on the pipe above the pump outlet This will only work if the pump is installed vertically If the pump will not be vertical find an alternative way to mount or suspend the probe so that it is higher than the pump and in a vertical position Is a flow sleeve required NO not within the normal temperature range The pumps high efficiency motor generates very little heat A conventional submersible pump requires a flow sleeve to assist motor cooling when installed in open water not confined by a narrow casing It is a piece of a 4 6 pipe that surrounds the pump to increase flow around the motor Depth of submersion The pumps may be submersed as deep as necessary to ensure reliable water supply The lift load on the pump is determined by the vertical head of water starting at the surface of the water in the source Increasing the submergence of the pump
196. phasis has been on low cost rather than operating efficiency In particular small motors of about 1 KW or less suffer from very low efficiencies making them not suitable to PV powered systems In addition they require costly inverters at their inputs which have further added reliability problems Furthermore to provide the high starting current additional power conditioning circuitry is generally required AC motors are however in general very reliable and relatively inexpensive being typically half the cost of an equivalent size DC motor The two basic types of AC motors available are asynchronous induction motors and synchronous motors However standard induction motors produce extremely low starting torques making them suitable only for low starting torque pumps such as centrifugal pumps unless appropriately modified to increase the torque generated at high slip frequencies 2 4 Integrated Pump Motor Machines As the PV powered water pumping industry develops a wider range of motors and pumps are becoming available It is therefore essential for an engineer designing such systems to keep up to date with new product developments and associated field testing Recently integrated pump motor machines have become popular where the pump and motor are matched and interconnected within the same housing by the manufacturers Such configurations act to simplify systems and provide high efficiencies when operating at or near their desi
197. placing it lower in the source will not cause it to work harder or to pump less water Avoid placing the pump close to the bottom where it will pick up sediment Filtration at the pump intake The pumps will tolerate small amounts of sand but it is required to filter out larger debris that is normally found in a pond or stream It can be constructed a simple coarse screen to protect the pump and to reduce the nuisance 106 of debris in the water system One method is to wrap the pump with about 6 8 layers of loosely woven fabric or screen of a material that will not decay or rust Some suggestions are fiberglass window screen agricultural shade cloth or weed barrier fabric available from nursery and landscaping suppliers Bind the fabric or screen with all stainless hose clamps rubber or polypropylene rope Do not use nylon it softens with submersion in water An improved method is to construct a sealed pump enclosure from 4 6 plastic pipe with many holes or slots to let water in Then wrap the screen around that enclosure This will distribute the flow through a much larger area of screen After cutting holes or slots in the plastic pipe wipe the inside carefully to remove plastic shavings and dust 13 5 Warning for Siphon Applications If a pump system has a vertical lift of less than 33 feet up from the surface of the water source and then the water flows downhill to a lower point a siphon effect may cause suction at the pump out
198. port the structure before it is set and gains the full strength formwork should be strong enough to bear the load of content which it supports If the form works gets disturbed and unstable during the time of setting then cracks might take place in the structure Generally HDP pipes are used for ferro cement tank construction and bamboo posts are required to give proper support For horizontal slab or vertical beam type structures locally available smooth planks can be used and these can be supported vertically by bamboo posts 10 4 Ferro cement Tank Construction Ferro cement tank construction process is often looked as difficult job involved for newbie in water supply projects which is why the whole process of construction sequence Ferro cement RVT is presented here The construction should be started only after the collection of local materials like stone gravel amp sand Measurement work First mark the position and sixes of tank and valve box in the ground a Measure 100 cm more diameter than that of external diameter of tank b Measure 100 cm x 240 cm for rectangular valve box Foundation Excavation After the measurement is transferred in the ground foundation should be excavated as per following procedure a Excavate 105 cm deep within the diameter for the Reservoir 76 b Excavate 140 cm deep for the valve box Laying of service pipes Next stage is to fix the service pipes e washout pipes should be placed i
199. r In construction of Ferro cement tank one of the important things is to make strong and proper mixture of cement sand and water in right proportion The mixture should be workable and at the same time should form a paste as well so that the mixture could be applied in thick layers The mortar mixed in the right proportion will allow working easily and quickly It is important to have consistence in the ratio of the mixing hence a measuring pot Tin or Bucket is advisable not the Shovel and iron pan is helpful for this purpose In Ferro cement RVT tank which we are going to construct a mixture of 1 2 cement and sand is used for the mortar Reducing the cement will weaken the mix whereas increasing the cement will increase the possibility for the crack Strong and workable mortar can be prepared by using one s experiences It s difficult to find exact required ration of water quantity due to different factors such as e Whether the sand is dry or wet Whether sand is fine or rough Whether weather is sunny and dry or humid or cold Dry mixture is stronger than wet mixture If the mixture is drier it will be problem to apply by Iron pan and cannot be compacted property Excessive wet mixture does not bond with the iron component like Roads Hence a proper proportion of water is important to work with Plastering Immediately after the preparation of mix it should be applied to the structure The mortar should not be used if it is m
200. rhead to the villagers Pathogenic organisms found in water supply sources include a variety of bacteria of intestinal origin intestinal parasites viruses and some larger organisms The most common water borne diseases prevented by disinfection are as shown below Diseases prevented by Disinfection Bacterial Viral Parasitic Typhoid fever Hepatitis Amebiasis Paratypoid Rotavirus Giardiasis Childhoold bacterial diarrhea Crypotsporidium Diarrheas Cholera Chlorination Chlorine is the most commonly practiced disinfectant used in public water supply systems A major advantage of chlorine is that it forms stable residues which are easy to measure These residues also protect the distribution system from biological re growth and provide a limited protection against contamination from cross connections in the distribution system Chlorinated lime CaO CaOCl 3H O commonly known as Bleaching powder is most widely used disinfectant in Nepal 42 which contain about 3596 of chlorine and the method to use this described here 5 6 1 Method of chlorination Chlorination can be fed to distribution system as continuous system or manually In intermittent system manual system can also be practiced but it is laborious work not advisable to execute in continuous systems A simple continuous system is described here with figure Users can devise a new and more effective t usTM etd one to feed the DOSING BEVICE chlorine into distribution system unde
201. ring problem Clean all connections and wires Replace wires in connectors and terminals and tighten all connections Make sure that the wire connecting the controller and the pump is the correct size for the current being carried Fuses or circuit breakers Check all fuses and circuit breakers If they have opened the circuit there is a short circuit in the wiring or appliances Check all appliances and the wiring from the controller to the appliances Corrective action Fix shorted wiring or faulty appliances replace fuses and reset circuit breakers Wiring between controller and appliances Turn on at least one appliance and check the voltage at the load connections on the discharge controller Corrective action Clean all connections replace all wires that are damaged or that are not the correct size for their length Faulty switch If there is one switch that controls all appliances it may be the problem Using a short wire connect across the switch terminals If the appliances work then the switch is faulty Corrective action Replace the switch Controller failure Measure the voltage at the load terminals If the load terminal voltage is zero or much lower than other terminal voltage the discharge controller 112 may not be working properly Corrective action Replace the controller 14 2 1 2 Failure type 2 Some appliances work but some do not This type of failure is rarely due to PV panel It may be caused by 1
202. rison 60 000 10 000 Accumulative Cost 20 000 The cost of solar pumping system will be equal to diesel water pumping system in around 4 years as the PV panel price goes down while oil price rises up the benefit time could come ealier Solar pumping system also owns the advantages of free maintenance noiseless and non pollut ion Conclusion 127 Annex V Solartech PSD600 DC Solar Pump o Solartech Solartech PSD600 DC Solar Pump Max Flow 20m day Max lift 100m Agriculture Irrigation ving Water Supply ivestock Breeding Desert Control Solar Swimming Pool TEE s kaz High efficient DC brushless motor requires less solar array Rich social benefits Optional centrifugal pump for big flow and helical rotor pump for high lift High efficient semiconductor device used in main circuit High reliability Up to 98 conversion efficiency of controller Independent intellectual property of dynamic VI maximum power point tracking MPPT algorithm Fast response and good stability 99 MPPT efficiency Full automatic operation Complete protection functions Integrated with water level monitor to prevent overflow and dry running Full aluminum alloy case IP52 protection grade Ambient temperature 20 60 C 1000W Tm 150VDC x 60 120VDC Recommended Design Connection Total Power Configuration 1 190W 35Vmp 2 pcs x 2 strings 760w Configuration 2 250W 30Vmp 3 pcs x 1 str
203. rked on it Item number pipe size outer diameter Series in Kgf cm Weight Length NS IS BS etc or relevant authoritative Standards mark Note Pressure rating of pipe follows simple hydrostatic formula as below Pers Where r 1000kg m unit weight of water h pressure column height Thus h P r 10kg x m 10 x 100 x 100 m 100m Cm x 1000kg 1000m So 10kg cm2 pipe withstands 100m of water column height Galvanized Iron GI These are the iron pipes with outer surface coated with zinc in galvanization plant in factory After iron pipe is manufactured from plant these pipes are dipped in hot zinc plant for a certain period that coats the zinc to the pipe These pipes are best for Fig 5 8 GI Pipes high pressure withstanding that HDPE pipe cannot bear In pipeline these pipes are used only where water column height exceeds the pressure ratings of HDPE A part from that in rural water supply projects almost all fittings of the structures and pipeline are used of GI So GI pipe and fittings are popular building materials for rural water supply systems in Nepal These pipes are commonly available in 1 2 to 4 in diameter The Pressure rating of GI pipe is given in Annex IX GI pipe comes with both end threaded and one end with pipe socket Following standards should meet by the GI materials Nepal Standard NS 199 2046 published by Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology or Indian Standards IS 1
204. rom the controller to the water 105 source or to the float switch Additional lightning protection devices surge arrestors can be obtained from the pump supplier The device s for the controller s PV input float switch and probe connections must be rated for DC The device s for the controller s AC output to the motor must berated for 3 phase AC In each case the clamping bypass voltage should be 90V or higher but not much higher In extreme cases it is best to employ the service of a local lightning protection expert Solar Array Disconnect Switch in the Junction Box The disconnect switch is used for a safety disconnect between the solar array and the controller During installation and maintenance switch off the disconnect switch to prevent shock and arc burn hazard Overload protection fuses or circuit breaker is not required in the solar array circuit Short circuit current from the solar array can never reach the ampacity maximum safe amps capacity of the recommended wire The controller has internal overload protection 13 4 Care to be taken while Installation in a Surface Water Source Positioning the pump The pump may be placed in an inclined vertical or horizontal position as desired To reduce the intake of sediment do not place the intake very close to the bottom The pump has usually a small vent hole near the top If the hole is not submersed it will suck air and prevent the pump from performing fully The purp
205. ron tube and was frequently used a GI pipe heavy duty sae 100 50 mm GI pipe heavy duty 6 369 4 50 uncoated although later coatings and dI headin ET PET linings reduced corrosion and improve 80 mm GI pipe heavy duty 10417 480 hydraulics Cast iron pipe Was 100 mm GI pipe heavy duty 15 436 5 40 T A 2 i superseded by ductile iron pipe which 12 m GI pipe heavy duty Pelee 150 mm GI pipe heavy duty 22 22 5 40 is a direct development with most 0 mm GI pipe heavy duty BS 8 00 existing manufacturing p lants Source Design Guideline 1 12 Volumes GON DWSSD transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s Little cast iron pipe is currently manufactured These pipes are available in size ranging from 3 to 48 and class A D The class of pipe defines the wall thickness and outer diameter Cast iron pipes are rarely used in these days even in urban water supply projects These are mostly used Fig 5 9 Cast Iron Pipes for sanitary fittings in household connections in these days DI Ductile Iron It is made of ductile iron and this is a direct development of earlier cast iron pipe which it has suppressed The ductile iron used to manufacture the pipe is characterized by the spheroid or nodular nature of the graphite within the iron Typically the pipe is manufactured using Fig 5 10 DI Pipes centrifugal casting in metal or resin lined molds Protective internal linings and externa
206. roportionately on shading of just a few cells and may stop the pump A Solar Path finder is a device that is especially useful in forested areas or in the areas with obstructions nearby The site can be surveyed to determine where shadows may cast at any time of the year by using this Solar Pathfinder Details about it can be found at www solarpathfinder com In order to clear rain spatter growing vegetation and snow the bottom edge of the array should be placed at least 50 centimetres the ground One must consider the fact that trees and perennial plants will grow taller in the coming years 12 1 3 Solar Array Assembly Methods Solar Array can be installed in the following two ways I Assembly of the array includes wiring and all which is to be done on the ground and then the entire assembly is to be lifted onto the pole or roof A system of 300 watts or more may require the assistance of a backhoe boom truck or crane to lift it over the pole IL Array is to be assembled piece by piece on the pole or roof In case of the pole being higher than 2 m a temporary platform needs to be constructed like a scaffold assembly Mounting panels on roof is generally cheaper than mounting on the poles But if roof is shaded or facing the wrong way a pole must be used Pole mounting provides better cooling for panels than roof mounting The panels should be attached with stainless steels bolts or screws not nails which can loosen over time 9
207. ror due to level bubble of abney not exactly in the center of its run To correct this Fig 7 4 Height amp Distance from Abney Level Place the abney above the carpenter s level in level surface carpenters level should show the bubble to its center runs and bring the Abney Arm to 00 if Abney Level bubble is not in its center run bring it to there by adjusting the respective screws Auto Level Theory of Profiling 1 Profiling involves measurement of elevations leveling along a line together with measurement of horizontal distances 2 Distances must be measured on a straight line between points for which 50 elevations are taken Profiling Procedure 1 Setup and level instrument 2 Sight Benchmark point of known elevation for Back sight reading 3 Enter rod reading in Back sight Bs column 2 4 Add rod reading column 2 to Benchmark column 5 to get Height of Instrument HI column 3 5 Sight point to be determined Foresight and enter reading in Foresight Fs column 4 6 Subtract Foresight column 4 from Height of Instrument column 3 to get elevation of Foresight column 5 Turning Point 1 Rodman maintains position at Foresight 2 Move setup and level the instrument at new location Tp 1 3 Sight rod at Back sight last foresight station and enter reading in column 4 Add rod reading column 2 to elevation of back sight column 5 to get Height of Instrument column 3 5 Proceed with F
208. rstanding the concept well in advance TOPCOCK HH One of the EY RC ANGE BN s simplest and least expensive h y p O chlorination re methods is the po t type An Fig 5 23 Continuous Feeding Chlorination System e arthen plas tic Or Source Desinfection for ps oe in Developing other locally available container is filled with a mixture of gravel sand and bleaching powder After several 6 8mm holes are drilled in the bottom of container it is suspended in the RVT or in water running pipeline directly with its mouth uncovered In these type chlorinators the concentration of chlorine is reduced with time and as with most simple disinfection systems the chlorine dosage is highest when usage is low and low when usage is high Thus the first users might experience a high chlorine dosage with resulting disagreeable taste and odor 5 6 2 Calculation of doses Table 5 7 Bleaching Powder Requirement for Water S No Type of water Chlorine required mg l Bleaching powder required mg l 1 Deep well water 0 50 1 00 2 00 4 00 2 Shallow well water 1 00 1 50 2 00 60 00 3 Spring water 1 50 2 00 6 00 8 00 4 Turbid river water 2 00 2 50 8 00 10 00 Calculation of Bleaching Powder Requirement Chlorine content in the commercial bleaching powder 25 Dose of chlorine 2 00 mg l Water demand per day 10 000 00 liters Required quantity of chlorine 10000 2 1000 1000 kg 0 020 kg
209. rystalline Silicon PV Cells AEPC 2003 Crystalline cells are made from ultra pure silicon raw material such as those used in semiconductor chips They use silicon wafers that are typically 150 200 microns thick Thin film is made by depositing layers of semiconductor material barely 0 3 to 2 micrometres thick onto glass or stainless steel substrates The following family tree Fig 1 2 gives an overview of solarcell technologies available today PV Cell Types Crystalline Silicon en Amorphous Si Compound semiconductor Poly Crystalline a Si eg GaAs based Mono Crystalline Tandem a Si microcrystalline CIGS Copper Indium Gallium Selenide CdTe Cadmium Telluride Dye sensitised TiO Fig 1 2 PV technology family tree 1 5 1 Conversion Efficiency The conversion efficiencies of various PV module technologies are as follows Mono crystalline Silicon 12 5 15 Poly crystalline Silicon 11 14 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide CIGS 10 13 Cadmium Telluride Cd Te 9 12 Amorphous Silicon A Si 5 7 Mechanical and Electrical characteristics of a typical solar PV module model MS M100 is given in Annex I 1 6 Solar PV Pumping System In rural areas of Nepal the unavailability of proper infrastructures and reliable sources of electrical energy has created many problems related to quality of life The locals having settlements far from the water sources and at much higher altitudes have to walk for lon
210. s DC 5 2 13 2 Useg Reservoir Tank as DC RVT DC 5 2 13 3 Break Pressure Tank BPT Special Structures 5 3 1 Suspended Crossing 5 3 3 Air Valve 5 3 4 Washout WO 5 3 5 Support Pillars and Thrust Blocks 5 3 6 Waste Water Ditch Pump House Foundation for solar panel mounting structures Disinfection 5 6 1 Method of chlorination 5 6 2 Calculation of doses Feasibility Survey Procedure 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 Head Calculation GPS and minor instrument handling Discharge measurement technique 6 2 1 Bucket and Watch Method 6 2 3 Weir Method V Notch Overall demand calculation Demand vs Source supply Socio economic survey and present water supply situation Detail Survey 7 1 Technical Survey 7 1 1 Profiling 7 1 2 Social Survey 7 1 3 Household Survey 7 1 4 Demand Survey 7 1 5 Overall Demand Calculation Detail Design 8 1 1 Water Demand and Tap Flow Calculation 8 1 2 RVT Design 22 23 23 24 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 42 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 48 49 49 49 52 52 52 53 54 54 57 10 11 12 8 1 3 Pipeline profile final alignment data calculation and plotting 8 1 4 Pipeline Design 8 1 4 1 Transmission line 8 1 4 2 Distribution line Report preparations 9 1 Need assessment by the community and request for a water supply project 9 2 Pre feasibility feasibility study Report 9 3 Registration of WSUC 9
211. s T A Xouuy 131 IPe0 0 1900 za Mics Joely over Leroo zoo fis cel 0 Leo cero 2S00 0_ TLO O svoo reor r ot foore sro zsioo foeoo foso zor cero 9000 LVO 89000 61 0 9 000 EITO v8000 PETO 60000 sTo 100 vLCO 80100 c60 0 LT90 0 neoc OPI foire oL recon zoroo fors ri giro Loo rio rsi foeei foss eszoo scoio sis lt IPFO __ 1r60 0 More rric fossi c8P ScO O 90200 eor on coro erro nese Macc fozer or croo 9r80 0 scr oo co eero esr roe foz fore 20500 fro roe joor eeco osto rs nyse fise eez resoio Liro cot 976 6970 6LU0 riso9 ror foes jesz zsooo sero ott cos soco soco nseo or ocL fiez eLLoo rsro jsre 9 08 68T S6C0 9IIO 0 SI O vCIOO Sr O 96100 9L 0 8v100 LIYO v9100 sro fsioo oso oo S60 9 0 LO 180 t160 col oo cei 800 crt 9900 col 900 esi aoo sero zoro ro coo fors sst_ uro erro joz 99 seco seo cooo das jsir azi oero 6oco rz Sr9O cero 91000 go crc sor roro seco ferz joss Leo LvCO rog ros voo v8I Leo ssro josz ee 8960 st90 6l1c00O LVI00O i COL seco vSrO jori ser SUI 8970 92000 cLI000 v6 fres c6cO orso 91 itr Lol SOI PCEOUO 8ECOUO rr ver L6EO vSLO firi jese doa i Ol soz uel e9r000 TIE000 foor Ctt eico zor fect
212. s seismic issues or where roof pitch Sle Pant Ara tobe ach typically exceeds 5 degrees The bn JF V size of installation available PtH a surface area type of incentive and rypa stalbenen io E E x utility program building type and 75 ground conditions predicate which system will be used BacWill with Concrete of 1 2 4 If the solar panel is to be rest on roof proper fastening of the panels into the roof is essential In pasti g L addition the house owner should Fig 5 22 Ground Mounted Solar Panel Mounting Post and Footing Details give no objection to keep the i clu panels above his house This will particularly reduce the chances of vandalism of panels but these panels should be such located that they should be easily accessible as and when required basis They required frequent visit for inspection and that should not be obstructed In small water supply projects it could be feasible as there are few numbers of panels The footing design of the solar panel mounting structures is dependent on the following parameters e Tilt angle and tracking characteristics of the solar power system Local design wind speeds where the solar power system is to be installed Support and racking configuration Overall solar module system size and weight Local design codes and project requirements e Soil characteristics relative to friction sliding consolidation slope stability etc 41
213. s the height elevation of any point so we can get elevation difference between two points simply by deducting one from another AU ac 7 vs ELIT D 6 2 Discharge measurement technique 6 2 2 6 2 1 Bucket and Watch Method This is a simple method for measuring a very small flow of less than 5 l s with very high accuracy Built the dam and tap flow similar to shown in the figure Find at least two bucket or other Ga ETE gt EU similar containers which you can L 9 X use to catch the water flowing 2 I through the pipe You will also need a bottle or other smaller 1 litre container Using the 1 litre container count the number of litters needed to fill the buckets with water in order to find how much each bucket will Fig 6 3 Bucket amp Watch Method of Discharge Measurement hold Source Irrigation Refrence Manual Peace Corps 1994 Each of your buckets holds 10 litters you collect 9 buckets in 1 minute the total water flow in 1 minute is 10 1 x 9 90 1 1 minute 60 seconds total water flow in 1 second is 90 1 60 s 1 5 l s For small spring source We simply fill up the bucket and count the time with the aid of stop watch and discharge Q l s capacity of bucket lit time in seconds Note This is most widely used method of discharge measurement in small water supply projects Velocity Area Method This is a very simple method to measure approximate water flow in v
214. single pair cables You also can purchase shielded twisted pair cable which has a metallic foil surrounding the twisted wires and typically a separate bare drain wire as well Ground the cable shield and drain wire at one end only to eliminate the possibility of creating a ground loop less direct path to ground in the wiring Additional Lightning Protection In addition to extensive grounding measures specialized surge protection devices and possibly lightning rods are recommended for sites with any of the following conditions solated location on high ground in a severe lightning area Dry rocky or otherwise poorly conductive soil Wire runs longer than 100 feet 30 m Lightning Arrestors Lightning surge arrestors are designed to absorb voltage spikes caused by electrical storms or out of spec utility power and effectively allow the surge to bypass power wiring and your equipment Surge protectors should be installed at both ends of any long wire run that is connected to any part of your system including AC lines from an inverter Arrestors are made for various voltages for both AC and DC Be sure to use the appropriate arrestors for your application Many system installers routinely use Delta surge arrestors which are inexpensive and offer some protection where the threat of lightning is moderate but these units are no longer UL listed PolyPhaser and Transtector arrestors are high quality products for lightning pron
215. sion For recoding the community demands systematically we should prepare the formats representing the SESS policy guidelines and existing practice in PV Pumping Systems and bringing those at the time of survey 7 1 5 Overall Demand Calculation The technicality of overall demand calculation is same as that of feasibility study as presented in previous pages but only difference is the social data collecting procedures in the detail survey and feasibility survey The social data collection work in the detail survey should be in more detail and in depth The demand calculation work in the detail survey should be conducted after the detail demographic data collection work is over 53 Detail Design Objectives After completion of this chapter participant will be able to Calculate detail water demand of WS system Determine reservoir size based on inflow and outflow conditions Present survey data in appropriate format and RL calculation at critical points Draw profile of pipeline Transmission line and Distribution line design Time 5 hrs Lesson 8 1 Water demand calculation and RVT sizing 1 2 hrs Lesson 8 2 RL Calculation of critical points and presentation in graph 1hrs Lesson 8 3 Transmission line design 1 2 hrs Lesson 8 4 Distribution line design 3 hrs Civil engineering work always consists of in two fold viz field work and office work Once the data is acquired from field appropriately and acc
216. site plan with contours contours if possible working drawings d Service Reservoir R T sizing site plan with contours working drawings e Distribution line layout plan ground profile pipe design flow diagram and other structure in route f Tap stand post location plan drainage facilities working drawings g Operation and maintenance system After completing the detail design of the project next step to prepare the detail cost estimate report of the proposed project This should be prepared in prescribed format and software It should clearly show detail cost breakdown of different construction water supply and sanitation components works in water supply and sanitation component The provisions for administrative cost tools and plants community awareness or empowerment programs and contingencies should also be clearly stated in the cost estimate report Detail design and cost estimate report should be compiled in volume and should be as brief and concise as possible It should not be too big to carry on hand as much as possible understandable to the all target users 9 4 2 Social Report i Detail demographic and socio economic report The detail survey should be jointly conducted by social and technical professional Any social or technical dispute that arises during the survey 72 ii should be jointly handled by team and any queries regarding project implementation of villagers should be well satisfied by the te
217. ssible the waste water collected in ditch can be utilized in kitchen gardening or vegetable farming with the unanimous consensus among the users of tap post 5 4 Pump House In general no pump house is required when submersible pump set is installed But for housing of electrical components like power distribution panel motor control panel and if provided for the standby diesel power generator well house is constructed Pump house can built above the slab of sump well for reduction of cost If pump house is to be built above the sump well slab the slab should be built sufficiently strong to withstand the anticipated load and manhole cover of the sump well should not be inside the pump house It should be freely accessible for anytime Care should be taken while constructing the pump house Pump house should not only be accessible during the construction phase but also during the execution of operation and maintenance Energy supply may be a decisive factor on the situation of the pump house The pump house should be constructed in such a height that the mechanical and electrical equipments must be free from flooding Special measures will be required and structural stability will have to be assured for pump house constructed near to a stream or a slope Sufficient space for mechanical and electrical equipments in the pump room Pump room should have space for the pump operator to watch the equipment during operation and work
218. stem as high as 30 See Annex II 14 3 Water supply systems Objectives After completing this chapter participant will be able to differentiate among different available options of water supply systems in community level in the context of Nepal Time 30 min Lesson 3 1 Water supply systems 30 min 3 1 Gravity Flow Generally in rural hills where terrain is sloppy and settlements are located at relatively downhill Water source located at higher elevation can be flowed to the community at lower elevation with the aid of earth s gravitational forces There is no any external energy needed to deliver water from source to tap stand This system further can be divided into following 3 3 1 Open System This is type of gravity water supply system in which safe yield of the source is more than the peak daily design demand tap flow and no faucet on the tap stand are provided Water is allowed to fall continuously through the faucet round the day Where water in the source is abundant there is no problem of waste water and settlements are located steep downhill relative to source this type of system is generally adopted 3 3 2 Closed System When the safe yield of the source s for a system is insufficient or less than the required design demand tap flow to meet the peak water demand showing the need of storage then the system gg c e to be adopted is named as Close System and further sub classified as 3 3
219. tamination like iron and arsenic in terai region As the penetration of tube well is in one or more impermeable underground strata the depth of tube well generally varies in the range of 100ft or above In plain area where other surface sources are in of scarce tube well are the most reliable and best solutions for water supply projects Measurement of discharge from the tube well is a complex process and requires complex setup and knowledge so for the sake of simplicity the method suggested as in case of open well can be adopted for the tube well too Fig 4 4 Impact of Soil Type on Performance of Tube well 20 Solar PV Pumping Water Supply Systems Objectives After completing this chapter participant shall Understand the concept of pumping WSP systems Familiarize to Components of PV Pumping Systems Know the water treatment plant components and its placement sequences Know about Sedimentation and Detail Design of HRF Slow Sand Filter Pipe line materials Water disinfection and methods of chlorination in community water projects Time Shrs 1 2 an hour 2 hrs Lesson 5 3 Water treatment plant in community water supply projects 1 2 hrs Lesson 5 4 Design Practice of HRF SSF slow sand filter 1 hrs 1 2 hrs Lesson 5 1 PV Pumping System Lesson 5 2 Components of PV Pumping Systems Lesson 5 5 Water Disinfection and Chlorination 5 1 Introduction It is the type of water supply s
220. tant than the physical processes Dissolved and unstable solid organic matter causing oxygen depletion or even turning to fouling processes during the absence of oxygen is oxidized by the filter biology to stable inorganic products The biological layer on top of the filter bed the so called scum is responsible for oxidation of the organics and for the removal of the pathogens A slow sand Fig 5 6 Slow Sand Filter with Design Criteria 26 filter will produce hygienically safe water once this layer is developed The slow sand filter technology copies nature The sand layers of aquifers convert unsafe surface water into good quality drinking water Especially the harmful bacteria viruses protozoa eggs and worms are most effectively removed by physical and biochemical processes to a level which no longer endangers human health The layout of slow sand filters is simple and straightforward As shown in Fig above a slow sand filter contains an open box filled with a sand layer of a depth of about 0 8 to 1 0 meter The upper part of the filter box is filled with water flowing by gravity through the sand bed The filtered water is then collected by an under drain system and conveyed to the clear water tank The well graded sand of the filter bed is relatively fine i e its effective size ranges between 0 15 and 0 30 millimeter but recent field experience revealed that also somewhat coarser sand can be used Slow sand filter operat
221. the electric motor while unfortunately often providing problems with regard to reliability As the light intensity falls the current generated by solar panels falls proportionately while the voltage at the maximum power point remains approximately constant However for a motor pump as the current falls the voltage also falls Consequently without power conditioning circuitry as the light intensity falls the solar array operates at a current and voltage progressively further and further from its maximum power point Maximum power point tracking MPPT circuitry may be included in any system to boost efficiency A well designed system using a centrifugal pump will automatically have an acceptable match between the solar array and sub system over a wide range of insolation levels In this instance no control circuitry is warranted other than perhaps water level switches or pressure switches If however a MPPT is to be used ensure internal transient protection is included to minimize the risk of damage in the event of lightning strikes The pump efficiency a function of head and flow rate can usually note from the characteristic curve provided by the manufacturer The typical values for the different types of pumps are listed in the Table 2 3 Table 2 3 Typical values for pump performance parameters Type of Pumps Head m Wire to water efficiency 9 Centrifugal 0 5 15 45 Centrifugal with Jet 6 20 10 30 Submersible 21 1
222. the pump Total pumping head is determined by using following formula Hoa H h V 2g 10 P PJ r m Total Where H actual pumping head the vertical height between the suction water surface and the discharge water surface m h total loss in head in piping m v 2g Discharge velocity head m P Pressure exerted on the discharge water surface Kg cm P Pressure exerted on the suction water surface kg cm r Specific weight of the liquid Kg l When both the suction and discharge water surfaces are open to the atmosphere the total dynamic head of the pump is calculated by the equation H H h v 2g Total When total pumping head is very high it may not be possible to pump in one stage In such case multi stage pumping is to be done Water is pumped from the collection chamber sump well of the first station to the collection chamber sump well of second pump station and from there it is again pumped to higher level Number of stages may be two or more When staging pumping stations technical and economical analysis are to be done In general maximum total pumping head should not exceed 200 meters On selecting the material and thickness of pipes and fittings possible water hammer pressure must be considered Water hammer or more generally fluid hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly
223. time of the pump can be extended almost indefinitely There is a difference between physical life time and economical life time At some point the repairs become so costly that replacing the pump is more economical This economical life time varies depending upon the field conditions and maintenance 11 3 2 4 Choosing the right pump The two basic types of pumps centrifugal and positive displacement are generally used These pumps can be driven by AC or DC motors DC motors are preferable for the PV applications because they can be directly coupled to the PV array output Centrifugal pumps with submersible motors are the optimum for PV applications because of their efficiency reliability and economy However for deep wells Jack pumps may be necessary Jack pumps are the piston type of positive displacement pumps that move chunks of water with each stroke However they require very large currents therefore they are connected through batteries Most of the renowned and reliable pump manufacturers provide very reliable chart for the selection of appropriately rated motor pump combination The only input required is the yearly average peak sun for the given locality daily water requirements m and the total dynamic head The manufacturers provide the system performance and instantaneous output graphs as illustrated below Similar charts are available for pumps of various capacities meeting the daily water requirements and pumping head 91
224. times Al The pipe in the gully in the suspended crossing may be either of GI or HDP depending upon costs and availability of materials An HDP pipe however will require a protective covering using a higher diameter pipe wrapped around it as this pipe will deteriorate quickly under exposure to sunlight and would be likely to break within a few years 5 3 3 Air Valve Air valves are the structures that release the entrapped air pocket within the pipeline route along the longitudinal profile When pipeline route passes through very zig zag terrain ups and downs along its route air is entrapped in the high humps Entrapped air makes obstruction in the flow of water and needs to be released that is where Air Valve is required It should be borne in mind that air valves are always located in the highest elevation along the pipe longitudinal profile It is believed that minimum the number of air valve 38 minimum will be problem posed by the system keep minimum number of air valve in the system where unavoidable So while surveying the route of pipeline care should be taken to pass route through the terrain having minimum numbers of zig zags undulations An air valve serves mainly the following three purposes release air from the pipeline during the filling process release air from the pipeline during the normal operation of the water supply and Prevent the development of vacuum in cas
225. tistage centrifugal 50 surface suction 20 Hand pump elim J Floating and l 2 5 10 20 50 100 Daily pumped volume M Fig 2 2 Selection of the pump AEPC 2003 From the above graph it is clear that centrifugal pump can pump more volume of water than other pump also these pumps are also suitable for higher heads 2 3 Motors 2 3 1 DC Motors The DC motor with high efficiency is desirable The applications where DC motors are preferred are where direct coupling to the PV panels is required However AC motors in general tend to be cheaper and more reliable which often complicates the choice With current prices AC motor is economic compared to DC motors for PV pumps where 10 Flow rate x water head 600m day The Brush less DC Motor has the permanent magnets in the motor and electronically commutates the stator to alleviate the need for brushes General advantages and disadvantages of DC motor include Advantages e high efficiency no need for an inverter suitable for direct coupling to PV panels Disadvantages restricted range of brushless types available brushed type not submersible brushed type need higher maintenance relatively expensive notreadily available in very large sizes 2 3 2 AC Motors A wide range of AC motors are commercially available due to the wide range of applications for which they have been used for many years However with most of these the em
226. trikes a long distance from the system or even between clouds The following instructions greatly reduce the risk of damage Location of the pump controller Place the controller close to the solar array not the pump This will reduce the risk of lightning damage Construct a discharge path to ground Static electricity accumulated in the above ground structure will discharge by the means of a properly made discharge path to ground earth which helps prevent the attraction of lightning A well grounded conductive structure can divert the surge around the electrical circuitry in case the lightning strike occurs at close proximity thereby greatly reducing the potential for damage The controller has built in surge protectors but they help only if the system is effectively grounded Earth connection Create an effective discharge path It establishes a drain field for electrons Some suggestions for grounding in order of their efficacy as illustrated below I The best possible ground rod is a steel well casing located near the array Drill and tap a hole to make a strong bolted connection to the casing with good metallic contact Bolt on a brass terminal lug After the connection is made seal the connection with silicone sealant or other waterproof compound to prevent corrosion Protect the ground wire s from physical damage so they are not stressed by being stepped on etc II Install a copper plate or other specialized grounding
227. ual Peace Corps 1994 Step 6 To calculate the water flow in m multiply the average water velocity in m s by the average width in m and by the average depth in m Calculation AA to BB 10 meters Average time 20 seconds Surface water velocity 10 m 20s or 10 20 m s 0 5 m s Average water velocity 0 5 m s x 0 85 0 425 m s Water flow 0 425 m s x 1 m x 0 6 m 0 255 m s Water flow 0 255 m s x 1 000 1 255 lis Weir Method V Notch The configuration of a weir allows flow rates to be determined by directly measuring the height of the water flowing over the weir V Notch q type weirs are used since they are most accurate for low discharges A V notch weir can be bought or made dimensions in mm Fig 6 6 V Notch z 222222222222222222222 A SSS 46 by hand using dimensions as given in the figure The weir wood or sheet metal is placed in a dam which directs all of the flow into the notch of the weir The weir must be placed perpendicular to the stream flow The approaching stream must be straight and unobstructed for a minimum length of 10 times the weir notch width The Fig 6 7 V Notch Height Discharge Curve height of water flowing over the flowing over the weir is measured from the low point of the V notch This height is then used in the graph below to determine the flow Height cm These weirs can be permanently or temporarily made across the small stream or
228. uch systems and their troubleshooting methodology Time 45 min Lesson 14 1 Routine Maintenance and Preventive maintenance 30 min Lesson 14 2 Troubleshooting 14 min 14 1 Routine Maintenance and Preventive Maintenance It does not take much time and money to regularly maintain a solar PV pumping system but it may take a lot to repair the system if it fails Regular maintenance makes the difference between a PV pumping system that works without problems for years and one that is always breaking down While installing PVWPS every care must be taken to minimize the cable losses as far as possible by keeping pump and PV arrays as close as possible The PV array is to be installed carefully at a proper location to avoid shadowing of any part of the array or other obstructions throughout the year The array should be inclined facing south in case of Northern Hemisphere Solar pumps should not normally require more than a simple maintenance which only demand rather basic skills The main problem with them is lack of familiarity 14 1 1 PV Array Check the PV array panel mounting to make sure that it is strong and well attached If it is broken or loose repair it e Check that the glass is not broken If it is the PV array panel will have to be replaced Check the connection box to make sure that the wires are tight and the water seals are not damaged Check to see if there are any shade problems due to vegetation or new building
229. ulative cash flow loan flow 4 Net Present Value Annual expenditure f f S p P Amwainome P J Discount factor s p J Amudmeprsenvaue f J T p bd f 125 5 B C Ratio Depreciation income Interest rate 126 Annex IV Comparison of Solar and Diesel Pumping Systems Ril D GRE BIS S DR 2589 yayan s ntar Unenabie Cher p Co Ltd Comparison of Solar and Diesel Pumping Systems a Solar Pumping System Diesel Pumping System Daily Water Supply 160m day Daily Water Supply 160m day Lift Head Lift Head 28m Opeartion Time Opeartion Time 12 hours pM Solar Array Skw Diesel Generator 5k 5kw Oil Consumption TL day Cost USD Tm 25 years Diesel Generator 5 years 3170 5 years Initial S 5 Accesories 5 years Input years 3970 Construction 3170 Construction 6350 subtotal 25390 Subtotal ie A ten pO tab cost 3 io95 year Operation ico saa 3285 year pT Storagettransport 3 day 1095 year_ D Esumaur LI lol E en Lifetime cost uso Item Lifetime cost uso New Inverter 5 years sivo Diesel Generator 5 years mo Maintenance New Pump s years 1500 Pup f 5 years 700 New Accesories Se an Q C a TS sw C E L xm 160 000 140 000 BlSolar Pumping System USD 120 000 ODiesel Pumping System 100 000 y 80 000 Cost Compa
230. uld also be established in the system to make water fit for consumption Lake Pond These are the accumulation of storm or spring water at natural depression made in the topography Depending upon the source of supply storm or spring and environment around the lake pond largely defines the quality of water in these sources How these parameters shall be handled maintained in the future defines the water qualities in the future So careful study of these parameters should be made before selecting lake pond for water supply source 4 2 Sub surface Source Sub surface water or groundwater is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table Sub surface water can be thought of in the same terms as surface water inputs outputs and storage The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover sub surface water storage is generally much larger compared to inputs than it is for surface water The natural input to sub surface water is seepage from surface water The natural outputs from sub surface water are springs and seepage to the oceans Open Dug well A dug well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging Fig 4 2 Open Well Fetching Water driving boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers The well water is drawn by a pump or using containers such as buckets that are raised mechanically or by hand
231. undar Bdr Khadka SESC Mr Pankaj Kumar Programme Officer AEPC RE Source Mr Niraj Rajaure Programme Consultant and entire RE Source family The team also wishes to thank DEECCSs Engineers who participated in the Training Programme from Ist 5th September 2014 in Lahan Siraha for their valuable suggestions in improving this manual We are also grateful for the assistance given by Er Sagar Gyanwali Mr Dinesh Adhikari Mr Prakash Y Shrestha Mr Prakash Thapa Mr Jeevan Dahal Mr Prasanna Thapa Magar and Mrs Kamala Dhakal We also thank Mrs Minu K C and Mrs Ranjana Tiwari supportive team members of GRID Nepal Last but not the least we thank all other staff members of AEPC CES IOE and GRID Nepal for their support Prof Dr T R Bajracharya Guna Raj Dhakal Director Chairperson Center for Energy Studies Group for Rural Infrastructure Institute of Engineering TU DevelopmentNepal GRID Nepal Pulchowk Lalitpur Jwagal Lalitpur Sept 2014 Foreword AEPC RE Source is a national platform established to build local capacity for promotion development and expansion of renewable energy technologies One of the activity of RE Source is to identify unique CDS projects with higher impact potential and co finance them with intent of delivering impact at scale through catalytic CDS intervention In this regard RE Source and Solar Energy Sub component jointly have decided to support for developing training manual for sol
232. urately office works becomes easier and sounder one So proper planning and preparation should be done before making move for the field job Office job now has become easier and like a fun due to advent of newest technology in ICT Different free applications software for field data analyzing presentation design and cost estimate report preparation is now available Only need for now is to become familiar with them and apply for our specific needs In addition we can develop small customized or tailored application with the knowledge of some programming language to fit our specific needs Detail design and cost estimation report preparation is an official work that demands for more skill and knowledge In depth analysis of the field obtained data presentation those in proper format and detail social and engineering analysis of the same is carried out to produce some tangible output in the form of report as part of office work Following subsequent chapters are dedicated to this in detail 8 1 1 Water Demand and Tap Flow Calculation It is the very first step in design and cost estimate report preparation task Without having correct water demand estimation of the villagers system cannot be judicially designed It is therefore very important to determine the water demand for each and every tap post to design the pipe main up to and after that tap post in the system along with the RVT sizing requirements Water demand calculation basis is same as th
233. ure 7 2 clearly shows the arrangement of abney survey and calculation procedure In abney survey any two adjacent sightings stations should be such that it represents the ground profile truly ie every change of vertical grade should be read In general in maximum two Fig 7 2 Profile Survey by Abney Level adjacent stations should be Source Irrigation Reference Manual Peace Corps 1994 located within 30m of length emma Surveying and recording EP eel oe should go side by side and there should be at least two persons capable for reading and recording alongside in each survey The figure given below showed an example of field book recording style in abney survey ININA i anomna F Calculations of abney survey Fig Z 3 Abney Level Survey Field Book Recordings Height difference D x sin 0 OAZON TAL Where D is the ground VERTICAL DSTANCE distance measured by tape lt BETWEEN STATIONS Sar and is the average vertical lt ANGLE MEASURED By ABNEY angle between two adjacent stations The reduced level of the source should be arbitrarily set using the altimeter s reading and all other reduced levels calculated there from for detail calculation process pls refer Table 8 2 Correction for Abney Level Abney Level should be always checked for accuracy before starting and after completion of the survey If foresight and back sight angles are not of same magnitude then it can be er
234. wing through pipe close ur n conduit is brought in gon 2 contact with Open aman Concrete 1 24 _ atmosphere the EM zT EU hydrostatic pressure is i reduced to zero It is cemihik8toos Soling with Sand packing tu 25 s mo CamentPlasterint 2 1n t Manhole Cover 60cmid sometimes essential to SECTION OF FERROCEMENT BPT reduce the flowing water Fig 5 15 Typical Section of Ferrocement BPT pressure to zero due to following reasons The total head of the pipe system at point exceeds than the rated head capacity of pipe material The settlements of the village are located far downhill side e Settlements are scattered with high altitude difference All those structures in which water is disposed freely to open atmosphere can acts as a BPT So Distribution Tank RVT and RVT DC are also acts as break pressure structures though their main functions may differ Generally standalone BPT is provided with float valve so as not to have overflow of water from this structure Instead water is returned back to uphill located service reservoir RV T with the aid of Float Valve With the increase failure rate offloat valves BP Ts are least preferred structures in any rural water supply systems 5 3 Special Structures These are the structures which are not used required in common conditions These structures are introduced in the system to address the special conditions posed by the pipeli
235. y and at the end day of survey to verify the social and technical survey findings should be conducted Both of these meetings should be jointly organized by social and technical personnel These meetings are the major steps to know and verify the realistic need people s aspiration and non local resources need HOUSEHOLD DATA COLLECTOIN FORMAT TAP STAND WISE HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION Name of Project Kalikasthan PV Pumping WSP VDC Bharatpokhari District Kaski Ward No 3 Tap No 1 Tole Kalikasthan Population Distribution Total S No Name of Household Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Remarks Owner Male Female Total 0 6 yrs 0 6 yrs 6 15 yrs 6 15 yrs 15 60 yrs 15 60 yrs 60 yrs above 60 yrs above 1 Ram Bdr Chhetri 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 6 2 Hari Gurung 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 5 7 3 Rajan Khanal 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 4 Saish Magr 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 4 5 Raju Rana 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 2 5 Total 14 12 26 Endorsment of landlord for granting the tap stand location for public use Fig 7 6 Typical Household Survey Format to construct the water supply projects Team members should be well prepared for the meetings what information need to them and how to draw maximum information from the people users As much as possible meeting should be made interactive and for this different community mobilization tools can be utilized The team can conduct PRA exercise to draw
236. ystem flow rate In order to design the pipeline the flow that each branch of the supply network has to convey should be known Once the tap flow rates in the stand posts are fixed the system flow rate automatically follows Cumulative addition of tap flow rates to be served by the pipe under consideration yields the system flow rate A flow diagram of the scheme should be prepared indicating the flow from each tap and the accumulated flow in the branch and the main pipes The flow required for various storage tanks has to be also worked out at this stage Basis of Design Once the flow which a pipe section has to transmit is known its diameter should be sized next The basis of pipe line design is governed by the theory of flow of water under pressure in a pipe line which is briefly discussed below Flow of water in pipe line results in loss of energy head during transmission For a pipe of length L following factors govern the head loss 1 Velocity V ii Pipe diameter D lil Density of water u iv Viscosity of water u V Type of internal surface of pipe k and vi Friction factor f The most rational formula that incorporates these entire factors is the Darcy Weisbach s equation which is as follows 2 im L 1 Substituting Q E zpi In equation 2 We get 8fLQ iem EN eerie 3 To calculate diameter equation 3 has to be transposed as 102 a E aan 4 n gh All terms in the right
237. ystem in which water at low height is pumped up at suitably elevated location storing therein in balancing reservoir and supplied to the users through appropriately designed and laid gravity fed pipe network system Water from lower elevation is pumped up with the aid of power generated through photovoltaic solar panel suitably designed and arranged in location So some sort of energy is required to pump up the water at low height to suitably locate elevated land overhead tank and that energy in this system essentially be the Solar Photo Voltaic power generation system This system thus can also be referred as Pumping cum Gravity water supply system Water supplied through this system is very costly and thus should only be for very essential household consumptive uses like drinking cooking and utensils cleaning Other common consumptive uses like bathing cloth washing cattle feeding etc should be obtained from other supplementary means like downhill side located kuwa pond streams etc Design of water supply system poses the combined characteristics of both pumping 21 A reservoir stores water at non consumption hours and supplies the stored water at peak hours of demand Thus it plays role of balancing between supply and demand fluctuations accordingly it is sometime termed as balancing reservoir or service reservoir or simply RVT most common name used in WSP personnel and the RVT further is dealt in detai

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