ELEMENTAL SPECTROSCOPY
Contents
1. Detection limits Working range Speed of analysis Automation Sample volume Sample matrix Equipment cost Precision of results Element suitability Available space required Clean area Method development e Running costs Flame Analysis Flame AAS is the standard technique used for general purpose analysis The readings are normally accepted to be trace levels of ppm and nearly all elements can be analysed to this level There is a choice of Air Acetylene flame used for easily ionised elements and Nitrous Oxide Acetylene flame for the less easily excited elements The flame technique requires a number of extra components to complete the installation Oil free Air Compressor Ultra pure Acetylene Gas Nitrous Oxide Gas optional Natural optional e Autosampler optional e Suitable Fume Extraction System 10 11 12 Graphite Analysis The graphite analysis technique uses an assembly containing a graphite tube to replace the burner This technique is used to analyse very low levels with low sample volumes Although the detection limit is very low the precision is almost always higher than that of the flame technique The graphite technique requires a number of extra components to complete the installation Water Circulating System for Cooling Pure Argon Gas High Current Power Supply Autosampler optional Suitable Fume Extraction System Hydride Analys2. 1 5ml volume for samples and standards Auto Sample Vials Graphite Modifier Solutions Micro Pipette Re useable glass vials Used for manual injection For use with AS500 Auto Sampler Adjustable volume Accurate dispensing volume For use with AA500 Graphite Furnace Larger volume for modifier solution 12ml Micro Pipette Tips p Disposable tips LY For use with micro pipette 39 Consumables AA990 Hollow Cathode Lamps e 2 inch lamps available 70 single element lamps More than 120 multi element lamps up to 5 element per lamp Low current operation Long life gt 5000mA Hours 11 5 inch standard lamp Designed for use with SR fitting background system Glass Fixed Flow Nebuliser Glass construction Fixed flow rate for easy installation e Acid resistant to 5 Easily replaced 3 e Replacement sample uptake tubes Attached filter to eliminate solid uptake Standard length Easily replaced Auto Sampler Vials Flame Samples Standards e Re useable glass vials e For use with AS990 Auto Sampler Larger volume for samples Multi Element Standards e 500ml volume bottles e More than 40 individual elements available e 1000g ml 1000ppm concentration e Individual elements made up in a choice of acid solutions Acid Resistant Nebuliser e Excellent RSD s typically 1 096 Typica
3. Introduction Detection Limits AA500 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AAWin3 Software NOW GLP Compliant AA990F Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AAWin2 Software Atomic Absorption Spectrometer Qualification Kit Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy AF402 Simultaneous Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer PFWin Software FP902 Flame Photometer Consumables Contents PAGE NO 20 24 26 28 31 34 38 Analytical Instruments for Science Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Since its development in the 1950 s the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AAS has evolved into an accurate and reliable analytical tool used extensively in today s modern laboratory AAS is an analytical procedure for the Qualitative and Quantitative determination of chemical elements in a sample The technique is based on the Lambert beer principle which states that the absorbance of a solution A is directly proportional to its path length I and its concentration C when the wavelength of incidence light remains fixed This is summarized in the following equation where is the molar absorbtivity A Elc PG Instruments offer a range of instrumentation designed to meet the requirements of all industry sectors including Agricultural Clinical Environmental Food Metal Mining and Materials Petrochemical and Pharmaceutical Further information about the technique and products can be found in this brochure AAS Prin
4. 0 016 n a 0 04 0 08 n a Lithium Li 670 8 0 0021 n a 0 004 0 70 n a Magnesium Mn 285 2 0 0022 n a 0 002 0 09 n a Manganese Mn 279 5 0 0016 n a 0 0019 0 03 n a Mercury Hg 253 7 n a n a n a 40 0 0 15 Molybdenum Mo 313 3 n a 0 021 n a 0 14 n a Nickel Ni 232 0 0 008 n a 0 012 0 065 n a Palladium Pd 247 6 0 03 n a 0 018 0 04 n a Phosphorus 213 6 n a 10 0 n a n a n a Platinum Pt 265 9 0 12 n a 0 22 0 04 Potassium 766 5 0 0009 0 0041 0 40 Rhodium Rh 343 5 0 009 n a 0 037 0 02 n a Rubidium Rb 780 0 0 003 n a 0 005 n a n a Scandium Sc 391 2 n a 0 02 n a n a n a Selenium Se 196 0 0 23 n a n a 0 2 0 27 Silicon Si 251 6 n a 0 30 n a 17 0 n a Silver Ag 328 1 0 0032 n a 0 0023 0 04 n a Sodium Na 589 0 0 0037 n a 0 0086 n a n a Strontium Sr 460 7 n a 0 005 n a 0 01 n a Tantalum Ta 271 5 n a 2 2 n a n a n a Tellurium 214 3 0 054 n a n a 3 20 0 43 Thallium TI 2768 0 014 n a n a 0 015 n a Tin Sn 2246 n a 0 21 n a 15 0 1 39 Titanium Ti 365 4 n a 0 05 n a 0 5 n a Tungsten W 255 1 n a 1 2 n a n a n a Vanadium V 318 5 n a 0 11 n a 0 03 n a Zinc Zn 213 9 0 0033 n a 0 0037 0 08 n a The AA500 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer 15 a high performance automated instrument designed to meet the requirements of the modern laboratory Due to its versatility and performance it can be used for a wide range of
5. 2 6ml min rotation for sensitivity Fully adjustable impact to ensure excellent optimisation bead drainage properties Air Propane LPG Burner 500 030 XYZ Autosampler Titanium Alloy D construction P 3 slot burner Se Coded for safety Direct replacement for standard burner Designed for lower temperature flame Adjustment of burner rotation for sensitivity optimisation High Sample Volume for multi element analysis Scalable Sample capacity for high sample throughput 16 For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com Hydride Unit 500 007 Water Circulator GS 005 For use with AA500G AA500FG Supplied with temperature controlled heated absorption cell Re circulating water Cell is easily installed with cooler burner attachment 2Kw cooling capacity Can be used for Mercury cold vapour analysis 230v 270 watts power 110v available please Sensitivity for most call for details elements 1ng ml l Rust free 5 Litre Water Only 2 0ml 2 5ml dl Capacity sample required Universal design RSD lt 3 HUE i ow rate Full reaction cycle from Quick analysis 30 press of start button seconds per measurement Forced air cooling system 2x Male quick connection points 2x Female quick Ultra low noise when running just 53 59dB A 100 Oil Free Design
6. Adjustable height control for improved optimisation Integrated fume exhaust system to decontaminate pollution 29 Hydride generator o Built in Hydride generator with continuous flow o Multi pump with individual pressure adjustment for uptake control of reagents and carrier liquids e Introduction of sample using motorised syringe drive and unique three way control valve Software controlled for greater accuracy High efficiency glass liquid separator which optimises the separation minimising pressure fluctuations and improving measurement precision Reagent compartment stores reagents safely and cleanly Storage for up to four containers Low level reagent monitoring Embedded PC system built into the instrument as standard Pre installed PFWin software user manual and windows operational system Autosampler Integrated autosampler XYZ configuration o 2 x 45 vial trays for automated sample introduction Auto dilution using motorised syringe drive and selection valve Full calibration using only one stock standard solution e Fully controlled by the PF Win software Electronic Control System e High technology electronics and PCB components e Rear mounted and separated electronic section to eliminate carry over from hydride technique Built in embedded PC operating system No extra PC control required Windows operating software PFWin instrument
7. Blazed Wavelength Focus Bandwidth Scan mode Photometric Type Wavelength Accuracy Wavelength Resolution Wavelength Reproducibility Baseline Stability Background Correction Flame Type Sensitivity Cu Characteristic Concentration Detection Limit Repeatability Burner head Nebuliser Pre mix Chamber Safety Functions Operating Program Analytical Methods Readout Mode Calibrations Data Storage 190nm 900nm Hollow cathode lamp HCL Deuterium Arc lamp D2 Square Wave Pulse 100hz Self reversal SR background 400hz Deuterium Arc D2 background 1800 grooves mm diffraction grating 250nm 300nm 0 1nm 0 2nm 0 4nm 1 0nm 2 0nm Software selectable Automatic Single Beam 0 15nm 0 2nm 0 02nm lt 0 05nm 0 005Abs 30min Deuterium Arc D2 1 0Abs Self Reversal SR 3 0Abs Air Acetylene 2ug ml Absorption gt 0 28Abs lt 0 02ug ml Cu lt 0 004ug ml Cu lt 0 7 Titanium Alloy Inert Adjustable Nebuliser Flow Rate from 2ml 6ml min Pt Ir capillary available for high acid concentration Corrosion Resistant Burner switch Flame Sensor Gas Leak Sensor Low Gas Pressure Sensor Drain Trap Sensor Power Loss Protection AA Win software Flame AA Flame AE Hydride Continuous Manual Peak Height Peak Area Multi Standard Calibration Standard Addition Interpolation Analytical results Instrument and measurement parameters Signal profile Calibration curve Standard packag
8. applications including Agricultural Clinical Environmental Food Metal Mining Geological Petrochemical Pharmaceutical The versatile instrument is available in three configurations AA50OF The instrument is equipped with a flame atomiser only The positioning of which is fully controlled by the embedded computer system and AA Win software Three flame options are available to the user with the Air Acetylene being the standard configuration This flame can be used for nearly all standard elements while the N2O Acetylene and the Air LPG Natural gas are available as an option for the more demanding of elements All three flame configurations offer coded burner for full safety protection AA500G The instrument is equipped with a Graphite Furnace Atomiser only The graphite head is fixed into the optical path to maximise performance and eliminate drift The temperature of the transversely heated graphite tube is accurately controlled by means of a precision feedback system Pyrolytically coated platform tubes are supplied as standard to improve the performance and eliminate many analytical problems associated with this technique AA500FG The instrument is equipped with both Flame Atomiser and Graphite Atomiser as described above Both configurations are installed into the instrument and can be changed over by a simple selection in the versatile AA Win software NOW GLP COMPLIANT AA FEATURES amp FUNCTIONS Em
9. to replace Flame Autosampler Sequential auto sampler allows the automated analysis of 50 or more Air Compressor GS 003 Ultra low noise when running just 53 59dB 100 Oil Free Design samples and calibration standards The system allows for automatic update of standard values and curve parameters by using up to 8 standards blanks and QC standards A double wash station for probe wash avoids sample and standard contamination An inert Teflon probe is supplied as standard Efficient Horizontal Twin pump unit Innovative Compact Design perfect for limited space 10 bar Maximum pressure 15 Litre tank for stable air supply 104L min supply at 3 bar Easy to ship only 14Kg Acetylene Regulator GS 001 Direct fitting to gas cylinder Comply to British Standards Supplied with hose fitting and crimp Various gas cylinder fittings available Specify fitment to European standard For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com 23 The purpose of the Qualification Kit is to offer both laboratory analysts and regional distributors the flexibility to perform a full installation and operational qualification on Atomic Absorption Spectrometers manufactured by PG Instruments The work instructions within the qualification work book have been developed with considerations of the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia to ensure compliance with good laboratory pr
10. control software Detection Limits Arsenic As 0 01ug l lt 1 Bismuth Bi lt 0 01ug l lt 1 Cadmium Cd 0 001 ug l 196 Germanium Ge 0 05ug l 196 Mercury H9 0 001ug l lt 1 Lead Pb 0 01ug l lt 1 Antimony 56 0 01ug l lt 1 Selenium Se 0 01ug l lt 1 Tin Sn lt 0 01 9 lt 1 Tellurium Te 0 01ug l 190 Zinc Zn 1 0ug l lt 1 30 A The intuitive software package provides ease of operation method development control and data acquisition Software wizards simplify the operation and configuration Detailed information and results are shown each element analysed Calibration information as well as results for standards are shown for each element AFWin offers real time display of fluorescence intensity Full adjustment of current for all hollow cathode lamps is provided Lamps are set for optimal performance ssremoeranecs D A omana b mm E Detailed results for the analysis can be seen and saved Reporting and QC control allows printouts of spectra standard calibration curves analysis and signal data Report of operating parameters can be saved or printed Where parameters are input manually PFWin software for future information will prompt the suggested
11. high sample throughput Absorption and Emission modes are standard features in the AAWin3 software as well as peak height peak area sequential and manual integration modes FLAME ATOMISER FEATURES The flame atomiser offers three flame options Air acetylene is the standard configuration with the N2O acetylene and as options Ue Air Acetylene The Air Acetylene flame uses a 100mm single slot burner for the standard configuration The high sensitivity Cu 2ppm gt 0 280abs is due to the inert adjustable nebuliser fitted as standard An acid resistant replacement is available with a Pt Ir capillary The flame can be easily set from blue lean flame through stoichiometric to fuel rich by means of computer control N20 Acetylene The N2O Acetylene flame uses a 50mm single slot burner and 15 available as an optional extra This flame configuration is used to measure elements less prone to ionization such as Aluminium Tin Titanium Calcium Vanadium and Molybdenum Switching from Air Acetylene to N2O Acetylene to Flame Off is fully controlled by the AAWinPro software Air Propane LPG This flame uses a 3 slot burner and with the low pressure requirement it is also much safer to operate Due to the low temperature of the flame it is ideal for analysing alkali metals such as Potassium Sodium and Lithium especially when used in the emission mode Some remote areas of the w
12. of the wavelength Click to isap pueei guckeing procesa wem em man em Lamp turret setup operating and warm up currents along with the desired analytical wavelength are easily selected in the configuration 20 Ensure optimal peak position at the chosen analytical line by scanning the emissions spectra Each stage of analysis setup is made quick and simple by means of the Sample Wizard Obtain reliable and accurate results by using the Energy control feature to manually optimise atomiser position and setup Use the Auto balance feature to ensure energy level Use the sample table to perform quick measurements of both Standards and Samples Easily append the sample table to add new samples or even revise calibration curves either by manual introduction or using an Autosampler View up to date calibration curves in 1st 2nd or 3rd order using a standard calibration or standard addition Perform retrospective curve fits to ensure optimum correlation View real time signal acquisition for flame and hydride generation analysis For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com 21 Specifications Wavelength range Light Source Modulation Modulation frequency Grating
13. signal acquisition for flame graphite furnace and hydride generation analysis For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com 13 Spectrometer System Wavelength range Light Source Modulation Modulation frequency Monochromator Grating Blazed Wavelength Focus Bandwidth Scan mode Photometric Type Wavelength Accuracy Wavelength Resolution Wavelength Reproducibility Baseline Stability Background Correction Flame Analysis Flame Types Sensitivity Cu Characteristic Concentration Detection Limit Repeatability Burner heads Nebuliser Pre mix Chamber Atomiser Selection Safety Features Graphite Furnace Analysis Graphite Head Temperature Range Heating Program Feedback Sensitivity Cu Detection Limit Repeatability Graphite Tubes Sample Size Graphite Cooling Safety Features 14 185nm 910nm Hollow cathode lamp HCL Deuterium Arc lamp D2 Square Wave Pulse 100hz Self reversal SR background 400hz Deuterium Arc D2 background 1800 grooves mm diffraction grating 250nm 300nm 0 1nm 0 2nm 0 4nm 1 0nm 2 0nm Software selectable Automatic Single Beam 0 15nm 0 2nm 0 02nm lt 0 05nm 0 005Abs 30min Deuterium Arc D2 1 0Abs Self Reversal SR 3 0Abs Air Acetylene Nitrous Oxide Acetylene Air Propane LPG 2ug ml Absorption gt 0 280Abs lt 0 02ug ml Ba lt 0 15ug ml N2O Acetylene lt 0 004ug ml lt 0 7 Air
14. Acetylene Flame lt 1 0 Nitrous Oxide Acetylene Flame Titanium Alloy Inert Adjustable Nebuliser Flow Rate from 2ml 6ml min Pt Ir capillary available for high acid concentration Corrosion Resistant Automatic changeover AA500FG Manual AA500F Burner identification Flame Sensor Gas Leak Sensor Low Gas Pressure Sensor Drain Trap Sensor Power Loss Protection Transversally Heated Ambient 2650C Up to 10 steps Drying Ashing Atomisation Cleaning Voltage and Optical Temperature Control Feedback 50ng ml Absorption gt 0 40Abs Cd lt 0 004ng ml Cu lt 2 0 Cd lt 2 0 Pyrolytically Coated with Platform Up to 20ul Water Circulator Available Argon Pressure Sensor Water Flow Sensor Over Temperature Sensor Broken Tube Protection Spectrometer System Data Processing PC System Operating Program Analytical Methods Readout Mode Calibrations Data Storage calibration curve Power Requirements Main Unit Graphite Power Supply Dimensions Main unit Graphite Power Supply AASOOF a a N CE Main unit AAS5OOF instruction Manual Cook Book Safety Manual System validation document Data coded Air Acetylene burner Inert adjustable Nebuliser Hollow cathode Lamp Holders Monitor Keyboard and Mouse Low Voltage power Supply Power Cables Gas tubing Air Gas Tubing Acetylene Drain Trap and Tubing Tool Kit Various gas Fittings 110 230
15. Efficient Horizontal Twin pump unit Dimensions LWH 250 x 245 x 700 mm Tubing and additional connectors optional Innovative Compact Design perfect for limited Gas Regulators GS 001 GS 002 GS 006 GS 007 space Direct fitting to 10 Maximum pressure gas cylinder 15 Litre tank for stable air supply 104L min supply at 3 bar Comply to British Standards Supplied with hose fitting and crimp Easy to ship only 14Kg Various gas cylinder fittings available Fume Extraction System Regulators for Air Acetylene Argon LPG Specify fitment to European standard Acetylene Flame Arrestor GS 004 Direct fitting to gas regulator output Required for acetylene gas Non resetting easy to replace Universal fitting 240Vac 50 60hz Stainless steel 300mm diameter hood construction adjustable height All fittings supplied Adjustable bends from 150mm polymer fan 0 to 90 For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com 17 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER The PG990 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is a versatile entry level instrument with a computer controlled Air Acetylene flame for general laboratory requirements Due to its high sensitivity and excellent performance the instrument can be used for a wide range of applications including Agricultural e Geological Clinical o P
16. Vac 50 60hz 200W 220Vac 50 60hz Instantaneous power 5KW Current rating 110cm x 54cm x 54cm 75Kg 50cm x 54cm x 54cm 70Kg AA500G Con Fan E a 2 a 2 la Main unit AA500G instruction Manual Cook book Safety Manual System Validation document Hollow cathode Lamp Holders Monitor Keyboard and Mouse Low Voltage Power Supply Power Cables Tool Kit Various Gas Fittings Graphite Tubes Gas Tubing Argon Connection Cable Graphite Pipette bag Pipette Tips Continuous Manual Peak Height Peak Area Multi Standard Calibration Standard Addition Interpolation Analytical results instrument and measurement parameters signal profile Embedded PC Windows Professional Operating System AA Win Pro software Flame AA Flame AE Graphite Furnace Hydride Generation AA500FG i gt 3 l3 l3 l3 l3 lI lI WM a IL Main unit AABOOF instruction Manual Cook Book Safety Manual System validation document Data coded Air Acetylene burner Inert adjustable Nebuliser Hollow cathode Lamp Holders Monitor Keyboard and Mouse Low Voltage power Supply Power Cables Gas tubing Air Gas Tubing Acetylene Drain Trap and Tubing Tool Kit Various gas Fittings Graphite tubes Gas Tubing Argon Connection Cable graphite Pipette bag Pipette Tips 15 Accessories Autosampler 500 004 The AS500 Autosampler is an accessory specifically designed
17. a Up to 10 heat stages are available for the programming of the graphite atomiser These can be set and stored within the AAWinPro software The graphite tube is held in position by means of a gas piston Replacement of the graphite tube is performed by a simple command in the AAWin Software The graphite tube is efficiently cooled by an additional water circulation system supplied separately Argon Gas pressure Sensor Water flow sensor Over Temperature Sensor Broken graphite tube protection 11 AAWin3 Software is a powerful and intuitive software product designed to allow control and data acquisition from the PG Instruments AA500 series Atomic Absorption Spectrometer cr ON e p Ee imp Poe Fara Ha Baz The AAWin3 software allows the Analyst to control all aspects of their analytical method whilst providing an p Select worklamp and warm up lamp extensive range of tools for data collection storage and interpretation ezO El Warruplamp 9 1 Cu The software interface consists of three key work areas whilst having toolbars to access many others These work areas allow the user to view real time signal acquisition up to date display of calibration Cis bic cits a la re ce curves and a flexible sample table The AAWin3 software offers full automation allowing gt Firi Cancal th
18. ace temperature control complementing the more widely used AAS flame graphite systems The Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy technique is used to measure samples containing both hydride forming elements and mercury in a variety of analytical sectors Due to its design and functionality the instrument offers enhanced sensitivity reduced interference and excellent limits of detection ppt SIMULTANEOUS ATOMIC AI NE SS IE The AF402 15 an ideal instrument for elemental analysis in various market and research industries including Agricultural Food and Beverage Public Health Clinical Pharmaceutical Geological Metallurgical Petrochemical STANDARD FEATURES High Intensity Hollow Cathode lamps for greater intensity and stability Up to three lamps can be installed for simultaneous analysis All lamps are uniquely data coded offering important information to the PF Win operating software Shielded optical design greatly reduces light interference Enhanced signal to noise ratio for increased analytical sensitivity Unique optical configuration for increased fluorescence intensity Up to twice the fluorescence intensity found in traditional AFS systems High Quantum Solar Blind Photomultiplier Tube fitted as standard to ensure optimum stability High precision quartz atomiser tube designed for optimum performance durability and long life Self igniting Argon Hydrogen flame with software controlled heater coil
19. actice The documentation supplied with the kit guides the user through the qualification as it offers detailed instructions on how to carry out the tests document and record results and perform any necessary corrective action The comprehensive kit offers all the materials required to complete the qualification The contents of the kit are as follows Qualified Hg Hollow Cathode Lamp For determining the wavelength accuracy Qualified Cu Hollow Cathode Lamp For determining the flame and graphite analytical tests Qualified Standard Solution For determining the flame analytical tests Qualified Standard Solution For determining the graphite analytical tests Filter Tool For determining the photometric accuracy Certificates for Solutions Qualification Workbook USB Flash Drive containing qualification workbook and qualification worksheets 25 The AFS technique is widely used for the determination of hydride forming elements and Mercury analysis The technique provides an alternative to the conventional method of connecting a hydride generator to an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AAS Due to the high intensity Hollow Cathode lamp source and low baseline noise offered by this technique the usable sensitivity is greatly improved offering very low detection limits The AFS instrument fulfils the analysis by means of simultaneous detection accurate sample introduction and stable furn
20. bedded PC system built into the instrument as standard on all configurations Pre installed AAWin3 software user manuals cook book and Windows operating system AAWin3 software provides full control of the instrument and autosampler with easy method change for each technique Now GLP compliant Automatic 8 Hollow Cathode lamp turret controlled and optimised by the AAWin3 software Operating lamp current and warm up lamp current can be individually controlled to eliminate drift commonly associated with lamp warming D2 lamp background correction system fitted as standard to all configurations High energy D2 lamp and adjustable beam splitter mirror are optimised by the AAWin3 software Self Reversal background correction system fitted as standard to all configurations The high performance background system uses the same hollow cathode lamp as installed for the analysis Minimum extra components are required and optical alignment is very simple Self Reversal can be used for any element at any wavelength making it extremely versatile High precision minimal optics ensures maximum light throughput to the computer controlled Czerny Turner monochromator A universal autosampler is available as an optional accessory which is conveniently mounted on the front of the AA500 instrument Optional XYZ autosampler provides appropriate sample volume for multi element analysis along with scalable sample capacity for
21. ciple Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers AAS have become an industry standard for many elemental determinations within specific industries There are three AAS techniques including Flame Graphite Furnace and Hydride Generation all of which have their own advantages and disadvantages due to analytical limitations The flame technique being the most common will determine trace levels usually ppm for most analytical elements and it is also the most cost effective technique If determinations of lower levels are required usually ppb the graphite technique can be used There are a number of elements that form volatile hydrides and these can be analysed using the hydride technique Atomic Absorption Analysis A hollow cathode lamp containing a coated cathode of the element that is to be analysed is used as a light source The light source emits a beam of a specific wavelength through the flame and into the monochromator The sample is aspirated into the flame in the form of an aerosol which is converted to an atomic vapour atoms present in the vapour are then raised from their ground state to their excited state The atoms absorb light of a specific wavelength when moving to an excited energy state this causes the quantity of light absorbed to increase The light absorption then can be measured and used for a Quantitative determination of the amount of analyte in a sample Atomic Emission Analysis For the determination of certai
22. d with hose fitting and crimp Various gas cylinder fittings available Regulator for high purity Argon 99 99 Specify fitment to European standard Fume Extraction System Universal fitting Stainless steel construction fittings supplied 150mm polymer fan 240Vac 50 60hz 300mm diameter hood adjustable height Adjustable bends from 0 to 90 For more details and ordering information please visit our website www pginstruments com 33 FLAME PHOTOMETER MICROPROCESSOR mm FLAME PROTOWETER 34 Flame photometry provides a simple method of analysis and concentration determination of elements which cannot easily be measured using any other technique PG Instruments application notes for users of our versatile new flame photometers cover a wide range of industrial sectors from food and drink to cement minerals and glass as well as agricultural biological and clinical applications The PG Instruments FP902 Flame Photometer offers the combination of clinical industrial and education applications in ONE instrument It gives accurate fast and precise analysis of sodium potassium calcium and lithium in one simple aspiration The FP902 uses a soft touch key pad for ease of data entry and features electronic ignition automatic flame failure safety and will operate using butane natural gas or LPG 35 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS F 36 Soil and Agricultural Analysis Biological Flu
23. e user to measure multiple elements sequentially by Setup Wavelengih Cu From the combo box select he wavelength of the element Click Pesk picking lo peak the peek of he wee Click Mest isap peal pickmg procesa means of a Sample Wizard and optional random access autosampler Search Ben Lamp turret setup operating and warm up currents along with the desired analytical wavelength are easily selected in the configuration 12 Ensure optimal peak position at the chosen analytical line by scanning the emissions spectra Each stage of analysis setup is made quick and simple by means of the Sample Wizard Obtain reliable and accurate results by using the Energy control feature to manually optimise atomiser position and setup Use the Auto balance feature to ensure energy level and optical alignments are optimised when using background correction Use the sample table to perform quick measurements of both Standards and Samples Easily append the sample table to add new samples or even revise calibration curves either by manual introduction or using an Autosampler View up to date calibration curves in 1st 2nd or 3rd order using a standard calibration or standard addition Perform retrospective curve fits to ensure optimum correlation View real time
24. etrochemical Environmental Pharmaceutical e Food o Metal Mining FEATURES FUNCTIONS The instrument has a motorised 8 hollow cathode lamp turret which allows the automatic positioning and optimisation of each hollow cathode lamp by the software The control of the gas flows for the fuel gas C2H2 of the burner 15 also carried out directly from the software thus allowing optimisation of the instrument for the best analytical parameters for a selected analysis Two methods of background correction are available The first utilises a Deuterium Arc lamp and the second is the proven method of Self Reversal High precision minimal optics ensures maximum light throughput to the computer controlled Czerny Turner Monochromator The location of the wavelength and peak selection is automatically controlled from the software The spectral bandwidth is automated and 15 available with a choice of five slit sizes The electronic parameters for the photomultiplier tube detector the hollow cathode lamp current and the balancing of the absorbance and background energies are controlled from the software The ignition of the flame is computer controlled and the various safety interlocks offer a very safe operating system SAFETY The flame conditions are continuously monitored and should the flow rates change an audible alarm sounds The pressure of the support gas oxidant is monitored constantly If the pressure chan
25. for the AA500 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer The AS500 can be used to automatically introduce standard and unknown samples to the atomiser for analysis It can be used with both flame and graphite furnace instruments Flame Analysis 38 sample positions 6 for standard samples 32 for unknown samples Sample vial size 6ml Standard sample vial size 12ml Pressure protection for wash Position adjustment by AA Win software Reproducibility Cu 0 6 air acetylene Cu lt 1 0 air LPG Ba 1 096 nitrous oxide acetylene Graphite Analysis 76 sample positions 10 for standard samples 6 for modifier solutions 60 for unknown samples Sample vial size 1 5ml Modifier vial size 12ml Pressure protection for wash Up to 3 modifier additions Position adjustments by AA Win Pro software Reproducibility Cu 2 096 Cd 2 096 Nitrous Oxide Acetylene Burner 500 023 Inert Adjustable Nebuliser 500 01 1 Titanium alloy construction 50mm single slot Coded for safety Direct replacement for standard burner temperature flame Adjustment of burner Patent pending Designed for higher Excellent RSD s typically q lt 1 0 Typical read back values better than 2 Enhanced sensitivity Can be used on all PG Instruments AA500 and 990 series atomic absorption systems Acid resistant nebuliser with Pt Ir capillary 500 012 Adjustable uptake from Redesigned spray chamber
26. ges then the flow of the fuel gas will be stopped and the flame will be safely extinguished A sensor monitors the level of liquid in the drain and will prevent ignition if too low The flame will also be extinguished if the level of liquid in the drain changes significantly A flame sensor monitors the flame and safely turns off the gas flow to the burner if the flame suddenly extinguishes The burner is identified by a switch making it impossible to light without the burner being fitted An emergency flame off button is installed in case a problem is observed The flame can be extinguished safely 19 AA AAWin2 Software is a powerful and intuitive software product designed to allow control and data acquisition from the PG Instruments PG990 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer AAi Pru Pie Almen draie rra BEN The AAWin2 software allows the Analyst to control all aspects of their analytical method whilst providing an extensive range of tools for data collection storage and interpretation e2 0u si The software interface consists of three key work areas whilst having toolbars to access many others These work areas allow the user to view real time signal acquisition up to date display of calibration curves and a flexible sample table Setup Wavelength Cu From the combo box select the wavelength of the element Click CNN Peak picking lo peak the pes
27. ids Petrochemical Industry Food and Drink Analysis EATURES amp FUNCTIONS Five element measurement in a single aspiration Na K Li Ca and Ba Curve calibration using up to 5 standards Calibration curve fit routines first order and second order Multiple calibration curve saving facility Sample data storage Printer attachment Data displayed in concentration units ie ppm meq etc Specifications General Analytical Applications Na 0 1 100 ppm Na 0 200 Na 0 250 Up to 250 1 100 dil 1 100 dil 1 100 dil K 0 1 100 ppm K 0 10 K 0 100 Up to 250 1 100 1 100 1 100 Ca 15 100 ppm Ca Li 0 2 Ca Li 0 10 Up to 250 1 100 1 5 dil 1 2 dil Li 0 5 100 ppm Up to 250 1 100 dil Filters ZZ Filters for Sodium Potassium Lithium Calcium and Barium are included Compressor Unit Combustion Gas LPG Controlled by precision regulator 290 x 255 x 210 mm L x B x H Approx 37 Consumables AA500 Hollow Cathode Lamps pa gs 11 inch standard lamp e fitting Glass Fixed Flow Nebuliser Graphite Tubes 38 2 inch lamps available 70 single element lamps More than 120 multi element lamps up to 5 element per lamp Low current operation Long life gt 5000mA Hours Designed for use with SR background system Glass construction Fixed flow rate for easy installation Acid resistant to 5 Ea
28. ing Main Unit PG990 Instruction Manual Cook Book Gas Tubing Acetylene Drain Trap and Tubing Tool Kit Various Gas Fittings Air Acetylene Burner Inert Adjustable Nebuliser Hollow Cathode Lamp Holders Power Cable Gas Tubing Air Safety Manual System Validation Document Accessories Inert Adjustable Nebuliser 500 011 Patent pending resistant nebuliser with Pt Ir capillary 500 012 Adjustable uptake from 2 6ml min e Fully adjustable impact bead e Universal design e Full reaction cycle from press of start button Fume Extraction System Excellent RSD s typically lt 1 0 Typical read back values better than 2 Enhanced sensitivity Can be used on all PG Instruments AA500 and AA990 series atomic absorption systems Redesigned spray chamber to ensure excellent drainage properties Supplied with temperature controlled heated absorption cell Cell is easily installed with burner attachment Can be used for Mercury cold vapour analysis Sensitivity for most elements 1ng ml Only 2 0ml 2 5ml per sample required RSD 3 Quick analysis 30 seconds per measurement Universal fitting Stainless steel construction fittings supplied 150mm polymer fan 240Vac 50 60hz 300mm diameter hood adjustable height Adjustable bends from 0 to 90 GS 004 Direct fitting to gas regulator output Required for acetylene gas Non resetting easy
29. is The hydride technique requires an additional unit to add to the flame AAS system The Hydride Generator is used to produce a hydride vapour for the hydride forming elements by means of a heated tube which fits directly to the top of the flame burner The unit can also be used for cold vapour technique primarily for Mercury analysis The hydride technique requires the following extra components to complete the installation Pure Argon gas Suitable fume extraction system Detection Element Wavelength Air C H N O C H C H Air LPG Graphite Vapour nm mg l ppm mg l ppm mg l ppm Hg l ppb ug l ppb Aluminium Al 3093 n a 0 028 n a 0 13 n a Antimony Sb 217 6 0 092 n a 0 2 0 29 0 26 Arsenic As 193 7 0 12 n a n a 0 33 0 05 Barium Ba 553 6 n a 0 031 n a 0 23 n a Beryllium Be 2349 n a 0 0036 n a 0 02 n a Bismuth Bi 223 1 0 0049 n a 0 03 0 26 0 19 Boron B 249 7 3 5 Cadmium Cd 228 8 0 0028 n a 0 008 0 01 n a Calcium Ca 422 7 n a 0 0037 0 07 0 60 n a Chromium Cr 357 9 0 0054 n a 0 6 0 025 n a Cobalt Co 240 7 0 01 n a 0 018 2 00 n a Copper Cu 324 8 0 0045 n a 0 0026 0 065 n a Dysprosium Dy 421 7 n a 0 2 n a n a n a Europium Eu 459 4 n a 0 04 n a n a n a Gold Au 242 8 0 013 n a 0 026 3 00 n a Indium In 303 9 0 07 n a 0 04 n a n a Iron Fe 248 3 0 0043 n a 0 015 0 06 n a Lead Pb 217 0 0 013 n a 0 02 0 03 n a Lead Pb 283 3
30. l read back values better than 2 e Enhanced sensitivity e Can be used on all PG Instruments AA500 and e Fully insert nebuliser AAGO0 atomic absorption systems 2 6ml min Redesigned spray chamber e Fully adjustable impact to ensure excellent bead drainage properties Adjustable uptake from Deuterium Lamp High energy lamp For use with AA500 instrument Easy fit No alignment required eem For use with AS990 Auto Sampler Large volume for wash e Re usable 40 Consumables AF402 Hollow Cathode Lamps High performance High output lamps Lamps designed for use with AF402 system Built in circuit for coding and usage recording Available for analysis of a variety of elements including Sb As Bi Cd Ge Pb Hg Se Te Sn Zn Injection Tubes FEMA To Quartz Glass to withstand high acid solutions Designed to fit in the XYZ autosampler Heater Coils Replacement wire coils Fits around the Quartz Atomiser Used for heating the atomiser when used for hydride analysis Regular replacement suggested Re usable glass cups Used in XYZ autosampler for standard solutions Quartz Atomiser e Quartz Glass to withstand heat and chemicals e Replacement required at regular intervals e Inputs for gas and hydride vapout e Quartz glass e Built in gas separator o Easily replaced Syringe Accurate high quali
31. n elements usually those excited at high wavelengths a variation of the standard flame technique can be performed which is called atomic emission As the technique relies on the spectral emission from the flame there is no requirement for the hollow cathode lamp The sample is aspirated into the flame which causes the ground state atoms to convert to an excited state As the excited state is very unstable the atoms return to their ground state and emit an emission spectrum consisting of a number of emission wavelengths The intensity of an emission line will therefore increase as the number of excited atoms of the specific element increases The specific wavelength of the emission can be used for a Quantitative analysis to determine the concentration of a element in a solution Instrumentation The Atomic Absorption Spectrometer is made up of five essential components Each component is designed to produce minimum disruption to the overall system and many design features are installed to keep the signal to noise ratio as low as possible Light Source e Burner Assembly e Optics O Detector Signal Processing Elements Periodic Table 6 7 8 9 Lanthanides Actinides Techniques There are three main techniques for AAS analysis each having their strengths and weaknesses depending on the type of analysis required There are a number of factors to consider when deciding which technique will suit the application For example
32. orld have difficulty obtaining Acetylene gas of a high enough purity to operate the flame correctly LPG can give a real alternative and offer comparable results for most elements throughout the wavelength range 10 Pressure monitoring for all gases Burner Identification Flame sensor Drain Trap level Sensor Gas Leak Detector Over Pressure in Premix Safety Cut off Switch GRAPHITE ATOMISER FEATURES The integrated Graphite Furnace Atomiser 15 available in two instrument configurations Inthe AA500G instrument the graphite furnace head is fixed into the light path so alignment with the optical path is simple and accurate In the AA500FG instrument the graphite furnace head is fixed behind the flame atomiser assembly and is motorised into position by a simple operation in the AAWinPro software The positions for the flame and graphite are saved making it easy to swap between modes for different analysis The temperature of the transversely heated graphite tube is accurately controlled by means of a precision feedback system and has been designed to reduce analytical problems normally associated with this type of technique Pyrolytically coated graphite tubes are used as standard and are manufactured to improve performance as well as increase the analytical life Platform graphite tubes are supplied as standard and will accept volumes up to 20ul Non platform graphite tubes are also available as an optional extr
33. parameters to complete the configuration for the analysis 31 Specifications Sample Atomisation Atomiser Furnace heating Hydride Generator Gas Requirement Peristaltic Pump speed control Exhaust System Gas Liquid Separator Type Sample Introduction Sample capacity Optical Design Light source Baseline stability Linear range Type Operating system Operating software Power requirements Dimensions 32 Quartz tube furnace with auto ignition of argon hydrogen flame Computer controlled heating Continuous flow high performance for cold vapour mercury and hydride determinations of As Se Te Bi Sb Sn Zn Pb Cd Ge High purity Argon gas 99 99 30psi pressure 3 channel pump with 3 adjustable pressure control clamps and programmable Built in with filter to decontaminate pollutants High efficiency two stage gas liquid separator Integrated XYZ High sample capacity automated introduction of sample and standards by motorised syringe drive 2 x 45 standard test tube sample racks Short focal length non dispersive integrated optical design 3 channel simultaneous element analysis using computer controlled Modulated and pulsed hollow cathode light source lt 2 gt 10 Built in embedded PC system Windows PFWin software 220Vac 10 50 60hz 300W 100 6cm x 58cm x 55cm Accessories Argon Gas Regulator Direct fitting to gas cylinder Comply to British Standards Supplie
34. sily replaced Pyrolytically coated graphite tube Supplied with or without platform High quality long life tubes Can be used for larger samples gt 20ul High energy lamp For use with AA500 instrument Easy fit No alignment required Multi Element Standards 500ml volume bottles More than 40 individual elements available 1 000 1000ppm concentration Individual elements made up in a choice of acid solutions Standard Nebuliser Acid Resistant available Excellent RSD s typically lt 1 0 Typical read back values better than 2 Enhanced sensitivity Can be used on all PG Instruments AA500 and 990 series atomic absorption systems m Fully insert nebuliser Adjustable uptake from 2 6ml min Redesigned spray chamber to ensure excellent drainage properties Fully adjustable impact bead Sample Uptake Tubes de Replacement sample 4 uptake tubes Attached filter to eliminate solid uptake Standard length Easily replaced Auto Sampler Vials Flame Samples Re useable glass vials For use with AS500 Auto Sampler Larger volume for samples 6ml Consumables 500 Auto Sampler Vials Flame Standards Auto Sampler Vials Graphite Samples Standards Re useable glass vials Re usable vials For use with AS500 Auto gt For use with AS500 Sampler E autosampler Larger volume for standards 12ml
35. ty Used for accurate uptake of sample and carrier liquid Requires regular flushing 500ml volume bottles Individual elements available for Sb As Bi Cd Ge Pb Hg Se Te Sn Zn 1 000g ml 1000ppm concentration 41 Consumables FP902 Air Compressor Matching air compressor designed only for use with FP902 instrument Oil free air Adjustable air supply with gauge 220v 50 60hz Burner Fits into premix chamber Designed for use with low pressure propane flame Easily removed for cleaning o Fine wire length Used to clean blockage in capillary tube of nebuliser Nebuliser Capillary Tubes e Cross flow design Adjustable uptake rate High quality capillary tube Fit onto capillary tube of nebuliser Optimised length Used for sample uptake Easily fitted and replaced Re usable glass cups Used for holding samples and standard solutions Small volume size for use with FP902 instrument 42 We reserve the right to modify revise upgrade suspend discontinue any Product in whole or in part either temporarily or permanently with or without notice
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search