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Focus on English for Computer Science

1. 121 Focus on English for Computer Science d This computing laboratory is a new one You cannot drink or eat in here They do not allow you They do not allow You are not allowed They do not let e Stop drinking soup while using the keyboard or you will damage it Her mother said Her mother advised By Her mother said f Do not forget to switch off the printer after using it The computer services staff lady warned The computer services staff lady wanted Remember They were advised 122 Focus on English for Computer Science Topic Six Marvin s House 123 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Try this quiz and let s see how much you know about a house Tick as appropriate Y T F 1 A doorknob is the handle on a door E E 2 A mantel is a piece of cloth for tables E E 3 A mural is a picture which is painted directly onto the wall of a room or building E E 4 Some pictures need frames E E 5 A chimney is a place at the bottom of a wall in a room where a fire can be lit or has been put E E 6 A swing is a seat hanging by two ropes or chains from a metal frame or from the branch of a tree LJ LJ 7 A lamp is a kind of light LI d 1 2 Discuss your answers with your partner Whenever your answer is false supply a suitable explanation 124
2. e Engineers have built computers to take over time consuming activities Now the designers spend their time for the more creative aspects of their work SO THAT AS A RESULT 3 6 Join the following sentences using the appropriate relative pronouns a In many industrial situations robots are fitted with devices The devices enable robots to select and move objects 85 Focus on English for Computer Science b These devices may be sensors The sensors detect physical contact with objects pressure sensitive devices so that transparent and opaque objects can be distinguished c Computers can work in a poisonous atmosphere A person cannot work in that atmosphere d A typical robot has a single arm The typical robot is used in manufacturing e Human operators work for limited shifts Their working conditions have to be adequate f In a factory there are very dangerous tasks Computers can carry out very dangerous tasks 86 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 1 Making comparisons 0 Comparatives Adjective adverb er than comparison to a higher degree More adjective adverb than comparison to a higher degree Less adjective adverb than comparison to a lower degree As adjective adverb as comparison to the same degree Superlatives The Adjective adverb e st The mo
3. Tarjeta no Plug and Play Conector IDE secundario en placa madre Unidad de disco duro El disco duro se conecta a su vez al conector IDE primario de la placa madre o al conector de datos del disco duro de la controladora de disco Reconocimiento de la ventana de control de QuickCD A continuaci n se describen los botones barras de deslizamiento y pantalla de visualizaci n que se encuentran en la ventana de control de QuickCD Este elemento Le permite hacer esto Desconecta Salir de QuickCD Expulsar Expulsar o cerrar la bandeja Esta funci n s lo se aplica si la unidad tiene un sistema de carga de bandeja motorizado Reproducir Reproducir la pista que aparece en la pantalla de visualizaci n Parar Detener la reproducci n Pausa Activar o desactivar la pausa Pista anterior Reproducir la pista anterior Si se encuentra al principio del CD se reproduce la ltima pista Rebobinado Retroceder la pista actual 10 segundos 153 Focus on English for Computer Science Si esta al final de la ultima pista esta funci n se ignora Avance rapido Avanzar la pista actual 10 segundos Si est al final de la ltima pista esta funci n se ignora Pista siguiente Reproducir la pista siguiente Si se encuentra al final del CD se reproduce la primera pista Mezclador Activa el mezclador Si no tiene instalado el software de la tarjeta de audio no se activar el mezclador Pantalla de v
4. S kS S rn lt rn A 3 I gt gt O lt E a D lt O 5 a A e o a D O A J Li Li Li rg a gjej gt O 74 a Q a E gt a 3 lt gt 2 N a zi da 8 a S a a S z S B a 3 Be ej 3 a Oo 5 O h gt O Sey o O ag D D D 64 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE 4 1 Conditions 0 a First conditionals Open present or future conditionals if present simple will infinitive If he needs my computer I ll let him use it Perhaps he will need it General conditionals if present simple present simple I always let him use my computer if he needs it Whenever he needs it I let him use it It is important to remember that these conditionals are generally used in science because they can express cause and effect actions The if clause is usually a cause and the main clause an effect that depends on that clause With imperative if present simple imperative If you need my computer use it b Second conditionals Unreal present or future conditionals if past simple would infinitive 65 Focus on English for Computer Science If he needed my computer I would let him use it But he won t need it or he probably won t c Third conditionals Un
5. trica en caso contrario es asim trica Si las comunicaciones entre dos puntos se han concebido tradicionalmente de forma sim trica la llegada de Internet y la paulatina generalizaci n de servicios tales como v deo bajo demanda telecompra acceso a redes locales o en el entorno multimedia ha llevado al planteamiento de una comunicaci n de tipo asim trico Y es que en este tipo de aplicaciones la asimetr a es evidente el abonado recibe mucha m s informaci n de la que env a En este contexto surge una nueva evoluci n de DSL que con el nombre de ADSL Assymmetric Digital Subscriber Line trata de adaptarse a las necesidades presentes y futuras de tales servicios 47 Focus on English for Computer Science Topic Three Installing the CD Rom Drive 48 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Before reading the text on the following page match each term or word with the appropriate definition 1 CD ROM 2 Peripheral devices 3 Audio card 4 Hard disk 5 Motherboard a One of the most important circuit boards in a computer containing or connecting the central processing unit memory and other device controllers b An optical secondary storage device that uses compact disk technology to store up to 700 megabytes of data on a single compact disk c Any optional input or output device that connects to a computer s central processing unit d A piece of equipment th
6. 10 15 20 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE MARVIN S HOUSE Marvin Minsky has been at the center of many computer science movements that have made a difference I ve always wondered how a mind like Marvin s works How does it take ideas from different unusual sources to solve a problem Marvin is interested in how we think He wants to build computers machines that will assume responsibilities and work with the community This is a story about a visit to Marvin s house As you walk into the house you are greeted by the barking of an artificial dog The doorknob is covered with a carefully adhered rope that protects a person s hand from contacting the brass on a cold day Inside this three story brick house is Marvin and Gloria his wife Gloria a pediatrician greets us with a presence that says Hello I am ready to play Marvin too works easily at being a child His living room is filled with several pianos an organ or two and a swing moves out of the way allowing for more play space On the floor are some ziplock plastic bags that serve as balloons when Marvin s granddaughter comes to visit Marvin and I stand on the balloons enjoying the ways they can be repeatedly popped open and refilled In the corner is a beautiful mural on the wall an assemblage of diagrams from patents painted by Marvin s sister We walk by a French guided missile that has two kilometers of guidance cabl
7. 3 3 Matching Match each term or component in column A with its function from Column B Column A Column B Keyboard It examines the status of a system to indicate any deviation from prescribed operational conditions Monitor It encodes characters by the depression of keys Modularity It allows data to be read from or written to its tracks by means of read write heads Hard disk It permits the subsequent expansion of the system by the addition of standard modular units Microcomputer It indicates accuracy obtained in graphic layout pictures or written texts Resolution It allows the development of most operating Performance by means of a microprocessor Cathode ray tube It allows the implementation of computing programs in which the communication with the user is established by means of visual and sound media Multimedia It enables the sound card to work efficiently Plug and play feature It produces a visible display of information on the surface of the tube 3 4 Contextual reference 35 Focus on English for Computer Science Return to the text and find out what the words in capital letters refer to The line is given in brackets on the right of each sentence a THESE might be sufficient for some users 1 5 PO b As THEY must be absolutely clear 1 9 PO c WHICH project a ray of electrons 1 14 PO d The phosforescent film and the screen ITSELF 1 20 AAA e IT is measured in inches 1 22 E
8. Find the odd man out in each group of words a Escape Shift Caps Lock File Enter Page Down b Times New Roman Courier Character French Script Arial c Underlining Bold Italics Format Double Underlining 139 Focus on English for Computer Science d Double Spaced Indentation Single Spaced 1 5 lines e Font Open Save as Close Print Exit f Mouse Mouse Pad Screen CPU Floppy Disk Unit g Page Width Two Pages 100 Page Setup Whole Page h Text File HTML Documents Word Documents IPG Documents 5 4 Completion Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions The Internet is the world s largest computer network with 25 million users worldwide and this number is doubling year year The Internet is like an international highway of information Now you can sit your computer choose a route and arrive your destination that is the information you need But you ll need to be a good navigator because the scale of the road network is global Today your computer you can access a library one country talk to an expert a certain topic a second country and send your own information to someone doing research a third In the not too distant future the information that is contained books will be stored digitally CD ROM and will be accessible anywhere the world 140 Focus on English for Computer Science Reading Passages Translations 141 Focus on English for Computer Scien
9. However the purchase of a monitor admitting this resolution must be determined by the user s needs The same applies to inches when we speak about a fourteen inch monitor we are referring to the screen surface actually visualized which also determines monitor size In this sense the use of fifteen inch monitors is becoming more and more common these not only increase 30 45 50 55 60 65 Focus on English for Computer Science the area visualized but usually give improved contrast resolution and sweep frequency The larger surface available makes them ideal for producing high resolution that is why both these and those of seventeen inches are very much in use for CAD work and general design Thus it is our user profile that will make us decide on either screen There has recently been talk of LCD liquid crystal technology which has even been mentioned as a possible future alternative to the traditional CRT Advantages such as saving power and space LCD makes it possible to produce extraflat and very thin screens as well as practically no radiation emission make this kind of devices highly interesting However their high cost coupled with the continuous advances in CRT technology at present make the latter the most advisable technology Another factor to be taken into account is the multimedia phenomenon This concept has spread to all fields of Computer Science and a component as vital as the means of display could
10. ROM con la patilla 1 del conector de datos del disco duro Cable de datos coloreado del CD ROM Conecte a uno de los siguientes O Conector IDE primario en placa madre O Conector de datos de disco duro en la controladora de disco duro Figura 1 5 Conexi n del cable de datos del CD ROM a la unidad de disco duro 155 Focus on English for Computer Science La informatica en el sector de la fabricaci n y la industria Aunque la mayor a de la gente es consciente del papel que representan los ordenadores en el mundo empresarial y el comercio el efecto m s notable de la inform tica se encuentra en la industria A medida que se informatizan m s situaciones industriales y se automatizan m s procesos las cifras de empleo disminuyen en el sector de la fabricaci n incluso habiendo una mayor producci n Por otra parte el sector servicios se est expandiendo hasta convertirse en el principal creador de puestos de trabajo La unidad moderna de fabricaci n puede requerir una complejidad de trabajo administrativo en su organizaci n y control La aplicaci n de los ordenadores puede simplificar considerablemente los problemas de planificaci n y control dejando a la administraci n de ese modo m s tiempo para la toma de decisiones La aplicaci n directa de los ordenadores a la planta industrial y a los equipos se denomina control de procesos Con el desarrollo de la microelectr nica se ha hecho posible controlar localm
11. Ramirez A 1988 Practice Book for English in Computing Las Palmas de G C Universidad Polit cnica de Canarias 1989 Practice Book for English in Computing II Las Palmas de G C Universidad de las Palmas de G C Trimble L 1985 English for Science and Technology Cambridge C U P Wallace C 1992 Reading Oxford O U P Widdowson H G 1978 Teaching Language as Communication Oxford O U P 172
12. Word Order Put the adjectives in the correct position a American Wooden Computer Desk b Old White Big Computer c Black Chinese Plastic Floppy Disk d French Yellow Operating Instructions Book e Iron British Huge Ancient Golden Abacus 138 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 2 Translation Translate the following descriptive text into English Las teclas de color gris claro en el Toshiba Satellite 210CS Las teclas de color gris claro como las teclas estandares de una maquina de escribir generan letras may sculas y min sculas n meros signos de puntuaci n y s mbolos especiales que aparecen en la pantalla Las letras y los n meros creados en un ordenador var an en la anchura Los espacios que se crean con un car cter de espacio tambi n pueden variar dependiendo de la justificaci n de la l nea y otros factores La tecla de funci n Caps Lock bloqueo de may sculas bloquea s lo los caracteres alfab ticos en may sculas mientras que en una m quina de escribir coloca todas las teclas en la posici n inversa Las teclas Shift Tab y BkSp tecla de retroceso realizan la misma funci n que en una m quina de escribir pero tambi n tienen funciones especiales en el ordenador Las teclas de funci n son las doce teclas que se encuentran en la parte superior del teclado mientras que las teclas marcadas con un icono ejecutan funciones espec ficas en el ordenador 5 3 The Odd Man Out
13. antes de activar o reiniciar el sistema para evitar posibles da os en los auriculares o altavoces 4 Vuelva a colocar la unidad en su sitio y fijela al sistema 5 Encienda el sistema 6 Pase al cap tulo 2 Instalaci n del software Para conectar la unidad al disco duro 1 Realice una copia de seguridad de los archivos de la unidad de disco duro antes de continuar 2 Configure los puentes del disco duro y de la unidad de CD ROM La configuraci n predeterminada para la unidad de CD ROM es la de unidad secundaria Slave Aseg rese de que el disco duro est configurado como unidad principal Master 3 Conecte el cable de alimentaci n y el cable de datos IDE al disco duro tal y como muestra la figura 1 5 4 Si tiene una tarjeta de sonido instalada en su sistema conecte el cable de audio al conector de audio CD de la tarjeta de sonido consulte la Figura 1 4 5 Vuelva a colocar las unidades a su sitio y f jelas al sistema 152 Focus on English for Computer Science 6 Encienda el sistema 7 Pase al cap tulo 2 Instalaci n del software Instalaci n del software Despu s de instalar la unidad de CD ROM en el ordenador puede comenzar a instalar el software Este software incluye controladores que permitir n a su sistema controlar la unidad de CD ROM La unidad de CD ROM tambi n puede conectarse a uno de los siguientes dispositivos o puertos del sistema Tarjeta Plug and Play PnP
14. database 4 3 Writing Tips for writing a descriptive passage When writing descriptions you must be aware that probably your reader does not know the object or the process you intend to describe Thus you must give a clear and objective view of the object process This does not 136 Focus on English for Computer Science mean that your description must be rich and exhaustive in detail Quite the contrary this could give a false idea of what you are describing Try to present your information following an order In the case of objects begin your description from top to bottom If you are describing a process begin with giving steps chronologically Avoid waffling and jumping from one step to another earlier in the process If needed use flow charts figure 1 to illustrate the description of processes Flow charts allow the presentation of information in a schematic way Figure 1 Flow chart Be aware of the position of adjectives before the noun size colour where from material NOUN f fr BIG WHITE AMERICAN PLASTIC MOUSE PAD 137 Focus on English for Computer Science Say in your initial sentence what you are going to describe as in the following examples A microchip is The internal process of a computer CD ROM I intend to describe The current essay aims at describing Now describe a scanner and how it works 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1
15. few iterations would be prohibitive and so a less than ideal solution would be adopted A computer by carrying out more iterations can usually produce a design that meets the specifications but at the same time uses fewer materials A large part of a designer s time would be spent in producing the drawings The lines on the plans would have to be positioned accurately and side views top views and so on would also have to be projected from the original view The computer can take over this time consuming activity and free the designers for the more creative aspects of their work It is often desirable to experiment with the design of new systems or products Many aspects of this experimentation can be carried out on a computer in simulations Computer simulation may also be used to train employees If the trainee makes a mistake on a computer model little harm is done A computer can also simulate proposed administrative changes to aid management in determining the best policies to adopt One year s operation of a stock control policy may be simulated within minutes on a 76 45 50 55 60 Focus on English for Computer Science computer so that the management does not have to wait a year to find out the consequences of a proposed change Today the automobile industry crashes hundreds of cars each week in order to improve their designs all via computer simulations Such a high level of testing and evaluation would n
16. los juegos la ense anza y los quebrados Hacen sus presentaciones y se re nen una vez con sus futuros 162 Focus on English for Computer Science usuarios Todos los estudiantes crean un producto totalmente acabado un juego de ordenador con su documentaci n publicidad y embalaje Desde 1991 se han dirigido con xito diversos proyectos de dise o de software enfocados a diversos temas de matem ticas o ciencias con estudiantes de edades comprendidas entre los ocho y once a os en escuelas primarias de Boston y Los Angeles Las ventajas de crear un software para el aprendizaje No cabe duda de que los estudiantes adquirieron una amplia experiencia en programaci n con este proyecto Una panor mica de sus p ginas Logo revela que la mayor a de ellos crearon modelos interconectados de software bastante complejos Un ejemplo de ello lo tenemos en el juego de Albert titulado Misi n ciudad donde el final del proyecto consist a en m s de 20 p ginas de c digo distribuido en nueve p ginas con m ltiples procedimientos Pero lo m s importante es que todos los juegos demostraron el esfuerzo de los estudiantes para integrar el contenido que se ense a los quebrados Los estudiantes crearon docenas de situaciones con quebrados en sus cuadernos pero s lo los mejores dise os se convirtieron en juegos En este contexto los ni os emplearon su imaginaci n y crearon relaciones con otras realidades determinadas que su
17. not be an exception Therefore within the market offer there are screens with built in speakers microphones and even video cameras for videoconferencing Here arises the never ending dilemma integration or modularity Integration avoids our work space being filled up with numerous devices however a breakdown or a need to increase performance in any integrated component will involve the manipulation of the complete monitor Continuing with more details it is essential for the computer to comply with current environmental protection and radiation emission regulations such as MPR II There are also other aspects which are becoming more and more necessary such as the Green 31 Focus on English for Computer Science Option which allows reduced monitor power consumption or even its disconnection under certain circumstances or the Plug and Play feature which will facilitate its installation in Windows 95 and 98 32 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Using the information in the text decide whether the following statements are true or false If you feel a statement is false make the necessary changes to make it true a b l 14 inch dot pitch monitors are enough for most users Eyesight is a seldom considered factor when purchasing a monitor Monitors and television sets generally use the same technology The so called Dot Pich is depend
18. number of verbs that may carry an infinitive or ing implying a change in meaning Those verbs are STOP LIKE and REMEMBER I stopped typing the assignment to save the file I like scanning pictures of my friends to have them as my wallpaper enjoy I like to scan pictures of my friends to have them as my wallpaper want to Always 1 would like to scan pictures of my friends to have them as my wallpaper Did you remember logging off the act of logging off happens first then you remember the action Remember to log off after leaving the act of log off has not taken place yet I never remember to take my disks to the lab gt To form deverbal nouns ie nouns from verbs To eat comer but eating el comer To read leer but reading el leer 110 Focus on English for Computer Science You can use deverbal nouns as subjects of your sentences Working with computers is a modern activity Programming games implies a lot of interdisciplinary tasks Saving your documents every five minutes is a wise thing to do gt As present participle phrase Normally a verb in ing is used as an adjective or to stand for a relative or adverbial clauses normally time and place I was typing a letter solving a problem in my head I was typing a letter while I was solving a problem in my head I saw the technician repairing your computer I saw the technicia
19. outside opinions like we do on the Web or in universities or with Web crawlers and search systems that will create the agents of the future that Marvin envisions 128 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Give a brief answer for each of the following questions a In what way has Marvin made a difference b What happens when someone walks into Marvin s house c What does Marvin want to build computers for d Why does the painting on the fireplace mantel appear quite surreal e What is the difference between Marvin s confocal microscope and that used in modern biological laboratories f How does the mechanical arm work 129 Focus on English for Computer Science g Why does the author say that one of the remarkable things about a great man like Marvin is his generosity h According to the writer what will lead us to the future that Marvin envisions 3 2 Contextual Reference Return to the text and find out what the words in capital letters refer to The line is given in brackets on the right of each sentence a HE wants to build computers 1 4 SEA b Marvin and I stand on the balloons enjoying the ways THEY can be repeatedly popped open and refilled 1 15 c That has two kilometers of guidance cable in IT 1 18 IO d A sensor and a light source BOTH use
20. point of children constructing their own games d What is the children s software project about How long would the project take e How is the student s timetable during those months Summarise what they do 102 Focus on English for Computer Science f What does Rosemay learn about computer games 3 2 Locating information Find and quote evidence in the text to support the following statements a Children must take active participation in constructing games b Children can learn Maths by constructing and using games c Children share things in common everyday during six months d Designing games creates a good environment for learning 103 Focus on English for Computer Science e Children learn how to use information from interdisciplinary sources for their own benefit 3 3 Transformation Finish each of the following sentences to mean the same as the sentence given a By asking children to program software for other children we are turning the tables and placing children in the active role of constructing their own programs If children were asked to b Students meet everyday for one hour to write in their notebooks about their ideas They also discuss issues related to programming games teaching and fractions Students not only meet everyday 104 Focus on English for Computer Science c You may think it is easy to make a game becau
21. the same as the sentence given a To install your CD ROM drive you need to perform the following steps If you b For this type of CD ROM drives avoid connecting the drive to the IDE connector of the audio card Do not 62 Focus on English for Computer Science c After you have installed the CD ROM drive into your computer system begin to install the CD ROM drive software Unless d Connect the CD audio cable to the CD audio connector on the audio card The CD audio cable e Slide the drivers back into place and fasten them to the system Before f Connecting the drive to the IDE connector of the audio card will make it difficult for the drive to achieve its maximum data transfer rate If g Leaving some space at the rear will enable you to connect cables to the drive Leave 63 Focus on English for Computer Science Li ny Ww Je T a wa 5 0 5 a E a Es a QU 3 a 3 O 3 E wm e yo a o y Oo E gt S O a n S lt g 5 2 a A e PS a R N A 2 S A D D Q Oo j O a gt O Q U Z e O So gt O Q J a O a lt O Li Li O Flo o e E E o Q 5 lt Q gt 2 5 o a 2 e 3 p o O o o g a ey a z D ge O o ER gt oO gt O a yo s a gt Oo 5 oO o un go 8 O pag yn y y y a 2 a lt o 5 3 o lt O g O
22. which a person has in his or her mind or which is shared by all human beings 3 6 Matching Match A with its opposite in B A B l functioning modern l 2 active worst 2 3 significant few 3 4 important passive 4 5 traditional not working 5 6 extensive insignificant 6 T relate not to connect Te 8 best insignificant 8 o designing not planning 9 10 discuss not to talk over 10 108 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE HOW THINGS WORK Grammar point ing forms aj When to use ing e After a preposition e After certain verbs ing forms e To form deverbal nouns e As present participle phrases gt After prepositions This software is for upgrading the word processor By using this new photographic software application you can get a better image quality She was about telling the truth before showing the broken keyboard Before playing your video games you must do your homework She shut down the computer after typing and sending an e mail message Besides logging in you should first run the computer gt After certain verbs finish start enjoy dislike mind etc 109 BUT Focus on English for Computer Science She started studying computer languages at the University Mark enjoys programming games on his computer Old people normally dislike browsing the web by themselves There are a
23. 1024 No obstante deben ser nuestras necesidades las que determinen la adquisici n de un monitor que admita esta resoluci n Y lo mismo se aplica a las pulgadas cuando hablamos de un monitor de 14 nos referimos a la superficie de visualizaci n de la pantalla que tambi n determina el tama o del monitor En este sentido se est 143 Focus on English for Computer Science generalizando el uso de monitores de 15 pulgadas que ademas de aumentar el rea de visualizaci n suelen estar dotados de mayor nitidez resoluci n y frecuencia de refresco Asimismo la mayor superficie disponible los hace ideales para mostrar altas resoluciones de ah que stos y tambi n los de 17 pulgadas sean muy usados para trabajos de CAD y dise o en general Por tanto es nuestro perfil de usuario el que nos har decidirnos por una u otra pantalla ltimamente se habla del avance de la tecnolog a LCD o cristal l quido llegando incluso a citarse como posible alternativa de futuro frente al tradicional CRT Ventajas como el ahorro de consumo y de espacio LCD posibilita que se fabriquen pantallas extraplanas de muy poca profundidad as como la pr cticamente nula emisi n de radiaciones aportan un gran inter s a este tipo de dispositivos No obstante su elevado coste unido a los continuos avances en la tecnologia CRT hacen que por el momento sta ltima sea actualmente la opci n m s recomendable Otro factor a tener en cuenta es
24. AAA f THAT OF very high quality monitors 1 24 AAA g THIS determines the number of dots 1 36 AA h Makes THEM ideal 1 52 Doo O i or even ITS disconnection 1 78 fe 3 5 Vocabulary Search 36 Focus on English for Computer Science From the three options given choose the word that is closest in meaning to the word in bold as used in the reading text The line is given in brackets a Primary 1 1 1 First 2 Main 3 Prime b Ordinary 1 5 1 Vulgar 2 Frequent 3 Common c Project 1 14 1 Emit 2 Produce 3 Give d Lights up 1 16 1 Tlluminates 2 Glows 3 Shines e Is governed by 1 19 1 Is ruled by 2 Is controlled by 3 Is monitored by f Sweeping 1 27 1 Covering 2 Running 3 Moving g Reach 1 34 1 Attain 2 Arrive 3 Achieve h Implemented l 40 1 Carried out 2 Applied 3 Put into practice i Actually 1 48 1 At present 2 Presently 3 Really j Recently 1 56 1 Lately 2 Already 3 Not long ago k Devices 1 61 37 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 Appliances 2 Machines 3 Apparatus l Built in 1 68 1 Fitted 2 Bedded 3 Constructed 3 6 Now return to the text and find the words or expressions that mean the opposite to the following a Seldom 1 1 5 fs b Uncommon 1 1 5 f c Disregarded 1 5 10 fs asi wa e Darkens 1 15 20 po f Missed a152 g Bottom right hand 1 25 30 h Relaxing 1 30 35 p
25. EFINITIONS When explaining and defining a statement the relative pronouns are often used Remember that who or that are used for people which or that for things when for time and where for a place or location But there are also other expressions or markers commonly used to express explanations and definitions Some of them are listed below is defined as can be defined as is referred to as refers to means Dine we mean Prot is meant is are is kown as denotes in other words that is 4 1 Now by means of a relative pronoun join the following pairs of sentences to make a new one which expresses either an explanation or a definition a Monitors use CRT technology CRT technology consists of a kind of bottle shaped tube b The electron ray path becomes visible This is caused by low frequency c A monitor is a specially adapted television A monitor gives a good quality display of computer output 41 Focus on English for Computer Science LCD technology is a possible future alternative to CRT technology LCD technology allows saving power and space A high resolution display is a VDU screen display The VDU screen display is made up of small pixels giving very detailed graphics A low level language is a computer language In it one instruction is required for each operation A programmer is a specialized person A programmer writes and modifies programs A graphics terminal is a particul
26. FORTRAN a A description of the way data is held in a file or record b Those procedures which control the resources within a data processing installation c Software which allows the location and modification of the data in a file d Is that in which each instruction or statement corresponds to several machine code instructions e A language used for writing a computer program f A characteristic or noticeable part g A series of instructions or procedure steps for the solution of a specific problem h The representation of data or instructions in symbolic form i It is an acronym for Formula Translation j Search investigate Focus on English for Computer Science 1 2 Working with programming languages a Make a list of as many programming languages as you can think of b Do you know the corresponding acronyms or abbreviations for these programming languages Common Business Oriented Language Formula Translation List Processing Beginner s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Programming in Logic Programming Language 1 Algorithmic Language 10 15 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE THE STUDY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Programming language designs and implementation methods have evolved rapidly since the earliest high level languages appeared in the 1950s Hundreds of different programming languages have been designed and implemented Even in 1969 Sammet liste
27. Hard Disk Data connector on the Hard Disk controller card Knowing the QuickCD Control Window The following describes the buttons sliders and display box found on the QuickCD control window This item Off switch Eject button Play button Stop button Pause button Previous track button Rewind button Fast forward button Next track button Mixer button Allows You To Do This Quit QuickCD Eject or close the tray This function only applies if your CD ROM drive has a motorized tray system Play the track shown in the Display box Stop the track Pause or resume the track Play the previous track If it is the start of the CD the last track is played Rewind the current track by 10 seconds If the end of the last track is encountered this function is ignored Forward the current track by 10 seconds If the end of the last track is encountered this function is ignored Play the next track If the end of the last track is reached the first track of the CD is played Activate the Mixer If you have not installed your audio card software the Mixer will not be activated 56 Focus on English for Computer Science Display box Display the current track and duration of the track Quick CD icon Display the QuickCD menu Tip Slide the drive Partially into the vacant drive bay Leave some space at the rear So that it is easier for you to connect cables to the drive Figure 1 1 Inserti
28. Otra forma de hacerlo consistir a en ense ar al robot movi ndolo f sicamente por el rea requerida y grabando los movimientos que constituir n el programa Existen f bricas automatizadas controladas por robots bajo la supervisi n de uno o dos operadores humanos cuyo trabajo puede consistir en iniciar y montar las m quinas y arreglar las aver as El empleo de robots supone una serie de ventajas entre las cuales se encuentra el hecho de que mientras los operadores humanos necesitan per odos de descanso y pueden trabajar s lo durante turnos limitados los robots pueden continuar trabajando indefinidamente excepto en los per odos no productivos ocasionados por aver as o acciones rutinarias de mantenimiento Los operadores humanos pueden trabajar s lo en condiciones que no impliquen ni demasiado calor ni demasiado fr o con suficiente espacio aire 159 Focus on English for Computer Science y luz Los empresarios deben proporcionar a los empleados unas condiciones minimas de trabajo Los robots por el contrario se pueden dise ar para trabajar en condiciones de trabajo extremas como por ejemplo en un lugar estrecho con una atm sfera da ina Las principales limitaciones de los robots se hallan en su habilidad para ver y en la inteligencia que se les puede proporcionar por medio de programas inform ticos La rob tica es un campo en expansi n con importantes aplicaciones en la industria y e
29. Table of Contents OLS WOU rreh a a VOE Ld Sec A suet ER 1 Book Qe Sani Zac ii A EA Ra E E ARE 2 Topic One The Study of Programming LanguageS oooonococonoconcconnnconncconocnnos 4 Topic Two Choosing Mont ias 26 Topic Three Installing the CD Rom Drive coooooconncnoconocnocnnonconccononanonnninnanos 48 Topic Four Manufacturing and Industrial Computing ooonccoconoconoconaninncnss 72 Topic Five Software for Kids by Kids ooooooococcnoccnoocccocccoonoconcconn cono cconnccnno 96 Topic Six Marvin s HO coa 123 Reading Passages TTAanslations Lain 141 Bibliography suscitada 170 Focus on English for Computer Science Foreword This book has been designed for Computer Science students at Universities and Colleges with a basic knowledge of English The need to read understand and reproduce technical English texts is a primary requirement for any first year computing student not mentioning those at higher levels This is the reason why we have tried to cover the most important reading techniques and so provide the students with the tools they are likely to need in order to reach the necessary standard of language skills The six reading passages selected for each Topic are extracts taken from authentic sources which means that no change has been made to the original text and that the layout has also been maintained The student must take into account that this does not necessarily involve a more difficult task on his her part since it h
30. V technician for help Shielded cables and I O cords must be used for this equipment to comply with relevant FCC regulation 5 3 Translation Translate the text above into Spanish taking into account the technical vocabulary used 71 Focus on English for Computer Science Topic Four Manufacturing and Industrial Computing 70 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Definitions The following expressions appear in this Unit s reading text Before reading the text try to write a definition for them Microelectronics Robot Simulation Automated factory Computer aided manufacturing Engineer a73 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 2 Now think and write about the consequences of the computer application in manufacturing These are some helpful words and expressions you can use 74 10 15 20 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL COMPUTING Although most people are more aware of computers in retailing and commerce the most marked effect of computing is in industry As more industrial situations are computerised and processes automated the numbers employed in the manufacturing sector fall even with increased output On the other hand the services sector is expanding to become the predominant employer of labour The modern manufacturing unit can demand a co
31. You can connect the CD ROM drive to one of the following Secondary Onboard IDE connector See the following section To connect the drive to the Secondary Onboard IDE connector for more details Hard disk drive See the section To connect the drive to the hard disk for more details For Creative Infra CD ROM drives avoid connecting the drive to the IDE connector of the audio card The drive might not be able to achieve its maximum data transfer rate If you want to daisy chain your new CD ROM drive to an existing CD ROM drive see the section Connecting an additional CD ROM Drive for more details 54 35 40 45 50 55 60 Focus on English for Computer Science To connect the drive to the Secondary Onboard IDE connector Your PC s motherboard may have an IDE CD ROM connector This is also Known as the Secondary IDE connector and is quite a common feature in Pentium PCs 1 Locate the Secondary Onboard IDE CD ROM connector as shown in Figure 1 3 2 Connect the CD ROM Data cable to the onboard IDE CD ROM connector Make sure you align the coloured wire on the cable to Pin 1 of the IDE connector 3 If you have an audio card installed in your system connect the CD audio cable to the CD Audio connector on the audio card see Figure 1 4 Always set the volume controls of the drive and powered speakers to minimum before powering on or resetting the system to prevent possible damag
32. Z Focus on English for Computer Science dependent depend depending dependably dependable dependence Computers can be divided on their size and power The cost of recursion is on the language implementation This is a very computer We have never had any problem with it coding coded code coder codification This program is in FORTRAN A good command of a variety of computer languages can help the programmer to reduce the effort needed in his her job Each computer is designed to use a single designers design designing designation designed Software eseese are faced with new challenges because of the increasing development of computer technology When neeese a program the programmer normally uses a flowchart to help him High level languages are to simplify the writing of instructions for certain types of problems 18 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE LISTING 0 The following are some of the most common listing markers used to show sequential relationships first ly second ly third place to begin start with another next then furthermore besides afterwards after moroever first and foremost most important ly last but not least finally lastly to conclude 4 1 Complete the following paragraph by filling in the gaps with appr
33. al sentences A B She wants Mary of this problem now This is a true story with a plastic bag The man was sure to type this letter for her The computer is covered about leaving the university I cannot think on his project Peter was thinking of her innocence They spend hours working about computing 3 6 Vocabulary Search Using the line references given find the words or expressions in the text that mean the same as the following a b ask oneself lines 1 5 Po receive lines 5 10 IN Y attached lines 5 10 Poo call on lines 10 15 Ve thick rope made of wires lines 15 20 Sf i i drawing lines 20 25 Eoo i i i l grasp lines 25 30 Po created lines 30 35 Roel 133 i difficult j in fact k explain l likes m area Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 PREPOSITIONS 2 DESCRIPTION 4 1 Prepositions The mastery of prepositions in any language requires a great deal of knowledge of that particular language since their initial meaning normally changes according to language use and the native competence of his her language For example the preposition on means above the level of surface However this same preposition acquires different meanings depending on the context it is placed in The mouse is on the mouse pad This book is on programming languages I have got a poster of a computer circuitry hanging on the wall in my room 134 Focu
34. ar a a la producci n de dise os Las l neas de los planos tendr an que estar situadas con exactitud y las vistas laterales las vistas en planta etc tambi n tendr an que estar proyectadas desde la vista original El ordenador puede afrontar una actividad que exige tanto tiempo como sta y hacer posible que los delineantes se dediquen a los aspectos m s creativos de su trabajo Muchos aspectos de la experimentaci n que se realizan con el dise o de nuevos sistemas o productos se pueden llevar a cabo mediante simulaciones por ordenador La simulaci n tambi n se emplea para formar 157 Focus on English for Computer Science al personal y si un principiante comete un error en un modelo inform tico el da o no es tan grave El ordenador asimismo puede simular cambios administrativos que se hayan propuesto con el fin de ayudar a los directivos a determinar qu acciones deben adoptarse Las operaciones que un programa de control de stocks ha realizado durante un a o se pueden simular por ordenador en unos minutos De esa forma la administraci n no tendr que esperar un a o para averiguar las consecuencias del cambio propuesto Hoy en d a la industria del autom vil por medio de simulaciones destroza cientos de coches cada semana para mejorar sus dise os Ese nivel de comprobaci n y evaluaci n no ser a posible con coches reales Se podr an citar muchos ejemplos del uso de la tecnolog a inform tica para rea
35. ar hay varios pianos uno o dos rganos y un columpio que se quita del paso dejando m s espacio para Sugar En el suelo hay unas bolsas de pl stico con cremallera que hacen de globos cuando la nieta de Marvin viene de visita l y yo nos colocamos sobre los globos disfrutando de las formas en que pueden abrirse y llenarse En la pared en la esquina hay un hermoso mural un montaje de diagramas de patentes pintadas por la hermana de Marvin Pasamos junto a un misil teledirigido franc s que tiene en su interior dos kil metros de cable 166 Focus on English for Computer Science guia Sobre la repisa de la chimenea hay un cuadro que se ha salido parcialmente de su marco y le da un toque bastante surrealista Durante unos minutos Marvin comenta el cuadro y explica la raz n por la que en realidad le gusta m s de esa forma Entre el desorden de la repisa hay cosas interesantes arte de museo Nos encontramos ante el primer microscopio confocal una invenci n tan extra a que no la entend ni la primera ni la segunda vez que me la explic Un sensor y una fuente de luz utilizan las mismas v as de acceso y la tarea del usuario consiste en cambiar la distancia de la fuente de luz desde la v a de acceso para que quede determinada la distancia hasta el modelo reflector que utiliza el mismo punto focal conc ntrico Marvin emple la l mpara de arco el ctrico de zenon para alcanzar un buen punto fuente y un electroim n pa
36. ar terminal A graphics terminal is used for CAD and has a high resolution VDU screen keyboard and lightpen 42 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 2 Match each word or expression in column A with their definition or explanation in column B Then using the markers from the table of exercise 4 join each of them to make eight longer sentences Column A Column B Screen A program in execution Network The display surface of a video monitor Task The use of line and figures to display data Command A group of computers that are connected to each other by communications lines to share information and resources Pixels An electronic assembly that connects an external device Graphics Definable locations on a display screen that are used to form images on the screen Interface The period of time when a device is not working Downtime A user instruction to the computer generally given through a keyboard 43 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1 Translation Translate the whole reading text into Spanish taking care of the tenses and technical vocabulary used 5 2 Completion Match the gaps of the following text with the sentences A F below Output devices The most commonly used output device is a VDU which has a screen for displaying information 1 di but a specially adapted television known as a monitor gives a much better quality display Monochrome monitors can
37. as been fully proved that in the majority of cases the difficulty lies in the activities which are required of the students rather than in the text itself These have been carefully graded and the extracts planned and studied to improve the student s handling of a variety of computer related texts Although this course has been thought of as an integral part of a course it can also be used for self study It is evident that the students must develop their own skills but the role of the teacher is essential at this stage making them aware of what they are doing and encouraging them to do it better That is why those who are unable to go to class are usually Focus on English for Computer Science recommended to attend tutorials regularly so that they may clear up any doubt and assess their improvement Book Organization The central axis of the book focuses on both the text which is always related to the computer field and the strategies essential to acquire a basic and conscious development of reading skills The book contains six Units each divided into four sections Section one is dedicated to the Pre Reading Activities which aim to encourage the student s interest in the new subject to be studied Some of the more frequent lexical problems in technical English such as Noun Compounds and Word Formation are dealt with in this section The Reading Activities section two are mainly centred on text organization and content exercises
38. at turns electrical signals into acoustic signals e A peripheral secondary mass storage device which uses hermetically sealed rotating non flexible disks magnetically coated to store data and programs 49 Focus on English for Computer Science 6 Speakers 7 Headphones 8 Driver 9 Software 10 Static electricity f A set of instructions written in a specific language that command the computer to perform various operations on data contained in the program or supplied by the user g A file used by a particular program to execute commands to operate peripherals h Charges present in an object and caused by friction i Any small wafer like set of circuits which can be plugged in or inserted into a device to control the input and output of sound information j A pair of speakers inside pads which can be worn over one s ears 50 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 2 Derivation These are some of the most frequently used prefixes and suffixes in technical and scientific English 51 Prefixes Negative positive Size Location Time order Number Un Semi Inter Pre Mono In Mini Super Ante bi Dis Micro Extra Hex Mis Oct Re Suffixes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs or ize ise able ly er ate ful ist ify less ion en ary ing Focus on English for Computer Science a Make th
39. atements are true or false If you feel a statement is false make the necessary changes to make it true a Creative Infra CD ROM drives might not be able to achieve their maximum data transfer rate when connected to the IDE connector of the audio card b After installing the CD ROM drive software you have to install the CD ROM drive into your computer system c You can proceed to connect the drive to the hard disk after backing up the files on your hard disk d You can connect the audio cable to the card s CD Audio connector unless you have an audio card installed in your system e If you leave some space at the rear it will be easier to connect cables to the drive f The headphone or the speaker can be damaged if you do not set the volume controls of the drive and powered speakers to minimum previously g The eject button is used for ejecting or closing the tray although your CD ROM drive has a motorized tray system 59 A oe E e Focus on English for Computer Science 3 2 Word order Put the words into the correct order a you switch off peripheral devices insert your system to if the drive want all and b installing your computer system after install the CD ROM drive into to the CD ROM drive software begin c you activated not unless have will your audio card software installed the mixer be d the PC s motherboard known whi
40. came true f The implication of computer science in manufacturing is surprising specially we realise that the steam engine introduced a startling change in mechanical processing capability 90 Focus on English for Computer Science g Over the last twenty years our society has changed rapidly in all aspects the use of computers has become one of our daily routines 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1 Translate the following text into English Las ciencias de la informaci n y la inform tica son vitales para la competitividad del dise o y la fabricaci n La inform tica y la capacidad de proceso de informaci n que han aumentado en gran medida durante la segunda mitad de siglo revolucionar nuestras formas de fabricaci n en las pr ximas d cadas Lo que esto supone para la fabricaci n es sorprendente especialmente cuando tenemos en cuenta que la m quina de vapor que puso en marcha la revoluci n industrial en el siglo XVIII y transform nuestra sociedad introdujo un cambio espectacular en la capacidad mec nica de proceso Sin embargo debemos tener en cuenta que la fabricaci n es un intento multidisciplinar Lograr progresos reales depende de nuestra habilidad para unir la informaci n con la pr ctica humana administrativa cultural comercial y los elementos tecnol gicos de la fabricaci n Este es el verdadero reto de la fabricaci n La necesidad de participaci n de los cient ficos in
41. ce Como elegir el monitor A la hora de comprar un ordenador la mayor preocupaci n de todo el mundo es la velocidad del micro la cantidad de memoria RAM instalada y el espacio en disco duro disponible Los componentes secundarios por as decirlo suelen ser el teclado y el monitor En muchos casos se trata de aparatos normalitos de 14 pulgadas y 0 28 de Dot Pitch para algunos usuarios es suficiente pero existe un factor importante que no siempre es tenido en cuenta nuestra vista En la introducci n se han citado conceptos como Dot Pitch o pulgadas puesto que conviene tenerlos claros a la hora de decidirse por una pantalla pasaremos a explicar el funcionamiento de los monitores Este se basa en la tecnolog a CRT o Tubo de Rayos Cat dicos tambi n empleada en los televisores y consiste en una especie de tubo en forma de botella En su parte estrecha se sit an tres ca ones de electrones correspondientes a los colores rojo verde y azul que proyectan un haz de electrones sobre una superficie cubierta con una pel cula de f sforo que se ilumina con el contacto de los electrones Asimismo la pantalla de f sforo posee una matriz de puntos que al iluminarse forman los pixels de color que vemos en el monitor La separaci n entre esos puntos el llamado Dot Pitch viene dada por una m scara de metal colocada entre el f sforo y la pantalla de tal forma que su finura determina la definici n del punto en pantalla Se mide en pulga
42. ch have is the Secondary IDE connector may an IDE CD ROM connector also as e description sliders this and which a on buttons is of found the CD control window the display box are 60 Focus on English for Computer Science f drivers the CD ROM drive software to control which for the system will make possible it the CD ROM drive includes drivers g proceeding the files the hard disk drive before back up on h any touch so that discharged static electricity can be on the system a metal plate 3 3 Vocabulary search Using the line references given find the words or expressions in the text that mean the same as the following a turn off lines 1 5 fF e b introduce lines 5 10 te c find dinstoisy d information lines 20 25 Po e characteristic lines 35 40 re f avoid lines 45 50 PO g continue lines 50 55 Po h predetermined lines 50 55 Po i show lines 100 105 Po 61 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 4 Antonyms Now look back in the text and find words that mean the opposite to the following a turnon lines 1 5 f b ful diss O c put lines 5 10 fd d previous lines 20 25 Poo f fewer lines 30 35 Poo g loose lines 45 50 Po h disconnect lines 55 60 Po i let lines 60 65 Ft 3 5 Transformation Finish each of the following sentences to mean
43. ci n de cualquiera de las juntas quede determinada por las tres uniones en la junta asociada del otro brazo Me pregunto por qu utiliz err neamente seis cables para resolver tres ecuaciones si s lo tiene que mover tres juntas Marvin no lo explica Lo que s admite es que a adi las otras tres por exceso para que el sistema siguiera funcionando en caso de que alguno de los cables se rompiera Sigue sin aclararse si los tres cables de m s se crearon porque l pens en ello o porque lo dise por error Pero para Marvin cuando dise a el hallazgo casual siempre forma parte de su vida as que cualquier respuesta es razonable En su casa se mezclan sus propios inventos y los de otros y habla de ellos con igual asombro Una de las cualidades extraordinarias en un gran hombre como Marvin es su generosidad En vez de guardar su invento celosamente disfruta creando una sociedad de inventores Cuando pasea por 168 Focus on English for Computer Science su casa piensa en c mo apoyar a otros y hacer que su trabajo destaque Me gusta decir que la ciencia es el acto de crear ideas que hacen que otros tengan ideas En el momento en que apoyamos las ideas estamos creando ciencia Creo que Marvin tambi n piensa as Me lo imagino trabajando a su manera rara y estimulante en sus libros y otros proyectos es un ser humano de dimensiones extraordinarias Es una persona que crea que valora las creaciones de otros y lo que es m
44. cience Through programming children learn to express themselves in the technological domain O This should be a warning sign of how the format content and modalities of educational software influence children s thinking about the standards of instructional software O O Programming games are a medium for their personal and creative expression Pay attention to the verb O Being engaged in this enterprise initiates learning and learning about OOOO 113 Focus on English for Computer Science Grammar point infinitive forms aj When to use to infinitive e After certain verbs e After how infinitive processes to infinitive e After certain expressions gt After certain verbs ask l asked Tom to help me with the program tell She told me not to touch her computer want She wants to buy a new Mac In this case the infinitive coincides with the Spanish subjunctive BUT There are verbs that may carry ing or to infinitive Look She allows ME to use her computer She allows using her computer I recommended him to upgrade his PC I recommended upgrading his PC gt After how infinitive to explain processes She told me how to use the new program Nobody would teach you how to assemble those parts I explained the students how to calculate the equations id Focus on English for Computer Science gt After certain expressions This program i
45. cipio empezaba muy despacio Es muy dif cil crear tu propio juego Puedes pensar que es f cil porque todo el mundo los utiliza Parecen muy sencillos pero intenta hacer tu propio juego y es otra historia Bueno empec con muchas ilusiones pensando que pod a crear un gran juego en poco tiempo pero han pasado ya cuatro o cinco meses y a n no lo 164 Focus on English for Computer Science he terminado De verdad espero que la proxima vez que uses uno de estos juegos pienses en su creador M s herramientas y juguetes para los j venes dise adores de software Dise ar juegos ofrece un rico entorno de aprendizaje para que los ni os lleguen a ocuparse de una variedad de temas y aprendan sobre muchos m s aspectos de la programaci n de los que yo pude estudiar en este contexto La idea de que los ni os hagan un software para divertirse y aprender definitivamente no est limitada a las actividades escolares tiene un lugar en el hogar y en el patio de recreo virtual El juego constructivo es una parte importante del desarrollo de los ni os que disfrutan tanto jugando como creando cosas Deber a dedicarse mucha m s atenci n y esfuerzo a proporcionar herramientas y bloques de construcci n virtuales a los ni os para que experimenten y conozcan el mundo Nuevos proyectos de investigaci n examinar n tanto los modelos de aprendizaje prolongado e interdisciplinar para j venes dise adores de software de juegos como la
46. cuando se presenta la ocasi n el conocimiento de una variedad de lenguajes puede permitir la elecci n del m s apropiado para un proyecto concreto y por lo tanto reducir considerablemente el esfuerzo de codificaci n requerido Por ejemplo los programadores de 148 Focus on English for Computer Science FORTRAN o COBOL con frecuencia se enfrentan con la necesidad de escribir un programa para realizar algunos procesamientos en cadena de poca importancia como reformatear algunos datos de entrada formateados incorrectamente Ese programa s lo se podr a usar una o muy pocas veces Si se codifica en FORTRAN o COBOL el programa podr a ser tedioso y llevar a mucho tiempo escribirlo En cambio si se escribe en el lenguaje de procesamiento en cadena SNOBOL4 s lo se necesitar an unos minutos y una docena de l neas para codificarse Por tanto el programador que posea conocimientos de SNOBOL4 disfruta de una decisiva ventaja Por otro lado tambi n facilita el aprendizaje de un nuevo lenguaje Los ling istas al poseer un profundo conocimiento de la estructura subyacente de las lenguas naturales suelen aprender una lengua extranjera mucho m s r pidamente y con m s facilidad que un principiante que casi no conoce la estructura de su propia lengua De forma similar el conocimiento a fondo de una gama de estructuras de lenguajes de programaci n y de t cnicas de aplicaci n permite que el programador aprenda un nuevo lenguaje de pr
47. d 120 that had been fairly widely used and many others have been developed since that time Most programmers however never venture to use more than a few languages and many confine their programming entirely to one or two In fact practising programmers often work at computer installations where use of a particular language such as PL I COBOL or FORTRAN is required What is to be gained then by study of a variety of different languages that one is unlikely ever to use In fact there are excellent reasons for such a study provided that you go beneath the superficial consideration of the features of languages and delve into the underlying design concepts and their effect on language implementation First it improves your understanding of the language you are using Many languages provide features which when used properly are of benefit to the programmer but when used improperly may waste large amounts of computer time or lead the programmer into time consuming logical errors 20 25 30 35 40 Focus on English for Computer Science Even a programmer who has used a language for years may understand some features poorly or no at all A typical example is recursion a handy programming feature available in many languages When properly used it may allow the direct implementation of elegant and efficient algorithms but in other cases it may cause an astronomical increase in execution time for a simple algorithm Moroever t
48. das y si bien hace no demasiado tiempo lo normal era 039 el valor est ndar en la actualidad es de 142 Focus on English for Computer Science 028 pulgadas aunque en monitores de muy alta calidad puede ser incluso inferior a este El rayo de electrones debe recorrer toda la superficie de la pantalla empezando por la esquina superior izquierda y barri ndola de izquierda a derecha y de arriba a abajo La frecuencia de refresco medida en Hertzios es el n mero de veces que el ca n de electrones barre la pantalla en un segundo Por qu es tan importante este valor Pues porque si es una frecuencia baja se har visible el recorrido del haz de electrones en forma de un molesto parpadeo en la pantalla El m nimo debe ser de 70 Hz pero un buen monitor debe ser capaz de alcanzar frecuencias superiores En la resoluci n del monitor tambi n influye la capacidad de reflejo del mismo puesto que determina el n mero de puntos que podr n iluminarse en un segundo Aqu entra un concepto muy citado en este tema los modos entrelazado y no entrelazado Al utilizar el modo entrelazado se produce el molesto parpadeo perjudicial para la vista por lo que ya no se suele implementar en las pantallas actuales Por tanto el no entrelazado es un requisito totalmente imprescindible Con respecto a la resoluci n 1024x768 puntos suele ser la m xima capacidad en los monitores m s normales aunque cada vez es m s frecuente alcanzar los 1280x
49. e appropriate word to complete the following text FCC WARNING This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reason reasonable reasoning protection against harmless harmful harm interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accord accordance according with the instructors instructions instructive may cause harmful interference to radio communications 70 Focus on English for Computer Science However there is no guarantee guaranty guaranteed that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television receptacle reception receptor which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged encouraging encouragement to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measurement measures measuring Reorient or relocate the receiving received receiver antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experimental experiment experienced radio T
50. e in it A painting on the fireplace mantel has slipped partway out of its frame making it appear quite surreal 125 25 30 35 40 Focus on English for Computer Science Marvin spends a few minutes commenting on this picture and how in fact he likes it better this way Among the strewn mess on the mantel are pieces of interesting things museum art We find ourselves standing in front of the first confocal microscope an idea so unusual that I didn t understand it the first or second time it was explained to me A sensor and a light source both use the same optical paths and the user s job is to change the distance of the light source from the optical path so that the distance is determined to the reflecting specimen using the same concentric focal point He used the zenon arc lamp to get a good point source and an electromagnet to position the device Martin invented this decades ago now it stands looking simple and awkward An expensive copy of his confocal microscope is now the center piece of many modern high tech biological laboratories The ingenuity of the object next to it boggles my mind I know many good mechanical designers but this is one object I am sure none of them would have designed Not because it might not be the best design but mostly for how deeply the designer had to think about the relationships between mathematics and constrained joints to design it Complicated mechanical devices are so d
51. e to the headphone or speakers 4 Slide the drive back into place and fasten it to your system 5 Switch on the system 6 Proceed to chapter 2 Installing Software To connect the drive to the hard disk 1 Back up the files on your hard disk drive before you proceed 2 Set the jumpers on the hard disk and CD ROM drive The default setting for your CD ROM drive is Slave drive Make sure that the hard disk drive is set as the Master drive 3 Connect the power cable and IDE Data cable to your hard disk drive in Figure 1 5 4 lf you have an audio card installed in your system connect the audio cable to the card s CD Audio connector see Figure 1 4 5 Slide the drives back into place and fasten them to the system 6 Switch on the System 7 Proceed to chapter 2 Installing Software Installing Software After you have installed the CD ROM drive into your computer system you may begin to install the CD ROM drive software This 55 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Focus on English for Computer Science software includes drivers which will allow the system to control the CD ROM drive The CD ROM drive may also be connected to one of the following devices or ports in your system Plug and Play PnP card Non Plug and Play card Secondary Onboard IDE connector Hard disk drive The hard disk is in turn connected to either the Motherboard s Primary Onboard IDE connector or the
52. eantime today when for the time being at the same time at the moment Subsequent Adjectives Following later next Adverbials Afterwards since by the end After that since then soon Eventually by the time next a Which time relaters can you find in the reading text Line _ expression Line _ expression Line _ expression Line _ expression Line _ expression Line__ expression Line _ expression Line__ expression 89 Focus on English for Computer Science b Fill in the blanks with the appropriate time expression Previous before that until now today meanwhile since soon eventually following long ago when a Although most people have been more aware of computers in retailing and commerce the most marked effect of computing is in industry b The development of microelectronics has been a very important step towards a high level of industrialisation it was not possible to have individual items of plant controlled locally by their own computer c the use of computer simulations was introduced in the manufacturing industry employees mistakes cause little harm d The percentage in the purchase of computer equipment this month has increased considerably with respect to the months e Although no one could even think of artificial intelligence user interfaces virtual reality automated reasoning robotics and information processing be
53. el fen meno multimedia Este concepto se ha extendido a casi todos los mbitos de la inform tica y un componente tan vital como es el medio de visualizaci n no pod a ser una excepci n As que entre la amplia oferta del mercado tenemos pantallas que incorporan altavoces micr fono e incluso c mara de v deo para tareas de videoconferencia Aqu surge el eterno dilema integraci n o modularidad La integraci n nos evita llenar nuestro espacio de trabajo con numerosos dispositivos Sin embargo una aver a o una ampliaci n de prestaciones en 144 Focus on English for Computer Science alg n componente integrado exigir la manipulaci n del monitor completo Siguiendo con m s detalles es muy importante que el aparato cumpla con las normas actuales de protecci n del medio ambiente y de emisi n de radiaciones como MPR II Asimismo la caracter stica Green que permite reducir el consumo del monitor o incluso desconectarlo en determinadas circunstancias o la norma Plug and Play que facilitar su instalaci n en Windows 95 y 98 son aspectos cada vez m s necesarios 145 Focus on English for Computer Science El estudio de los lenguajes de programaci n Los m todos para dise ar y poner en aplicaci n los lenguajes de programaci n han experimentado una gran evoluci n desde la aparici n de los lenguajes de alto nivel en los a os 50 Se han dise ado y realizado cientos de lenguajes diferentes inc
54. emphasizing vocabulary skimming scanning and intensive reading Part three is devoted to Language Points in which several of the most frequently used grammar structures and functions in technical and scientific English are revised within a communicative context Section four is based on Post Reading Activities where free writing exercises are more advisable Here al least one or two tasks focus on translation since this is one of the most important objectives of the course In short these activities have been designed to strengthen what has been read and allow the students to relate the text to their own knowledge interests and experience Focus on English for Computer Science At the end of the book there is an appendix which includes all the main passages translated into Spanish This has been done for the students to improve language learning by contrasting some of the most difficult grammar structures existing between the two languages as well as solving problems concerning linguistic discrepancies Focus on English for Computer Science Topic One The Study of Programming Languages Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Before reading the text on the following page match each term or word with the appropriate definition 1 Text editor 2 Data format 3 High level language 4 Operating systems 5 Algorithm 6 Code 7 Programming Language 8 Feature 9 Delve into 10
55. ensar en formas que no se puedan expresar en palabras El conocer un s lo 147 Focus on English for Computer Science lenguaje de programaci n tiende a tener un efecto de restricci n parecido Al buscar estructuras de programas y datos adecuadas para solucionar un problema se tiende a pensar s lamente en estructuras que se puedan expresar al momento en los lenguajes que uno conoce Sin embargo estudiando las estructuras ofrecidas por una amplia gama de lenguajes y la forma en que se pueden poner en ejecuci n el programador aumenta su vocabulario de programaci n Conocer las t cnicas de aplicaci n es particularmente importante ya que para usar una estructura mientras se programa en un lenguaje que no la ofrece directamente el programador debe suministrar su propia puesta en aplicaci n de la nueva estructura en funci n de los elementos primitivos proporcionados por el lenguaje Por ejemplo la estructura de control de subprograma conocida como co programa es muy til pero muy pocos lenguajes ofrecen una funci n de co programa directamente Sin embargo un programador de FORTRAN podr a simular perfectamente una estructura de co programa en un grupo de programas FORTRAN si conociera este concepto y su puesta en ejecuci n pudiendo de ese modo suministrar exactamente la estructura de control correcta para un gran programa En tercer lugar este estudio permite una mejor elecci n del lenguaje de programaci n Naturalmente
56. ent on a metal mask The average value of the metal mask does not vary the quality of the monitors The sweep frequency is measured in inches The annoying flickering on some screens is caused by high frequencies CAD work and general design usually involve the use of 17 inch monitors LCD technology is more advisable than CRT technology Unlike CRT technology LCD technology permits non curved screens with very low radiation emissions The impact of multimedia on the means of display has not been so decisive as in other Computer Science areas The Green option and MPR II are currently provided in all computers 3 2 These are answers to questions about the text Write the questions 33 AO A A A 0 0 Focus on English for Computer Science gt Because eyesight is not usually taken into account a Yes it is determined by how fine the mask is 8 Yes both use the same technology ea It is 0 28 inches o Because it can cause an uncomfortable flickering on the screen E No less than 70 Hertz ga Because they produce high resolution E Their high cost together with the continuous advances in this technology Both have their advantages and disadvantages No since it will involve the manipulation of the complete monitor a Because it allows reduced monitor power comsumption 34 Focus on English for Computer Science
57. ente secci n Para conectar la unidad a un conector IDE secundario en placa madre para obtener m s detalles Unidad de disco duro Consulte la secci n Para conectar la unidad al disco duro en la p gina 1 4 para obtener m s detalles En unidades de CD ROM de Creative Infra evite conectar la unidad al conector IDE de la tarjeta de sonido Es posible que la unidad no pueda alcanzar su m xima velocidad de transferencia de datos S1 desea realizar una conexi n de margarita entre la nueva unidad de CD ROM y otra unidad de CD ROM existente consulte la secci n 151 Focus on English for Computer Science Conexion de una unidad adicional de CD ROM para obtener mas detalles Para conectar la unidad a un conector IDE secundario en placa madre La placa madre del PC puede incorporar un IDE CD ROM Tambi n es conocido como el conector IDE secundario y es bastante com n en los PC Pentium 1 Localice el conector IDE CD ROM secundario en placa madre como muestra la figura 1 3 2 Conecte el cable de datos de CD ROM a su conector IDE CD ROM de la placa madre Aseg rese de que el hilo coloreado del cable est alineado con la patilla 1 del conector IDE 3 Si tiene una tarjeta de audio instalada en el sistema conecte el cable de audio CD al conector de audio CD en la tarjeta de audio V ase la figura 1 4 Coloque siempre al m nimo los controles de volumen de la unidad y de los altavoces amplificados
58. ente partes individuales de la planta por medio de su propio ordenador o microprocesador instalado en el equipo quiz s con varias unidades bajo el control general de un ordenador central La generalizaci n de las aplicaciones rob ticas es un ejemplo concreto de este control descentralizado Antes del desarrollo de los microordenadores un robot estaba conectado al ordenador central situado 156 Focus on English for Computer Science en las proximidades mediante un complejo conjunto de cables El coste de estos sistemas limitaba sus aplicaciones econ micas Hoy en dia con la existencia de robots que cuestan a menudo menos que una persona seg n los criterios normales de inversi n resulta econ mico construir f bricas completas con robots Los sistemas que se dise an y los productos que se fabrican tambi n los pueden dise ar los ordenadores El proceso tradicional de dise o puede suponer para los ingenieros una gran cantidad de c lculos Con frecuencia los c lculos son iterativos es decir se realizan de forma repetida y la respuesta se hace cada vez m s exacta En la pr ctica los gastos que implica la realizaci n de muchas iteraciones ser an prohibitivos y de ese modo no se adoptar a una soluci n ideal Realizando m s iteraciones un ordenador puede producir normalmente un dise o que cumpla con las especificaciones pero que al mismo tiempo use menos materiales Gran parte del trabajo de un ingeniero se dedic
59. erned By touch the screen you may have direct access to any web page She told me switch off the computer after change the system configuration The teacher allows use the computers in his lab 116 Focus on English for Computer Science I went to France not study French but Computer Science The engineer has made the workers follow his directions She considered the computer technician be more efficient The Dean explained in his lecture how join the university cybernautic club I had to stop browse make a telephone call It was ever so easy learn how use this wordprocessor I joined the team repair the laptops in the computer room 4 3 Spot the mistake Correct the mistakes in the following sentences This computer allows users create 3 D drawings TA b For to do the follow exercises correctly you will be given three extra points Ooo 117 Focus on English for Computer Science c Listen to English tapes will let you to understand better spoken English oo d Bored English literature passages make me get boring very easily That is the reason why I wanted to read books on Computer Engineering I find them more easy for understanding Ooo e By pay five pounds the technician will allow you copying good programs from his computers Those programs will be yours for keeping Ooo O 118 F
60. ese words mean something different by adding the appropriate prefixes or suffixes Connect Charge Use Set Mix Second b Think of more prefixes and suffixes and fill in the following charts giving examples Prefixes Negative positive Size Location Time order Number 52 Focus on English for Computer Science Suffixes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs 53 10 15 20 25 30 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE INSTALLING THE CD ROM DRIVE Installing the CD ROM Drive To install your CD ROM drive you need to perform the following Step 1 Insert the Drive into the System 1 Switch off your system and all peripheral devices 2 Touch a metal plate on the system to ground yourself and discharge any static electricity Remove the cover from the system 4 Locate and vacate a 5 Y drive bay for the CD ROM drive Insert your CD ROM drive into the vacant drive bay as shown in figure 1 1 Step 2 Connect the cables to the Drive 1 Locate an unused power cable and connect it to the CD ROM drive as shown in Figure 1 2 2 Connect the CD ROM Data cable to the CD ROM drive as shown in Figure 1 2 3 If you are connecting your drive to an audio card connect the CD Audio to the CD ROM drive as shown in Figure 1 2 Step 3 Connect the Drive to other Devices
61. f the programmer is familiar with a 10 90 95 100 Focus on English for Computer Science variety of contructs and implementation methods from ordinary programming languages From this discussion it should be apparent that there is much more to the study of programming languages than simply a cursory look at their features In fact many similarities in features are deceiving the same feature in two different languages may be implemented in two very different ways and thus the two versions may differ greatly in the cost of use For example almost every language provides an addition operation as a primitive but the cost of performing an addition in e g FORTRAN and SNOBOL4 may vary by an order of magnitude The study of programming languages must necessarily include the study of implementation techniques particularly techniques for the run time representation of different constructs 11 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Give a brief written answer for each of the following a Write a sentence which expresses the main idea of the reading for this Topic as well as additional sentences for the other important ideas b According to the text is it worth limiting yourself to studying and using more than a few programming languages c Do programmers usually know a great variety of them d Is there any connection between the amo
62. form ticos nunca ha sido mayor 91 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 2 Letter of application a Read this example of a letter of application for a job Divide it into its main parts Water Lane Flaxby York YO7 3DZ Tel Whitwell 065 381 713158 Mtr G Benton Select International FREEPOST London W3 9BR 12 February 1999 Dear Mr Benton I would like to apply for the post of automation engineer in Manchester which was advertised in Spectrum 2 February for network design and communication software for data management processing and monitoring and to provide in house training for the service department I currently work on a freelance basis as a software and hardware designer and training consultant in Spain you will see from the enclosed C V that my career to date combines considerable experience in these two areas of computing and training Computing I have worked as hardware and software designer for silk screen printing systems controlled by programmable logic controllers servodrives and AC DC drives Training I have also worked as trainer course designer and consultant for different computer companies through Spain and Germany I speak fluent English and German I enclose my C V where the names and addresses of two referees are provided I can be available to start work any time after 1 April I look forward to hearing from you Yours sincerely P Wilson 92 Focus on English for Co
63. forma en que las diferentes fuentes de informaci n pueden integrarse en este proyecto Una vez m s no se trata de facilitar el acceso ni de construir estructuras de informaci n adecuadas para ni os temas que ya son valiosos por s mismos sino de considerar la otra finalidad lo que los ni os pueden hacer con la informaci n c mo pueden construir sus propias estructuras de informaci n y en ltima instancia la forma en que construyen el conocimiento a partir de la informaci n 165 Focus on English for Computer Science La casa de Marvin Marvin Minsky ha estado vinculado a muchos movimientos inform ticos que han marcado diferencia y siempre me he preguntado c mo funciona una mente como la suya C mo saca ideas de fuentes tan raras y dispares para resolver problemas A Marvin le interesa c mo pensamos Quiere construir ordenadores m quinas que asuman responsabilidades y trabajen con la sociedad Esta es la historia de una visita a la casa de Marvin Cuando entras en la casa el ladrido de un perro artificial te da la bienvenida El pomo de la puerta est cubierto con una cuerda cuidadosamente pegada que en un d a fr o protege la mano de la persona del contacto con el bronce Dentro de esta casa de tres pisos se encuentran Marvin y Gloria su esposa Gloria pediatra nos da la bienvenida con un Hola estoy preparada para jugar A Marvin tambi n se le da bien comportarse como un ni o En el cuarto de est
64. ge computer 3 17 Pp d aspects of THEIR work 3 34 Pp e order to improve THEIR designs 3 44 PO 80 Focus on English for Computer Science f SUCH a high level 3 44 g the robot by physically moving IT 3 64 a 3 3 Completion Complete the squares using words from the text ro People who can work b A place where things are produced c Things to sell and buy d Exact e A person who is learning to work f Something useful to work with g Something wrong in a machine h To make something better 81 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 4 Vocabulary The words in italics are not in the correct sentence Change their places to get meaningful sentences a There will be a 10 development in the number of unemployed as a consequence of the introduction of these new computer applications b Recent investment in computing have produced a reduction of expenses in manufacturing c Robots constitute a very important support for every factory d These designs do not meet the breakdown and we have already wasted a lot of time and materials e Computers can simulate administrative operations which helps the performance to save time and money 82 Focus on English for Computer Science f As the management of this computer is not very accurate we will have to buy new equipment g The factory needs the company s
65. gh the required cycle and recording the movements as the program It is possible to have automated factories controlled by robots under the supervision of one or two human operators whose jobs may involve starting and setting up machines and dealing with breakdowns Using robots has a number of advantages for example whereas human operators need rest periods and can only work for limited shifts robots can continue to work indefinitely apart from non productive periods due to breakdowns or routine maintenance Human operators can work only in conditions that are not too hot or too cold with sufficient space air and light There are minimum working conditions which employers must provide for their employees Robots on the other hand can be designed to work in extreme conditions for example in a narrow space in a poisonous atmosphere The main limitations of robots are in their ability to see and in the intelligence that can be provided through computer programs Robotics is an expanding field with important applications in industry For this reason many of the professional institutions are supporting investigations into robotics 78 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Which of the following sentences best summarises the given paragraphs a First paragraph 1 Due to industry computerisation productivity is higher although fewer people are emp
66. guages Design and Implementation New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc p 3 6 Selker T 1996 Marvin s House In Communications of the ACM Volume 39 No 8 August 1996 p 64 65 Wozny M J Regli W C 1996 Computer Science in Manufacturing In Communications of the ACM Volume 39 No 2 February 1996 p 33 Secondary sources Boeckner K Brown P CH 1993 Oxford English in Computing Oxford O U P Dubin F Olshtain E 1986 Course Design Developing Programs and Materials for Language Learning Cambridge C U P Glendinning E H MacEwan J 1987 English in Computing Unwin Hyman 171 Focus on English for Computer Science Grellet F 1981 Developing Reading Skills Cambridge C U P Hutchinson T amp Waters A 1987 English for Specific Purposes A Learning Centred Approach Cambridge C U P Munby J 1981 Communicative Syllabus Design Cambridge C U P Nuttal C 1982 Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language London Heinemann Educational Books Kennedy C Bolitho R 1984 English for Specific Purposes London Macmillan Nation I S P 1990 Teaching and Learning Vocabulary New York Newbury House Pincas A 1982 Teaching English Writing London Macmillan Pugh A K Uljin J M 1984 Reading for Professional Purposes London Heinemann Educational Books Robinson P 1991 ESP Today A Practitioner s Guide Hertfordshire Prentice Hall Torres
67. he cost of recursion varies depending on the language implementation The programmer who knows nothing of the designs questions and implementation difficulties which recursion implies is likely to shy away from this somewhat mysterious construct However a basic knowledge of its principles and implementation techniques allows the programmer to understand the relative cost of recursion in a particular language and from this understanding to determine whether its use is warranted in a particular programming situation Alternatively if you are using a language such as FORTRAN or COBOL in which recursion is not allowed an understanding of the design and implementation difficulties of recursion may clarify what otherwise appears as a rather arbitrary language restriction Secondly it increases your vocabulary of useful programming constructs It has often been noted that language serves both as an aid to thinking and a constraint Properly a person uses a language to express what he is thinking but language serves also to structure how one thinks to the extent that it is difficult to think in ways which allow no direct expression in words Familiarity with a single programming language tends 45 50 55 60 65 Focus on English for Computer Science to have a similar constraining effect In searching for data and program structures suitable to the solution of a problem one tends to think only of structures that are immediately expressib
68. he following nonsense words according to the text Computers do not understand human languages such as English The only languages they can understand directly are called THANBURE GUYTUS These consist entirely of HINAER VEUTNBES therefore they are very difficult for humans to use Writing a machine code RIYUREM takes a very long time and is best left to experts A solution to the problem of writing programs is to use a PUNVYTRE TEVNHTYUA that is more easily understood by humans For example computer languages called GADHEMAS JANYDACARES use mnemonics to represent instructions Assembly languages and machine codes are known as PEW GYILES JAUNFOES They allow programs to operate at high speed using the minimum of memory Computer languages which resemble English to some extent are therefore often used These languages are known as JYU LIYER JIABOAMGES because each instruction translates into many instructions of machine code 221s Focus on English for Computer Science canta o d A A a AA 5 2 Organizing the text Organize the following lines so that they form a paragraph Another systems program is the linkage editor which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object module the source program in machine code Although systems programs are part of the software they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine The compiler is a systems program which may be written in any language but the co
69. hoosing a Monitor 26 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Before reading the text try to answer the following questions according to your own knowledge on the matter a What should be first taken into account when choosing a monitor b How many inches should your ideal monitor be c Is eyesight usually considered when purchasing a monitor d What kind of technology are monitors based on e What does Dot Pitch mean f What would you call the number of times the electron gun moves across the whole monitor screen g Why is its value so important h What is the difference between interlinked and non interlinked modes of a monitor i To what extent has multimedia influenced the means of display j What do you prefer an integrated or a modular monitor 227 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 2 Locate the following key words or expressions in the text and try to explain their meanings before reading the entire passage Look them up in the dictionary if necessary Bottle shape tube LCD technology Electron guns Monitor res olution Advantages Extraflat screens CRT technology Reflection capacity Spread Stream of electrons Point resolution Integration Purchase Modularity Flickering Sweep frequency CAD work Mask Electron ray path User profile Plug and
70. ifficult to make because they are so difficult to visualize typically no one would use eigenvectors to do so In this case six cables are wrapped around six joints Six pulleys on each of six joints and six cables work as one unit As you move any of the three joints on one arm the three joints on the other symmetrical arm moves in exactly the same manner What is strange is that none of the cables actually end at any of the joints instead they wind around in 126 45 50 55 60 65 Focus on English for Computer Science a continuous fashion The hand works by the constraints imposed by the six cables as they wind around the different joints in different patterns The eigenvector for the entire system allows for the constraints of any joint s position to be determined by three joints on the associated joint on the other arm I wonder if it only has to move three joints why did he mistakenly use six cables to solve three equations Marvin doesn t say He does note that he added the other three for redundancy so that if any of the cables broke the system would still work Whether the three redundant were in fact created because he thought of it or because he accidentally designed it remains unclear But the playful serendipity of designing is always a part of Marvin s life and as such either answer is reasonable In Marvin s house his inventions and the inventions of others are displayed side by side He talks abo
71. installation steps which you have to follow will be displayed on the screen Customer Well you know I m quite bad at this sort of things Technician Don t worry it s very easy You will be asked for the name of the directory where you wish to install the drivers Now you just have to enter a complete subdirectory path name in the space provided Customer OK I can make it It s not so difficult And now Technician Now the AutoCAD working subdirectory has to be changed You can begin AutoCAD with the reconfigure switch if you type ACAD R and press ENTER After that choose option 3 configure video display from the AutoCAD configuration menu and AutoCAD will then show the current video display Customer What should I do next Technician If you type Y at the Do you want to select a different one Message the available video options for AutoCAD will be displayed From 69 Focus on English for Computer Science this list you have to select let me see Turbo DLD Classic Next as you continue past the welcome screen the Turbo DLD Classic Drivers Configuration Menu will appear and you will have to select display graphics board and display resolution Customer Is that all Technician Finally after answering AutoCAD s standard driver configuration questions you will return back to the AutoCAD configuration menu from which you will select option 0 Exit to Drawing Editor 5 2 Completion Supply th
72. isualizaci n Muestra la pista actual y su duraci n Icono QuickCD Muestra el men QuickCD Consejo Deslice parcialmente la unidad en el recinto vac o Deje algo de espacio en la parte posterior de forma que se facilite la conexi n de los cables a la unidad Figura 1 1 Introducci n de la unidad de CD ROM en el sistema Nota El cable de alimentaci n sale de Unidad de la fuente de alimentaci n del sistema CD ROM la cual suele ubicarse en la esquina 1 ca I derecha de la mayor a de los sistemas Patila1 Conector de alimentaci n Cable de alimentaci n el Cable de datos de CD ROM Nota Alinee el hilo coloreado con la patilla 1 del conector de datos IDE CD ROM Cable de audio CD Figura 1 2 Conexi n de los cables a la unidad de CD ROM 154 Focus on English for Computer Science Nota La ubicacion del conector IDE en la placa madre puede ser diferente a la mostrada aqui Consulte la documentaci n que acompa a a la placa madre Placa madre Conector IDE secundario en placa madre Figura 1 3 Conector de datos IDE CD ROM secundario en placa madre Cable de audio CD C EEEL Un Figura 1 4 Conexi n del cable de audio CD a la tarjeta de ai io Unidad de CD ROM Slave Cable de alimentaci n Unidad de disco duro Master hon Cable de audio CD Patilla 1 Cable de alimentaci n Nota Alinee el hilo coloreado del cable de datos del CD
73. le in the languages with which one is familiar By studying the constructs provided by a wide range of languages and the manner in which these constructs are implemented a programmer increases his her programming vocabulary The understanding of implementation techniques is particularly important because in order to use a construct while programming in a language that does not provide it directly the programmer must provide his her own implementation of the new construct in terms of the primitive elements actually provided by the language For example the subprogram control structure known as coroutines is useful in many programs but few languages provide a coroutine feature directly A FORTRAN programmer however may readily simulate a coroutine structure in a set of FORTRAN programs if he she is familiar with the coroutine concept and its implementation and in so doing may be able to provide just the right control structure for a large program Thirdly such a study allows a better choice of programming language Of course when the situation arises a knowledge of a variety of languages may allow choice of just the right language for a particular project thereby reducing enormously the coding effort required For example FORTRAN or COBOL programmers are often faced with the need to write a program to do some minor string processing eg reformatting 70 75 80 85 Focus on English for Computer Science some improperly f
74. lizar simulaciones sin que afecten las limitaciones que imponen las constantes de tiempo en la transferencia de energ a La inform tica se ha extendido a todos los aspectos de la fabricaci n en su b squeda interminable para reducir el intervalo de tiempo entre la concepci n del producto y su producci n Consideremos por ejemplo aspectos como el dise o CAD gr ficos visualizaci n el an lisis m todos num ricos simulaci n y la producci n rob tica fabricaci n asistida por ordenador Al igual que la simulaci n los robots desempe an un papel importante en la fabricaci n Se usan en la industria para una variedad de tareas repetitivas y f cilmente programables Algunos robots industriales 158 Focus on English for Computer Science estan disefiados para desplazarse por la fabrica de forma limitada pero la mayor a permanece en posici n fija El robot t pico que se emplea en entornos de fabricaci n tiene un s lo brazo que se puede mover en tres planos sobre una amplia zona de trabajo Se pueden insertar diferentes manos en la mu eca del brazo para coger objetos diversos o para extraer polvos y l quidos Tambi n puede ser una herramienta para excavar soldar o pulverizar o un im n para recoger y soltar objetos La programaci n de robots la pueden llevar a cabo personas que entiendan las acciones requeridas aun teniendo poca experiencia en inform tica usando lenguajes especiales de robots
75. lizarla en FORTRAN y SNOBOLA por ejemplo podr a variar en rdenes de magnitud El estudio de los lenguajes de programaci n debe incluir necesariamente el estudio de las t cnicas de aplicaci n particularmente las t cnicas para la representaci n del tiempo de ejecuci n de las diferentes estructuras 150 Focus on English for Computer Science Instalaci n de la unidad de CD Rom Para instalar la unidad de CD ROM debe realizar lo siguiente Paso 1 Introducir la unidad en el sistema Apague el ordenador y todos los dispositivos perif ricos Toque una l mina de metal del ordenador para conectarse a tierra y descargar la electricidad est tica Quite la cubierta del sistema Localice y deje libre un recinto de unidad de 5 25 pulgadas para la unidad de CD ROM Inserte la unidad de CD ROM en el recinto de unidad vac o tal y como muestra la figura 1 1 Paso 2 Conectar los cables a la unidad Localice un cable de alimentaci n libre y con ctelo a la unidad de CD ROM como se muestra en la Figura 1 2 Conecte el cable de datos de CD ROM a la unidad de CD ROM tal y como se muestra en la Figura 1 2 Si desea conectar la unidad a una tarjeta de sonido conecte el cable de audio CD a la unidad de CD ROM tal y como se muestra en la Figura 1 2 Paso 3 Conectar la unidad a otros dispositivos Puede conectar la unidad de CD ROM a uno de los siguientes dispositivos Conector IDE secundario en placa madre Consulte la sigui
76. loyed 2 Although computers are having a marked effect in industry they are also expanding in the services sector 3 In spite of the fact that retailing and commerce are also computerised industry is getting better results b Fifth paragraph 1 Although designers and engineers are more creative than computers they are not as accurate 2 Apart from saving time and money computers carry out manufacturing tasks more accurately 3 The traditional design process implies a lot of iterative calculations which cost much money However these calculations are no longer necessary because computers are being used in order to save time and money 79 Focus on English for Computer Science c Eleventh paragraph 1 Although computers can work for longer periods of time than human operators they need minimum working conditions to avoid breakdowns 2 Nowadays factories can be controlled only by computers because they can work longer than humans in extreme conditions without breaking down 3 Automated factories have many advantages as robots work longer periods of time than human operators and can stand severe working conditions 3 2 Contextual reference Return to the text and find out what the words in capital letters refer to The line is given in brackets on the right of each word a in ITS organisation and control 3 7 pO b with perhaps several SUCH units 3 13 Pp c wires connecting IT to a lar
77. luso en 1969 Sammet enumer 120 que hab an tenido una amplia utilidad y desde esa poca se han desarrollado muchos m s Sin embargo la mayor a de los programadores nunca se arriesgan a utilizar m s de unos cuantos y muchos de ellos limitan su programaci n a uno o dos De hecho los programadores en activo suelen trabajar en centros inform ticos donde s lo se requiere un lenguaje concreto como por ejemplo PL I COBOL o FORTRAN Qu se ganar a entonces con el estudio de una variedad de lenguajes diferentes que con mucha probabilidad nunca se usar n En realidad hay excelentes razones para ello siempre que traspasemos las consideraciones superficiales de sus funciones y nos adentremos en los conceptos fundamentales de dise o y su efecto en la puesta en aplicaci n del lenguaje En primer lugar mejora la comprensi n del lenguaje que se est utilizando Muchos de ellos ofrecen funciones que cuando se usan de una forma apropiada benefician al programador pero cuando no pueden desaprovechar el tiempo invertido ante el ordenador o llevar al programador a cometer errores l gicos que llevar an mucho tiempo Incluso puede que un experto despu s de haber usado un lenguaje durante a os no conozca o tenga 146 Focus on English for Computer Science s lamente ligeras nociones sobre algunas de sus funciones Un ejemplo t pico es la recursividad una funci n de programaci n muy pr ctica y disponible en muchos lenguajes C
78. mation sources 97 10 15 20 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE SOFTWARE FOR KIDS BY KIDS For many children today their first interaction with technology is at home playing video games The number of hours spent in front of these screens must be in the order of hundreds of billions While many researchers parents and educators have good reason to be concerned about the quantity of time spent in this manner they tend to overlook that even so called educational software often does not function as any more than enhanced page turning devices displaying information to be learned and monitoring student s progress There are currently few opportunities for children to go beyond button pushing and mouse clicking in their interaction with technology By asking children to program software for other children we are turning the tables and placing children in the active role of constructing their own programs and constructing new relationships with knowledge in the process The most obvious benefit knowledge is that children learn about technology by building things of significance such as game software A far more promising aspect is that learning programming and learning about technology is not only good for its own sake but also good because it is supportive of other types of learning As I will explain in more detail the very process of programming game software to teach fractions or any other subject topic fo
79. mits r misleading 3 5 Now look back to the text and find words or expressions that mean the Focus on English for Computer Science lines 10 15 lines 15 20 lines 20 25 lines 20 25 lines 25 30 lines 30 35 lines 45 50 lines 45 50 lines 55 60 lines 60 65 lines 60 65 lines 60 65 lines 60 65 lines 75 80 opposite to the following a similar b withdrew c partly d extend e inaccurately f gain lines 1 5 lines 1 5 lines 5 10 lines 5 10 lines 15 20 lines 15 20 16 g useless h prevent i complicate j inadequate k exciting l superficial Focus on English for Computer Science lines 15 20 lines 15 20 lines 25 30 lines 35 40 lines 55 60 lines 60 65 m coincide lines 75 80 3 6 Completion Complete each sentence choosing the appropriate form of the following words or terms taken from the text 1 programming programmer programmed program programmable a A good ee should always know a variety of computer languages b Can computers be to hold intelligent conversations Co asilo errors are called bugs 2 developing developments develop developer developed de eos in computer systems are bringing about enormous changes in our daily life and work D aaraa the chip made computer manufacture much simpler c Computers using integrated circuits were first in the 1960s M
80. mplexity of paperwork in its organisation and control The application of computers can considerably simplify the problems of planning and control thereby freeing the management to spend more time on decision making The direct application of computers to the plant and equipment is termed process control With the development of microelectronics it has become possible to have individual items of plant controlled locally by their own computer or microprocessor built into the equipment with perhaps several such units under the general control of a central computer The spread of robot applications is a particular example of this centralised control Prior to the development of microcomputers a robot would have a complex cable of wires connecting it to a large computer standing in the vicinity The expense of such systems limited their economic application Nowadays with robots often costing less than a person judged 75 25 30 35 40 Focus on English for Computer Science on normal investment criteria it has become economic to construct complete factories with robots The systems that are designed and the products manufactured can also be designed by computers The traditional design process can involve the engineers in a large amount of calculations Often the calculations are iterative that is the calculation is done repeatedly and each time the answer becomes more accurate In practice the cost of carrying out more than a
81. mputer Science b Write a letter for a job application Use the information supplied Company SERVIPROGRAM Position Systems Engineer Requirements 1 Degree in Computer Engineering 2 Experience in similar positions 3 Availability to travel 4 High standard of English Tasks 1 Execute cellular network systems 2 Create system generators software brain for electronic exchange mobile exchange switch tapes 3 Utilise data network and spectrum analyser Applications should be sent to Mr Len Sattler Dept of Employment Security 5800 Mill Road New York NY 10017 93 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 3 Writing 5 3 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate relative pronoun Write all the possibilities for each sentence a The computer I bought price was extremely high didn t match my expectations b A microprocessor is a computer chip thousands of programmable microscopic electronic components are assembled c A microcomputer is a third generation computer central unit is made up of a silicon chip contains thousands of integrated microscopic electronic components housing the arithmetic unit and the control unit d CAD stands for Computer aided design refers to specialised industrial hardware and software tools convert a designer s sketches into accurate finished diagrams e This is Sophia is taking over my job when I leave She is the new c
82. mputer operating system is a true systems program which controls the central processing unit the input the output and the secondary memory devices The resulting program is then called the load module which is the program directly executable by the computer 22 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 3 Completion Find out information on the following high level computer languages and complete the table below Language FORTRAN ALGOL COBOL BASIC PASCAL Date Use Features 5 4 Description Now from the information in the table above write a brief description of those programming languages 5 5 Translation Translate the last two paragraphs of the reading text into Spanish starting Finally it facilitates Before beginning translation remember that equivalence is of primary importance when turning any kind of text from one language to another 23 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 6 Translation Translate the following passage into English El dise o de lenguajes de alto nivel dista bastante de la perfecci n Por qu muchos de ellos tras haber sido dise ados desarrollados y utilizados durante un per odo de tiempo han ca do luego en el olvido Las razones de su xito o fracaso parece que son externas al propio lenguaje Por ejemplo parte del xito de COBOL en EEUU proviene del mismo gobierno que favorece su uso en ciertas rea
83. n who was repairing your computer or I saw the technician when he was repairing your computer I used the virus checking program this morning I used a program that checks viruses this morning I cannot understand this boring computer language I cannot understand this computer language which is boring 111 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 1 Recognition The following are sentences from the text Recognise the ing structures You may use the following code 1 After prepositions 2 After verbs 3 Deverbal nouns 4 Present Participle Phrase 1 For many children today their first interaction with technology is at home playing video games 2 Educational software often does not function as any more than enhanced page turning devices displaying information to be learned O O 3 By asking children to program software for other children we are turning the tables and placing children in the active role of constructing their own programs and constructing new relationships with knowledge in the process C C C 4 The most obvious benefit knowledge is that children learn about technology by building things of significance such as game software O 5 A far more promising aspect is that learning programming and learning about technology is not only good for its own sake but also good because it is supportive of other types of learning OOOO 112 Focus on English for Computer S
84. ng the CD ROM drive into the system Note The power cable stems from your system s power supply unit which is usually located at the right hand Pin1 corner of most systems Power In connector Power cable CD ROM Data Cable Note Align the colored wire to Pin 1 of the IDE CD ROM Data connector CD Audio cable Figure 1 2 Connecting your cables to the CD ROM drive Note The location of your onboard IDE connector may be differ from the one shown here Refer to the documentation that comes with your motherboard Motherboard Secondary Onboard IDE connector Figure l 3 The Secondary Onboard IDE CD ROM Data connector 57 Focus on English for Computer Science CD Audio cable CD Audio connector Figure 1 4 Connecting the CD Audio cable to the audio card CD ROM drive Slave drive Hard Disk drive CD Audio cable Master ii qa A Pin 1 Note Align the colored wire of the CD ROM Data cable to Pin 1 of the Hard Disk N Data connector NRE Colored wire CD ROM Data cable Connect to elther one of the following O Primary Onboard IDE connector O Hard Disk Data connector on your Hard Disk Controller card Figure 1 5 Connecting the CD ROM Data cable to the hard disk drive 58 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Using the information in the text decide whether the following st
85. o as o S j Earlier 1 35 40 A i Benefitting 3 7 Word Derivation 38 Focus on English for Computer Science Use the word in bold type to form words that can be used correctly both in sense and forms in the sentences below All these words are found in the text Choose a When isis a monitor one of the most important things to bear in mind is its resolution b A monitor should be depending on the user needs Explain a The program includes an manual b The error is I can t think how it s happenned Measure a The change in IBM s attitude has made an difference to the Computer Industry b The range of components manufactured by a computer company can be seen as a sico of its success in the business market Comfort a We suffered great repairing the computer system because of the difficulties b Low frequencies can bring about an flickering on the monitor screen Apply 39 Focus on English for Computer Science a The advertisement for the job was so interesting that he wrote out his Gace immediately b A mathematical method is not in this operation Refer a Computing staff is to as manware b You should to the booklet if you have any problem 40 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 LANGUAGE PRACTICE EXPLANATIONS AND D
86. o become engaged in a variety of issues and to learn about many more aspects of programming than I was able to address in this context The idea of children making software for fun and learning is definitely not limited to school activities it has a place at home and in the virtual playground Constructive play is an important part of children s development Children enjoy playing as much as making things Much more attention and effort should be paid to providing virtual building blocks and tools for young children to experience and master the world Further research efforts will examine models of interdiciplinary and extended learning for young game software designers and how various information sources can be integrated into this effort Again the point is not about providing access and building adequate information structures for children those are worthy subjects by themselves but to consider the other end what children can make with information how they can build their own information structures and ultimately how they construct knowledge out of information 101 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 READING ACTIVITIES 3 1 Understanding the reading passage Give a brief written answer for each of the following a How many hours do children spend playing video games b Why in the opinion of researchers parents and educators is educational software not so benefitial for children c What is the
87. ocus on English for Computer Science 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1 Find the words In this exercise you are given a word and you must make as many words as you can from the letters of that word You may work in pairs Here is an example computer put cot mute cute route pet more core come etc a extensive b context c outcome d implementation e relationships f indeliberate g interconnected h elementary 119 Focus on English for Computer Science i software j interdisciplinary 5 2 Writing your Curriculum Vitae Your curriculum vitae CV is a record of all the qualifications you have achieved during your life time Here you have a very simple model of CV Fill in the blanks with your personal information you may invent all the information CURRICULUM VITAE Name Address Telephone Nationality Date of birth Marital Status Education _ Year 120 Focus on English for Computer Science Employment to date Other interests information 5 3 Transformation Finish each of the following sentences to mean the same as the sentence given a Ican use this program It is very easy This program b He was angry with me because I broke his new desktop He was angry with me for c John wants a new wordprocessor He asked Jane to buy one for him in England John wants Jane
88. ogramaci n con mucha m s facilidad cuando la ocasi n se presenta Finalmente facilita el dise o de un nuevo lenguaje Muy pocos programadores se consideran dise adores de lenguajes sin embargo todos los programas tienen un interface de usuario que es en realidad una forma de lenguaje de programaci n El interface consta de los formatos de datos y comandos que se proporcionan para que el usuario se comunique con el programa El dise ador del interface para un programa de envergadura como 149 Focus on English for Computer Science un editor de texto un sistema operativo o un paquete de gr ficos debe estar interesado en los mismos temas que aparecen en el dise o de lenguajes de programaci n de uso general A menudo se simplifica este aspecto del dise o del programa si el programador est familiarizado con un abanico de estructuras y m todos de aplicaci n de los lenguajes de programaci n habituales Teniendo como fundamento esta discusi n debe estar claro que el estudio de los lenguajes de programaci n va mucho m s all de una mirada superficial a sus funciones En realidad muchas semejanzas en las funciones se prestan a enga o la misma funci n en dos lenguajes diferentes podr a llevarse a cabo de dos formas muy distintas y por lo tanto las dos versiones podr an asimismo diferir enormemente en el coste de uso Por ejemplo casi todos los lenguajes ofrecen una operaci n de suma como primitiva pero el coste de rea
89. omputer technician Mr Harris interviewed last week 94 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 3 2 Rewrite the following sentences so that they contain the words in capitals a I like laser printers They are my kind of printer WHICH b The computer technician was the first person I asked for advice WHOSE c Not a single file in the program had escaped undamaged WHICH d Last night I realised that I had left all my discs at the office WHEN e I don t really understand his proposal WHAT 95 Focus on English for Computer Science Topic Five Software for Kids by Kids 96 Focus on English for Computer Science 1 PRE READING ACTIVITIES 1 1 Find someone who a plays computer games five hours a week cciicnincnninnnnnninnncnninnnos b knows how to program a good computer game cooccncconnnonennonaninnnnnnens c can name ten computer games o cccnnnnanecccccnnnnnnananecinic ns d thinks that games may be instructive ccccincnnnninnnnnnininnncnninnn e can explain how to play black jack on the computer ocooconnconocinocinncnnnconcnnnos f can create a Maths based game he eeaeesacenteeeetseetreestenaee g is against using computers at school cccciccninnnnnnnnnnnninininninnn 1 2 Test your understanding Use the following pairs of words to write a logical sentence a program software b design computer game c technology code d research infor
90. only display one colour 2 A IN since these colours cause the users the least eyestrain Colour monitors on the other hand 3 ooooonccninccinncnnonnocnconcconnnos To produce the display 4 lotto bata causing dots of light to appear in each section These screen sections are called pixels picture elements 5 visi id uteenecs a very detailed high resolution display is produced This is suitable for displaying text and high quality graphics On the other hand if the computer divides the screen into a smaller number Of large pixels O a eed y 44 Focus on English for Computer Science A If the computer divides the screen into a large number of small pixels o Are capable of displaying many colours This may be an ordinary television So a Which is usually either green or amber E The computer sends signals to separate sections of the screen F A less detailed low resolution display is produced 5 3 Organizing information Now organize the information of the completed text in exercise 5 2 as shown in the table below Do not give line references write the information in full MAIN IDEA MAJOR DETAILS MINOR DETAIES 45 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 4 Grammar Review Remember that the passive voice and cause and effect actions are very often used in technical and scientific texts Go back to the main reading text of this unit and find out all the
91. opriate listing markers To enter the system the terminal must be logged in When performing the logging in procedure you must 1 switch on the terminal and an arrow prompt will appear on the screen 2 you have to type LOGIN and press RETURN This way the computer will display a prompt asking for your identification number 3 you will have to input your identification number and 4 you will be asked to introduce your password 5 inputting the correct password you will be indicated that the terminal now has access to the system 6 you must key in the name of the required language and press RETURN 7 o a prompt will be displayed giving the name and version number of the chosen language 19 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 2 Now from the following steps used in a logging out procedure write a paragraph using appropriate listing markers a Input a command to bring you out of the language you are using The computer will respond with a prompt b Type LOGOUT and press RETURN A prompt will be displayed on the screen indicating that the terminal no longer has access to the system It will give the date and time of logging out and the amount of time the CPU has been used c Switch off the terminal 20 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1 Nonsense Words What do you think are the meaning of t
92. or become mentally deformed One explanation for this indeliberate consistency is that students emulated instructional models found in the commercial market and media This should be a warning sign of how the format content and modalities of educational software influence children s thinking about the standards of instructional software Programming games are a medium for their personal and creative expression This is of particular relevance if one is concerned with finding meaningful and relevant learning situations for students Being engaged in this enterprise initiates learning and learning about learning This is best expressed in a final review written by Rosemary a 10 year old game designer I made a game It started out very slowly at first It is very hard to put together your 100 75 80 85 90 95 Focus on English for Computer Science own game You may think it is easy to do because of all the video games people play They look so simple but try making your own game and it s a totally different story Well I started out with very high expectations thinking that I could make a great game in a very short time It turned out that I m still not done with it even after about four or five months Truthfully I hope next time you play a computer or video game you will think about its maker More Tools and Toys for Young Software Designers Designing games offers a rich learning environment for children t
93. ormatted input data Such a program may be used only once or a few times Coded in FORTRAN or COBOL the program might be tedious and time consuming to write but written in the string processing language SNOBOLA it might require only a few minutes and a dozen lines to code The programmer with a knowledge of SNOBOL4 enjoys a decided advantage Besides it makes it easier to learn a new language A linguist through a deep understanding of the underlying structure of natural languages often can learn a new foreign language more quickly and easily than the struggling novice who understands little of the structure even of his her native tongue Similarly a thorough knowledge of a variety of programming language constructs and implementation techniques allows the programmer to learn a new programming language more easily when the need arises Finally it facilitates the design of a new language Few programmers ever think of themselves as language designers yet any program has a user interface that in fact is a form of programming language The user interface consists of the commands and data formats that are provided for the user to communicate with the program The designer of the user interface for a large program such as a text editor an operating system or a graphics package must be concerned with many of the same issues that are present in the design of a general purpose programming language This aspect of program design is often simplified i
94. ot be possible with physical cars There are many such examples of using computer technology to perform simulations unconstrained by the slow time constants of energy transfer Computing has permeated all aspects of manufacturing in the never ending quest to decrease the time interval between product conception and first production Consider for example such aspects as design CAD graphics visualisation analysis numerical methods simulation and production robotics computer aided manufacturing As simulation robots play an important role in manufacturing They are used in industry for a variety of tasks which are repetitive and easily programmed Some industrial robots are designed to move around the factory floor in a limited way but most remain fixed in position A typical robot used in a manufacturing environment has a single arm that can move in three planes over a wide work area Different hands may be inserted in the wrist end of the arm for gripping different objects or for scooping up powders and liquids The hand may also be a tool for drilling welding or spraying or an electromagnet for picking up and dropping objects 77 65 70 75 80 Focus on English for Computer Science Programming of robots may be carried out by people who understand the actions required but have little computer experience using special robot languages Another way is to teach the robot by physically moving it throu
95. otros tipos de aprendizaje Como explicar con m s detalle el mero proceso de programar un juego de ordenador para ense ar quebrados o cualquier otro tema de una materia a usuarios m s j venes hace que los ni os participen 161 Focus on English for Computer Science en procesos mentales y aprendizajes matem ticos significativos Pero a n m s importante es que con la programaci n los ni os aprenden a expresarse en el campo tecnol gico En el mundo de la programaci n educativa estos dos ltimos aspectos del aprendizaje a trav s de la tecnolog a han recibido mucha menos atenci n que las ventajas tradicionales del conocimiento tecnol gico El taller de dise o de juegos Un proyecto de dise o de software comienza con una instrucci n sencilla Dise ar un juego de ordenador que ense e algo de quebrados a estudiantes m s j venes El resto se deja sin especificar Un grupo de estudiantes transforma su aula en un taller de dise o de juegos durante seis meses Durante ese per odo est n aprendiendo a programar pensando en dise os de interfaces dise ando elementos gr ficos ideando estructuras di logos y personajes para historias inventando estrategias de ense anza y Creando representaciones de quebrados Los estudiantes se re nen todos los d as durante una hora para escribir en los cuadernos sus ideas planes y dise os Tambi n discuten temas relacionados con la programaci n
96. ots on the screen is determined by how fine the mask is It is measured in inches and although not long ago the normal standard was 0 39 nowadays the 29 20 25 30 35 40 Focus on English for Computer Science common value is 0 28 inches that of very high quality monitors being even lower than this The ray of electrons must cover the whole screen surface starting at the top left hand corner and sweeping from left to right and top to bottom The sweep frequency measured in Hertz is the number of times the electron gun sweeps the whole screen per second Why should this value be so important Because if the frequency is low the electron ray path will become visible causing an uncomfortable flickering on the screen The minimum frequency to avoid this must be 70 Hertz but a quality monitor should be able to reach higher frequencies Monitor resolution is also influenced by its reflection capacity as this determines the number of dots that can be lit per second Here we have to deal with an oft mentioned concept the interlinked and noninterlinked modes The use of the interlinked mode produces the uncomfortable flickering harmful to eyesight which is why is not usually implemented in present monitors Therefore noninterlinking is an absolute prerequisite As regards point resolution 1024x768 is usually the maximum capacity in the more ordinary monitors although it is becoming more and more frequent to reach 1280x1024
97. peraron los m todos escolares tradicionales en la ense anza de las matem ticas Las pantallas preliminares de dos estudiantes Amy y Trevor representan un ejemplo de este esfuerzo 163 Focus on English for Computer Science He aqui una observaci n sobre el formato de instrucci n y pr ctica adoptado por la mayor a de los estudiantes en el dise o y ejecuci n de sus juegos una respuesta correcta da un resultado positivo o se convierte en el rey O la reina de los quebrados mientras que una respuesta incorrecta da como resultado un castigo o se convierte en el torpe Una explicaci n a esta consecuencia l gica no intencionada se encuentra en que los estudiantes emularon modelos de ense anza que se encontraban en el mercado y en los medios de comunicaci n Esto deber a constituir una se al de alarma sobre el modo en que el formato el contenido y las modalidades de los programas educativos influyen en la opini n de los ni os con respecto a los valores del software educativo Programar juegos es una forma de expresi n creativa y personal Resulta de especial importancia si nos preocupamos por encontrar situaciones de aprendizaje que sean significativas y relevantes para los estudiantes Al ocuparnos de esta tarea comienza el aprendizaje y el aprendizaje del aprendizaje Esta idea queda mejor expresada en un resumen final que escribi Rosemary una dise adora de juegos de diez a os Hice un juego y al prin
98. play feature Interlinking Power comsumption Environmental protection 28 10 15 Focus on English for Computer Science 2 READING PASSAGE CHOOSING A MONITOR When choosing a computer everybody s primary concern is the micro speed the amount of RAM memory installed and hard disk space available The secondary components so to speak are usually the keyboard and the monitor In many cases these are rather ordinary 14 inch dot pitch monitors These might be sufficient for some users but there is an important factor that is not always taken into account namely one s eyesight Concepts such as dot pitch or inches have been mentioned above in the introduction As they must be absolutely clear when choosing a monitor we will now explain how monitors work The basis is CRT technology or cathode ray tube which is also used in television sets consisting in a kind of bottle shaped tube In its narrow end there are three electron guns corresponding to the colours red green and blue which project a stream of electrons onto a surface covered with a phosforescent film which lights up when hit by electrons This phosforescent screen also has a dot matrix which when lit up form the colour pixels seen on the monitor The separation between these dots the so called Dot Pitch is governed by a metal mask placed between the phosforescent film and the screen itself in such a way that the definition of the d
99. r that matter to younger users allows children to engage in significant mathematical thinking and learning But most importantly through programming children learn to express themselves in the technological domain In the world of educational programming these last two aspects of 98 25 30 35 40 45 Focus on English for Computer Science learning with technology have received far less attention than the traditional benefits of technological knowledge The Game Design Studio A software design project starts with a simple instruction Design a computer game that teaches something about fractions to younger students Everything else is left open A class of students transforms their classroom into a game design studio for six months During the period they are Learning programming Thinking about interface designs Designing graphical elements Conceiving story structures dialogues and characters Devising instructional strategies and Creating fraction representations Students meet every day for one hour to write in their notebooks about their ideas plans and designs They also discuss issues related to programming games teaching and fractions They give presentations to each other and meet once with their prospective users All the students create a fully finished product a computer game with its documentation advertising and packaging Since 1991 several software design projects with a focu
100. ra colocar el dispositivo Lo invent hace d cadas ahora parece simple y poco pr ctico Una copia cara de su microscopio confocal es ahora el centro de atenci n de muchos laboratorios biol gicos modernos de alta tecnolog a La genialidad del objeto situado al lado me deja perplejo Conozco muchos y buenos dise adores en mec nica pero estoy seguro de que ninguno de ellos habr a dise ado un objeto como ste No porque probablemente no sea el mejor dise o sino por todo el esfuerzo que tuvo que realizar el dise ador para establecer las relaciones entre las matem ticas y las juntas necesarias para dise arlo La causa de que los dispositivos mec nicos sean tan dif ciles de construir es que nos resulta dif cil 167 Focus on English for Computer Science imaginarlos normalmente nadie usaria vectores propios para hacerlo En este caso se envuelven seis cables alrededor de seis juntas seis poleas por cada seis juntas y seis cables funcionan como una sola unidad Cuando mueves cualquiera de estas tres juntas de un brazo las tres juntas del otro lado sim trico se mueven exactamente del mismo modo Lo extra o es que realmente ninguno de los cables termina en ninguna de las juntas en vez de eso giran de forma continua La mano funciona gracias a las fuerzas impuestas por los seis cables al girar por las distintas juntas en los diferentes modelos El vector propio de todo el sistema permite que las fuerzas de la posi
101. real past conditionals if past perfect would have past participle I would have let him use my computer if he had needed it But he didn t need it Might could or should can be used instead of would Might adds the feeling of probability could ability should expectation If they had used a more powerful processor they might could should have solved the problem Unless if not As long as provided providing that if but only if Put the verbs into the correct form 1 Why didn t you buy the program If you buy it you not have so many problems at work 2 If you want to change to the next CD ROM drive press the Next Drive button 3 Unless the teacher explain what I have to do next I be able to finish this practice 66 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 I not study Computer Sciences if I get a grant for the first two years Afterwards I got a job and could pay for the rest of my studies 5 John go to the concert provided his girlfriend go too He never goes alone 6 I lend you my scanner as long as you be careful with it 7 Robert not accept that job unless he earn what a computer engineer deserves 8 We work on this project now if we know But nobody told us about it 9 I start studying for the exam today if I be you It s going
102. rves BOTH as an aid to thinking and a constraint 1 33 PO g THAT does not provide IT directly 1 43 PO h SUCH a program my be used 1 56 PT i IT might require only a few minutes 1 59 PT j Few programmers ever think of THEMSELVES 1 69 PT 14 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 3 Locating Information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed Give the line references e a Coding work can become easier if the user has a good command of different programming languages b It is unusual to find many programmers who know more than one or two programming languages c If the matter is studied thoroughly one realises that the study of many programming languages on the part of specialists is worth it d To know a variety of both implementation techniques and programming languages provides the best basis to acquire a new programming language e As with language the knowledge of only one programming language can lead the programmer to limited results 3 4 Vocabulary Search Using the line references given find the words or expressions in the text that mean the same as the following a application lines 1 5 ee pod ea o c obtained lines 5 10 EAS d characteristics lines 10 15 atoa e advantageous f useful g huge h involves 1 explain j organize k easily l acquainted m boring n sound o beginner p extensive q per
103. s de programaci n dirigidas por agencias gubernamentales Del mismo modo gran parte del xito de FORTRAN y PL I se puede atribuir al apoyo de diversas empresas inform ticas que han invertido grandes sumas de dinero y recursos humanos en proporcionar a estos lenguajes unas aplicaciones muy sofisticadas as como una s lida documentaci n El xito de SNOBOL4 se podr a deber en parte a un excelente texto escrito en 1971 Griswold et al en el que se hac a una minuciosa descripci n del lenguaje y en cuanto a Pascal y LISP hay que reconocer que el haber sido objetos de estudio por parte de los estudiantes de Dise o de Lenguajes les ha beneficiado mucho sin obviar su uso pr ctico en la actualidad La tarea de desarrollo de una aplicaci n es important sima La preparaci n comprobaci n documentaci n y mantenimiento de la puesta en pr ctica de cualquier lenguaje con cierta complejidad requiere a os de trabajo y no hay que olvidar que volver a ponerlo en aplicaci n en una nueva m quina puede poner a prueba los recursos de cualquier centro inform tico 24 Focus on English for Computer Science ya que al cambiar de ordenadores muchos lenguajes con frecuencia caen en desuso A pesar de la importancia de alguna de estas influencias externas es el programador en ultima instancia y a veces indirectamente quien determina qu lenguajes viven o cuales mueren 25 Focus on English for Computer Science Topic Two C
104. s easy to use The database is difficult to understand I found your arguments hard to believe This compact is yours to keep I bought this book for you to practise Maths The teacher draw a flowchart for us to understand the process more easily When to use the infinitive without fo e After certain verbs make and let The system failure made us reset the equipment The technician lets us use the computers in his lab 4 2 Completion Fill in the blanks by supplying the infinitive with or without to or the ing form of the verbs in brackets a Itold her type the letter for me b Peter warned her daughter not touch her laptop in his office c Moisture makes the computer switch itself off automatically So do not let it be in the open air 115 Focus on English for Computer Science She advised the students buy a new Mac for the studio strike the computer keys hard may damage the machine I cannot remember tell students read the lesson for tomorrow Nobody knows how use this new high quality scanner Would you like connect the driver now I want my computer read texts aloud but I do not have a suitable software This new laser printer allows print landscape A 3 sheets Did you remember log off I cannot remember do that devise a Maths program requires extensive revision of the literature conc
105. s importante valora y estimula el esp ritu de la gente que le rodea Una mente que puede crear un brazo mec nico autoreflector la complejidad de un microscopio confocal o nutrir el campo de la inteligencia artificial es una mente que se centra y trabaja en problemas complejos Y la satisfacci n de conseguir que esa persona muestre su lado optimista considere las posibilidades que simplemente empiezan a surgir es el modo en que queremos crecer como humanos que crean sociedades que permiten la clase de comunicaci n y compromiso m ltiple del que hoy disponemos Quiz s no sean los robots de nuestras mentes los que nos har n m s conscientes de las posibilidades que puede alcanzar un ordenador inteligente Se trata de trabajar con personas que tengan otras opiniones como hacemos en la Web o en las universidades o en los rastreadores y sistemas de b squeda que formar n a los representantes del futuro que Marvin imagina 169 Focus on English for Computer Science Bibliography 170 Focus on English for Computer Science REFERENCES Primary sources Carter L R Huzan E 1984 Computers and their Use London Teach Yourself Books p 106 114 116 Creative Technology Ltd 1997 CD ROM Users Guide Singapore Creative Technology Ltd p 1 1 3 2 Kafai Y B 1996 Software by Kids for Kids In Communications of the ACM Volume 39 No 4 April 1996 p 38 39 Pratt Terence W 1984 Programming Lan
106. s on English for Computer Science Multiple Choice Decide the most suitable preposition for the sentences below IN AT ON a The computer was bought Japan IN AT ON b The software box is kept the cupboard IN INTO ONTO c Two men were running that building carrying the new computer equipment BEHIND IN FRONT OF UNDER d I could not find the modem which was the monitor ON AT IN e This web page the net was created by one of my mates IN AT ON f She cannot be the phone now She must be using the web SINCE DURING FOR g European computer scientists have been designing this piece of software years 135 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 2 Completion Supply the correct prepositions in the text below THE COMPUTER LAB My university has a very modern computer lab If you want to use computers the laboratory you have to book one very in advance The computer lab is open 10 the morning 10 night Everyday 6 the afternoon there is one member of the computing services duty So if you have any problem you just direct to the man who is the computing services staff desk and tell him your query The most expensive computers are a big desk a screen Only teachers may use them by filling a form This form appears the computer screen once you turn the computer and again when you turn it This form is sent e mail to the computing services building and they are kept users
107. s on various mathematical or science topics have been conducted successfully with students ages 8 to 11 in public elementary schools in Boston and Los Angeles The Benefits of Making Software for Learning There is no doubt that students acquired extensive programming experience in this project An overview of students Logo pages reveals that most of them 99 50 55 60 65 70 Focus on English for Computer Science created complex interconnected pieces of software One example is Albert s game Mission Town where at the end of the project consisted of more than 20 pages of code distributed over nine pages with multiple procedures But most importantly all the games provided evidence of students efforts to integrate the content to be taught fractions Students created dozens of situations with fractions in their notebooks but only the best designs found their way into games In this context children engaged their fantasies and built relationships with other pockets of reality that went beyond traditional school approaches in mathematics education The introductory screens of two students Amy and Trevor provide an example of this effort A comment on the instructional drill and practice format adopted by most students in the design and implementation of their games a correct answer produces a positive outcome or become the god or goddess of fractions whereas the incorrect answer results in punishment
108. s por esta raz n por lo que muchas instituciones profesionales est n apoyando investigaciones en este campo 160 Focus on English for Computer Science Software creado por ni os para ni os Hoy para muchos ni os su primera interacci n con la tecnolog a la tienen en casa jugando con v deo juegos El n mero de horas que pasan ante estas pantallas debe de ser del orden de cientos de billones Aunque muchos investigadores padres y educadores tienen buenas razones para preocuparse por todo el tiempo que pasan de esta forma tienden a pasar por alto que incluso el denominado software educativo con frecuencia no funciona m s que como dispositivos mejorados de paginaci n rotativa que presentan la informaci n que ha de aprenderse controlando as el progreso del estudiante En la actualidad hay pocas oportunidades para que los ni os hagan algo m s que pulsar una tecla del ordenador o del rat n en su interacci n con esta tecnolog a Al pedir a los ni os que programen un software para otros ni os estamos cambiando las tornas y situ ndolos en el papel activo de construir sus propios programas y establecer nuevas relaciones con el conocimiento durante el proceso La ventaja m s obvia es que los ni os aprenden tecnolog a creando cosas significativas tales como software de juegos Un aspecto m s prometedor es que aprender a programar y aprender tecnolog a no s lo es bueno por s mismo sino que adem s sirve de apoyo a
109. se of all the video games people play but I m still not done with it even after four or five months Although you may think d They should pay much more attention and effort to provide virtual building blocks and tools for young children to experience and master the world Much more attention 3 4 Contextual reference Return to the text and find out what the words in capital letters refer to The line is given in brackets on the right of each sentence a For many children today THEIR first interaction with technology is at home playing video games 1 2 ION b THEY tend to overlook that even so called educational software often does not function as any more than enhanced page turning devices 3 6 IO 105 Focus on English for Computer Science c Learning programming and learning about technology is not only good for its own sake but also good because IT is supportive of other types of learning 14 16 d All the students create a fully finished product a computer game with ITS documentation advertising and packaging 38 40 e Programming games are a medium for THEIR personal and creative expression THIS is of particular relevance if ONE is concerned with finding meaningful and relevant learning situations for students 65 68 fo 3 5 Vocabulary search Using the line references given find the words or expressions in the text to match the definition of the following a A flat
110. sentences related to these two structural points One example of each is given for you below The separation between these dots is governed by a metal mask paragraph 2 LCD makes it possible to produce extraflat and very thin screens paragraph 4 5 5 Translation Translate the following passage into English Bajo la denominaci n DSL Digital Subscriber Line se han desarrollado diversas soluciones tecnol gicas cuyo fin es proporcionar al usuario un ancho de banda muy superior al actual haciendo uso del tradicional cable de cobre de par trenzado Seg n los promotores de DSL y m s concretamente de la ADSL Assymmetric DSL la velocidad de transmisi n puede alcanzar los 9 Mbps muy superior a los 28 800 bps que como m ximo ofrecen los m dems en la actualidad Esta tecnolog a se basa fundamentalmente en la introducci n de un nuevo tipo de m dems en la infraestructura As pues DSL a pesar de su denominaci n que puede llevar a equ vocos define c mo deben ser estos m dems y no c mo debe 46 Focus on English for Computer Science ser la linea De hecho su xito si se confirma se debera precisamente a su adaptacion a la red ya existente con anterioridad El concepto de simetria aplicado a este entorno hace referencia a la velocidad de bajada de la red al abonado y de subida del abonado a la red Cuando la velocidad de subida y bajada coinciden la comunicaci n es sim
111. specifications in order to improve its productivity h Apart form starting and setting up machines in a factory robots can detect increase 3 5 Linking Words Time when as while as soon as before after until Contrast although even though though in spite of despite while whereas however on the one hand on the other hand but yet nevertheless still Cause and effect because of as since so as a result therefore so such that as a result of due to on account of it is for this reason that Purpose to in order to so as to for so that 83 Focus on English for Computer Science Join the following pairs of sentences using the linking words in brackets Change and omit words when necessary a More industrial situations are computerised and processes automated There are more people unemployed AS BECAUSE OF b Many people know about the importance of computers in commerce The most marked effect of computing is in industry ALTHOUGH IN SPITE OF c Complete factories with robots have been constructed This makes it possible to save a lot of money IN ORDER TO SO THAT 84 Focus on English for Computer Science d Years ago a robot had a complex cable of wires connecting it to a large computer standing in the vicinity The development of microcomputers occurred later BEFORE UNTIL
112. st adjective adverb Comparatives of adjectives and adverbs can be modified by intensifiers much easier much more difficult very much better Adjective Comparative Superlative Good Better The best Bad Worse The worst Far Further The furthest Farther The farthest Adverb Comparative Superlative Well Better Best Badly Worse Worst Little Less Least Far Further Furthest Farther Farthest Much More Most 87 Focus on English for Computer Science Interpret the results of different companies in the chart by using comparatives and superlatives Wheels amp Co Pens amp Pencils Ltd Donson amp Sons Automobiles Confectionery Chemicals Employees 574 215 52 Productivity 102 per hour 98 per hour 70 per hour Computerisation 90 70 50 Human accidents 2 per year 1 per year 1 per year Research activities Twice a year Every year Every month 88 Focus on English for Computer Science 4 2 Expressing time sequence 0 Time relaters Previous Adjectives Earlier preceding Former previous Adverbials Already earlier previously Prior first so far Before formerly yet Before that up to now in the beginning Before then until now long ago Simultaneous Adjectives Contemporary simultaneous Adverbials at present meantime at this point meanwhile now in the m
113. the same optical paths 1 35 IO e Martin invented THIS decades ago 1 39 IO 130 Focus on English for Computer Science f But THIS is one object I am sure none of THEM would have 1 43 pe g No one would use eigenvectors to do SO 1 48 PO 3 3 Locating Information Find and quote evidence in the text to support the following statements a Balloons are plastic bags at Marvin s b Visualization of mechanical devices facilitates the making of those devices c Marvin wants to share his inventions d Marvin values other people s inventions 131 Focus on English for Computer Science e The possibilities of an intelligent computer come through sharing opinions with other people 3 4 Completion Fill in the gaps using the words from the box below assembled pulleys equations cables designer pattern system a When the computer was they put it on the desk b The movement of this device is given by a single between the two ironed bars c The of this computer was working for a very important company d I cannot work out these even using the calculator e This new computing is the result of a certain mathematical which organises the formulae differently f The men lifted the rock using a combination of g We will need ten metres of electrical 132 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 5 Matching Match A with B to make logic
114. to be very difficult 10 What you do if you receive an anonymous e mail offering you stolen computer equipment 4 2 Imperative The imperative is used To tell people to do things Please turn the computer on To give advice Don t leave your discs under hot sunlight To give instructions Connect your headphone to your drive s Stereo Phone jack From a User s guide 67 Focus on English for Computer Science What would you say in these situations Use the Imperative 1 Someone is disconnecting your printer 2 A friend of yours is thinking of buying a very expensive computer 3 Your brother does not know how to save a document 4 Your classmate did not go to the last programming lesson and he needs your notes 5 Someone does not know how to use bold type 6 Someone does not know how to format a floppy disk 7 A friend of yours failed an exam and he does not understand why 8 Peter s new computer is not working properly 68 Focus on English for Computer Science 5 POST READING ACTIVITIES 5 1 Writing Read the following dialogue and turn it into a section of a user manual Customer Could you explain me how I can install the driver Technician Of course The first thing you have to do is inserting the Diskette 1 into drive A After that you will have to change the directory to A ADI42 and then type INSTALL and press ENTER The
115. uando se usa de una forma adecuada permite la realizaci n directa de algoritmos elegantes y eficientes pero en otros casos puede aumentar el tiempo de ejecuci n de un algoritmo de una manera astron mica Por otra parte el coste de recursividad var a dependiendo de la puesta en aplicaci n del lenguaje El programador que no tenga conocimientos sobre las cuestiones de dise o y las dificultades de aplicaci n que trae consigo la recursividad probablemente rehuir esta estructura un tanto misteriosa Sin embargo el conocer b sicamente no s lo sus principios sino tambi n sus t cnicas de realizaci n le posibilita comprender el coste relativo de recursividad en un lenguaje concreto y desde este entendimiento establecer si se garantiza su uso en una situaci n determinada de programaci n De una manera alternativa si se est usando un lenguaje como por ejemplo FORTRAN o COBOL en los que no se permite la recursividad conocer sus dificultades de dise o y de aplicaci n podr a aclarar lo que de lo contrario parecer a una limitaci n del lenguaje bastante arbitraria En segundo lugar aumenta el vocabulario de estructuras tiles para programar Se ha observado a menudo que el lenguaje no s lo puede ser una ayuda para el pensamiento sino tambi n una limitaci n Para ser exactos usamos el lenguaje para expresar lo que estamos pensando pero el lenguaje sirve asimismo para estructurar lo que uno piensa hasta tal punto que es dif cil p
116. unt of programming vocabulary and the number of languages a programmer should know e Why did the author introduce the example of recursion in backing his theory 12 Focus on English for Computer Science Would it be advisable to have a great knowledge of different languages in order to choose the right one in a particular situation Is it useful for a programmer to learn coroutine concept and its implementation According to the text does the knowledge of several languages influence the ability to learn a new one more easily Should a user interface designer be familiar with the different construct and implementation methods used in ordinary programming languages Give reasons why the learning of a variety of programming languages can help you to understand the one you are using 13 Focus on English for Computer Science 3 2 Contextual Reference Return to the text and find out what the words in capital letters refer to The line is given in brackets on the right of each sentence a And MANY confine THEIR programming entirely to ONE or TWO 1 6 PO b In fact there are excellent reasons for SUCH a study 1 11 Doo O c First IT improves your understanding of the language you are using 1 14 Doo O d But in other cases IT may cause an astronomical increase 1 21 pee e However a basic knowledge of ITS principles 1 25 PO f Se
117. ut them with equal amazement One of the remarkable things about a great man like Marvin is his generosity Instead of jealously guarding his invention Marvin enjoys creating a community of inventors As Marvin walks through his house he thinks of how to promote other people how to make their work shine I like to say that science is the act of making ideas that make other people have ideas To the extent that we promote ideas we are creating science I believe Marvin also thinks this way I picture him working in his refreshing unusual way on his books and other projects as being the quintessential most valuable kind of human A person who creates who values the creations of others and more importantly values and creates the spirit in people around him 127 70 75 Focus on English for Computer Science A mind that can create a self reflecting mechanical arm the intricacy of a confocal microscope or nurture the field of artificial intelligence is a mind that focuses and works on hard problems And the joy of getting that person to show his playful side to consider possibilities that are only starting to emerge is the way that we want to grow as humans who create the communities that allow for the kind of communication and multiinvolvement available today Maybe it isn t the robots in our minds that will make us more aware of the possibilities of what an intelligent computer can do Maybe it s working with people who have
118. vertical surface on which a picture is shown 1 9 b An activity or sport involving skill knowledge or chance in which you follow fixed rules and try to win against an oponent or to solve a puzzle 106 Focus on English for Computer Science c To check regularly how a thing is changing or progressing over a period d To improve the value quality or attractiveness of a thing as Lo e The activity or study of using scientific knowledge for practical purposes in industry farming medicine business etc com f Person or thing that uses a product machine facility place etc g A particular area over which someone or something has control or influence aow h A room where an artist such as a painter or photographer works i The area in which two systems or subjects affect each other or have links with cach other 25 49 AN j Any system of signs or symbols that has a meaning ass _ k The way of doing something especially one that is formally or conventionally accepted as being correct lo To 50 77 po m The result of an action or process 50 77 tL ee 107 Focus on English for Computer Science n An electronic machine that can quickly make calculations store rearrange and retrieve information 50 77 E o To combine things so that they are closely linked or they form part of a whole idea or system 78 95 po p Information and understanding about a subject

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