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1. Cancel You can define and edit position and size of the graphics by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressing the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 If the Vertical axis from top to bottom check box is activated representation is reversed with regard to the normal representation of settlements Using the Dimensionless time axis as Ty check box it is possible to switch representation of the time axis to dimensionless Ty values This is generally only useful when re modelling standardised curves from the literature GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 55 of 71 April 2012 You can indicate your selected times with a marker the size colour and shape of the marker can be specified in a dialogue box by pressing the Marker button Alternatively you can choose user defined axes or a logarithmic time axis If the labelling of the time axis is too tight you can edit the units of time in the Edit Type of consolidation menu item see Section 7 1 1 If the date function is also activated additional labelling with the date can be achieved in the time settlement diagram by activating the Time axis with date check box In the Vertical axis as group box you define the variable to be drawn versus the time axis This also activates further fields for specifying preferences with regard to the selected variable depend ing on the chosen r
2. New menu item The desired solution method can be defined in a dialogue box You will see the same dialogue box by going to the Edit Type of consolidation menu item Type of system x Time unit Days ki Constrained mod unit MN rr T V Include date with time if necessary Start date 01 07 2010 m Analptical solution 1 layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage m Numerical solution multi layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage Consolidation with both types Cancel In the dialogue box you define the unit of time to work with and whether the constrained modulus is given as KN m or MN m2 If the Include date with time if necessary check box is acti vated the date can be displayed in the time axis in the subsequent evaluation diagram The settle ment period can thus be better visualised than when only a number of days are given Explanations of the consolidation types can be found in the Preface see Section 1 and in the Theoretical principles see Section 5 Load menu item You can load a file with system data which was created and saved at a previous sitting and then edit the system Save menu item You can save data entered or edited during program use to a file in order to have them available at a later date or to archive them The data is saved without prompting with the name of the curr
3. Drainage conditions define for numerical Methods son ahna evan e ea ai DXF file export DXF file import E Elastic isotropic half space theory 04 26 EMP formatee naa 38 F File display name in legend eee 52 File load save Font selection ccccc8 Forecast modelling time cceeeceeeeeteereee 12 Function keys ccceceeseesceesceseceseeseeeeceeenseeneees 68 Further reading secondary settlements 19 G General page informations add via Mini CAD 0 0 sec cceeeecneeeeceeeseeeceeeeneeseeees GGUCAD file export eet GGUMiniCAD file export eeeeeeeteereees 38 Graphics add via Mini CAD eee 63 H Hatching of soil layers define eee eee 59 Hooke s Law application to consolidation 9 I Installation chi iis peie roiie lrs 7 Installation time define for vertical drains 51 Installation time mark in load curve legend 59 Installation time mark in output table 57 Installation time mark in pore water pressure consolidation ratio graphics 54 Installation time mark in time settlement PTAPNICS 2 joes vehi Metall etait nee 56 Iteration steps influence on calculation 11 K Knowledge Base access ccsccssesseeseeeteereees 66 L Labelling tight time AXIS eee eeeeeeereeeees 56 Language preferences Layout define for page if Layout edit for general legend eee 52 Layout edit for
4. Figure 1 Consolidation layer In Figure 1 a consolidation layer is shown which can drain to the top and bottom The pore water pressure distribution is constant across the whole layer depth and corresponds to the surcharge load p which can be defined within the program The program models the pore water pressure distribution u across the layer depth in definable constant vertical steps at user defined times The area of the pore water pressure distributions is numerically integrated By comparing this with the constant pressure distribution in the unconsolidated state t 0 the degree of consolidation U can be determined The following is valid 2 BOD aie Ju t dx s t 0 Ju t 0 dx A further term is the consolidation ratio U which is defined as U 1 0 u u where u pore water pressure Um U surcharge load GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 10 of 71 April 2012 5 2 5 2 1 5 2 2 Numerical solution with difference equations Fundamentals In complete analogy to the above relationships a numerical solution can also be modelled with difference equations The numerical solution offers no advantages for the system described in the above figure as generally more time will be needed to model the results The uncontested advan tages of the numerical solution for a consolidation problem can only be brought into play if a system with more than one layer is being processed and or if the pore water pressure distrib
5. 8 Tips and tricks sisesccsscsssvescessesacesiassessossdeasvestosesvescusssns sescovedebsedvasseseovosssseassosesevdessesestocsessas 67 8 1 Keyboard and MOuUSe e seesessssseeesseseessesetsrsseeresstsresseseesteserstsstetesststesestestsseenessesressee 67 8 2 Function k ysivccisses eho ee as Ak SAGER ae eee Os We ts 68 8 3 Gopy print area icon 2 5 c hiss aiieses a E E N EE rs Seren 68 Oe AMOK TEE IESE T E AIEEE AITA EEE 69 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 3 of 71 April 2012 List of figures Fig re Consolidation layers vd czicdesscescavtssh ahtie ann batdaate a e he Bees 10 Figure 2 Step funciones tha ta an EEEE EA ds Shes anata AA ep ee 12 Figure 3 Stress pore ratio relationship GGU OEDOM program ccccsccseseeeeeseeeentetsennetees 13 Figure 4 Stress compression index relationship GGU OEDOM program 14 Figures VertiCGharains aeaaee aa ces Aiud sth avaie aaa a a Aaa das clecbhas teveacatelgena ca hesteeue 3 15 Figure 6 Example System Tiirin iein K E A EAE AE EE AE A EAE E iE 20 Figure 7 Section of example System cccccccccccscccscesessseeecuseescesesseeeceeeecuseesceseeseeseceeeesnseeeenseeaeeaeeaes 33 Figure 8 Pore water pressure diagram test 8 cccccceccsccssessssescessescesesseesecseseecnseeeceseeseeseseeeesneeenenaes 35 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 4 of 71 April 2012 Preface If cohesive layers are loaded faster than they can expel their pore water excess pore water pres sures result
6. Consideration of a continuous load application during a structure s entire manufacturing phase can be achieved using this menu item Using the x load increments to edit button in the following dialogue box you first define the number of load increases ST x Forw Back Cancel Sort Repeat 4 load increment s to edit Save Load Switch to entering Time as date No Time days Load component 0 0000 0 00 25 0000 50 00 50 0000 50 00 75 0000 100 00 a WwW N The load increase need not necessarily be defined as linear but can be entered as any kind of poly gon course Define the time and corresponding percentage load increase It is also possible to model a load decrease A given repetitive load pattern can be automatically created using the Repeat button This ma kes it unnecessary to enter the entire sequence using individual values For long consolidation periods it may be useful to define the load increase by specifying dates see the Example with date kon file Click the Switch to entering Time as date button The previously entered times are automatically converted to the start date see dialogue box Fi le New Section 7 1 1 After changing the button reads Switch to entering Time as num ber It is possible to change back to entering the loads in the selected time units e g in days by clicking the button GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 49 of 71 April 201
7. Cy is required This can be calculated from the constrained modulus Es and the permeability coefficient k or be entered directly if the value is known from oedometer tests Enter your data according to the activated check boxes GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 41 of 71 April 2012 Alternatively the settlements can also be calculated using the compression index Cc Further in formation on this can be read by pressing the Info button after activating the Use compression index Cc check box In the English speaking world in contrast to Germany the compression index Cc is not defined to base log but to base log j This can be specified here If a secondary settlement is adopted activate the With secondary settlement check box and enter the soil parameter Cag see Theoretical principles Secondary settlements in Sec tion 5 6 For the Classical consolidation analytical you then define the drainage conditions see lower section of the above dialogue box The number given after No of depth subdivisions defines the number of points at which the program determines the pore water pressure Because the pro gram performs an integration of the pore water pressures at these points to determine the degree of consolidation you should ensure that the number of subdivisions is not too small For a system utilising Consolidation analytical with vertical drains drainage is exclusively horizontal resulting in constant pore water press
8. In contrast to the analytical solution with vertical drainage the numerical solution also allows multi layer systems arbitrary pore water pressure distribution and load increase Analytical meth ods with horizontal subdivisions the spacing of which can be defined using the menu item Edit System parameters are used for modelling the numerical solution in accordance with the previous sections The consolidation degree U is then determined using numerical integration for the given times Secondary settlements Secondary settlements are the result of volume changes occurring under constant effective stresses Current scientific knowledge indicates that the increase in settlement with time is inde pendent of the size of the effective stresses The volume changes can be mathematically described as follows Garlanger 1972 C Cg C In t tog 1 Where e void ratio e98 void ratio for a degree of consolidation of 98 practical end of consolidation Ca creep coefficient relative to void ratio t time from commencement of consolidation t gt to tog time for a degree of consolidation of 98 from commencement of consolidation Secondary settlements are caused by viscous effects in the ground or porewater The governing laws were first reported by Buisman 1936 based on settlement observations t E amp 5 Cp In 2 98 where E compression E98 compression for a degree of consolidation of 98 practical end of consol
9. System presentation xj MV Show system x mm 280 00 Width 100 00 y mm 150 00 Height 80 00 Stress distribution factor 1 00 m Show soil names C None Left Right C Centre Cancel You can define and edit position and size of the graphics by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressing the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 If you have selected a numerical method for the type of consolidation you can label the system diagram with the soil names at the desired position see dialogue box above GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 56 of 71 April 2012 7 4 5 Output table menu item In addition to graphically representing the temporal profile of the degree of consolidation a table output table containing the degree of consolidation is also displayed if the Show output table check box is activated in the dialogue box The settlements can also be shown in the output table x MV Show output table x mm 50 00 Width 60 00 y mm 40 00 Height 180 00 Time dec places 2 E 7 Output table with date V Output table with Ty dec places 3 M I Output table with av consolidation dec places 3 Av consolidation ratio in Including av consolidation ratio Upw T Output table with settlement cm dec places E 7 Save values as ASCII file V Mark installation time C Ins
10. and selecting the desired files The number of files is displayed in the dialogue box header Using Delete you can mark and delete selected individual files from the list After selecting the Delete all button you can compile a new list Selection of the desired printer and printer preferences is achieved by pressing the Printer button You then start printing by using the Print button In the dialogue box which then appears you can select further preferences for printer output such as e g the number of copies These prefer ences will be applied to all files in the list 7 1 8 Exit menu item After a confirmation prompt you can quit the program 7 1 9 1 2 3 4 menu items The 1 2 3 4 menu items show the last four files worked on By selecting one of these menu items the listed file will be loaded If you have saved files in any other folder than the program folder you can save yourself the occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub folders GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 39 of 71 April 2012 7 2 Edit menu 7 2 1 Project identification menu item You may enter a more detailed description of the system which will be automatically entered into the General legend see Section 7 4 1 Project identification xi Project identification Example Cancel 7 2 2 Type of consolidation menu item Using this menu item you can edit the default preferences of the current system The dialogue box
11. menu item You can now directly select the analysis method and the units of time and constrained modulus to be adopted After confirming your inputs you then see six menus at the top of the window e File e Edit e System e Output preferences e Graphics preferences e After clicking one of these menus the so called menu items roll down allowing you access to all program functions The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the GGU CONSOLIDATE screen is not refreshed after every alteration If you would like to refresh the screen contents press either F2 or Esc The Esc key additio nally sets the screen presentation back to your current zoom which has the default value 1 0 cor responding to an A3 format sheet GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 8 of 71 April 2012 5 Theoretical principles 5 1 Consolidation theory after Terzaghi and analytical solution If cohesive layers are loaded faster than they can release their pore water excess pore water pres sures result which are only gradually dissipated This process is known as consolidation Assum ing the validity of Darcy s Law
12. 2 0000 3 5 0000 4 10 000 5 17 000 37 000 6 26 000 If you would like to edit the number of times used press the x times to edit button and then enter the new number of times Use the Sort button to achieve ascending sorting of times This sorting is carried out automatically upon leaving the dialogue box without the function being explicitly called up You can also use this function to eliminate a time from the table Simply assign the time to be eliminated a large value e g 9999 0 and then click the Sort button The corresponding time is now the last time in the table and can be deleted by reducing the number of times accordingly Using the Generate button you can easily generate a large number of new times applying a predefined increase mechanism also see the example in Test 1 Section 6 2 Generatetimes Start time days 1 00000 Delta days 1 00000 End time days 300 00 300 00000 No of times 10 Linear Quadratic Root Exponential Logarithmic Cancel GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 44 of 71 April 2012 7 2 5 Soils menu item This menu item is only available for the numerical methods The soil properties are entered in Edit System parameters when employing analytical methods First define the number of soils in your system using the x soil s to edit button Using the Sort button you can sort the soils according to depth otherwise sortin
13. 2012 5 4 If you use the consolidation coefficient Cy and the compression index Cc in your calculations the program also provides a permeability determined using z Cy Co Vy 1 e o Analytical solution with vertical drainage Besides classical consolidation theory the program also commands cases in which consolidation is accelerated by vertical drains e g sand drains These principles are also explained in Braya M Das 1983 Advanced Soil Mechanics McGraw Hill Section Vertical drain Area of influence Figure 5 Vertical drains The honeycomb structure surrounding a drain can be converted to an equivalent circle so that axis symmetrical consolidation modelling can be performed for each drain In this case according to theory dissipation of excess pore water pressure only occurs horizontal to the drains axis symmetrical so the drainage conditions at the top and base of the layer need not be given How ever the centres d of the drains and the radius rw of the drains must be given In consolidation layers with vertical drains the excess pore water pressure at any time is constant across the whole layer depth The excess pore water pressure is however variable as a function of the distance r from the axis of the vertical drain GGU CONSOLIDATE determines the average pore water pressure distribution GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 15 of 71 April 2012 5 5 5 6 Numerical solution with vertical drainage
14. 61 7 4 10 Move objects menu ite eeceseessesscessceseceseesseceecseecaeeeaeesneseneseeeeereeseenseeaees 61 7 5 Graphics preferences Menu nreno adn widhonwawhen encanto 62 753 Refresh and zoom menu item s00 5 cccchetee ices a E E R EN 62 75 2 Zoom info men teM nerenin eeen Gecseds en E E E E 62 7 5 3 Legend font selection menu item ssessesessseesessrseessesersreseesessreressesresresrseeseeee 62 TAA With borders menu itemise iin p a a 62 7 5 5 Pen colour and width menu item ssssseessseeessseserseeseesessteressesresresersrsseenesseseessese 63 7 5 6 Mini CAD toolbar menu item ssessssseeesssreessesersrssesessreressesresresersrestenesseseessese 63 7 5 7 Toolbar preferences menu item ssssseessssesessesersrsseesessteressesresresersrsseenesseseessese 64 7 5 8 Load graphics preferences menu item s ssssesessesseesessteressesresresrstsseeressesressese 65 7 5 9 Save graphics preferences menu item essseessseserssesersreseesessreressrsreseesersesseene 65 TE SE aE o1 EEE E E vals tes ten N SEI RAEE lca eee E EE T 66 7 61 Copyright menu itemen ie eeni e E E R ew SA ee 66 IA Help menu LI S a EST E eda 66 76 3 GGU on the web Menu Hem spanen enan a a a 66 7 64 GGU support meit temeer a A E E E Ai 66 7 6 5 Whats new menu itefMescsinsiccnrai daguian aiii iaiia 66 7 6 6 Language preferences menu item ssesesesssseesssrserssesrtsreseeressreressesreseesresesseene 66
15. 71 April 2012 6 3 Test 2 Consolidation numerical With numerical consolidation the two layer system can be considered Select the following pref erences from the menu item Edit Type of consolidation Type of system Exi ays zj Mne l 01 07 2010 The number of menu items in the Edit menu has increased Select the menu item Edit System parameters and enter the data from the following dialogue box System parameters You can skip the menu item Edit Define times as the same times as for Test 1 will be used Select the menu item Edit Soils Enter the following values into the dialogue box and confirm with Done GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 24 of 71 April 2012 Edit soits For Back Cancel Save Load Sort 2 soil s to edit No Depthim Es MN n k m s Designation 1 4 0000 4 00 J 1 0000 8 JLayer A Calculate 2 10 5000 2 00 J 1 0000E 9 Layer B Calculate Select the menu item Edit Pore water pressure max in order to enter the pore water pressure distribution at the start of consolidation Edit the number of stresses to 2 with the x stress es to edit button Then enter the values into the dialogue box Pore water pressure max x Forward Back Cancel L Done _ Sort 2 stress es to edit Save Load No Base m u max kN r Generate 1 000 95 00 2 10 50 95 00 You thus define a constant pore water pressure of 95 0 kN m
16. In Figure 3 this approach is demonstrated Such representations are attained from the evaluation of load settlement tests The GGU OEDOM program allows such representations and test evalua tions Normalspannung kN m2 logarithmisch 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 0 50 0 40 0 30 Porenzahl 0 20 0 10 0 00 Figure 3 Stress pore ratio relationship GGU OEDOM program The initial assumption is of a linear reduction of the pore ratio e with the logarithm of the effective vertical stress o From this the compression e is found by relating it to the total volume Co In o z t Ao z t 1 e z 0 2 24 e z t compression as a function of the location z and the time t e Cec compression index e e z pore ratio at z before loading e 6 z stress at z before load increase e Ao z t compression change as a function of z and t The effective vertical stresses as a function of the location z within the layer and the time t during the consolidation process are already integrated into this equation Furthermore the fact that the pore ratio changes linearly with the logarithm of the stress change is also considered It follows from this that the compression index Cc is a constant The evaluation in Figure 3 corresponds to the example in Figure 4 which shows that in this case the compression index Cc is almost con stant across the complete stress regi
17. aated oto KREE EE EE SE 42 Secondary settlements activate for numerical Methods s sssssssssseseseseeeeeesesrerereesrseresrsrseeeee 43 Secondary settlements further reading 19 Secondary settlements principles 16 Settlement analyses to DIN 4019 oe 5 Settlement calculation using compression INEX eeceseeseeseeeeeeteeeeeeneees 14 Settlement show additional measured values 56 Smarticons for menu iteMS cccceeeeeeeeeee 64 Soil layers define colour fill hatching 58 Soil layers define delete 0 0 45 Soil layers switch colours on off 0 0 0 0 64 Soil properties activate legend display 58 Soil properties define for analytical methods 41 Soil properties define for numerical methods 45 Soil properties define for reloading 47 Soil properties define for secondary Settlements 228 Fe cS E a eas 50 Solution analytical 0 cee eeeeeceeseeeceeeeeeneeeees 9 Solution numerical cccccceesseesseesseceseeeeees 11 Status bar main program activate 64 Stresses consider due to foundation Stresses define ccccceesseceesseeees 25 47 System graphics activate display ccee 56 System graphics switch colours on off 64 System parameters define for analytical Meth OdS e512 aaee e aa E eed 4 System parameters define for numerical Meth OAS 33 eee sere econ eens 43 System properties activate legend d
18. consolidation coefficient Cv in the Edit System parameters menu item enter the value of k and the consolidation coefficient into the slightly different dialogue box Edit soils Forny Back Cancel Info Save Sort 2 soilfs to edit Load No Depthfm Designation 1 4 0000 4 0000E 6 Layer 1 0000E 8 2 10 5000 1 0000E 9 2 0000E 7 Layer B If you activated With compression index Cc in the Edit System parameters menu item the soils dialogue box is expanded by the corresponding parameters Depending on whether you are also working with the consolidation coefficient Cy you will see the corresponding input boxes for Cy or constrained modulus and k see the following example Edit soils x Forw Back Cancel Info J Compression index Ce with logarithm to base 10 Sort 2 soil s to edit J Initial pore ratio constant Save Load No Depth Es k Ce el top sigO top sigO bottom EET m MNAn m s H H mea mia Oee 1 4 000 4 00 1 000E 6 0 08000 0 42000 30 00 62 00 Layer A 2 10 500 2 00 1 000E 9 0 11000 0 45000 62 00 94 50 Layer B EL GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 46 of 71 April 2012 7 2 6 Soils reloading menu item This menu item is only available if you have selected numerical methods and you are working with a non monotonous load increase In the dialogue box you define the ratio of the constrained modulus for reloading to the con straine
19. controlled by the values for Font size The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position while holding the left mouse button If System coloured is activated in the combi box the soils will be displayed coloured both in the soil properties legend and in the system graphics see Section 7 4 4 You can also define ei ther hatching or colour fill and hatching for the different soil types in the combi box If you select System without all the soils are merely numbered The depths of the individual soil layers are shown in the legend if the With depths check box is activated The required settings can be made in the Soil colours hatching group box e Automatic The soils are assigned soils colours automatically by the program If the check box is not selected the soil colours individually defined using the Soil colours button will be adop ted e Soil colours You will see a dialogue box in which you can define your preferences After clicking the button with the desired number you can assign each soil layer a new number or reorganise using the Soil colours Reorganise command button You can save your colour prefer ences to a file with Soil colours Save and use them for different systems by means of the Soil colours Load command button In the lower group box you can also transfer the colour preferences to the Windows colour management dialo
20. e g into a word processor In order to import into any other WINDOWS program you must generally use the Edit Paste function of the respective application e Metafile allows output of the graphics to a file in order to be further processed with third party soft ware Output is in the standardised EMF format Enhanced Metafile format Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality when transferring graphics If you select the Copy print area tool from the toolbar you can copy parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an EMF file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer see Tips and tricks Section 8 3 Using the Mini CAD program module you can also import EMF files generated us ing other GGU applications into your graphics e MiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable importing to different GGU appli cations with the Mini CAD module e GGUMiniCAD allows export of the graphics to a file in order to enable processing in the GGUMiniCAD program e Cancel Printing is cancelled GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 38 of 71 April 2012 7 1 7 Batch print menu item If you would like to print several appendices at once select this menu item You will see the fol lowing dialogue box I x Printer Cancel Add Delete all Delete File list D SHB V kon D 4HB 8 kon Create a list of files for printing using Add
21. on your printer In the last consequence this would mean that the screen presentation would have to be refreshed after every alteration you make For reasons of efficiency and as this can take several seconds for complex screen contents the screen is not refreshed after every alteration If e g after using the zoom function see below only part of the image is visible you can achieve a complete view using this menu item A zoom factor between 0 4 and 8 0 can be entered in the input box By then clicking on Use to exit the box the current factor is accepted By clicking on the 0 4 0 6 etc buttons the se lected factor is used directly and the dialogue box closed It is much simpler however to get a complete overview using Esc Pressing Esc allows a com plete screen presentation using the zoom factor specified in this menu item The F2 key allows screen refreshing without altering the coordinates and zoom factor Zoom info menu item By clicking two diametrically opposed points you can enlarge a section of the screen in order to view details better An information box provides information on activating the zoom function and on available options Legend font selection menu item With this menu item you can switch to a different true type font All available true type fonts are displayed in the dialogue box With borders menu item The program automatically draws thin cutting borders around the page which ar
22. ratio 51 Consolidation modelling axis symmetrical 15 Consolidation ratio definition Consolidation times define unit Consolidation times define delete 44 Consolidation times generate cceeeeeeee 22 Consolidation times select for display 54 Consolidation types description 5 Consolidation types select 00 0 cccseeseeeeeteeee 36 Constrained modulus define for analytical methods eneee ae eR AEEA 41 Constrained modulus define for numerical Method S oeiee soe EA AAE AE EN 45 Constrained modulus define unit 0 36 Constrained modulus in calculation 9 Context MENU OPC eeceeeeenecsteceteeeeneeenees 67 Copy print area 38 64 68 Creep coefficient for secondary settlements 17 Cutting borders switch on off eee 62 D Darcy s Law application to consolidation 9 Degree of consolidation determination 10 Deleting soil layers ete eeeeeee wv AD Deleting times deste 44 Depth subdivisions define we 42 Difference equations application 11 Difference equations define depth increment cee cceeeeneeeeereeeeeenes Differential equation consolidation DIN 401 Oe aia ite ane ee ena Aa 5 Drainage conditions consider during consolidati nend penais hass 9 Drainage conditions define for analytical Methods h a e a Make 42
23. to the system under consideration see above Continuous load application The previous explanations assume that the load is applied immediately Generally however load application is continuous during the construction phase of the structure This effect can be consid ered by the program To do this define the load increase as a function of time using a polygon course A linear increase for example would then be converted to a step function The type of step function is dependent upon the times given by you for consolidation modelling Actual load increase 100 Step function Selected consolidation times Figure 2 Step function If you would like a more precise approximation of the linear course you need only donate a few additional times in the load increase region when carrying out system input The load increase need not necessarily be defined as linear but can be entered as any polygon course In previous program versions only monotonic load increase was allowed In the current version modelling with load decrease is also possible You will attain theoretically correct results if the consolidation coefficient C is the same for load increase and decrease GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 12 of 71 April 2012 5 3 Consolidation settlements for non linear compression This approach is based on a suggestion by Prof Dr Ing Hartmut Schulz The explanatory text originates principally from Prof Schulz
24. v k i and Hooke s Law e o Es the following differential equation must be solved BHAu z t k Es _HAu z t H Ny I For the one dimensional case with constant pore water pressure a closed solution exists see e g Grundbautaschenbuch 1990 Teil 3 Foundation Engineering Pocketbook 1990 Part 3 or Braya M Das 1983 Advanced Soil Mechanics McGraw Hill The following input values are required e Au excess pore water pressure constant for the whole layer depth surcharge p e E constrained modulus of layer e k permeability of layer e d thickness of layer e t time at which the excess pore water pressure is to be determined The program computes the consolidation coefficient Cy from the constrained modulusand perme ability Cy Es k Yw Where yw 10 kN m unit weight of water In some cases this value is known from load settlement tests making input of constrained modulus and permeability superfluous Using the switch provided you can define whether input is to be via constrained modulus permeability or via consolidation coefficient Cy Furthermore the drainage conditions of the layer must be considered e Draining to the top and bottom e Draining to the top only e Draining to the bottom only GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 9 of 71 April 2012 Non cohesive layer mt Non cohesive layer GohesNe Non cohesive layer
25. you can directly reach most of the program functions The meaning of the Smarticons appears as a text box if you hover with the mouse pointer over the tools Some of the tool functions can be activated from the normal menu items Zoom out If you have previously zoomed in this tool returns to a full screen display Zoom Zoom With the zoom functions you can zoom in or out of parts of the image by clicking the left mouse button Undo move object By clicking this icon the last performed movement of graphical elements made using the F11 function key or the menu item Output preferences Move objects can be undone Cu Restore move object By clicking this symbol the last object movement undo carried out using Undo move object can be restored Copy print area Use this tool to copy only parts of the graphics in order to paste them e g to a report You will see information on this function and can then mark an area which is copied to the clipboard or can be saved in a file Alternatively you can send the marked area directly to your printer see Tips and tricks Section 8 3 Colour on off If you need to remove the colour from the system presentation to create a black and white print out for example use this on off switch GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 64 of 71 April 2012 7 5 8 Load graphics preferences menu item You can reload a graphics preferences file into the program which was
26. 0 Foundation width m 2 00 Foundation stress kN r 200 0 Increment depth m 0 500 Distance foundation base layer top m 0 000 C In foundation centre At characteristic point Cancel It allows you to generate the stress distribution of any footing foundation at either the characteris tic point or at the foundation centre The Increment depth input specifies the dept subdivi sions at which the stresses are calculated If the footing is located above the consolidating layer specify the distance in Distance foundation base layer top m 7 2 8 Boundary conditions menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected Classical consolidation numerical as the consolidation type If there are permeable layers within the system which can drain externally it is possible to use this menu item to take this influence into consideration by means of boundary conditions also see Theoretical principles Section 5 2 2 Boundary conditions x Forw Back Cancel Sort 1 boundary condition s to edit No Depth m Pore water pressure u kN r 1 4 50 0 00 Enter the depth and the respective pore water pressure which will then be kept constant for a subsequent analysis for the entire duration of consolidation GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 48 of 71 April 2012 7 2 9 Load increase menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected one of the numerical methods
27. 2 The defined load increase is converted to a step function The exact form of the step function depends on the time steps selected for use in the consolidation analysis see menu item Edit Define times Section 7 2 4 Actual load increase 100 Step function Selected consolidation times The more consolidation times are defined in the region of the load increase the more precise will be the approximation of the real function to the step function 7 2 10 Secondary settlements This menu item is only active if you have selected one of the numerical methods If secondary settlements are activated in the system data the following dialogue box opens via this menu item x For Back Cancel No Depth m CB log Designation 1 3 5000 0 040000 Clay top 2 45 0000 0 040000 Clay bottom The respective soil parameter Cgqog for the soil strata can be defined here see Theoretical prin ciples Secondary settlements in Section 5 6 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 50 of 71 April 2012 7 2 11 Installation time vertical drains menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected Consolidation with both types nu merical as the consolidation type You must define the installation time of the vertical drains The time from which the vertical drains are incorporated in the analysis is marked in the evaluation diagrams 7 2 12 cv axial cv menu item This menu ite
28. 5 4 e Page margins defines the position of a frame as a distance to the margins This frame encloses the subsequent diagram Move objects menu item When you go to this item you can move the various objects and legends with the aid of the mouse Move the mouse over the object to be moved When you are located above a moveable object the mouse pointer appears in the shape of a cross You can now press and hold the left mouse button and drag the object to the required position After going to this menu item only one object at a time can be moved using the mouse or its size be altered In order to move or edit several objects this function can be more quickly activated by pressing F11 or the icon The size of an object can also be altered using this menu item or the F11 key If you move over the frame of a changeable object after activating this function the mouse assumed the shape of a double headed arrow Hold the left mouse button and move the frame until the element has reached the required size To retain the ratio of the sides pull at one corner only If on one side only is pulled the object will become higher or wider GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 61 of 71 April 2012 7 5 7 5 1 7 5 2 7 5 3 7 5 4 Graphics preferences menu Refresh and zoom menu item The program works on the principle of What you see is what you get This means that the screen presentation represents overall what you will see
29. 50 76 52 71 74 67 18 BEERG EEE EEGGGeGh EELEL EEE Using the Forward button navigate through the list to view the stresses at a depth of 10 5 m As an alternative to the automatic generation of pore water pressures you can of course also enter the values manually Select the System Analyse menu item Evaluation of the analysis shows that the consolidation time for 80 settlement has now been reduced to approx 330 days which is of course still not satisfactory for the impatient client In the initial task formulation it was noted that the embankment tipping time was around 100 days The influence of this will now be investigated GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 27 of 71 April 2012 6 5 Test 4 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading function It will be assumed that the 95 kN m surcharge is applied approximately linearly over a period of 100 days In principal the program can cope with any kind of stress increase Select the menu item Edit Load increase Change the number of load increments to 2 and enter the values from the following dialogue box Loadinerease x Forw Back Cancel Sort Repeat 2 load increment s to edit Save Load Switch to entering Time as date No Time days Load component 1 0 0000 0 00 2 100 0000 100 00 For times which exceed the final time given here a load component of 100 will always be assum
30. Analysis of one dimensional consolidation processes in single and multi layered systems GGU CONSOLIDATE VERSION 5 Last revision April 2012 Copyright Prof Dr Johann Bu Technical implementation and sales Civilserve GmbH Steinfeld Contents Preface sisssissscccisetescsssdbessienseasssaseeschente vodeqsssodcdesdisssoacesossdscdiseseessecudesessvsesiaeessoees sedeosseudoseseses Licence protection and installation sssccscssssscssessssssssscssssscescsssessssenessesnessessessesooses Starting the Program cccccscccsccssccssscssccsscsssssssssssscsssesesssessseessesseessccssesssesssesssssssssseseees ana A QO N m i Language Selection scsccsscsccssscscsscsscccscsssssscsccsssscsscscsssssscsccssssssccccssesssccccssssssscscssoseee 7 Theoretical Principles siscsssdacissccacsccsstesssvssseccssaastastensseassaseesestscssbovesonssendsonssosesceasecascassoosbessees 5 1 Consolidation theory after Terzaghi and analytical solution 9 5 2 Numerical solution with difference equations c ccccesceeseceseceecssecseecseeeseeeeeeeeeeseeens 11 512 1 Fundamentals ois 105 deena mn thar aes BARR ae nes Aes 11 5 2 2 Multi layered System ec cc ccciesscccecesseceiceten cateesceteereded E E REE E vances 11 5 2 3 Continuous load application cccceecceeseeesceescesecesecesecseecaeeeseeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeneeeeeaees 12 5 3 Consolidation settlements for non linear compression cesceseeeeeeee
31. CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 22 of 71 April 2012 ceneratetimes Start time days 1 00000 Delta days 1 00000 End time days 200 00000 No of times p31 C Linear Quadratic Root Exponential Logarithmic Cancel Enter the values as shown in the dialogue box and confirm with OK Don t forget to activate the Quadratic check box Voila Consolidation times Exi Forw Back Cancel Save 31 times to edit Sort Generate Load No Time days 1 1 0000 2 2 0000 6 26 000 fs 3 5 0000 4 10 000 5 17 000 37 000 8 50 000 3 65 000 10 82 000 11 foo 12 fz20 13 faso 14 fi7o00 15 fi97 00 16 226 00 17 25700 18 290 00 19 32500 20 36200 21 f4or oo 22 4200 23 4s500 24 53000 25 577 00 26 e200 27 677 00 28 730 00 29 7e500 30 e4200 31 901 00 You have now generated a time series with a quadratic increase up to 901 days Leave the dia logue box using Done Now select the System Analyse menu item After a short time you will see the results If every thing has been entered correctly you can see from the time settlement graphic at the lower right that around 900 days are needed until 80 settlement has occurred Alternatively you can read off the respective values from the table at the left page margin A 3 year embankment lying time would be unacceptable to the client The system will therefore be examined below in more detail GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 23 of
32. Font size mm Ea Define axes Show soil layers Compression index MV Dash sigma Spacing mm 20 IV Fill sigma C Colour Pen width mm 0 2 You can define and edit position and size of the graphics by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressing the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 With the help of the combi box below X axis as the representation of the x axis can be switched from pore water pressure in kN m or MN m to a representation as the dimensionless consolidation ratio Uz The calculated pore water pressures can also be saved as an ASCII file Here you can define the time up to which the values are saved in the dialogue box GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 53 of 71 April 2012 The Select times button activates the following dialogue box where you can select those of the defined times to be displayed in the pore water pressure distribution or consolidation ratio graph ics Select consolidation times x Cancel Forw Back All None No Time days M 1 000 M 2000 M 3 000 M 4000 M 5 000 M 6 000 M 7 000 M 8 000 M 9 000 M 10 000 All times are activated by pressing the All button All times are deactivated by pressing the None button This selection is particularly useful because as many points times as possible should be used in order to achieve a continuous smooth course in t
33. The replacement material has a permeability of gt 1 10 m s Apart from the substantial reduction in absolute settlements a projection of the time settlement profile shows that 99 of settlement has already occurred after approx 2 hours Can we live with this GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 32 of 71 April 2012 6 9 Test 8 Worked example with compression index Cc On the basis of Test 5 see Section 6 6 time settlement analysis with compression indices see Section 5 3 shall now be demonstrated In addition to the values from Test 5 we need the follow ing input data e Compression index Cc e Pore ratio egtop pore ratio o at top of layer e Stress O otop effective stress o y at the top of the layer before loading e Stress o obottom effective stress o p at the bottom of the layer before loading The compression indices Cc and the pore ratio otop are known from load settlement tests e Layer A Cc 0 08 Co top 0 42 e Layer B Cc 0 11 Co top 0 45 The stresses 6 o top and O o bottom Prior to loading can be determined from the unit weights of the individual layers and their thicknesses We have the following unit weights Figure 7 Section of example system e Sand y y 20 10 KN m e Layer A y 8 kN m e Layer B y 5 kN m GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 33 of 71 April 2012 The groundwater level is at 1 0 m below the embankment formation level This gives us the following st
34. across both layers Now select the menu item System Analyse The program first performs an estimate of the modelling time re quired If the forecast modelling time is greater than 5 seconds a message box opens allowing you to start or abort the analysis Information on reducing the modelling time is available by press ing the Info button If you click Yes modelling follows If everything has been entered cor rectly you can see from the time settlement graphic at the lower right that around 350 days are needed until 80 settlement has occurred Alternatively you can also read the respective values from the table at the left page margin In contrast to the brutal forecast of 900 days in Test 1 this more sensitive investigation has brought about a reduction in the lying time by a factor of approximately 3 The client however is impatient and will still not accept an embankment lying time of around 1 year The system will therefore be examined below in even more detail GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 25 of 71 April 2012 6 4 Test 3 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution The assumption that the pore water pressure at time t 0 is constant across the whole layer depth is not exactly true Because of the infinite extent of the embankment in section lower pressures result In order to consider the real pore water pressure distribution select the menu item Edit Pore water pressure max and then the G
35. ained mod k value Constrained mod Es MN r 2 0 With consolidation coeff Cy Info Consolidation coeff Cw n s 2 000E 7 Compression index Ce for settlement modelling M Use Info Compression index Cc 0 07500 F Compression index Ge with logarithm to base 10 Initial pore ratio eD top o4c00 _ Constant initial pore ratio sig0 top KN r ioo sig0 bottom kN m 1000 Sec settlement With secondary settlement CB log 0 0400 m Vertical drains geometry Drain centres de m 1 500 Drain radius rw m 0 050 No of depth subdivisions 105 Cancel For drain centres of 1 5 m and a drain radius of 0 05 m the lying time is now only 50 days until 80 of settlements have occurred The client is still not satisfied with this So last try GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 30 of 71 April 2012 6 8 Test 7 Consolidation numerical with vertical drains and actual pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading function In analogy to Test 6 a two layer system will now be investigated Select the following preferences from the menu item Edit Type of consolidation Type of system my xi ows el Nine 01 07 2010 In Edit System parameters enter the following values System parameters a rfo n rfo Input for soil properties pore water pressure distribution and load increases are analogou
36. analysis shows that the consolida tion time until 80 settlement is achieved is now around 310 days However as this analysis also includes the tipping time of 100 days the lying time after completion of tipping is reduced to 210 days The clients asks if it cannot be done quicker Of course it can but only using vertical drains see Test 6 Test 6 Consolidation analytical with vertical drains Select the menu item Edit Type of consolidation and apply the following settings xi Time unit Days Constrained mod unit MN r IV Include date with time if necessary Start date 01 07 2010 m nalytical solution 1 layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage m Numerical solution multi layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage Consolidation with both types Cance GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 29 of 71 April 2012 Consolidation modelling with vertical drains will first be performed on a one layer system It is therefore necessary as in Test 1 to simplify the current two layer system to a system with one layer Select the menu item Edit System parameters and enter the values from the following dialogue box similar to Test 1 Afterwards analyse the system System parameters t xj Layer thickness m 10 5000 Surcharge p kN r 95 0000 r k value k value m s 1 000E 9 r Analyse with constr
37. and edited using the values x value and y value You control the size of the legend using Font size and Max no of lines where necessary several columns are used The fastest way to modify the position of the legend is to press the F11 function key and then to pull the legend to the new position with the left mouse button pressed The file name can be switched off None option button or be displayed automatically with or without the path by selecting the appropriate Short or Long option button Any project identification entered see Section 7 2 1 will also be shown in the general legend GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 52 of 71 April 2012 7 4 2 Pore water pressure consolidation ratio menu item If you activate the Show pore water pressure consolidation ratio check box in the dialogue box for this menu item your output sheet will display a graphical representation of the pore water pressure profile across the depth or the consolidation ratio see Theoretical principles A variety of settings are available in the dialogue box depending on the type of consolidation se lected and the system defaults xi J Show pore water pressure consolidation ratio x mm 140 0 Width mm 100 0 y mm 40 0 Height mm 180 0 X axis as Pore water pressure Save values as ASCII file Select times MV Label pore water pressure consolidation ratio With times C WithTyv Times as date
38. colour Cancel x 40 00 40 00 You can define and edit the position of the graphics by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressing the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 The background colour of the legend can be altered By pressing the Marker button a further dialogue box opens allowing you to define the size colour and shape of the marker e g triangle rectangle circle according to your wishes In order to suppress a representation with markers deactivate the Pore ratio diagram with markers check box in this dialogue box GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 60 of 71 April 2012 7 4 9 7 4 10 Page size and margins menu item The default page set up is A3 when the program is started You can edit the page format in the following dialogue box Page size and margins x Edit page size and margins m Page in general Page height mm 297 00 Page width mm 420 00 m Page margins mm Left 25 00 Right 800 Top 8 00 Bottom 8 00 Cancel e Page in general defines the size of the output sheet The A3 format is set as default The program automatically draws thin cutting borders around the page which are required when using a plotter on paper rolls The borders can be switched off using the menu item Graphics preferences With borders see Section 7
39. corresponds to the box in the menu item File New see descriptions in Section 7 1 1 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 40 of 71 April 2012 7 2 3 System parameters menu item 7 2 3 1 Analytical methods The governing system boundary conditions are entered using the menu item Edit System pa rameters If you have chosen to use an analytical method to solve the problem you will see the following dialogue box example System parameters i z Layer thickness m 5 0000 Surcharge p kN r 100 0000 r k value k value m s 1 000E 8 Analyse With constrained mod k value Constrained mod Es MN rr 5 0 With consolidation coeff Cv Info Consolidation coeff Cy nt s 5 000E 6 Compression index Ce for settlement modelling I Use Info Compression index Cc Compression index Ce with logarithm to base 10 Initial pore ratio eD top 0 4000 Constant initial pore ratio sigQ top kN rr 5 00 sig bottom kN nF 50 06 Sec settlement J With secondary settlement CBi log 0 0400 r Drainage conditions Top bottom Top C Bottom Using classical consolidation No of depth subdivisions 50 Cancel You must first enter the layer thickness and the load that initiates the consolidation process In order to properly model the temporal development of settlement the consolidation coefficient
40. cted horizontally towards the vertical drains The pore water pressure is therefore temporally constant across the whole layer depth Input of layer thickness in such systems is superfluous and has no influence on the temporal course of settlement e Consolidation numerical with vertical drainage In complete analogy to analytical modelling a multi layer system with vertical drainage can be processed Here too pore water pressure dissipation is exclusively horizontal to wards the vertical drains The pore water pressure is therefore temporally constant in each layer As the pore water pressure is integrated across the layer for the whole time range layer thickness input for multiple layer systems is important for the temporal settlement course in contrast to one layer systems GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 5 of 71 April 2012 e Consolidation numerical with both types It is possible to investigate systems in which vertical drains are only installed at a later user defined time All principal data and modelling results will be displayed on the screen A total of five or eight graphical elements see menu Output preferences can be presented e Legend with general information e Table with the consolidation values at specified times e Pore water pressure profile consolidation ratio across the layer depth e System visualisation e Time dependent development of degree of consolidation settlement or pore water pressure e Legend wi
41. ction see Section 7 1 1 It is also possible to define the diagram Font size and user defined axes values The Max ratio of the x and y axes are defined after clicking Define axes GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 54 of 71 April 2012 If you activate the Show soil layers check box the current soil sequence is displayed in the graphics This check box is only available when using a numerical method When modelling with the compression index Cc a number of selections affecting the representation can be made in the lower group box 7 4 3 Time settlement menu item If you activate the Show time settlement check box in the dialogue box for this menu item the temporal profile of the degree of consolidation is displayed on the screen Time settlement x MV Show time settlement x mm 280 00 Width 100 00 y mm 40 00 Height 100 00 Font size mm 2 5 Measured settlements J Vertical axis from top to bottom M Show J Dimensionless time axis as Tv Ea Marker IV Time axis with date Define axes J Logarithmic time axis Vertical axis as Ay consolidation ratio I Including ay consolidation ratio Upw 4 for Settlement cem Additionally at depth 1 00 Pore water pressure kN r at depth Depth m 1 00 Save values as ASCII file V Time settlement with colour E Time settlement Colour V Show load curve JV Mark installation time Installation time colour
42. d modulus for initial loading for each type of soil If you are working with the compression index define Cc Cs accordingly xi Fory Cancel Save Load No Depth m Es w Es Designation 1 4 0000 1 0000 Layer 4 2 10 5000 1 0000 Layer B 7 2 7 Pore water pressure max menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected one of the numerical methods If you would like to edit the number of stresses select the x stresses to edit button and then enter the new number of stresses Using the Sort button you can sort the stresses according to depth This sorting is carried out automatically upon leaving the dialogue box without the func tion being explicitly called up Pore water pressure max x Forw Back Cancel Sort 2 stress es to edit Save Load No Base m u max kN rr Generate 1 000 j 00 00 2 8 00 100 00 The layer depths base are with reference to the top of the uppermost consolidation layer as are all other inputs You must also define the governing pore water pressures u corresponding to the given depths The pore water pressure distribution can be saved to a kon_spg file using the Save button it can be reloaded later using the Load button and thus be adopted for a different system GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 47 of 71 April 2012 A special delicacy here is the Generate button Stresses due to foundation x Foundation length m 2 0
43. e Delete button If the Printer button was pressed in the first dialogue box a dialogue box for defining the printer settings opens after marking the area Following this a dialogue box for defining the image output settings opens After confirming the settings the defined area is output to the selected printer GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 68 of 71 April 2012 Index A Analysis start abort 0 0 cceeeeeneeeeereeeeeeees 51 ASCII file export calculated pore water PIOSSUTES niie oeae EEEa 53 ASCII file export output table oe 57 ASCII file export pore water pressure at selected depth ee eeceseeseeeeceeeeeeeeneene 56 B Boundary conditions define eee 29 48 C Calculation pore ratio s seseseeeeeeeereeereereeeeeeee 14 Calculation stress Change cccceeceeseeeeeteeee 14 Caog for secondary settlements c 17 Clipboard 0 eececeseeseeeeceeeeeee 38 CodeMeter stick cccccccsscessecssecsseceseceessecsseens 7 Colours of soil layers define 58 Colours of soil layers switch on off 64 Colours pens define for graphical elements 63 Company logo add via Mini CAD 63 Compression index as result from Ocedometer test cccscessceesceessecsseceseeeesees 13 Compression index soil properties input IP ACH VALE einet rA TATAA ATA 46 Consolidation coefficients calculation 9 Consolidation coefficients define
44. e overlap y mm 0 000 Output of 4 pages 2 wide Print pages ii to 4 m No of copies ji Cancel In the upper part of the dialogue box the maximum dimensions which the printer can ac cept are given Below this the dimensions of the image to be printed are given If the im age is larger than the output format of the printer the image will be printed to several pages in the above example 4 In order to facilitate better re connection of the images the pos sibility of entering an overlap for each page in x and y direction is given Alternatively you also have the possibility of selecting a smaller zoom factor ensuring output to one page Fit to page button Following this you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine to ensure true scaling Furthermore you may enter the number of copies to be printed GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 37 of 71 April 2012 e DXF file allows output of the graphics to a DXF file DXF is a common file format for transferring graphics between a variety of applications e GGUCAD file allows output of the graphics to a file in order to enable further processing with the GGUCAD program Compared to output as a DXF file this has the advantage that no loss of colour quality occurs during export e Clipboard The graphics are copied to the WINDOWS clipboard From there they can be imported into other WINDOWS programs for further processing
45. e required when using a plotter on paper rolls The borders can be switched on or off using this menu item see also menu item Output preferences Page size and margins Section 7 4 9 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 62 of 71 April 2012 7 5 5 7 5 6 Pen colour and width menu item In order to enhance the clarity of the graphics you can edit the pen settings for various graphical elements Edit pens hl Colour Width mm z Standard 0 20 Type of dashing Dash length mm Time settle 0 40 Continuous 40 w Porewater 0 40 Dashed 40 Load curve 0 20 Continuous E Upw 0 40 Continuous 4 0 Sec settlement 0 50 Continuous ka 4 0 Mesh 0 00 im OK Cancel You can edit the pen widths and types for the elements shown in the dialogue box by clicking on the button with the element designation you can also edit the pen colours The vertical and hori zontal auxiliary lines form the mesh in the graphical representation of the pore water pressure profile and the degree of consolidation On monochrome printers e g laser printers colours are shown in a corresponding grey scale Graphic elements employing very light colours may be difficult to see In such cases it makes sense to edit the colour preferences Mini CAD toolbar menu item Using this menu item you can add free text to the graphics and add lines circles polygons and images e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc A
46. ed so that no further input is necessary Select the System Analyse menu item An evaluation of the analysis shows that the consolida tion time until 80 settlement is achieved is now around 380 days However as this analysis also includes the tipping time of 100 days the lying time after completion of tipping is reduced to 280 days which represents a gain of 50 days compared to the Test 3 model The client is still not satisfied with this Luckily however drilling carried out in the meantime has shown that there is a thin layer of sand between the two cohesive layers which can drain laterally The influence this is investigated in Test 5 below GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 28 of 71 April 2012 6 6 6 7 Test 5 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading function and boundary condition Under the assumption that the intercalated sand layer can take on a pore water pressure u 0 the system can be adjusted accordingly Select the menu item Edit Boundary conditions and set the number of boundary conditions to 1 Then enter the following values Boundary conditions x Forward Back Cancel Sort 1 boundary condition s to edit No Depth m Pore water pressure u kN n 1 4 00 0 00 This simulates a pore water pressure of 0 in the transition zone between the layers during con solidation Select the System Analyse menu item An evaluation of the
47. eee 61 Page section copy print 64 68 Pen preferences graphical elements 63 Permeability define for analytical methods 41 Permeability define for numerical methods 45 Permeability determination using Cv and Cc 15 Permeability in calculation Pore ratio diagram activate display Pore water pressure distribution define 25 47 Pore water pressure distribution influence of iteration steps on calculation 4 11 Pore water pressure distribution save to file 47 Pore water pressure display at selected depth 56 Pore water pressure consolidation ratio activate graphics display 0 0 0 cesses 53 Print Graphics 39 cgerss cieisvss ancieteeeeupeec ete 37 Print section ccecccecsseceseceeeeesseesseeeee 38 64 68 Print several files ccccecscecssecssecesseeeeeeesees 39 Printer preferences eB Program load save preferences 65 Program show improvement seeeeee 66 Program show information ceeeeeeeeeees 66 Project data add via Mini CAD eee 63 Project description define cece eee 40 Project description display cesses 52 R Record description define cceeeeeseereees 40 Record description display ccceeeseeseees 52 S Sand drains influence on consolidation 15 Scroll the screen EA Secondary settlements activate for analytical
48. en image up e Mouse wheel down move screen image down e Ctrl mouse wheel up enlarge screen image zoom in e Ctrl mouse wheel down shrink screen image zoom out e Shift mouse wheel up move screen image right e Shift mouse wheel down move screen image left If you click the right mouse button anywhere on the screen a context menu containing the princi pal menu items opens Type of consolidation System parameters Define times Analyse Print and export Soils Porewater pressure max Boundary conditions Load increase By double clicking the left mouse button on legends or Mini CAD objects you will immediately move to the editor for the selected object and can then edit it GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 67 of 71 April 2012 8 2 8 3 Function keys Some of the function keys are assigned program functions The allocations are noted after the corresponding menu items The individual function key allocations are e Esc refreshes the screen contents and sets the screen back to the given format This is useful if for example you have used the zoom function to display parts of the screen and would like to quickly return to a complete overview e F1 opens the manual file o F2 refreshes the screen without altering the current magnification e F3 opens the menu item Edit System parameters e F5 opens the menu item System Analyse e F11 activates the menu item Output p
49. enerate button Enter the values into the dialogue box Stresses due to foundation x Foundation length m Foundation width m Foundation stress kN r Increment depth m fioo M2s so faso Distance foundation base layer top m 1 000 In foundation centre At characteristic point Cancel The foundation width of 12 50 m is approximately the crown width of the embankment and half of each slope width For Distance foundation base layer top m the top of the uppermost consolidation layer should always be taken as reference This is not necessarily ground level but must be taken from the system to be investigated In this example the top of the uppermost consolidation layer is 2 0 m below the embankment you must therefore enter a value of 2 0 for Distance foundation base layer top m After con firming with OK the program models the stress distribution across the consolidation layers in accordance with elastic isotropic half space theory GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 26 of 71 April 2012 Pore water pressure max pes Forward Back Cancel Sort 22 stress es to edit Save Load No Base m u max kN Zr Generate 1 94 84 2 050 94 48 3 1 00 93 82 4 1 50 92 84 5 2 00 91 53 6 250 89 91 7 8 3 50 85 93 3 4 00 83 69 10 4 50 81 34 0 00 ro 20 3 00 D EE CE mo 11 5 00 13 6 00 15 7 00 78 94 12 5 50 74 11 14 6 50 69 43 16 7
50. ent file Loading again later creates exactly the same presentation as was present at the time of saving GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 36 of 71 April 2012 7 1 4 7 1 5 7 1 6 Save as menu item You can save data entered during program use to an existing file or to a new file i e using a new file name For reasons of clarity it makes sense to use kon as file suffix as this is the suffix used in the file requester box for the menu item File Load If you choose not to enter an exten sion when saving kon will be used automatically Printer preferences menu item You can edit printer preferences e g swap between portrait and landscape or change the printer in accordance with WINDOWS conventions Print and export menu item You can select your output format in a dialogue box You have the following options e Printer allows graphic output of the current screen contents to the WINDOWS standard printer or to any other printer selected using the menu item File Printer preferences But you may also select a different printer in the following dialogue box by pressing the Printer prefs change printer button ME 8 l Page sizes Output device civilbsdcO1 Lexmark T630 Output device mm x 286 y 201 Image mm 420 0 y 297 0 Printer Printer prefs change printer Landscape Output preferences Zoom factor 1 000 Fit to page Page overlap x mm 0 000 Pag
51. epresentation In the above dialogue box the Settlement cm option button is activated So the Measured settlements group box is also active and you can display individ ual measured values for example measured at on site settlement gauges in addition to the calcu lated settlement curve The additional measured values are entered into a separate dialogue box which opens after you click the Edit button If pore water pressure visualisation is active the pore water pressure values calculated for a given depth can be saved in an ASCII file Further graphic elements can be activated at the bottom of the dialogue box the time settlement area can be colour backed for example If you have defined a load increase the step function on which modelling is based can be displayed in the graphics by activating the Show load curve check box This makes a separate representation of the load curve unnecessary see Section 7 4 7 Preferences can be defined for the pen colour and width in the menu item Graphics prefer ences Pen colour and width see Section 7 5 5 If vertical drains are subsequently installed consolidation type Numerical consolidation with both drain types the installation time can also be marked in the specified colour 7 4 4 System presentation menu item The current system is displayed in the graphics when you activate the Show system check box The format and appearance of the graphics can be altered using this menu item
52. erated with the corresponding CM stick This creates a fixed link between the software licence and the CM stick copy protection hardware the licence as such is thus represented by the CM stick The correct Runtime Kit for the CodeMeter stick must be installed on your PC Upon start up and during running the GGU CONSOLIDATE program checks that a CM stick is connected If it has been removed the program can no longer be executed For installation of GGU software and the CodeMeter software please refer to the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software International which are supplied with the program 3 Language selection GGU CONSOLIDATE is a bilingual program The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended The language preferences can be changed at any time in the menu using the menu item Spracheinstellung for German or Language preferences for English GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 7 of 71 April 2012 4 Starting the program After starting the program you will see two menus at the top of the window e File e By going to the File menu a previously analysed system can be loaded by means of the Load menu item or a new one created using New The program allows simple input procedures by moving directly to a dialogue box after New is clicked this can also be reached by pointing to the File new menu item see Section 7 1 1 or Edit Type of consolidation
53. eseeeseeeeeeseeeereees 13 5 4 Analytical solution with vertical drainage 5 5 Numerical solution with vertical drainage 5 6 Secondary settlements serene an ks APRA Sah eR eed 6 Short introduction using worked examples 6 1 Example systemi eerta 6 2 Test 1 Consolidation analytical 0 0 0 0 eee 6 3 Test 2 Consolidation numerical ccceccececsseesseeseesseeeeceeecesecesecesecesecseceeeneeeeeeseesss 6 4 Test 3 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution 26 6 5 Test 4 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading fUNCtON 0 2 ee eeceeeeecneeeeceeeecsecseesecaeesecneeeeesaeeeeaecaeeseeneeetes 28 6 6 Test 5 Consolidation numerical with real pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading function and boundary condition ce ceeecesesreeeeeneeeeeneeeees 29 6 7 Test 6 Consolidation analytical with vertical drains ecceseceseesceesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeees 29 6 8 Test 7 Consolidation numerical with vertical drains and actual pore water pressure distribution and time dependent loading function 00 le eee eeeeeeereeeeeeeeees 31 6 9 Test 8 Worked example with compression index Co cecescceseceteceseeseeeseeeseeeseeseeeneees 33 7 Description of menu iteMs cccscsccccscssscssscesccscecscscscssccsssssscssscsssssessssssssssssecssesssessees OO Ag AP BANG MMS TU 25 sae ee E E
54. essseeesstreressesresresrrsrsstenessteeessese 47 7 2 8 Boundary conditions menu item essessesesssreresseserssesersreseesessteressrsreseesreseeseene 48 7 29 Load increase Menu 16M 20 35 ceecccc cele ceeccscesek ede see cn ia i i 49 7 2 10 Secondary settlements aias e a a a a a a e e ina 50 7 2 11 Installation time vertical drains menu item sseeeseseeeeseeerererrerssrsrrereerssrse 51 7 2 12 ev axial cy meni eMis ninisi r REEE E EA REE EER 51 AESA T AAEE A EAE A E E 51 732 Analyse menu iteme ane E E A E a A 51 7 4 Output preferences Mentine nni e n i n E EE E R 52 7 4 1 General legend menu item e esesessesseeesssreeesresersesseesessteressesresesersesseenesseseessese 52 7 4 2 Pore water pressure consolidation ratio menu item esssesesseeseresesererrsreeessee 53 7 4 3 Tim settlement menu itemise nnii iiaii i 55 7 4 4 System presentation menu item esssseesssreesssesersrssresessteressesresresersteseenesseeressese 56 TAS Output table menuitem sennie a EE E en aeea e TE 57 7 4 6 Soil properties legend menu item ssssessesessseesseseesseserseseesessteressesreseesrsesseene 58 TAT Toad Curve Menu Wem 6 03 2 eels eee cate SN lee ed basta a a on aA Mend aAA tapers 59 7 4 8 Pore ratio diagram menu ite eeceeceesceesceeeceeeceeceseceseceecaeeeseeeseeeeeeereerens 60 74 9 Page size and margins menu IteM ee eeseesceeeceeeceeeceseceseceecseecaeeeseesseeeeeerens
55. eters xi Layer thickness m 10 5000 Surcharge p kN r 95 0000 r k value k value m s 1 000E 9 r Analyse with constrained mod k value Constrained mod Es MN r 2 0 With consolidation coeff Cy Info Consolidation coeff Cw n s 2 000E 7 Compression index Ce for settlement modelling M Use Info Compression index Cc 0 07500 Compression index Ce with logarithm to base 10 Initial pore ratio eD top 0 4000 F Constant initial pore ratio sigl top kN r 10 00 sigQ bottom kN rr 10 00 Sec settlement With secondary settlement CBi log 0 0400 r Drainage conditions Top bottom C Top C Bottom No of depth subdivisions 200 Cancel Select the menu item Edit Define times The times given here are unsuitable for this problem as the consolidation time will certainly be more than 12 days for the current system You can eas ily convince yourself of this by leaving the box with Cancel and selecting the menu item Sys tem Analyse and then examining the temporal development of the degree of consolidation in the diagram at the lower right If necessary use the zoom function to enlarge the diagram menu item Graphics preferences Zoom info Now return to this menu item You can now individually edit the times given in the input fields this is simpler however with the Generate button GGU
56. g is carried out automati cally upon leaving the dialogue box To delete soil layers simply assign the soil a large depth value e g 99 0 and then press the Sort button The corresponding soil is now at the end of the table and can be deleted by reducing the number of soils accordingly If you activated neither With consolidation coefficient Cv nor With compression index Cc in the Edit System parameters menu item you will see the following dialogue box For Back Cancel Save Load Sort 2 soil s to edit No Depthim 1 4 0000 Designation Layer A Calculate 1 0000E 8 2 10 5000 2 00 1 0000E 9 Layer B Calculate The layer depths base are with reference to the top of the uppermost consolidation layer as are all other inputs Furthermore e Es constrained modulus of soil kN m e k permeability of soil m s You can alter the units for the constrained modulus to kN m in Edit Type of consolidation In order to allow modelling of the temporal development of settlement the consolidation coeffi cient Cy is required This can be calculated from the constrained modulus Es and the permeability coefficient k Cy Es k gamma water Using the Calculate buttons it is possible to determine the constrained modulus or the value of k for a given value of Cy and to adopt this as the new parameter GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 45 of 71 April 2012 If you activated With
57. g the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 A logarithmic time axis or an additional date display on the time axis can be activated The date function must be activated in the File New or Edit Type of consolidation menu item dialogue boxes for this see Section 7 1 1 Alter the axes selected by the program using the Define axes button In the subsequent dialogue box you specify the times and load values as minimum and maximum values to be used for the x and y axes The Load curve with colour check box activates a colour backing in the specified colour for the load area Preferences can be defined for the pen colour and width in the menu item Graph ics preferences Pen colour and width see Section 7 5 5 If vertical drains are subsequently installed consolidation type Numerical consolidation with both drain types the installation time can also be marked in the specified colour GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 59 of 71 April 2012 7 4 8 Pore ratio diagram menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected Compression index Cc for the settle ment analysis see menu item Edit System parameters Section 7 2 3 If the Show pore ratio diagram check box is activated you can edit the graphical representation in the dialogue box for this menu item Pore ratio diagram J Show pore ratio diagram x mm 150 00 y mm 240 00 Font size mm Width Height 25 Marker Background
58. gue box or vice versa as user defined colour preferences for example You can read a further description by press ing the Info button GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 58 of 71 April 2012 7 4 7 e Hatching Opens a dialogue box in which you can define different hatching for each soil e Legend hatching factor Input here allows tighter hatching in the soil legend Input lt 1 00 can be useful if the hatch ing spacing is so large that the differences in the hatching of individual soils can no longer be properly discerned in the relatively small boxes used in the legend Load curve menu item If you have defined a load increase the load curve can be displayed in the graphics In addition to the actual load curve the step function used as the basis for modelling resulting from the user defined consolidation times is also represented If the Show load curve check box is activated you can edit the representation in the dialogue box for this menu item ET M Show load curve x mm 260 00 Width 20 00 y mm 170 00 Height 60 00 I Logarithmic time axis J Time axis with date Define axes Font size mm 25 V Coloured load curve sail Paces J Mark installation time il Installation time colour Cance You can define and edit position and size of the graphics by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressin
59. he graphical representation of the temporal development of the consolidation degree However too many distribution lines dis turb the graphical representation of pore water pressure profiles as they often merge into one another If the Times as date check box in the above dialogue box is activated the date for the respective consolidation period is shown instead of the time in the selected units If vertical drains are subsequently installed consolidation type Numerical consolidation with both drain types the installation time can also be marked in the specified colour in the active Times group box Times Select times JV Mark installation time E Installation time colour If you activate the Show pore water pressure consolidation ratio check box the distribution lines are labelled with either the Times or the auxiliary value Ty Ty is defined as Ty Cy H t Cy consolidation coefficient k Es yw H layer thickness t time Representation of the curve by means of Ty is generally only useful when re modelling standardised curves from the literature For long consolidation periods it may be useful to label the time axis with the date instead of days or another defined time unit see the Example with date kon file Activate the Times as date check box to enable this option The date function must be activated in the File New or Edit Type of consolidation menu item dialogue boxes to use this fun
60. idation Cg creep coefficient relative to compression t time from commencement of consolidation t gt tos tog time for a degree of consolidation of 98 from commencement of consolidation It should be noted at this point that Equations 1 and 2 are used in the literature with both the natural and the decadal logarithm In practice the decadal logarithm appears to be in more wide spread use than the natural logarithm GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 16 of 71 April 2012 The secondary settlements relevant for practical purposes are given by Equation 2 by integration over the stratum thickness D D t Ssa f Esdz Cig log f dz 6 0 fog where Ssex t secondary settlements as a function of time f Zz depth coordinate m D original stratum depth m CBiog creep coefficient relative to compression and the decadal logarithm If integration is performed and the entire settlement process is adopted as a function of time the following expressions result s t s t t lt fog _ t 4 S t S t D C oicg log t gt tog Log with the additional variables s t secondary settlements as a function of time m s t consolidation settlements as a function of time m S tog settlement as a result of consolidation and a degree of consolidation of 98 m Strictly secondary settlements commence together with consolidation settlements They are al lowed to begin later for analyse
61. isplay 52 System activate coloured hatched display 58 System show information s s s 66 T Time axis activate display with date 54 56 59 Time axis define start date ce cceeeeeeeeeeee 36 Times define unit 36 Times define delete we 44 Times Qenerate sec eesceseeeceeeseeeeeecsereeeneeeees 22 Times select for display ccccesceesceeeeteereees 54 Time settlement activate graphics display 55 Toolbar edit for menu items Translation activate ee True type font ee ceeeseecceseceseeeeeeeeeeeenseeneees Units defines asinina aa ahnehint 36 Used defined axes porewater pressure consolidation ratio graphics 54 User defined axes load curve legend User defined axes time settlement graphics 56 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 70 of 71 April 2012 Vv W Version number display in a message box 66 What you see is what you get eee 62 Vertical drains define geometry 42 43 Vertical drains define installation time 51 Z Vertical drains influence on consolidation 15 Vertical stress effective oo eee ereeeeeeeeees 13 Zoom factor define for full screen display 62 Zoom function activate eee 62 64 67 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 71 of 71 April 2012
62. lity and high permeability soils are present long consolidation times are required In extreme situations this can lead to modelling times which depending on the power of the computer used can easily require several days High permeability soils require only small time steps Low permeability soils require longer consolidation times For example extreme modelling times may occur if you arrange a permeable sand layer e g k 10 m s between two cohesive layers of low permeability e g k 10 m s In such systems the sand layer can generally be neglected unless it can drain externally to the system In this case it is simpler not to model this soil as sand but instead to define boundary conditions for the sand region with e g a pore water pressure u 0 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 11 of 71 April 2012 5 2 3 Before each computation commences the program will estimate the expected modelling time this helps to visualise the problem of long modelling times You can then attempt to reduce the model ling time by making sensible increases in the iteration steps depth But also remember that this decreases the quality of the solution You should also investigate the system with a view to possi ble simplifications A permeable layer at the upper or lower system boundary can generally be ignored A permeable sand layer between two layers of low permeability also plays an important role only if it can drain externally
63. load curve legend 04 59 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 69 of 71 April 2012 Layout edit for output table oe eee 57 Layout edit for pore ratio diagram 60 Layout edit for pore water pressure consolidation ratio graphics eee Layout edit for soil properties legend Layout edit for system graphics Layout edit for time settlement graphics 55 Legend alter position size using mouse 61 Licence protection sie nessn ei iine 7 Load application continUous cceeeeeeee 12 Load curve activate legend display 59 Load curve display in time settlement SraphiCsde oed ohee ES a 56 Load increase step function cece 12 Load increase decrease define 0 28 49 Load settlement test result representation 13 M Metafile export 2 42 cch bit ieee eet Mini CAD file export Mini CAD USE ceeccceessececeescecesseeeeneee os Modelling time for multi layered system 11 Modelling time reducing cee eeeeeeeeee 51 Mouse click functions Mouse wheel functions Multi layered system notes for calculation 11 O Objects alter position size using mouse 61 Oedometer test result representation 13 Output table activate display cece cece 57 P Page format define 61 Page margins define 0 0 eee eeeeeneeeeeeeeeee
64. m is only active if you have selected Consolidation with both types nu merical as the consolidation type You define the ratio of the consolidation coefficients Cy axial Cy 7 3 System menu 7 3 1 Analyse menu item This starts the analysis Alternatively press the F5 function key or click on the Calculator in the tool bar If you have specified particular settings for the system the program notified you of these settings before analysis begins The program first performs an estimate of the modelling time required If the forecast modelling time is greater than 5 seconds a message box opens allowing you to start or abort the analysis Information on reducing the modelling time is available by press ing the Info button If you click Yes modelling follows Once complete the modelled system is displayed GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 51 of 71 April 2012 7 4 Output preferences menu 7 4 1 General legend menu item A legend with general properties will be displayed on your output sheet if you have activated the Show legend check box Using this menu item you can alter the type of presentation Genera 8 itlt MV Show legend Heading One dimensional consolidation theory x mm 50 00 y mm 270 00 Font size mm 30 Max no of lines fio Show file name ic None Short Long Cancel _ You can edit the legend Heading at will The position of the legend can be defined
65. offers If you would like to be automatically notified about program innovations please register for the Newsletter in our Knowledge Base Go to the following website http kbase civilserve com 7 6 4 GGU support menu item This menu item takes to the GGU Software Support area at www ggu software com 7 6 5 What s new menu item You will see information on program improvements in comparison to older versions 7 6 6 Language preferences menu item This menu item allows you to switch the menus and the graphics from German to English and vice versa To work in German deactivate the two check boxes Dialoge Men s bersetzen trans late dialogues menus und Graphiktexte bersetzen translate graphics Alternatively you can work bilingually e g with German dialogue boxes but with graphic output in English The program always starts with the language setting applicable when it was last ended GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 66 of 71 April 2012 8 Tips and tricks 8 1 Keyboard and mouse You can scroll the screen with the keyboard using the cursor keys and the Page up and Page down keys By clicking and pulling with the mouse with Ctrl pressed you activate the zoom function i e the selected section will fill the screen Furthermore you can use the mouse wheel to zoom in out or scrolling the screen presentation The following mouse wheel functions are available e Mouse wheel up move scre
66. on Cc 0 08 Only then can calculations be carried out using this approach GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 13 of 71 April 2012 Normal stress kN m logarithmic 50 1 o 500 1000 Compession coeff cient Cc Figure 4 Stress compression index relationship GGU OEDOM program The following input values are required for each layer e Compression index Cc e Pore ratio otop pore ratio o at top of layer e Stress o otop effective stress o y at the top of the layer before loading e Stress 6 oottom effective stress o at the bottom of the layer before loading The program first determines the pore water pressure distribution Au t z at time t across the layer depth z The procedures described in Sections 5 1 and 5 2 are applied for this purpose The stress change is then calculated Ao z t Go z Au z t 60 Zz can be calculated from o o top and O o bottom Further the pore ratio e9 z is computed from 0 Z Eotop IN O otop Go Z Ce We now have all variables to facilitate evaluation of the above equation eax Ce o z t Ao z t 14e z o z A dimensionless compression for the depth z is acquired for each time step The integration of these values across the depth provides the settlements t s t f e z t dz D layer thickness The equations described here are implemented in the program GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 14 of 71 April
67. on index Cc for primary settlement via the toughness index l where Cg Cc I 1 e The toughness index I correlates well with the water content at the liquid limit wy I 7 02 2 55 In w A relationship also exists between creep velocities compression rates reference times t theo retical time since load application toughness index I and effective stresses o KRIEG 2000 i A Iv Iv lv To _ o f tt oO to to In this context it is obvious that the creep velocities can be reduced by reducing the effective loads and that compression rates are a function of both the stress levels and the time elapsed since the load was applied KRIEG S 2000 Viskoses Verhalten von Mudden Seeton und Klei Heft 150 Ver ff Inst Bodenm u Felsm Univ Karlsruhe GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 18 of 71 April 2012 Further reading Bjerrum L 1967 Engineering geology of Norwegian normally consolidated marine clays as related to settlements of buildings Seventh Rankine lecture Geotechnique 17 81 118 Buisman 1936 Results of long duration settlement tests Proc 1st ICSMFE Cam A S K bridge Mass Vol 1 103 107 Crawford C B 1964 Interpretation of the consolidation test Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division ASCE 90 87 102 Garlanger J E 1972 The consoidation of soils exhibiting creep under constant effective stress Geotechniq
68. pop up menu opens the icons and functions used are described in more detail in the Mini CAD manual provided Objects created with the Mini CAD tool are based on the page format in mm This makes you independent of the coordinate system and keeps you in the same position on the page You should select the Mini CAD toolbar if you wish to place general information on the drawing company logo report numbers plan numbers stamp etc Once you have saved the header information to disk see Mini CAD user manual you can load it into completely different systems with differ ent system coordinates The saved header information will appear in exactly the same position on the page which greatly simplifies the creation of general page information GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 63 of 71 April 2012 7 5 7 Toolbar preferences menu item After starting the program a horizontal toolbar appears below the program menu bar If you would rather work with a popup window with several columns you can specify your preferences using this menu item The smarticons can also be switched off At the bottom of the program window you find a status bar with further information You can also activate or switch off the status bar here The preferences will be saved in the GGU CONSOLIDATE alg file see menu item Graphics preferences Save graphics preferences and will be active at the next time the program is started By clicking on the tools Smarticons
69. references Move objects Copy print area icon A dialogue box opens when the Copy print area icon in the menu toolbar is clicked de scribing the options available for this function For example using this icon it is possible to either copy areas of the screen graphics and paste them into the report or send them directly to a printer In the dialogue box first select where the copied area should be transferred to Clipboard File or Printer The cursor is displayed as a cross after leaving the dialogue box and keeping the left mouse button pressed the required area may be enclosed If the marked area does not suit your requirements abort the subsequent boxes and restart the function by clicking the icon again If Clipboard was selected move to the MS Word document for example after marking the area and paste the copied graphics using Edit Paste If File was selected the following dia logue box opens once the area has been defined SS t ie File D Programe GGU Software GGU CONSOLIDATE Image emf generated Rename Delete The default location of the file is the folder from which the program is started and if several files are created the file is given the file name Image0 emf with sequential numbering If the Rename button in the dialogue box is clicked a file selector box opens and the copied area can be saved under a different name in a user defined folder Saving can be aborted by pressing th
70. ress values e Layer A S o top 1 0 gt 20 0 1 0 10 0 30 kN m O obottom 30 0 4 0 8 0 62 kN m e Layer B O o top 62 kN m O o bottom 62 0 6 5 5 0 94 5 kN m Now enter the values from Test 5 or open the corresponding data record Then select the menu item Edit System parameters Activate the button With compression index Cc and confirm with OK System parameters Select the menu item Edit Soils and enter the following values Edit soils GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 34 of 71 April 2012 Go to the System Analyse menu item The various result graphics are then displayed on the screen including the pore water pressure diagram M t Da ys h aE E D a Go pore w ater pressure kN m Figure 8 Pore water pressure diagram test 8 Double clicking in the diagram opens the editor box here you can select a visualisation using 101 days by pressing the Select times button The effective stresses o p are also displayed in the pore water pressure diagram An evaluation of the analysis shows that the consolidation time until 80 settlement is achieved is around 210 days However as this analysis also includes the tipping time of 100 days the lying time after completion of tipping is reduced to 110 days GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 35 of 71 April 2012 7 Description of menu items 7 1 7 1 1 File menu
71. rogram is also capable of numerically modelling multi layered systems As well as classical con solidation theory systems with installed vertical drainage can also be investigated A combination of both systems with and without vertical drainage is also possible Thus five different consolidation types are offered e Consolidation analytical One dimensional consolidation theory after Terzaghi for a system with one layer and con stant pore water pressure distribution across the whole layer depth at time t 0 Modelling is performed using the analytical relationships given in the literature e Consolidation numerical One dimensional consolidation theory after Terzaghi for a system with several layers and arbitrary pore water pressure distribution at time t 0 Furthermore loading can be defined as a function of time Modelling is numerical using difference equations The modelling of one layer systems with constant pore water distribution using available analytical solutions as described above can of course also be performed with the numerical model Analytical consolidation has nevertheless been incorporated into the program as this solution will al ways require shorter calculation times Furthermore you can check the very good quality of the numerical solution on simple examples e Consolidation analytical with vertical drainage Consolidation theory in a system with vertical drains Pore water pressure dissipation is al ways dire
72. s According to Kulhawy and Mayne 1990 the ratio c c may lie between 0 04 and 0 06 for organic soils Ca can be interpreted as a compression index for secondary settlements and is a function of the compression index for primary settlements If the mean value of this ratio is adopted it may be written as follows Ca Ip 0 05 ce 1p bzw Ca WL 0 05 ce w1 11 This relationship also applies if the compression index is represented as a function of the water content at the liquid limit It gives the time dependent secondary settlements by integrating the change in void ratio Ge over the strata thickness d log t 12 T es s kons i 1 Sep ta 1 0 05 c 1 D f 0 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 17 of 71 April 2012 Rough numerical values abstract from TUM handouts by Prof Vogt The following empirical values may be adopted in terms of secondary settlements C lt 0 005 for overconsolidated clays 0 005 lt C lt 0 05 for normally consolidated clays and 0 05 lt C lt 0 5 for organic and humous soils Rheologically soil creep is regarded as viscous behaviour If changes in relative settlements or vertical strains are described instead of the change in void ratios the Buisman factor Cg BUISMAN 1936 is adopted instead of the creep factor Ca Where l e 2 B AE Alnt In t In t and Ca Cg 1 eo A relationship exists between the Buisman constant Cz and the compressi
73. s to Tests 2 to 4 The easiest way is to load the file for Test 4 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 31 of 71 April 2012 For Back Cancel Save Load Sort 2 soilfs to edit No Depthim Es MN n k m s Designation 1 oo 400 oe M o 2 10500 200 100009 Layers o Calcule Pore water pressure max xi Forward Back Cancel L Doe Sort 22 stress es to edit Save No Base m u max kN r 1 0 00 394 84 2 oso 3448 3 1 00 93 82 4 imn az ga 5 2 00 91 53 7 300 88 02 Foundation length m fioo 00 39 400 83 69 Foundation width m 1250 11 s500 7894 Foundation stress kN r 3550 13 6 00 74 11 Increment depth m fosoo 15 700 6943 Distance foundation base layer top m 1 000 In foundation centre At characteristic point Cancel Load increase 3 x Forw Back Cancel Sort Repeat 2 load increment s to edit Save Load Switch to entering Time as date No Time days Load component 2 1 0 0000 0 00 2 100 0000 100 00 Boundary conditions can not be applied for numerical modelling of vertical drains The analysis shows that after the tipping time of 100 days is complete 80 of settlements have occurred after a further lying time of only 10 days This is still too long for the client Complete soil replacement is currently planned within the protection of a complex sheet pile wall structure
74. saved using the Graph ics preferences Save graphics preferences menu item Only the corresponding data will be refreshed 7 5 9 Save graphics preferences menu item Some of the preferences you made with the menu items of the Graphics preferences menu can be saved to a file If you select GGU CONSOLIDATE alg as file name and save the file on the same level as the program the data will be automatically loaded the next time the program is started and need not be entered again If you do not go to File New upon starting the program but open a previously saved file instead the preferences used at the time of saving are shown If subsequent changes in the general preferences are to be used for existing files these preferences must be imported us ing the menu item Graphics preferences Load graphics preferences GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 65 of 71 April 2012 7 6 menu 7 6 1 Copyright menu item You will see a copyright message and information on the program version number The System button shows information on your computer configuration and the folders used by GGU CONSOLIDATE 7 6 2 Help menu item The GGU CONSOLIDATE manual is opened as a PDF document The help function can also be accessed using the F1 function key 7 6 3 GGU on the web menu item Using this menu item you can access the GGU Software website www ggu software com Keep in touch with new program versions and the regular download
75. se ceed cect seine aces ee couuk coh es he Gees th pees one PoE Os aes Plas New menu items oxen nk ee An HA A ES 7 1 2 Load menu item PL3 Save Ment Wenn nnes cress eco dese EE udu su A A ENER 7 1 4 Save as menu item Tel S Printer preferences Menu teM orrera npin a wane ces eon 37 7 1 6 Print and export menu item 2 s ccccccccie cose cdi ceeds seecteceses cet iiei iE E s 37 TAT Batch print menu tem s 2 25 35sesasiada dee cisdecesdosngdoccbecdanctadeddoevas setae Yelagtiedbecdereyedee 39 TLS MEA MENU WEM oho seated see sig i hacen dada stern esas este E E E teins ote 39 PACD WL 22 3 A MENU teM Sieen ode ieee is eee etic de iv EAEE AA GOAR 39 Hed E EE aa mi ATRE ETE ast ecard E Actin alos 2b thet cae west MA to 40 7 2 1 Project identification menu ite eee eeseesceesceeeceeceseceseceeecaeeeaeeeeeeneeeeseeeees 40 7 2 2 Type of consolidation menu item cc eeseesceesceeeceeeceseceseceecaeesaeeeeeeseeeereerens 40 7 2 3 System parameters menu item 7 2 3 1 Analytical methods ceeeeeeeeseeteeeees 72 32 Numerical method Szrensen ramii aA Lee a a i GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 2 of 71 April 2012 7 2 4 Define times menu Itere a a a aaeoa 44 1297 Soils menw tem areren iann e nan aie a o Ri 45 7 2 6 Soils reloading menu item esesesssssesesseeeessesersrsseesessreresseseesesersrssrenesseseessese 47 7 2 7 Pore water pressure max menu item s sssssesess
76. tallation time colour Cancel__ You can define and edit position and size of the table by editing the values x and y and Width and Height You can also edit these values from within the screen presentation by pressing the F11 function key see Section 7 4 10 The font size used for the output table entries is automatically adapted by the program to suit the size of the table By default the output table also uses the dimensionless time value Ty The Ty entry can be sup pressed by deactivating the Output table with Ty check box Further entries can also be adopted for the output table In addition it is possible to save the output table by clicking the Save values as ASCII file button GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 57 of 71 April 2012 7 4 6 Soil properties legend menu item This menu item is only active if you have selected one of the numerical methods A legend containing the soil properties is displayed with the graphics If the Show legend check box is activated you can edit the legendrepresentation in the dialogue box for this menu item Soil properties x MV Show legend x mm 155 00 y mm 260 00 Font size mm 2 2 System coloured z IV With depths m Soil colours hatching Soil colours Automatic Hatching Legend hatching factor j 00 Carcel You can define and edit the position of the legend using the values x and y The size of the legend is
77. th soil properties numerical modelling only e Type of load increase numerical modelling only e Pore ratio diagram only for calculation with the compression index Cc The size and position of these five or eight elements can be edited as wished Graphic output supports the true type fonts supplied with WINDOWS so that excellent layout is guaranteed Colour output and any graphics e g files in formats BMP JPG PSP TIF etc are supported DXF files can also be imported by means of the integrated Mini CAD module see the Mini CAD manual Stamp fields e g company logo can be added in that manner The default presentation is an A3 page You can also define your own page format if desired e g A0 The program has been thoroughly tested No faults have been found Nevertheless liability for completeness and correctness of the program and the manual and for any damage resulting from incompleteness or incorrectness cannot be accepted GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 6 of 71 April 2012 2 Licence protection and installation In order to guarantee a high degree of quality a hardware based copy protection system is used for the GGU CONSOLIDATE program The GGU software protected by the CodeMeter copy protection system is only available in conjunction with the CodeMeter stick copy protection component hardware for connection to the PC CM stick Because of the way the system is configured the protected software can only be op
78. ue 22 71 78 Gudehus G 1981 Bodenmechanik Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart Hvorslev M J 1960 Physical Components of the Shear Strength of Saturated Clays Proceedings ASCE Research Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils Boulder Colorado Kulhawy F H 1990 Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design Mayne P W EL 6800 Research Project 1493 6 prepared for Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto California 94304 Schulz H 2002 Setzungsprognosen f r weiche B den Bauingenieur Band 77 September 2002 S 407 Schulz H 2003 Prediction of Settlements of Soft Soils Int Workshop on Geotechnics of Soft Soils Theory and Practice Vermeer Schweiger Karstunen amp Cudny eds 2003 VGE Stolle D F E 1999 A consolidation model for creeping clay Can Geotech Journal Vermeer P A 36 754 759 Bonnier P G GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 19 of 71 April 2012 6 Short introduction using worked examples 6 1 Example system The following system is given 5 0 Zs hin b el ee 7 42 cc A E y Figure 6 Example system The unit weight of the embankment material is 19 kN m The crown width is 5 0 m The slopes are inclined at 1 1 5 The following laboratory test values were determined for both consolidation layers e Layer A Es 4 MN m k 1 10 m s e Layer B Es 2 MN m k 1 10 m s The maximum s
79. urcharge on the embankment is 5 19 95 KN m The system can drain to the top and bottom The settlement at time t is approx 40 cm The embankment is tipped in approx 100 days The question to be clarified is at what point in time is 80 of settlement achieved GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 20 of 71 April 2012 6 2 Test 1 Consolidation analytical First the system will be investigated using classical consolidation theory As this is actually a two layer system we must simplify The most brutal type of simplification is to model with a layer thickness of 10 5 m the smallest constrained modulus of Es 2 MN m and the smallest perme ability of k 10 m s Start the program Select the menu item File New or if you already have a file loaded Edit Type of consolidation and enter the preferences from the following dialogue box Type of system x Time unit Days i Constrained mod unit MN m 7 IV Include date with time if necessary Start date 01 07 2010 Analytical solution 1 layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage gt Numerical solution multi layer system Classical consolidation Consolidation with vertical drainage Consolidation with both types Cancel GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 21 of 71 April 2012 Select the menu item Edit System parameters and enter the values from the following dialogue box System param
80. ures across the layer thickness for all time steps The No of depth subdivisions in a system with vertical drains can therefore be defined using the minimum value of 3 thereby reducing modelling time For the same reason layer thickness does not influence the modelling results It is only useful for the graphical representation of the pore water pressure distribution It is not necessary to define drainage conditions in a system employing vertical drains Instead of the drainage conditions the Vertical drainage geometry group box is shown Here you define the drain centres and the drain radius also see Figure 5 in Theoretical principles Section 5 4 m Vertical drains geometry Drain centres de m 1 500 Drain radius rw m 0 050 Using consolidation with vertical drains GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 42 of 71 April 2012 7 2 3 2 Numerical methods If you chose to employ a numerical solution method you need only select general boundary con ditions in Edit System parameters Input of soil properties can be carried out by going to the Edit Soils menu item see Section 7 2 5 When you go to Consolidation with both types numerical the following dialogue box opens x Depth increment m 0 050 P with consolidation coeff Cv Info P with compression index Ce Info m Drainage conditions Top bottom Top C Bottom Vertical drains Drain centres de m 1 500 Drain radius r
81. ution at time t 0 is not constant across the whole layer depth The relationships used to solve the prob lem can be found in e Braya M Das 1983 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS McGraw Hill and are comprehensively described there There is no need to ruminate on the derivations at this point Difference equations are applied to the depth distribution of the pore water pressures as well as to the time dimension It is important to remember that the quality of the numerical solution is de pendent upon the iteration size small iterations high precision but longer computing times The depth distribution steps for pore water pressures Az can be user defined The time dimension step At will be automatically selected by the program such that convergence is guaranteed The following is valid after Das with regard to the relationship of the normalised values Az and At At Az lt 0 5 In the program the stricter demand of 0 2 is implemented as opposed to 0 5 Multi layered system When you investigate a multi layered system with differing permeabilities or strictly theoreti cally differing consolidation coefficients Cy the program must always orient itself around the larger permeability value with regard to defining the necessary time steps As rapid changes in pore water pressure can take place in layers with high permeability a very small time step must be selected in order to achieve sufficiently accurate results If both low permeabi
82. w m 0 050 m Sec settlement 7 With secondary settlement Cancel You must first enter the depth increment difference equations The proposed default value of 0 05 is generally sufficient for all but very thin layers If you are unsure about the selected time increment repeat a previous calculation using either half or double the increment and then com pare the two results If the deviation is only minor the selected time increment was sufficiently small Here you also specify whether modelling is carried out using the consolidation coefficient Cy and or the compression index Cc Define the drainage conditions and the dimensions of the vertical drains in the lower group box If you select one of the other numerical methods in the Edit Type of consolidation menu item only the respective relevant group box Drainage conditions or Vertical drains is displayed in the above dialogue box If a secondary settlement is adopted activate the With secondary settlement check box The soil parameter Cgqogy for the individual soil strata is entered using the menu item Edit Secondary settlements see Section 7 2 10 GGU CONSOLIDATE User Manual Page 43 of 71 April 2012 7 2 4 Define times menu item This menu item allows you to define times for the consolidation analysis Consolidation times x Forw Back Cancel Save 7 times to edit Sort Generate Load No Time days 1 1 0000 2
83. which are only gradually dissipated This process is known as consolidation Settlement analyses to DIN 4019 do not take the fact into consideration that a large part of the settlement is often already complete during the construction phase Most buildings are already being subjected to 80 of final loads by the time the shell is complete Settlements and therefore differential settlements are generally non critical at this stage as they are manifested in masonry and other joints which are then covered by pointing and paintwork in the post shell phase For cohesive soils in particular therefore a forecast of the temporal development of settlements even for simple buildings is an vital prerequisite for the safe judgement of possibly damaging differ ential settlements The GGU CONSOLIDATE program can assist you in these tasks The GGU CONSOLIDATE program system allows the analysis of one dimensional consolida tion processes in single and multi layered systems Any pore water distribution configuration may be defined Using this program you can also generate a pore water pressure distribution resulting from a foundation load The de watering conditions at the upper and lower layer boundaries can be defined separately A load can also be applied to the system as a function of the time It is also possible to take secondary settlements into consideration Beside the calculation of analytically derived solutions Terzaghi the GGU CONSOLIDATE p

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