Lab1: Introduction to Orcad
Contents
1. SCHEMATICI PAGET ES Analog ar Mixed A D A Ee Design Resources p ES tutarial dsn Fue SCHEMATICI Add Wires Add Node name H E Design Cache wf Library j C Outputs H a PSpice Resources Add junction Add Ground Add Off page connectors ull l O items selected Scale 100 W 0 60 v 2 10 FAILS Figure 3 Design manager with schematic window and toolbars OrCAD screen capture 2 12 P lace the components and connect the parts 1 Click on the Schematic window in Capture 2 To Place a part go to PLACE PART menu or click on the Place Part Icon This will open a dialog box shown below Place Part Fart List B war Libraries Graphic Normal C fonvert Design Cache EVAL SOURCE SPECIAL Packaging Parts per Fkg 1 Pant Type Homogeneous Figure 4 Place Part window 3 Select the library that contains the required components Type the beginning of the name in the Part box The part list will scroll to the components whose name contains the same letters If the library is not available you need to add the library by clicking on the Add Library button This will bring up the Add Library window Select the desired library For Spice you should select the libraries from the Capture Library PSpice folder Analog contains the passive components R L C mutual inductane transmission line and voltage and current dependent sources voltage dependent voltage source2. E current depe nde nt current source F voltage dependent current source G and current dependent voltage source H Source give the different type of independent voltage and current sources such as Vdc Idc Vac Iac Vsin Vexp pulse piecewise linear etc Browse the library to see what is available Diode provides diodes D 4 Place the resistors capacitor from the Analog library and the DC voltage and current source Youcan place the part by the left mouse click You can rotate the components by clicking on the R key To place another instance of the same part click the left mouse button again Hit the ESC key when done with a particular element You can add initial conditions to the capacitor Double click on the part this will open the Property window that looks like a spreadsheet Under the column labeled IC enter the value of the initial condition e g 2V For our example we assume that IC was OV this is the default value 5 After placing all part you need to place the Ground terminal by clicking on the GND icon on the right side toolbar see Fig 3 W hen the Place Ground window opens select GND CAPSYM and give it the name 0 i e zero Do not for get to change the name to 0 o therwise PSpice will give an error or Floating Node The reason is that SPICE needs a ground terminal as the reference nodethat has the node number or name O zero Place Ground E x K Cancel BN D CAPSTM IN D Design Cache
3. indicated in the Add Trace Window to the right of Figure 9 OEUCOUT UCIN 2 7 I R2 U U1 Figure 11 Result of the DC sweep showing Vout Vin and the current through resistor R2 Cursors were used for V out and V in 2 4 Other types of Analysis 2 4 1 Transient Analysis We ll be using the same circuit as for the DC sweep except that we ll apply the voltage and current sources by closing a switch as shown in Figure 12 C1 SuF Figure 12 Circuit used for the transient simulation 1 Insert the SW_tCLOSE switch from the anl_misc olb Library as shown abo ve Double click on the switch TCLOSE value and enter the value when the switch closes Lets make TCLOSE 5 ms 2 Set up the Transient Analysis go to the PSPICE NEW SIMULATION PROFILE 3 Give it a name e g Transient When the Simulation Settings window opens select Time Domain Transient Analysis Enter also the Run Time Lets make it 50 ms For the Max Step size you can leave it blank or enter 10us 4 Run PSpice UCOUT 200 888m 38 868n dif 178 B8m 5 4962 Figure 13 Results of the transient simulation of Figure 12 R1 10k AF Figure 15 Circuit with a sinusoidal input 5 A Probe window in PSpice will open You can now add the traces to display the results In the figure below we plotted the current through the capacitor in the top window and the voltage over the capacitor on the bottom one 6 After doing the transi
4. Add Library GMD ESRTH CAPS YM GND FIELD SIGNAL CE Remove Library IAE M daddi Help Libraries LARS YM Give it the name 0 zero Design Cache T Figure 5 Place the ground terminal box the ground terminal should have the name 0 6 Now connect the elements using the Place Wire command from the menu PLACE WIRE or by clicking on the Place Wire icon 7 Youcan assign names to nets or nodes using the Place Net Alias command PLACE NET ALIAS menu We will do this for the output node and input node Name these Out and In as shown in Figure 2 2 1 3 Assign Values and Names to the parts 1 Change the values of the resistors by double clicking on the number next to the resistor Youcan also change the name of the resistor Do the same for the capacitor and voltage and current source 2 If you haven t done so yet you can assign names to nodes e g Out and In nodes 3 Save the project 2 2 Step 2 Specifying the type of analysis and simulation As mentioned in the introduction Spice allows you do to a DC bias DC Sweep Transient with Fourier analysis AC analysis Parameter sweep and Temperature sweep We will first explain how to do the Bias and DC Sweep on the circuit of Figure 2 2 2 1 BIAS or DC analysis 1 With the schematic open go to the PSPICE menu and choose N EW SIMULATION PROFILE 2 In the Name text box type a descriptive name e g Bias 3 From the Inherit From List select none and cli
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6. Electronics I LAB Labl Introduction to PsPise 1 Introduction to PsPise SPICE Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits Emphasis is a po werful general purpo se analog and mixed mode circuit simulator that is used to verify circuit designs and to predict the circuit behavior PSpice is a PC version of SPICE which is currently available from OrCAD Corp Capture is used to drawn a circuit on the screen known formally as schematic capture It offers great flexibility compared with a traditional pencil and paper drawing as design changes can be incorporated and errors corrected quickly and easily On the other hand it is much faster to de velop the outline of a circuit using pencil and paper PS pice simulates the captured circuit You can analyse its behaviour in many ways and confirm that it performs as specified PCB Editor Is used to design printed circuit boards Analyses you can run with PS pice gt DC sweep amp AC calculations These DC analyses evaluate circuit performance in response to a direct current source These AC analyses evaluate circuit performance in response to a small signal alternating source DC PS pice computes this analysis parameter or temperature over a range of values Bias point data in addition to what is automatically computed in any detail simulation AC sweep Small signal response of the circuit linearized around the bias point when sweeping one or more sources ov
7. Save or print the results The values of elements can be specified using scaling factors upper or lower case T or Tera 1E12 G or Giga E9 MEG or Mega E6 K or Kilo 2 E3 M or Milli 2 E 3 U or Micro E 6 N or Nano 2 E 9 P or Pico 2 E 12 F of Femto 2 E 15 Both upper and lo wer case letters are allowed 1n PSpice and HSpice As an example one can specify a capacitor of 225 picofarad in the following ways 225P 225p 225pF 225pFarad 225 E 12 0 225N Notice that Mega is written as MEG e g a 15 megaOhm resistor can be specified as ISMEG I5MEGohm 15meg or 15E6 Be careful not to use M for Mega When you write 15Mohm or 15M Spice will read this as 15 milliOhm We ll illustrate the different types of simulations for the following circuit Figure 2 Circuit to be simulated screen shot from OrCAD Capture 2 1 Step 1 Creating the circuit in Capture 2 1 1 Create new project 1 Open OrCAD Capture 2 Create a new Project FILE MENU NEW_PROJECT 3 Enter the name of the project 4 Select Analog or Mixed AD reale PSpice Project 5 When the Create PSpice Project box opens select Create Blank Project A new page will open in the Project Design Manager as shown below E Orcad Capture Lite Edition File Edit View Place Macro PSpice Accessone OUptions Window Help oleja e s e e s amp amp s amp d ilz gt lee l v I w iis Tutoriall opi 2 i 7
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9. ck Create 4 When the Simulation Setting window opens for the Analyis Type choose Bias Point and click OK 5 Now you are ready to run the simulation PSPICE RUN 6 A window will open letting you know if the simulation was successful If there are errors consult the Simulation Output file 7 To see the result of the DC bias point simulation you can open the Simulation Output file or go back to the schematic and click on the V icon Enable Bias Voltage Display and I icon current display to show the voltage and currents see Figure 6 C1 SuF Figure 6 Results of the Bias simulationxt 0 displayed on the schematic 2 2 2 DC Sweep simulation We will be using the same circuit but will evaluate the effect of sweeping the voltage source between 0 and 20 V We ll keep the current source constant at 1 mA 1 Create a new New Simulation Profile from the PSpice Menu We ll call it DC Sweep 2 For analysis select DC Sweep enter the name of the voltage source to be swept V The start and end values and the step need to be specified 0 20 and 0 1 V respectively see Fig below Simulation Settings DC Sweep m TE r B x General Analysis Include Files Libraries Stimulus Options Data Collection Probe window Sweep variable Analysis type Voltage source Name C Curent source Options Model type Global parameter Primary Sweep Secondary Sweep Monte Carloeworst Ca
10. ent simulation results can be displayed as was done before 7 The last example of a transient analysis is with a sinusoidal signal VSIN The circuit is shown below We made the amplitude 10V and frequency 10 Hz 8 Create a Simulation Profiler for the transient analysis and run PSpice 9 The result of the simulation for Vout and Vin are given in the figure below transsine S CHE MATICI TranSine dat active 395 747M 46 813m Figure 16 Transient simulation with a sinusoidal input 2 4 2 AC Sweep Analysis The AC analysis will apply a sinusoidal voltage whose frequency is swept over a specified range The simulation calculates the corresponding voltage and current amplitude and phases for each frequency W hen the input amplitude is set to 1 V then the output voltage is basically the transfer function In contrast to a sinusoidal transient analysis the AC analysis is not a time domain simulation but rather a simulation of the sinusoidal steady state of the circuit When the circuit contains non linear element such as diodes and transistors the elements will be replaced their small signa mod els with the parameter values calculated according to the corresponding biasing point In the first example we ll show a simple RC filter corresponding to the circuit of Figure 17 R1 10k Ww Tac Rz C1 5uF Dude 10k Figure 17 Circuit for the AC s weep simulation 1 Create a new project and build the circuit 2 For the voltage
11. er a range of frequencies Outputs include voltages and currents with magnitude and phase you can use this information to obtain Bode plots Voltages and currents tracked 0 ver time 2 PSpice with OrCAD Capture Before one can simulate a circuit one needs to specify the circuit configuration This can be done in a variety of ways One way is to enter the circuit description as a text file in terms of the elements connections the models of the elements and the type of analysis This file is called the SPICE input file or source file An alternative way is to use a schematic entry program such as OrCAD CAPTURE Capture is a user friendly program that allows you to capture the schematic of the circuits and to specify the type of simulation Capture is non only intended to generate the input for PSpice but also for PCD layout design programs The following figure summarizes the different steps involved in simulating a circuit with Capture and PSpice We ll describe each of these briefly through a couple of examples Step 1 Circuit Creation with Capture Step 2 Specify type of simulation e Create a new Analog mixed AD project e Create a simulation profile e Placecircuit parts e Select type of analysis Bias DC sweep e Connect the parts Transient AC sweep e Specify values and names e Run PSpice Step 3 View the results e Add traces to the probe window e Use cursors to analyze waveforms e Check the output file if needed e
12. matic From the PSPICE menu select MARKERS VOLTAGE LEVELS Place the makers on the Out and In node When done right click and S ud Mode 3i SCHEMATIC PAGET Figure 10 Using Voltage Markers to show the simulation result of V out and V in 3 Go to back to PSpice You will notice that the waveforms will appear 4 You can add a second Y Axis and use this to display e g the current in Resistor R2 as shown below Go to PLOT Add Y Axis Next add the trace for I R2 5 You can also use the cursors on the graphs for Vout and Vin to display the actual values at certain points Go to TRACE CURSORS DISPLAY 6 The cursors will be associated with the first trace as indicated by the small small rectangle around the legend for V out at the bottom of the window Left click on the first trace The value of the x and y axes are displayed in the Probe windo w When you right click on V out the value of the second cursor will be given together with the difference between the first and second cursor 7 To place the second cursor on the second trace for V in right click the legend for VGn You ll notice the outline around V in at the bottom of the windo w When you right click the second trace the cursor will snap to it The values of the first and second cursor will be shown in Probe window 8 You can chance the X and Y axes by double clicking o n them 9 When adding traces you can perform mathematical calculations on the traces as
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14. se b Temperature Parameter rane Parametric Sweep Temperature Sweep S ave Bias Paint Laad Bias Point Model parameter Modellname Sweep type gii Start value jo Logarithmic Decade EE Increment C Value list Cancel Apply Help Figure 7 Setting for the DC Sweep simulation 3 put the voltage marker on the capacitor and run the simulation 23 S tep 3 Display ing the simulation Results PSpice has a user friendly interface to show the results of the simulations Once the simulation is finished a Probe windo w will open HM d n dE examplerc SCHEMATICI DC 5weep dat active examplerc 5 Heading and checking circuit Circuit read in and checked no errors DEC Analysis DC Analysis finished Simulation complete i WMT 20 100 NENEEEEEEE Se E For Help press F1 Figure 8 Probe window 1 From the TRACE menu select ADD TRACE and select the voltages and current you like to display In our case we ll add V out and V 1n Click OK Add Traces i d E Simulation Output Yarnables Functions or Macros Analog Operators and Functions E IY Analog Digital v Voltages W Currents Iv Power Nose vel Hz IY Alias Names Su amp cireuit Modes 34 variables listed Trace Expression VIDUT VIIN Cancel Help Figure 9 Add Traces window 2 Youcan also add traces using the Voltage Markers in the sche
15. source use VAC from the Sources library 3 Make the amplitude of the input source 1V 4 Create a Simulation Profile In the Simulation Settings windo w select AC Sweep Noise 5 Enter the start and end frequencies and the number of points per decade For our example we use 0 1 Hz 10 kHz and 11 respectively 6 Run the simulation 7 In the Probe window add the traces for the input voltage We added a second windo w to display the phase in addition to the magnitude of the output voltage The voltage can be displayed in dB by specifying V db out in the Add Trace window type Vdb out in the Trace Expression box For the phase type VP out 8 A n alternative to show the voltage in dB and phase is to use markers on the schematics PSPICE MARKERS ADV ANCED dB Magnitude or Phase of Voltage or current Place the markers on the node of interest 9 We used the cursors in Figure 18 to find the 3d B point The value is 6 49 Hz corresponding to a time constant of 25 ms RIIIR2 C At 10 Hz the attenuation of Vout is 11 4db or a factor of 3 72 This corresponds to the value of the amplitude of the output voltage obtained during the transient analysis of Figure 16 above m m iem emi mn a n mn i gm i cm iR ci m m m n Rmi Dm mi Ds im ni D i ni Dun i er i Dm cmi m mn ms m mni mn rm m mi mn rn ul mmn Tm is mmn i Qui Tm mi im pm m m n m tii D n its i m m n im m im mt pt ie aceto realis un ce mes cA ce car en eee ee oe We ee eee cue rta dad sve occa My
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