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1. void setup unsigned char i pinMode LED_RED OUTPUT pinMode BUZZER OUTPUT pinMode IR_IN INPUT void loop timer1_init while 1 remote_decode remote deal2. int digitalRead pin Once a pin is set as an INPUT you can use this to return whether it is HIGH pulled to 5 volts or LOW pulled to ground ANALOG The Arduino is a digital machine but it has the ability to operate in the analog realm through tricks Here s how to deal with things that aren t digital int analogWrite pin value Some of the Arduino s pins support pulse width modulation 3 5 6 9 10 11 This turns the pin on and off very quickly making it act like an analog output The value is any number between 0 0 duty cycle and 255 100 duty cycle 5 volts int analogRead pin When the analog input pins are set to input you can read their voltage A value between 0 for 0 volts and 1024 for 5 volts will be returned Tinyos COMPONENT DETAILS www tinyosshop com A Small Electronics Primer LED Light Emitting Diode What it Does Emits light when a small current is passed through it only in one direction Identifying Looks like a mini light bulb No of Leads 2 one longer this one connects to positive Things to watch out for Will only work in one direction ES c Requires a current limiting resistor Diode What it Does No of Leads The electronic equivalent of a one way 2 valve Allowing current to flow in one Things to watch out for 7 direction but not the other Will only work in one direction 7 Identifying current will flo
3. digitalWrite g LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH digitalWrite a HIGH digitalWrite e HIGH digitalWrite d HIGH display number 5 void digital_5 void unsigned char j for j 7 j lt 9 j digitalWrite j LOW m electronics Tinyos digitalWrite c LOW digitalWrite d LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH digitalWrite b HIGH digitalWrite e HIGH display number 6 void digital_6 void unsigned char j for j 7 j lt 1 13j digitalWrite j LOW digitalWrite c LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH digitalWrite b HIGH display number 7 void digital_7 void unsigned char j for j 5 j lt 7 j digitalWrite j LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH for j 8 j lt 1 1 j digitalWrite j HIGH display number 8 void digital_8 void unsigned char j for j 5 j lt 1 1 j digitalWrite LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH void setup int i for i 4 i lt 1 1 i pinMode i OUTPUT set Pin mode as output void loop while 1 www tinyosshop com m electronics Tiny s digital 1 display number 1 delay 2000 delay 2 senconds digital 2 delay 2000 digital 3 delay 2000 digital 4 delay 2000 digital 5 delay 2000 digital 6 delay 2000 digital 7 delay 2000 digital 8 delay 2000 www tinyosshop com Lesson 4 Pushbuttons Up to this point we have focused entirely on outputs time to get our Arduino to listen watch and feel We ll start w
4. note frequency period timeHigh c 261 Hz 3830 1915 d 294 Hz 3400 1700 329 Hz 3038 1519 www tinyosshop com f 349 Hz 2864 1432 g 392 Hz 2550 1275 a 440 Hz 2272 1136 b 493 Hz 2028 1014 o G 523 Hz 1912 956 int speakerPin 9 int length 15 the number of notes char notes ccggaagffeeddc a space represents a rest int beats 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 int tempo 300 void playTone int tone int duration for long i 0 i duration 1000L i tone 2 digitalWrite speakerPin HIGH delayMicroseconds tone digitalWrite speakerPin LOW delayMicroseconds tone void playNote char note int duration char names c a b int tones 1915 1700 1519 1432 1275 1136 1014 956 play the tone corresponding to the note name for int i 0 i lt 8 i if names i note playTone tones i duration void setup pinMode speakerPin OUTPUT void loop for int i 0 i lt length i if notes i delay beats i tempo rest Tinyos else playNote notes i beats i tempo www tinyosshop com pause between notes delay tempo 2 Lesson 3 Segment LED Display Segement display can be used to display number this lesson we show how to control ithere we use the basic 7 segment LED Common anode THE CIRCUIT Parts Arduino U
5. buzzer break case Oxfe01 VOL digitalWrite LED_RED HIGH turn on led break case Oxf609 VOL digitalWrite BUZZER HIGH buzzer beep break char logic_value while digitalRead 8 Pulse_Width TCNT1 TCNT1 0 if Pulse_Width gt 7 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 10 while digitalRead 8 Pulse_Width TCNT1 TCNT1 0 if Pulse_Width gt 7 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 10 return 0 else if Pulse_Width gt 25 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 27 return 1 m electronics Tiny s return 1 void pulse_deal int i for i 0 i lt 8 i if logic_value 0 return for i O i lt 6 i if logic_value 1 return if logic_value 0 return if logic_value 1 return ir_code 0x00 for i 0 i lt 16 i if logic_value 1 ir_code 1 lt lt i void remote_decode void TCNT1 0X00 while digitalRead 8 if TCNT1 gt 1563 ir code Oxff00 return www tinyosshop com Tinyos TCNT1 0X00 www tinyosshop com while digitalRead 8 Pulse Width TCNT1 1 0 if Pulse Width 140 amp amp Pulse Width 141 9ms while digitalRead 8 Pulse_Width TCNT1 TCNT1 0 if Pulse_Width gt 68 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 72 pulse deal return else if Pulse_Width gt 34 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 36 2 25ms while digitalRead 8 Pulse_Width TCNT1 TCNT1 0 if Pulse_Width gt 7 amp amp Pulse_Width lt 10 560us return
6. intledPin 9 the pin the LED is connected to we are controlling brightness so we use one of the PWM pulse width modulation pins void setup m electronics Tiny s pinMode ledPin OUTPUT sets the led pin to output loop this function will start after setup finishes and then repeat void loop int lightLevel analogRead lightPin Read the lightlevel www tinyosshop com lightLevel map lightLevel 0 900 0 255 adjust the value 0 to 900 to span 0 to 255 lightLevel constrain lightLevel 0 255 make sure the value is betwween 0 and 255 analogWrite ledPin lightLevel write the value Lesson 6 Temperature Sensor What s the next phenomena we will measure with our Arduino Temperature To do this we ll use a rather complicated IC integrated circuit hidden in a package identical to our 8050 transistors It has three pin s ground signal and 5 volts and is easy to use It outputs 10 millivolts per degree centigrade on the signal pin to allow measuring temperatures below freezing there is a 500 mV offset eg 25 C 750 mV 0 To convert this from the digital value to degrees we will use some of the Arduino s math abilities Then to display it we ll use one of the IDE s rather powerful features the debug window We ll output the value over a serial connection to display on the screen Let s get to it One extra note this circuit uses the Arduino IDE s serial mon
7. modulo gives the remainder when one number is divided by another ex 12 10 gives 2 addition subtraction multiplication division COMPARISON OPERATORS Operators used for logical comparison equal to eg 12 10 is FALSE or 12 12 is TRUE not equal to eg 12 10 is TRUE or 12 12 is FALSE lt less than eg 12 lt 10 is FALSE or 12 lt 12 is FALSE or 12 lt 14 is TRUE gt greater than eg 12 gt 10 is TRUE or 12 gt 12 is FALSE or 12 gt 14 is FALSE CONTROL STRUCTURE Programs are reliant on controlling what runs next here are the basic control elements there are many more online Tinyos if condition else if condition else This will execute the code between the curly brackets if the condition is true and if not it will test the else www tinyosshop com if condition if that is also false the else code will execute for int i 0 i lt repeats i Used when you would like to repeat a chunk of code a number of times can count up i or down i or use any variable DIGITAL pinMode pin mode Used to set a pin s mode pin is the pin number you would like to address 0 19 analog 0 5 are 14 19 The mode can either be INPUT or OUTPUT digitalWrite pin value Once a pin is set as an OUTPUT it can be set either HIGH pulled to 5 volts or LOW pulled to ground
8. tinyosshop com Using a transistor or relay that is rated for the size of motor you re using What it Does A pulse of current will cause it to click A stream of pulses will cause it to emit a tone Identifying In this kit it comes in a little black barrel but sometimes they are just a gold disc No of Leads 2 Things to watch out for Difficult to misuse Pushbutton What it Does Completes a circuit when it is pressed Identifying A little square with leads out the bottom and a button on the top No of Leads 4 Things to watch out for these are almost square so can be inserted 90 degrees off angle Photo Resistor What it Does Produces a variable resistance dependant on the amount of incident light Identifying Usually a little disk with a clear top and a curvy line underneath No of Leads 2 Things to watch out for Remember it needs to be in a voltage divider before it provides a useful input RESISTOR COLOR CODE Examples green blue brown 560 ohms red red red 2 200 ohms 2 2k brown black orange 10 000 ohms 10k tolerance MO Black 5 Green 20 Mi Brown M6 Blue 10 silver M2 Red M7 Purple 5 gold M3 Orange M8 Grey 174 Yellow 9 White Tinyos www tinyosshop com Getting Started Lesson 1 Blinking LED LEDs light emitting diodes are used in all sorts of clever things which is why
9. 1000 wait for a second digitalWrite ledPin LOW set the LED off delay 1000 wait for a second Tinyos www tinyosshop com Lesson 2 Buzzer music Let s tackle sound next But sound is an analog phenomena how will our digital Arduino cope We will once again rely on its incredible speed which will let it mimic analog behavior To do this we will attach a buzzer to one of the Arduino s digital pins A buzzer makes a clicking sound each time it is pulsed with current If we pulse it at the right frequency for example 440 times a second to make the note middle A these clicks will run together to produce notes Let s get to experimenting with it and get your Arduino playing Twinkle Twinkle Little Star THE CiRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 e Mini breadboard x1 e Buzzer x1 e Jumper Wire x2 Schematic Arduino pin 9 gnd ground i L www tinyosshop com pres ane E a ICSP fap IR SOIC T CODE Melody cleft 2005 D Cuartielles for K3 This example uses a piezo speaker to play melodies It sends a square wave of the appropriate frequency to the piezo generating the corresponding tone The calculation of the tones is made following the mathematical operation timeHigh period 2 1 2 toneFrequency where the different tones are described as in the table
10. Arduino Start Kit User Manual Tinyos Electronics 2011 Version 2 0 Tinyos www tinyosshop com About This KIT The overall goal of this kit is fun Beyond this the aim is to get you comfortable using a wide range of electronic components through small simple and easy circuits The focus is to get each circuit working then giving you the tools to figure out why If you encounter any problems want to ask a question or would like to know more about any part please contact with us Tim tinyosshop com Kit Details Tosduino duemilanove x1 Prototype Shield x1 Breadboard mini x1 10K ohm Resistor x10 1K ohm Resistor x10 220 ohm Resistor x10 Jumper wire x 20 LED Red Green Yellow x2 Buzzer x1 Pushbutton x4 Segment LED x1 Protoresistor x1 Infrared Receiver x1 LM35 Temperature Sensor x1 Mini Infrared Remote Control x1 Battery Box x1 USB Cable x1 www tinyosshop com Before We Start PUTTING IT TOGETHER STEP1 STEP2 STEP 3 T i electronics S www tinyosshop com INSTALLING THE IDE This is the program used to write code for the Arduino It may seem a little daunting at first but once you have it installed and start playing around its secrets will reveal themselves Step 1 Download the software Go to http arduino cc en Main Software download the software for your operating system And then there are two ways of Windows and Mac OSX Windows XP Step 2 Unzip the Software Un
11. NO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 Mini breadboard x1 7 Segment LED x1 Jumper Wire x10 1K Ohm Resistor x8 Schematic Arduino pin9 ping pin7 pin6 e d vec c dp pin TO pin11 pin5 pin4 Arduino www tinyosshop com Q TIN ooooocoole o gt lelo lo e lolo 0003000 58 ta 1o m A m E CODE IR EC Tb ee BEC LO JA int a 7 int b 6 int c 5 int d 11 int e 10 int f 8 int g 9 int dp 4 display number 1 void digital 1 void unsigned char j digitalWrite c LOW Set pin5 to low which lights the C segment digitalWrite b LOW Set pin6 to low which lights the C segment for j 7 j lt 1 1 3j turn off the other segment digitalWrite j HIGH m electronics Tiny s digitalWrite dp HIGH turn off dp segment the little dot on the right down part display number 2 void digital 2 void unsigned char j digitalWrite b LOW digitalWrite a LOW for j 9 j lt 1 1 j digitalWrite LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH digitalWrite c HIGH digitalWrite f HIGH display number 3 void digital_3 void unsigned char j digitalWrite g LOW digitalWrite d LOW for j 5 j lt 7 j digitalWrite j LOW digitalWrite dp HIGH www tinyosshop com digitalWrite f HIGH digitalWrite e HIGH display number 4 void digital_4 void digitalWrite c LOW digitalWrite b LOW digitalWrite f LOW
12. Pin HIGH turn LED ON Lesson 5 Light Sensor Whilst getting input from a potentiometer can be useful for human controlled experiments what do we use when we want an environmentally controlled experiment We use exactly the same principles but instead of a potentiometer twist based resistance we use a photo resistor light based resistance The Arduino cannot directly sense resistance it senses voltage so we set up a voltage divider The exact voltage at the sensing pin is calculable but for our purposes just sensing relative light we can experiment with the values and see what works for us A low value will occur when the sensor is well lit while a high value will occur when it is in darkness THE CIRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 e Mini breadboard x1 Tinyos www tinyosshop com Proto Resistor x1 Jumper Wire x4 10K Ohm Resistor x2 220 Ohm Resistor x1 Green LED x1 Schematic Arduino 5 volts lt photo resistor resistor 2200hm ground www tinyosshop com CODE A simple programme that will change the intensity of LED based on the amount of light incident on the photo resistor Y PhotoResistor Pin int lightPin 2 0 the analog pin the photoresistor is connected to the photoresistor is not calibrated to any units so khis is simply a raw sensor value relative light LED Pin
13. erial print Celsius Serial print maxi DEC Serial print Max Serial print mini DEC Serial println Min tempc 0 delay 100 Lesson 7 IR Romote Control Wireless control Cool In this lesson we use a Infrared reveiver and a remote control to turn on a LED or a Buzzer LED on when you press the VOL button and buzzer beep when you press the VOL button How to do that Please follow me THE CiRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 Mini breadboard x1 IR Receiver x1 Jumper wire x7 220 Ohm Resistor x1 Buzzer x1 Yellow LED x1 Tinyos www tinyosshop com Arduino Pin11 longer lead LED se light emitting diode gnd ground resistor 2200hm nd Arduino 5 volts 9 D8 ground ground LED CONTROL Buzzer control CopE define BUZZER 10 connect buzzer to digital pin 10 define LED RED 11 connect LED to digital pin 11 Tinyos www tinyosshop com define IR IN 8 connect the Infrared receiver to digital pin 8 int Pulse_Width 0 pulse width int ir code 0x00 IR command code void timer1 init void initilize timer TCCRIA 0X00 TCCR1B 0X05 TCCR1C 0X00 TCNT1 0X00 TIMSK1 0X00 void remote_deal void get IR command switch ir_code case Oxff00 press stop button on the remote controller digitalWrite LED_RED LOW turn off LED digitalWrite BUZZER LOW silence the
14. ino Plug your Arduino in Using the included USB cable plug your Arduino board into a free USB port Finished Tinyos www tinyosshop com A Small Programming Primer ARDUINO PROGRAMMING IN BRIEF The Arduino is programmed in the C language This is a quick little primer targeted at people who have a little bit of programing experience and just need a briefing on the idiosyncracies of C and the Arduino IDE If you find the concepts a bit daunting don t worry you can start going through the circuits and pick up most of it along the way For a more in depth intro the Arduino cc website is a great resource STRUCTURE Each Arduino program often called a sketch has two required functions also called routines void setup All the code between the two curly brackets will be run once when your Arduino program first runs void loop This function is run after setup has finished After it has run once it will be run again and again until power is removed SYNTAX One of the slightly frustrating elements of C is its formatting requirements this also makes it very powerful If you remember the following you should be alright single line comment It is often useful to write notes to yourself as you go along about what each line of code does To do this type two forward slashes and everything until the end of the line will be ignored by your program 5 multi line comment If you have a
15. ith a simple pushbutton Wiring up the pushbutton is simple There is one component the pull up resistor that might seem out of place This is included because an Arduino doesn t sense the same way we do ie button pressed button unpressed Instead it looks at the voltage on the pin and decides whether it is HIGH or LOW The button is set up to pull the Arduino s pin LOW when it is pressed however when the button is unpressed the voltage of the pin will float causing occasional errors To get the Arduino to reliably read the pin as HIGH when the button is unpressed we add the pull up resistor THE CIRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 Mini breadboard x1 Pushbutton x1 Jumper Wire x4 10K Ohm Resistor x1 220 Ohm Resistor x1 Red LED x1 www tinyosshop com Schematic Arduino pin 2 pin 3 Arduino 5 volts resistor pull up 10k ohm resistor 220 ohm ground Tinyos www tinyosshop com CODE int ledPin 13 choose the pin for the LED int inputPin 2 choose the input pin for a pushbutton int val 0 variable for reading the pin status void setup pinMode ledPin OUTPUT declare LED as output pinMode inputPin INPUT declare pushbutton as input void loop val digitalRead inputPin read input value if val HIGH check if the input is HIGH digitalWrite ledPin LOW turn LED OFF else digitalWrite led
16. itor To open this first upload the program then click the button which looks like a square with an antennae E Arduino 0015 File Edit Sketch Tools Help E EN 5 Upload to I O Board THE CIRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO MEGA2560 controller x1 Tinyos www tinyosshop com Prototyping Shield x1 Mini breadboard x1 LM35 Temperature Sensor x1 Jumper Wire x3 Schematic Arduino analog 5 volts pin 0 gnd ground www tinyosshop com JA 170 im MU A gt w y POetondi2s17 11149 tINYyo je 20000000 olo o o m V m C O e e e p MES u 3 dj CODE int temperaturePin 0 int tempc 0 int samples 8 int maxi 100 mini 100 int i p setup this function runs once when you turn your Arduino on We initialize the serial connection with the computer void setup Serial begin 9600 Start the serial connection with the copmuter to view the result open the serial monitor button beneath the file bar looks like box with an antenae Tinyos www tinyosshop com void loop run over and over again for i 0 i lt 7 i samples i 5 0 analogRead temperaturePin 100 0 1024 0 tempc tempc samplesji delay 100 tempc tempc 8 0 if tempc gt maxi maxi tempc if tempc lt mini mini tempc Serial print tempc DEC S
17. lot to say you can span several lines as a comment Everything between these two symbols will be ignored in your program 1 curly brackets Used to define when a block of code starts and ends used in functions as well as loops semicolon Each line of code must be ended with a semicolon a missing semicolon is often the reason for a program refusing to compile VARIABLES A program is nothing more than instructions to move numbers around in an intelligent way Variables are used to do the moving Tinyos int integer The main workhorse stores a number in 2 bytes 16 bits Has no decimal places and will store a value between 32 768 and 32 767 www tinyosshop com long long Used when an integer is not large enough Takes 4 bytes 32 bits of RAM and has a range between 2 147 483 648 and 2 147 483 647 boolean boolean A simple True or False variable Useful because it only uses one bit of RAM float float Used for floating point math decimals Takes 4 bytes 32 bits of RAM and has a range between 3 4028235E 38 and 3 4028235E 38 char character Stores one character using the ASCII code ie A 65 Uses one byte 8 bits of RAM The Arduino handles strings as an array of char s MATH OPERATORS Operators used for manipulating numbers they work like simple math assignment makes something equal to something else eg x 10 2 x now equals 20
18. w if end with the Usually a cylinder with wires extending line is connected to ground from either end and an off center line indicating polarity Resistors What it Does No of Leads gt Restricts the amount of current that can 2 2 flow through a circuit Things to watch out for Identifying Easy to grab the wrong value X Cylinder with wires extending from either end The value is displayed using a color coding system for details see next page Transistor What it Does No of Leads Uses a small current to switch or amplify a 3 Base Collector Emitter e much larger current Things to watch out for Identifying Plugging in the right way round Comes in many different packages but you also a current limiting resistor is can read the part number off the package often needed on the base pin 8050 in this kit and find a datasheet online Hobby Servo What it Does No of Leads Takes a timed pulse and converts it into an angular position of the output shaft Identifying A plastic box with 3 wires coming out one side and a shaft with a plastic horn out the top 3 Things to watch out for The plug is not polarized so make sure it is plugged in the right way DC Motor What it Does Spins when a current is passed through it Identifying No of Leads 2 Things to watch out for This one is easy it looks like a motor k Usually a cylinder with a shaft coming out of one end www
19. we have included them in this kit We will start off with something very simple turning one on and off repeatedly producing a pleasant blinking effect To get started grab the parts listed below pin the layout sheet to your breadboard and then plug everything in Once the circuit is assembled you ll need to upload the program To do this plug the Arduino board into your USB port Then select the proper port in Tools gt Serial Port gt the comm port of your Arduino Next upload the program by going to File gt Upload to I O Board ctrl U Finally bask in the glory and possibility that controlling lights offers THE CIRCUIT Parts Arduino UNO or MEGA2560 controller x1 Prototyping Shield x1 Mini breadboard x1 5mm Green LED x1 Jumper Wire x2 220 Ohm Resistor x1 Schematic Arduino pin 13 __ longer lead lt LED gt light emitting diode 4 resistor 220ohm gnd ground www tinyosshop com OOO YU Prototype 19 19 29 Shield 2000 kokoj oo oo elo OO ej O m QO E r Lad Si CODE Blink int ledPin 13 LED connected to digital pin 13 The setup method runs once when the sketch starts void setup initialize the digital pin as an output pinMode ledPin OUTPUT the loop method runs over and over again as long as the Arduino has power void loop digitalWrite ledPin HIGH set the LED on delay
20. zip arduino 00xx win zip Recommended Path c Program Files Step 3 Shortcut Icon Open c program files arduino 00 Right Click Arduino exe send to gt Desktop create shortcut Step 4 Plug In Your Arduino Plug your Arduino in Using the included USB cable plug your Arduino board into a free USB port Wait for a box to pop up Step 5 Add new Hardware Skip searching the internet click the next box when prompted to do so Install from a specific location click Install from a list or specific location Advanced Choose the Location Duemilanove Board c program files arduino 00xx drivers FTDI USB Drivers Uno Board c program files arduino 00xx drivers Finished Vista Seven Step 5 Add new Hardware m electronics Tiny s Run Device Manager Start Run devmgmt msc Choose the Arduino Other Devices Arduino Uno Uno Update Driver click Update Driver Select Driver dick Browse My Computer for Driver Software c program files arduino 00xx drivers Finished www tinyosshop com Mac OSX Step 2 Open The dmg Open mount arduino 00xx mac dmg X version Step 3 Copy The Application Go to Arduino in the devices section of finder Move Arduino Application to the Applications folder Step 4 Install Drivers Duemilanove Boards Only Go to Arduino device FTDI Drivers for Intel Macs x x xx pkg FTDI Drivers for PPC Macs x x xx pkg Restart Step 5 Plug In Your Ardu
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