Home

DICTION 5.0 THE TEXT-ANALYSIS PROGRAM User`s Manual

1. DICTION 5 0 Manual 8 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Files and Extensions The term Input File refers to any passage the user wishes to analyze Its file name is its chief mode of identification and is retained in both the Project File DICTION Sprintable output and the Numeric File the mathematical results of a search DICTION is case insensitive and therefore accepts files in either upper or lower case When loaded into the Program Files directory of the hard drive DICTION creates eight directories DICTION INPUT Text passages can be stored in this directory or in any other directory of the user s choosing Subdirectories can be added to this path as well Input Files must be in text only format and can carry any extension the standard txt extension is the program s default DICTION INPUT SAMPLES Includes ten sample passages for familiarizing the user with the program s features DICTION OUTPUT Project Files can be stored in DICTION OUTPUT or in any directory of the user s choosing Project Files are assigned a dws extension but can be changed at the user s discretion DICTION OUTPUT SAMPLES Location for storing results from processing the sample documents DICTION DATA The statistical data created by a text se arch will be added to the bottom of a Numeric File stored within this directory All Numeric Files must carry a n
2. DICTION will signal the user with a beep when a decision must be made on the Insistence Score To engage this option do the following 1 Go to the General tab of Tools System Options 2 Click on Enable Sounds Figure 24 3 Choose OK to exit PART 12 USING THE ELEPHANT Purpose The Elephant assists the user by remembering words previously judged Eligible or Exempt Once such discriminations are made the Elephant ensures that the user won t have to do so again DICTION is self learning to this extent Approximately 11 000 terms have already been discriminated in these ways and t his knowledge is built into the current version of DICTION In addition users will add to the Elephant from time to time during text processing These supplementary lists can be modified at will by the user DICTION 5 0 Manual 40 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Adding Words To add a word to the Exempt Words or Eligible Words lists in the Elephant do the following Choose Tools Modify Elephant on the Menu Bar Click on the down arrow to select the appropriate list Figures 25 and 26 Click on Add This produces an Edit Elephant Entry box Type in the appropriate word Click noun or adjective box Choose OK DN SON a Se a Deleting Words To delete a word from the Exempt Words or Eligible Words list do the following l Choose Tools Modify Elephant
3. search words are homographs Not all homographs are problematic Benign Homographs imply different ideas but belong to the same domain of meaning The word judge for example denotes the act of adjudication as well as a magistrate of the court but both would be equally relevant to a dictionary entitled Legal Terms Such meanings are not differentiated by DICTION Confounding Homo graphs are terms denoting dissimilar ideas or objects DICTION deals with such terms by applying different weights to a word s various meanings So for example research shows that the word saw serves as the past tense of see 67 of the time and as a carpenter s implement 33 of the time Thus if saw occurred ten times in a text it would be given a rating of 6 7 in a dictionary called Bodily Processes and a value of 3 3 in a Household Tools dictionary All such calculations have been extrapolated from statistical counts provided in Helen Easton s edited handbook Word Frequency Dictionary New York Dover 1940 DICTION 5 0 Manual 49 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft On line Help DICTION has a full range of Help Screens to guide the user through a text search see for example Figure 31 Clicking on Help Help Topics Contents will produce the broadest level of help In addition individual terms can be explored by clicking on Help Help Topics Index or Index Find and then spec
4. 12 Selecting TMU lesse gene e E E Eais 20 Figure 13 Changing processing properties in DICTION oooocccnnoccnononcnonnnccnnnncnonnnccinnncn nn 23 Figure 14 Large file as segmented by DICTION cooooococonocccononcconnononanononnnacnnnncnnnnncninnnan ns 24 Figure RE AA aa asa 27 Figure 16 Installing custom dictionaries ceescceeescecesncecesneeeesneeeeseneessnaeeeseaeeeenneeees 35 Figure 17 Installed custom dictionaries union litis 37 Figure 18 Permanently selecting custom dictionaries oooononocccnnoccconocononancnononononananinnnan ns 37 Figure 19 Assigning words for insistence Score scceeesseeesseeeeneeeesneeeeseneeeseneeeenneeees 39 DICTION 5 0 Manual 5 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 1 INTRODUCTION Welcome to DICTION DICTION 5 0 is a Windows based program that uses a series of dictionaries to search a passage for five semantic features Activity Optimism Certainty Realism and Commonality as well as thirty five sub features DICTION conducts its searches via a 10 000 word corpus and the user can create additional custom dictionaries for particular research needs The program writes its results to both alphabetic and numeric files Output includes raw totals percentages and standardized scores and for small input files extrapolations to a 500 word norm DICTION also reports normative data for each of its forty s
5. ADVERTISING n 9 4 A wide assortment of print advertisements from Scientific American Money Sunset Discover Business Week Vanity Fair McCall s MacWorld Bicycling Ladies Home Journal etc Products and services included computer hardware security systems insurance services financial investments beauty aids travel agencies automobiles snack foods pharmaceuticals kitchen appliances stereo systems and cat food TV ADVERTISING n 109 A collection of CLIO award winning commercials from 1984 1987 1989 and 1996 The ads feature well known companies and products e g Nike Pepsi Reebok Levi Strauss Apple Computers Motel 6 Michelob and McDonalds sports teams and sporting events e g football baseball golf and hockey and community and social causes e g World Hunger anti tobacco campaigns anti drug campaigns church fund raisers Mothers Against Drunk Driving Daily Life COMPUTER CHAT LINES n 68 An eclectic group of on line discussions dealing with such topics as tropical fish dreams and life choices parenting advice family relationships contemporary politics the Dallas Cowboys football team computer hardware and software and horse racing The discussions were obtained via the World Wide Web s Chat Archives DICTION 5 0 Manual 28 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft E MAIL CORRESPONDENCE n 75 A selectio
6. Custom Dictionaries jce ccsseoas ial edeetines ae ceo ons en eae aoe 35 Limits on Custom DIC HON ATES secon e 35 Temporarily Activating Custom DictiONArl6S ooooccnnnoncccnonononcnononanonononnnnnconconanononcnnns 35 Temporarily Deactivating Custom Dictionaries oooooccnnnnccnonaccnonancnonancnononannnancnnnnncnnns 37 Permanently Selecting Custom Dictionaries oooooocccnnnoncccnononanncnonannncncnnnnoncncnnanoncnnnnns 37 Permanently Removing Custom Dictionaries ooooococcnnnocccccnononcnononanononcnnnnnnnncnnanoncncnnns 38 Results of Custom Dictionaries 44 46 54 idas 38 PART 11 CALCULATING THE INSISTENCE SCORE occccooocccoooncnoononononnnononcncnanoncnns 39 FUNGUO e rs aaa r aE dilata 39 A a A Ne a ahi ale T Ae 39 A O 40 Small Files ui a oa aint 40 Optional mal at lidia 40 PART 12 USING THE ELEPHANT eere ads 40 PUDO ae 40 Adding Words ASA AR AAA A sae 41 Deleting Word a A an 41 AE A a a ec 41 PART 13 DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORES ccscccssscssrsoseesestsessccescsesscessccsteeessnceeaees 4 A gy S8a ean cerca eaanavey eat E E 4 Scanning the Dictionaries St A wiht nwa wea A 42 Loading the Dic tion aMessiasnccc teas rte icaneiveaare eel RO 42 THE CERTAINTY SCORE e hae 42 THE OPTIMISVMESCORE seres adds 43 THE ACTIVITE SCORE id 44 THE REAEIS M SCORES ide 46 THE COMMONAEITY SCORE aaa SER aaa 47 PART 14 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ciacaete sance A cece 48 PART 15 MISCELLANEOUS acetates colalaeaentegenscuttoneuceteoees 49 O a cams gg cas
7. Dictionaries v C Program Files Diction E stra Angry words dic 2 C Program Files DictionsExtra French words dit y 4 Character Report extrapolations Small File Options C Report raw scores Large File Options Abbreviated Analyze frst 500 words onl Averaged Analyze maximum 500 000 words Segmented Divide passage into 500 word units Cancel p Help 3 This change will remain in effect for all future Projects unless a re selection is made by the user 4 Clicking OK brings you back to the Main Screen Permanently Removing Custom Dictionaries To remove a dictionary completely from DICTION follow these steps l Go to Tools Custom Dictionaries 2 Highlight the dictionary no longer needed and choose Delete 2 Note This action will not destroy the file it will just remove it from the DICTION environment 4 Clicking OK brings you back to the Main Screen Results of Custom Dictionaries The results of a Custom Dictionary search are reported in two ways The Project File lists raw frequencies and places them immediately after the Standard Dictionary scores The Numeric File records Custom Dictionary totals at the end of the file immediately after Character Counts and immediately before File Name If no Custom Dictionaries have been selected DICTION reports a string of ten zeroes DICTION 5 0 Manual 38 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Win
8. PRESENT CONCERN A selective list of present tense verbs extrapolated from C K Ogden s list of general and picturable terms all of which occur with great frequency in standard American English The dictionary is not topic specific but points instead to general physical activity cough taste sing take social operations canvass touch govern meet and task performance make cook print paint DICTION 5 0 Manual 46 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft HUMAN INTEREST An adaptation of Rudolf Flesch s notion that concentrating on people and their activities gives discourse a life like quality Included are standard personal pronouns he his ourselves them family members and relations cousin wife grandchild uncle and generic terms friend baby human persons CONCRETENESS A large dictionary possessing no thematic unity other than tangibility and materiality Included are sociological units peasants African Americans Catholics occupational groups carpenter manufacturer policewoman and political alignments Communists congressman Europeans Also incorporated are physical structures courthouse temple store forms of diversion television football CD ROM terms of accountancy mortgage wages finances and modes of transportation airplane ship bicycle In addition the dictionary includes body parts stomach eyes lips
9. articles of clothing slacks pants shirt household animals cat insects horse and foodstuffs wine grain sugar and general elements of nature oil silk sand PAST CONCERN The past tense forms of the verbs contained in the Present Concern dictionary COMPLEXITY A simple measure of the average number of characters per word in a given input file Borrows Rudolph Flesch s 1951 notion that convoluted phrasings make a text s ideas abstract and its implications unclear THE COMMONALITY SCORE Definition Language highlighting the agreed upon values of a group and rejecting idiosyncratic mode s of engagement Formula Centrality Cooperation Rapport Diversity Exclusion Liberation CENTRALITY Terms denoting institutional regularities and or substantive agreement on core values Included are indigenous terms native basic innate and designations of legitimacy orthodox decorum constitutional ratified systematicity paradigm bureaucratic ritualistic and typicality standardized matter of fact regularity Also included are terms of congruence conformity mandate unanimous predictability expected continuity reliable and universality womankind perennial landmarks COOPERATION Terms designating behavioral interactions among people that often result in a group product Included are designations of formal work relations unions schoolmates caucus and informal association s chum partner cr
10. to be accessed in the future DICTION 5 0 Manual 35 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft DICTION 5 0 Manual Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 36 Figure 17 Installed custom dictionaries User Dictionaries Ez Installed Custom Dictionaries Angry words dic French words dic Nautical images dic Product names de Religious language dic Slang terms dic 8 Clicking OK brings you back to the Main Screen Temporarily Deactivating Custom Dictionaries To suspend use of a given Custom Dictionary for the current Project only do this Go to Files Properties Processing Unclick the dictionary not presently needed This particular dictionary will no longer be used in the current Project Click OK when finished eS Permanently Selecting Custom Dictionaries To ensure that certain Custom Dictionaries are invoked each time the DICTION program is initialized do the following 1 Go to the Processing tab of Tools System Options 2 Click or unclick the desired dictionary see Figure 18 Figure 18 Permanently selecting custom dictionaries DICTION 5 0 Manual 37 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Diction System Options x General Output Processing Custom
11. 00 word units and processes each separately hence exposing a passage s development from beginning to end When doing so DICTION creates Offspring files from the Parent file and then adds the offspring files to DI CTION INPUT or their originating directory The offspring files retain the same alpha numeric and descriptive identifiers found in the parent file In addition they retain the same filename with one exception the filename is given a second extension e g DICTIONOUTPUTISAMPLE txt 1 SAMPLE txt 2 etc Note for example how the long file selected for analysis in Figure 14 is sub divided into six separate files when introduced into the Main Screen for DICTION processing Figure 14 Large file as segmented by DICTION Q File Edit View Processing Tools Window Help aj x oela Hale AAST Input Files Unabomer in 0 E Unabomer in 1 Total Words Analyzed 500 Bi Unabomer in 2 Total Characters Analyzed 3139 E Unabomer in 3 Average Word Size 5 05 E Unabomer in 4 Number of Different Words E Unabomer in 5 Numeric Variables 11 33 44 67 79112334 Descriptive Identifiers Excerpts from the Unambomer manifesto June 1995 Options Active Custom Dictionaries Angry words dic French words dic Nautical images dic Product names dic Religious language dic Slang terms dic Character Counts none View Character Counts No View Word Counts No Small File Option Report extrapolations Large File Option Segmented D
12. 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 2 DICTION 5 0 IMPROVEMENTS Diction 5 0 s look and appearance have been completely redesigned and several new features have been added as well Full Windows functionalities for selecting and analyzing texts Processes input files of any size up to 500 000 words e o eo Y e speeches business reports television scripts poetry advertising etc Allows easy switching among norms to get multiple views of the same text o o eo kS o eS Project Files let user include any number of DICTIONruns in the same file Numeric file is visible at all times and requires no special reader K o Y eo 0 o eS User is given almost total control over file extensions and file locations 9 e sensitive features Program is now highly tolerant of problematic text files o eo Y kS WYSISYG format DICTION 5 0 Manual Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Permits comparison of the user s input file to thirty six kinds of texts including Input files can carry standard txt extensions and can be stored in any directory Program eliminates user errors by never over writing data fro m the same t ext Vastly improved on screen help with Windows compatibility and context Print preview feature le
13. DICHON gt the text analysis program DICTION 5 0 THE TEXT ANALYSIS PROGRAM User s Manual Windows Version Software License Agreement The enclosed software program is licensed by Digitext Inc to customers for their non exclusive use on a single computer system per the terms set forth below Using the enclosed CD ROM indicates your acceptance of these terms License You have the non exclusive right to use the enclosed program on a single computer You may not electronically transfer the program from one computer to another over a network You may not distribute copies of the program or documentation to others You may make one 1 copy of the program solely for backup purposes You may transfer the software from one computer to another on a permanent basis only and only when all copies of the software on the original computer are removed on a permanent basis You may not use copy modify sub license rent lease convey translate or transfer the program or documentation or any copy except as expressly provided in this agreement You may not convert the software to any programming language or format decompile or disassemble the software or any copy modification or merged portion in whole or in part The software is protected by United States copyright laws and international treaty provisions Limited warranty This program is provided as is without warranty of any kind expressed or implied including but not limited to t
14. DICTION s thirty one word lists Special note is also made of scores lying outside the norm 1 1 standard deviation from the mean for the normative grouping chosen See Figure 7 Figure 7 Project file standard dictionary area ME Diction 5 0 New project dws O fie Edt View Processing Tools Window Help osle al aleli 1 Rie e Standard Dictionary Totals DICTION 5 0 Manual Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 14 ds Custom Dictionary Totals raw frequencies for any special word lists the user has prepared DICTION permits use of ten such dictionaries with up to 200 search words in each word list See Figure 8 Figure 8 Project file custom insistence area B Diction 5 0 Diction2 ax File Edit View Processing Tools Window Help oa S 2 ajejele x A A e Input Files Custom Dictionary Totals gt Holocaust debate txt Angry words dic French words dic A Product names dic Religious language dic UE Slang terms dic Words for Insistence Score OA pre 4 25 8 9 000 23 11 4 20 5 23 1 59 0 47 1 45 397 5 25 6 94 8 09 9 30 4 07 5 90 For Help press FI CAP NUM 8 Words for Insistence Score The Insistence Score calculates a text s dependence on a limited number of often repeated words In calculating this score DICTION singles out all words used three or more times in a 500 word tex
15. Dic Browse Class Class Detauk Output Directory Browse v Daily Life bd Defauk Normativa Values Change I Include input text in printed repe is These options are default values that are used to initialize a new Diction workspace They wil also be used if the values specilied in the workspace are waid of missing This also appbes to the opbors specified in the Processing properbes tab m Available Norms llCases v Cancel Computer Chat Lines E mail Correspondence Problem solying Discussions Religious Sermons Talanhane Panuareatinmo The All Texts option n 22 027 consists of all texts processed thus far by the author These overall norms are divided into six Classes Business Daily Life Entertainment Journalism Literature Politics and Scholarship and the classes are further subdivided into thirty six distinct Types Users can compare a given passage to as many of these sub categories as desired So for example a political commercial could be viewed from the vantage point of political commentary and later from the standpoint of product advertising To accomplish this the user would process the passage with one set of norms and then re process it with a second set The classes and types of norms built into the DICTION program include the following Business CORPORATE FINANCIAL REPORTS n 4 8 A sampling of annual financial reports from a variety of fortune 500 companies includi
16. RAISE Affirmations of some person group or abstract entity Included are terms isolating important social qualities dear delightful witty physical qualities mighty handsome beautiful intellectual qualities shrewd bright vigilant reasonable entrepreneurial qualities successful conscientious renowned and moral qualities faithful good noble All terms in this dictionary are adjectives SATISFACTION Term s associated with positive affective states cheerful passionate happiness with moments of undiminished joy thanks smile welcome and pleasurable diversion excited fun lucky or with moments of triumph celebrating pride auspicious Also included are words of nurturance healing encourage secure relieved INSPIRATION Abstract virtues deserving of universal respect Most of the terms in this dictionary are nouns isolating desirable moral qualities faith honesty self sacrifice virtue as well as attractive personal qualities courage dedication wisdom mercy Social and political ideals are also included patriotism success education Justice BLAME Terms designating social inappropriateness mean naive sloppy stupid as well as downright evil fascist blood thirsty repugnant malicious compose this dictionary In addition adjectives describing unfortunate circumstances bankrupt rash morbid embarrassing or unplanned vicissitudes weary nervous painful detrimental are included The dict
17. al 33 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Changing Numeric Files The user may wish to separate data collected in one study from data collected in another To change the Numeric File for a given Project follow these steps 1 Go to the Output tab of File Properties 2 Enter the path name of the new file J Click OK to exit System Changes for Numeric Files Changes like these will lapse once the Project is exited To change the program s defaults 1 e to bring up the same Numeric File each time the DICTION program is initialized do the following 1 Go to the Output tab of Tools System Options 2 Designate the path name of the file to be made the default 3 Click OK to exit Variable Separation Variables in the Numeric File may be separated in two ways 1 by spaces or 2 by commas The default option is to separate by commas To invoke the spaces option do the following 1 Go to the General tab of Tools System Options 2 Unclick Use Comma as Separator 3 Click OK to exit Variable Sequencing If an Alpha Numeric Identifier has not been used in an Input File DICTION reports a series of eight zeroes It also reports zeroes if Custom Dictionaries or Character Counts have been left undesignated It sequences these and the remaining data in the following manner 1 8 user specified I D 1 through 8 9 Segment number automatica
18. anthropology sociology psychology history communication etc Issues include the social aspects of leisure fuzzy set theory American cultural studies exit poll experiments mass media effects on violent behavior and public policy convergence theory Texts extracted from web sites like Social Sciences Internet Resources and Arts Humanities and Social Sciences Resources STUDENT ESSAYS n 307 An assortment of undergraduate essays from nine college English courses The essays address racial tensions in school settings the need for diversity in universities preferential treatment in college admissions rhetorical criticism of advertisement s the homeless in America technology and mankind and historical heroes All texts were made available by the University of Texas at Austin Program in Rhetoric and Composition PART 9 USING NUMERIC FILES Numeric File Features All arithmetic results produced by DICTION are stored in Numeric Files By default these are stored in DICTION DATA but the user is free to put them anywhere The only restriction t o Numeric Files is that they must contain the num extension The default option that comes with the program is DICTION DATA RESEARCH NUM The Numeric File is reproduced in the Numeric View Window at the bottom of the Main Screen Scrolling from left t o right reveals its entire contents for a given passage and scrolling up and down shows all data cases contained in the file DICTION 5 0 Manu
19. ar nouns connoting plurality that function to decrease specificity These words reflect a dependence on categorical modes of thought Included are social groupings crowd choir team humanity task groups army congress legislature staff and geographical entities county world kingdom re public DICTION 5 0 Manual 42 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft INSISTENCE This is a measure of code restriction and semantic contentedness The assumption is that repetition of key terms indicates a preference for a limited ordered world In calculating the measure all words occurring three or more times that function as nouns or noun derived adjectives are identified either cybernetically or with the user s assistance and the following calculation performed Number of Eligible Words x Sum of their Occurrences 10 For small input files high frequency terms used two or more times are used in the calculation NUMERICAL TERMS Any sum date or product specifying the facts in a given case This dictionary treats each isolated integer as a single word and each separate group of integers as a single word In addition the dictionary contains common numbers in lexical format one tenfold hundred zero as well as terms indicating numerical operations subtract divide multiply percentage and quantitative topics digitize tally mathematics The presumption i
20. ata file Ze Start SPSS and call up the DICTIONISTATSISPSS DIC SPS syntax file 3 Enter these file names a The name and location of the existing raw data file b The name and location of the SPSS data file you wish to create DICTION 5 0 Manual 48 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 4 Highlight the entire syntax file 5 Press the arrow on the SPSS task bar entitled Run Highlighted Command Syntax or use the Cntrl R command These procedures produce a file such as that shown in Figure 30 PART 15 MISCELLANEOUS Copyright DICTION 5 0 THE TEXT ANALYSIS PROGRAM is fully protected under U S copyright law Users making use of its data whether in published or unpublished form must have a registered license agreement Digitext Inc 2000 Acknowledgments The developers hereby express their appreciation to the following individuals who have helped in the development of DICTION over the years George Borden Rebecca Daugherty Bob Lemon Tom Porter Jon Rutter Wayne Shamo David Sinclair Kris Stanton Laura Stevens Mary Triece Morgan Watkins Charlie Watson and Steve Weikal Homograph Treatment DICTION make s a modest statistical accommodation for homographs words spelled the same but having different meanings The word lead for example can denote 1 qualities of command or 2 a metal found in nature Roughly 10 of DICTION s 10 000
21. by running more than 20 000 texts through DICTION These texts range from public speeches to poetry from newspaper editorials to music lyrics from business reports and scientific documents to television scripts and informal telephone conversations All texts were produced in the United States between 1945 and 1998 Selecting Norms The default in DICTION is to combine all of these data into a single normative profile so the user can see what a passage looks like in general Some researchers will want greater specificity Accordingly they can select from among thirty six different sets of norms To do so follow these steps 1 Go to File Properties Output or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar 2 In Default Normative Values press Change see Figure 15 Step 1 DICTION 5 0 Manual 26 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 3 To choose the entire assemblage of norms choose All under Class See Figure 15 Step 2 4 To choose a more specific set of norms make a general selection under Class and then a more specific selection under Type see Figure 15 Step 3 Press OK to leave the Normative Values screen and press OK again to leave the Document Proper ties screen Figure 15 Changing norms Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Document Proper E Normative Yalues x Normative Yalues x Output Processing Numenc Filename T Progam Fies
22. cores based on a 20 000 item sample of contemporary discourse The user may use these general norms for comparative purposes or select from among thirty six sub categories including speeches poetry newspaper editorials business reports scientific documents television scripts telephone conversations etc On a Pentium based machine with 64 MB of RAM DICTION processes one hundred and twenty five passages 62 500 words in one minute The program can accept either individual or multiple passages and at the user s discretion it provides special counts of orthographic characters and high frequency words Installing DICTION Note If you have previously installed the demonstration version of DICTION uninstall it before installing the permanent program DICTION will require 4 MB of memory and 2 1 MB of hard disk space To install do the following 1 Start Windows and ensure that no other programs are running during the setup 2 Place the DICTION CD ROM into the CD ROM drive Go to My Computer and double click drive A 3 Double click on DICTION set up exe This will begin the setup process 4 To add a DICTION icon to the desktop after the program has been installed go to c program files diction and single click on Diction exe Then drag the highlighted file to the desktop Double clicking o n the icon will start the program You can also find DICTIONin the Start Programs menu DICTION 5 0 Manual 6 Program Copyright
23. croll Bars permits vertical and horizontal movement within the Main Screen 9 Resizing border lets the user adjust the overall size of the Main Screen DICTION 5 0 Manual 10 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 5 CREATING PROJECT FILES Before a text can be accessed by Diction a new Project File must be created File new or an existing Project File must be called up File Open See Figures 1 and 2 above The Project File holds the results of one or more DICTION runs Project File Features Project files can be treated like any other Windows report file They are assigned a dws extension by default but the user can change the extension at will Also by default Project files are stored in DICTION OUTPUT but again the user can place them wherever desired To change the default area for Project Files do the following Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar On the Output Tab go to Default Output Directory and choose Browse Select the file path desired Press OK to exit the File Properties screen a ee A Project File Components Once a Project File has been opened and a text processed DICTION results are read into the Data View Window Pane The Project File is divided into ten main areas 1 Identification area contains general language statistics for the Input File as well as two methods of identifying
24. d 1996 Major party candidates were represented equally in the sample and third party candidates were represented proportional to the vote Included are stump speeches delivered in local and regional settings as well as nationally broadcast campaign addresses POLITICAL ADVERTISING n 553 Campaign spots presented on television during the presidential campaigns of 1960 and 1976 1996 Republican Democratic and third party ads are represented in proportion to their prevalence in political campaigns Promotional counterattack and negative ads are equally represented in the sample POLITICAL DEBATES n 652 Includes the entirety of all presidential debates from 1960 through 1996 Debate transcripts were segmented by speaker and analyzed separately PUBLIC POLICY SPEECHES n 615 A broad sampling of speeches delivered by sitting presidents from Harry Truman through Bill Clinton Included are nationally televised addresses on major policy issues as well as ceremonial addresses remarks made during awards ceremonies and radio briefings Topics include the Korean Conflict open housing and job discrimination the Soviet Union national economic policy Vietnam Watergate etc SOCIAL MOVEMENT SPEE CHES n 129 Addresses delivered to marginalized as well as mainstream groups about pressing social matters Included are speeches by Malcolm X Andrea Dworkin Ralph Nader Paul Ehrlich etc Topics include feminism environmentalism civil ri
25. dows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 11 CALCULATING THE INSISTENCE SCORE Function The Insistence Score is a measure of code restriction which calculates a text s dependence on a limited number of often repeated words In calculating this score DICTION singles out all words used three or more times in a 500 word text For each word meeting this criterion DICTION performs the following operations Consults a list of Exempt Words function words verbs particles etc in the program s Elephant see below The Elephant is a device that dynamically learns from the user s actions which words are exempt or eligible and then remembers those actions for future searches If the high frequency word is already on the exempt list no decision is made by the user If the high frequency word is not on the exempt list DICTION asks the user to determine if the word is a noun or noun derived adjective see Figure 19 Figure 19 Assigning words for insistence score Insistence Score Decision Es Include this word n Insistence score calculations If the word is a noun or noun derived adjective the Elephant declares the word an Eligible Word stores that information for future processing and then adds the new data to the Insistence Score calculation After a word has been declared Exempt or Eligible it is no longer presented to the user for judgment Eligible Words A word is defined as an Eligible Word if it m
26. e Options The user may customize a Project Files in several ways 9 eo The text of the input file may be included or excluded from the report The de fault option is to exclude the text Character counts can be suppressed or reproduced The default is to suppress High frequency words those occurring 3 or more times may be suppressed or reproduced The default is to suppress To make these choices do the following 1 Go to the Tool Bar and choose View 2 Click or unclick Word Counts Character Counts and or View Input Text Other o eo e Project Files options include 1 Font Selection Go to Tools Select Font on the Tool Bar DICTION 5 0 Manual 16 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 2 Print Preview Go to File Print Preview to see what a Project File will look like when printed 3 Printing Go to File Print or press the printer icon on the Tool Bar and then follow normal Windows routines Saving the Project File A project file can be saved in any directory of the user s choosing the default is DICTION OUTPUT DICTION can also be prompted to call up the last opened Project whenever the pro gram is start ed thereby allowing new items to be appended to the same Project across several work sessions To enact this option do the following 1 Go to Tools System Options 2 Check the box designated Open Last Document on Start
27. editorials from diverse geographical locations e g Arkansas Democrat Gazette Los Angeles Downtown News Charlotte Sun Herald South Idaho Press etc Topics include sexual harassment infant mortality casino gambling drug enforcement and other public policy matters All editorials were written in the 1990s and obtained from on line versions of these papers DICTION 5 0 Manual 30 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft POLITICAL REPORTING n 73 09 Newspaper coverage of major issues of the day especially political matters Stories were extracted from The New York Times Washington Post Christian Science Monitor Los Angeles Times Chicago Tribune Atlanta Constitution and AP and UPI wire coverage All stories were produced between 1948 and 1996 TECHNOLOGY NEWS n 68 A file of news stories about contemporary trends in the computer industry including hardware and software updates forthcoming products and services and other topics related to new technologies The articles were obtained from online issues of the Wall Street Journal the Chronicle of Higher Education ZDNet CNet and Computer News Daily TV NEWS n 1219 Transcripts from the nightly news programs of NBC CBS ABC and PBS News coverage focused on a variety of matters but political campaign coverage was especially emphasized All texts were produced during the 1980 1988 1992 a
28. eets one of the following criteria It is a noun e g prudence It is a noun derived adjective e g prudent It can be used both as a verb and as a noun noun derived adjective e g count assured perfect worry domineering etc DICTION 5 0 Manual 39 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Note Treat all abbreviations e g St Ave initials e g George W Bush sums e g 9 95 and dates e g 1996 as whole words Exempt Words An Exempt Word is defined as any word occurring three or more times in a 500 word passage less than twice in a 350 word or less passage that is neither a noun nor a noun derived adjective Small Files DICTION has been developed to process an Input File of 500 words Because the Insistence Score is particularly sensitive to file size a special accommodation has been made for this variable when processing smaller files A passage of 351 500 words is processed normally This means that any non exempt word occurring three or more times will be presented to the user to determine eligibility 1f 1t has not already been declared eligible by The Elephant Ifa passage is 350 words or less any non exempt word occurring two or more times will be presented to the user to determine eligibility if it has not already been declared eligible by The Elephant Optional Signal Upon request
29. en B Diction 5 0 New project dws 3 Eile Edit View Processing Tools Window Help laj x ojal Hel ASET RIEA Input Files want to thank you for accepting the invitation to speak E Jones report txt at the AMA High Tech Division s meeting in April The theme for our spring programs is Using Internet as a Marketing Tool look forward to learning about the audiences on the Internet The meeting will be held on April 20 1995 from 7 30 am to 8 30 am at the Holiday Inn in northwest Austin at MOPAC and Rt 183 The meeting includes breakfast There is time to meet and talk to people individually as attendees are arriving and during breakfast Your presentation should be 25 30 minutes with 5 10 minutes of that time planned for interaction or questions al 4 51 117 31 10 9 57 11 96 24 41 2 39 3 33 1 63 pg oso M For Help press F1 In addition the Main Screen has the usual Windows functionalities see Figure 3 4 Caption bar displays the name of the current Project File 5 Menu bar the main resources for DICTION processing opening closing and printing Project or Input Files features to include or exclude from the Project report text processing options and the usual Tools Windows and Help features 6 Tool bar icons for some of the above operations as well as buttons for context help property changes and font choices T Status bar reports the DICTION program s operations as they occur 8 S
30. ent of Communication Studies at the University of Texas at Austin under the direction of Professor Robert Hopper Entertainment CELEBRITY NEWS n 125 A variety of celebrity profiles e g Sean Penn Tom Cruise Madonna Farrah Fawcett and Antonio Banderas taken from on line versions of Entertainment Weekly People Magazine and TV Guide ENTERTAINMENT REVIEWS n 6 0 An assemblage of book reviews e g Range of Motion XY On Masculine Identity Breaking The Glass Ceiling film reviews e g Lawrence of Arabia Nothing to Lose Crash and music reviews e g The Archers of Loaf Soul Coughing Bruce Cockburn Texts were obtained from such web sites as The Music Film and Video Review and The Pelican Library DICTION 5 0 Manual 29 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft MUSIC LYRICS n 128 A diverse assortment of lyrics from a myriad of musical genres and recording artists from Barbra Streisand to Jimi Hendrix from Woody Guthrie to Silverchain from Bing Crosby to Easy E from Nat King Cole to the Violent Femmes from Glen Campbell to Dismemeber Lyrics were obtained from such web sites as The International Lyrics Server Grendel s Lyrics Archive and Lost Souls Domain SPORTS NEWS n 1 39 A collect ion of articles on athletes and athletic events obtained from the on line versions of Sports Illustrated and the Sporting News Sports prof
31. ght s labor grievances nuclear disarmament etc Scholarship HUMANITIES SCHOLARSHIP n 53 A diverse selection of essays from various periodicals devoted to the humanities Periodicals include Twentieth Century Literature British Journal of Aesthetics American Poetry Review Monthly Review Skeptical Inquirer American Indian Quarterly and Salmagundi Texts extracted from electronic sites such as Humanities Research and the Literary Review DICTION 5 0 Manual 32 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS n 197 A miscellany of philosophical texts spanning the past two hundred years Texts include Berkeley s The Principles of Human Knowledge Hume s An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding Delueze s Postscript of the Societies of Control Russell s A Man s Free Worship Hegel s Science of Logic Dewey s Democracy and Education and Baudrillard s Radical Thought Texts were drawn from Humanities Research Great Thinkers and Visionaries and Internet Philosophy Resources SCIENCE WRITING n 177 A compilation of popular science articles collected from the on line editions of Discover Magazine and Scientific American Topics covered include the mechanics of breathing quantum computers muscular and metabolic fitness microorganisms and gamma rays SOCIAL SCIENCE SCHOLARSHIP n 52 A sampling of journal articles in
32. gy prod poke pound shove disassembly dismantle demolish overturn veto and resistance prevent reduce defend curbed are included ACCOMPLISHMENT Words expressing task completion establish finish influence proceed and organized human behavior motivated influence leader manage Includes capitalistic terms buy produce employees sell modes of expansion grow increase generate construction and general functionality handling strengthen succeed outputs Also included is programmatic language agenda enacted working leadership COMMUNICATION Terms referring to social interaction both face to face listen interview read speak and mediated film videotape telephone e mail The dictionary includes both modes of intercourse translate quote scripts broadcast and moods of intercourse chat declare flatter demand Other term s refer to social actors reporter spokesperson advocates preacher and a variety of social purposes hint rebuke respond persuade MOTION Terms connoting human movement bustle job lurch leap physical processes circulate momentum revolve twist journeys barnstorm jaunt wandering travels speed lickety split nimble zip whistle stop and modes of transit ride fly glide swim COGNITIVE TERMS Words referring to cerebral processes both functional and imaginative Included are modes of discovery earn deliberate consider compare and domains of s
33. he implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose The entire risk as to the results and performance of the program is assumed by you Digitext Inc does not warrant that functions contained in the program will meet your requirements The sole and exclusive remedy available to the purchaser or user of this software and accompanying documentation is a refund or replacement of the product at the option of Digitext Inc Customer Remedies To the original purchaser only Digitext Inc warrants the CD ROM on which this software product is distributed to be free from defects in materials and faulty workmanship under normal use for a period of ninety days from the date of purchase If during this ninety 90 day period the CD ROM should become detective it may be returned to Digitext Inc with copy of the receipt for a replacement without charge Copyright Notices Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft TABLE OF CONTENTS DICTION 5 0 THE TEXT ANALYSIS PROGRAM conccocconnncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnonononnnrnnnnnnnnos 1 A A A sone 1 PARTE RN dd le Ale adits 6 Welcome t DICTION la 6 Installing DICTION ES EA 6 PART 2 DICTION 5 0 IMPROVEMENTS 0 A tt 7 Basic Guideline Saeaon aa n aaa aa eaa aa dd 8 Foals anid EXTENSO A AA a eve 9 PART4 THE MAIN SCREEN datan 10 PART 5 CREATING PROJECT ETS a ia 11 Project File Portes ida dias 11 Project F ile Co
34. ifying a term e g Familiarity Score Context Help DICTION also offers limited contextual help within the Project File To access these help screens do the following l Click on the Help icon on the Tool Bar Zo This will produce a Question Mark icon adjacent to the cursor 3 Click in any area of the File View Window Pane Figure 32 4 The relevant help panel will then appear 5 Click in the upper right corner of the Help box to exit Customer Support If the User s Manual and Help Screens cannot solve your problem use Customer Support Before calling prepare to explain your problem and have these items available DICTION User s Guide original CD rom your license number date of purchase Then call 213 821 5415 or send e mail to help dictionsoftware com References Boder D 1940 The Adjective Verb Quotient A Contribution to the Psychology of Language Psychology Record 3 310 343 Easton H 1940 Word Frequency Dictionary New York Dover Flesch R 1951 The Art of Clear Thinking New York Harper Johnson W 1951 People in Quandaries The Semantics of Personal Adjustment New York Harper Ogden C K 1960 Basic English Dictionary London Evans Brothers Bibliography Users may find it helpful to examine some of the work done with the current version of DICTION R P Hart Redeveloping DICTION Theoretical Considerations in M West Ed New Directions in Computer Content Analysis New Y
35. ile Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar 2 2 Click o n the Processing tab 3 3 Choose Report Raw Scores See Figure 13 4 4 Click OK and return to the Main Screen Large Input Files Users wishing to process longer files have three options 1 Analyze first 500 words only This option automatically cuts off a passage at 500 words leaving the remainder of the text unanalyzed It generates only one report and adds only one line of data to the Numeric File To choose this option do the following a Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar b Click on the Processing tab c Choose Abbreviated See Figure 13 d Click OK and ret urn to the Main Screen DICTION 5 0 Manual 23 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 2 Average all 500 word units This option generates one set of scores for the entire passage regardless of length by averaging its 500 word units together Texts as large as 500 000 words can be processed with this option and therefore it is the pro gram default To choose this option do the following a Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar b Click on the Processing tab c Choose Averaged See Figure 13 d Click OK and ret urn to the Main Screen e Segment passage into 500 word units This option breaks a text into 5
36. iles focus on such athletes as Nancy Kerrigan Arthur Ashe Joe Montana John El way Larry Bird Tiger Woods and Venus Williams among others Athletic events described include basketball football baseball and ice hockey TV COMEDIES n 75 An assortment of prime time television comedies including Seinfeld Friends Married with Children Caroline in the City and Cybil Characters in these shows comment on urban life contemporary friendships the tribulation s of dating dysfunctional family life and amusing situations at work Texts were obtained from a variety of on line services and from unofficial web sites TV DRAMAS n 159 An assortment of prime ti me television dramas including My So Called Life Xena Warrior Princess Buffy the Vampire Slayer Twin Peaks and The Wonder Years The shows explore teenage angst good versus evil justice and the law growing up in the 1960s etc Texts were obtained from archives included in Drew s Television Transcripts Journalism LETTERS TO THE EDITOR n 6126 Letters written on general social and political matters in 12 small city newspapers between 1948 and the present Topics include civil rights inflation abortion and birth control taxation moral and political values international affairs etc Among the newspapers are the Fall River Herald News the Salinas Californian the Trent on Times the Billing s Gazette etc NEWSPAPER EDITORIALS n 65 An assortment of newspaper
37. in Character Counts none View Character Counts Yes y View Word Counts Yes Small File Option Report raw scores Large File Option Averaged Analyze maximum 500 000 words Numeric File Name CAPROGRAM FILES DICTION Data Test23 num Use Comma Separator No Print Input Text No View Input Text No Character Frequency c 2 0 06 y 289 2 00 12 76 33 92 27 30 For Help press F1 P pe 4 Character Frequency lists all alphabetic and orthographic characters such as brackets dollar signs ampersands etc These latter markers are often used to pre treat a text thereby becoming designators of soft language features such as metaphors emotional appeals etc See Figure 5 DICTION 5 0 Manual 13 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 5 High Frequency Words occur three or more times in a standard 500 word passage These words are not employed in any of the program s calculations but are helpful in getting the general flavor of a text See Figure 6 Figure 6 Project file high frequency area BE Diction 5 0 New project dw Bile Edt View Processing Tool Window Help oea al Alessio al Input Files D Pattonin High Frequency Words Occurrences Percent of Words gt LANE ABE BEE l8l xl Standard Dictionary Totals includes raw frequencies standardized scores and normative standards for
38. ionary also contains outright denigrations cruel illegitimate offensive miserly HARDSHIP This dictionary contains natural disasters earthquake starvation tornado pollution hostile actions killers bankruptcy enemies vices and censurable human behavior infidelity despots betrayal It also includes unsavory political outcomes injustice slavery exploitation rebellion as well as normal human fears grief unemployment died apprehension and in capacities error cop outs weakness DENIAL A dictionary consisting of standard negative contractions aren t shouldn t don t negative functions words nor not nay and term s designating null sets nothing nobody none THE ACTIVITY SCORE Definition Language featuring movement change the implementation of ideas and the avoidance of inertia DICTION 5 0 Manual 44 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Formula Aggression Accomplish men t Communication Motion Cognitive Terms Passivity Embellishment AGGRESSION A dictionary embracing human competition and forceful action Its terms connote physical energy blast crash explode collide social domination conquest attacking dictatorships violation and goal directedness crusade commanded challenging overcome In addition words associated with personal triumph mastered rambunctious pushy excess human ener
39. ivide passage into 500 word units Numeric File Name CAPROGRAM FILESiDICTION Data TestxX num xj For Help press F1 DICTION 5 0 Manual 24 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft This option introduces a separate report for each segment into the Project File and adds a unique line of data to the Numeric File for each segment In addition the ninth field of data the Segment Number is incremented by one in the Numeric File To choose this option do the following 1 Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar Ze Click on the Processing tab 3 Choose Segmented See Figure 13 4 Click OK and ret urn to the Main Screen System Changes for File Options The menu of options laid out above is Project specific That is changes mad e in the treatment of large and small files will lapse once the program is exited One can offset that effect by changing the program s defaults i e DICTION s state when initialized To do so follow these steps 1 Go to the Processing tab of Tools System Options 2 Make the desired permanent settings for large and small files 3 Click OK to exit Processing Special Characters At the user s request a Project File will include data on all orthographic and numeric characters in a passage These data are not however included in the Numeric File with one exception The user can req
40. lly assigned by DICTION 10 Words passage 11 Characters passage 12 Characters word 13 Different Words 14 Numerical Terms 15 Ambivalence 16 Self Reference 17 Tenacity 18 Leveling 19 Collectives 20 Praise 21 Satisfaction 22 Inspiration 23 Blame 24 Hardship 25 Aggression 26 Accomplishment 27 Communication 28 Cognitive Terms 29 Passivity 30 Spatial Awareness 31 Familiarity 32 Temporal Awareness 33 Present Concern 34 Human Interest 35 Concreteness 36 Past Concern 37 Centrality 38 Rapport 39 Cooperation 40 Diversity 41 Exclusion 4 2 Liberation 43 Denial 44 Motion 45 Insistence 46 Embellishment 47 Variety 48 Complexity 49 Activity 50 Optimism 51 Certainty 52 Realism 53 Commonality 54 58 Character 1 through 5 59 68 Custom Dictionary 1 through 10 69 Input File Name DICTION 5 0 Manual 34 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 10 USING CUSTOM DICTIONARIES Creating Custom Dictionaries A key feature of DICTION is the user s ability to prepare custom designed search lists So for example a Custom Dictionary entitled funwords might contain such terms as party vacation laughing etc Dictionaries of this sort must be prepared in the following manner Type individual words directly into a file leaving a space betwee
41. mponents niss E A A eas 11 Project Fle OPLOOS da aia 16 Saving the Project Pl a tn oa 17 PARTO SEARCHING TEA iaa ist 17 A A E 17 Identifying TA A A 17 Seca a dietas 19 o Ir A A E A 20 Viewing Tossa pocinta 20 EMM VEA IS ASS 20 PART 7 WORKING WITH INPUT FILES uns di asa 22 Small AA 22 E A ations duc vais ent vceoa E E EEE 23 System Changes for File OptiOns ovina ii ens toanevens 25 Processing Special Characters essri A A A A a 25 System Changes for Special Characters oconoocccnonoocccncononcnnncnnoncnnnconanonnccnnnonoconnnnoss 25 PART 8 CHOOSING NORMATIVE PROFILES c coooocccooocnononcnonnnnnonononononcnconnnnconnnnnons 26 A A AE EE EEE E E NE E E EE AE ANE E 26 Av ilable NOLS dir AN 2T A A ar A A ci tects ola Ms RN 2T Daily Lit A A E AEA Gags 28 EXCH e E E E ET E A Re 29 A E EEA E EEA A ER EA EES 30 Literatur ey sisi Ais n a ee a A ase Aw oN 31 E aaea a a a hic a aa cna ascent tuclaa tinal alta hat 32 EaI ETES I EE SO 32 PARTS USING NUMERIC FILES neinei e Oe 33 Numen File e AN 33 Changing Numeric Piles A A lev bv A A A 34 DICTION 5 0 Manual 3 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft System Changes for Numeric Files is scscccssessccasenedececseaedasssedsecsseadedaadedeasateadessredes 34 A A TO 34 Variable SUECIA A RA ARS AA AAA IAS 34 PART 10 USING CUSTOM DICTIONARIES ccsesscsssssososscconsssssccersceosnceenees 35 Creating
42. n each word Be sure the file is changed to a text only ASCII format Name the file and save it under the DICT ION EXTRA directory Be sure the file has a dic extension e g FUNWORDS DIC BANANA Limits on Custom Dictionaries All Custom Dictionaries must be stored in the DICTION EXTRA directory A Custom Dictionary may contain no more than 200 words No more than 10 Custom Dictionaries may be used at any one time Temporarily Activating Custom Dictionaries To search with a set of Custom Dictionaries for the current Project only do the following l Go to Tools Custom Dictionaries Ze A User Dictionaries box will appear Figure 16 Step 1 Choose Add 3 This produces a standard Windows File Selection window See Figure 16 Step 2 4 Highlight the Custom Dictionaries desired and press Open Figure 16 Installing custom dictionaries Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 ar p ae 3 S a fe m Installed Custom Dictionaries 9 Aue E 2 Do you want the initial status to be Active 5 A question box will ask if you want the new Custom Dictionary to be activated immediately See Figure 16 Step 3 6 If you choose Yes the dictionary will be employed during the next DICTION search if you choose No it will merely be added to the menu option in Files Properties Processing for later use 7 In either case the result is a list of new Custom Dictionaries in the File Selection window Figure 17 that can be but do not have
43. n of miscellaneous messages from over a dozen individuals in eight different work settings including public relations elementary education a state university county government office a chiropractor s office and a car dealership The messages range from personal notes of encouragement and gossip to formal work deliberations business memos and project updates PROBLEM SOLVING DISCUSSION n 73 Group decision making from three settings a state agency a school district teacher s caucus and student peer mediation Discussion topics include state contracts project requirements financial planning and salary negotiation Transcripts were generated during research studies conducted by Dr Linda Putnam Texas A amp M University Dr Craig Scott University of Texas at Austin and Dr Trisha Jones Temple University RELIGIOUS SERMONS n 198 Sermons delivered by a wide variety of denominational representatives in the United States between 1935 and 1996 Topics include biblical exegesis doctrinal disputes ritualistic remembrances and general moral and social discussions Mainline denominations e g Episcopalians Catholics and Methodists as well as an assortment of cults and sects are represented TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS n 58 A collection of snippets from everyday telephone conversations conducted in Austin Texas during the 1990s Conversations were recorded and transcribed by the language and culture division of the Departm
44. ncern Human Interest Concreteness Past Concern Complexity FAMILIARITY Consists of a selected number of C K Ogden s 1968 operation words which he calculates to be the most common words in the English language Included are common prepositions across over through demonstrative pronouns this that and interrogative pronouns who what and a variety of particles conjunctions and connectives a for so SPATIAL AWARENESS Terms referring to geographical entities physical distances and modes of measurement Included are general geographical terms abroad elbow room locale outdoors as well as specific ones Ceylon Kuwait Poland Also included are politically defined locations county fatherland municipality ward points on the compass east southwest and the globe latitude coastal border snowbelt as well as terms of scale kilometer map spacious quality vacant out of the way disoriented and change pilgrimage migrated frontier TEMPORAL AWARENESS Terms that fix a person idea or event within a specific time interval thereby signaling a concern for concrete and practical matters The dictionary designates literal time century instant mid morning as well as metaphorical designations lingering seniority nowadays Also included are calendrical terms autumn year round weekend elliptical terms spontaneously postpone transitional and judgmental terms premature obsolete punctual
45. nd 1996 presidential campaigns Literature NOVELS amp SHORT STORIES n 151 A compilation of fiction from a diverse collection of seminal writers e g Nathaniel Hawthorne Stephen Crane J D Salinger James Fenimore Cooper Lewis Carroll Kate Chopin and Francis Bacon All excerpts were taken from such online sites as the Internet Classics Archive and Book Lover s Resource Page POETRY amp VERSE n 78 An assemblage of English language poetry including canonical works from the masters e g Tennyson Whitman Poe as well as more contemporary poetry from less well known artists Poems were downloaded from sites like American Verse Project Collection of British Poetry Digital Library of World Classic Poetry and The Atlantic Monthly THEATER SCRIPTS n 1 51 A diverse selection of plays comedy drama and mystery by famous writers from antiquity e g Aristophanes and Aeschylus from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries e g Shakespeare Goethe and Ibsen as well as more obscure playwrights from the twentieth century Agostino Knag and Folmer Texts were obtained electronically from such sites as the Playwrights Resources Page DICTION 5 0 Manual 31 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Politics CAMPAIGN SPEECHES n 2357 Speeches delivered by Democratic Republican and third party presidential candidates between 1948 an
46. nd then re process it to see if DICTION s results are affected This utility is particularly helpful to those using DICTION to improve writing and editing skills To make changes in texts do the following 1 Highlight the desired text file in the File View Window Pane Ze Go to Edit Edit File or press the edit button on the Tool Bar 3 Do the editing and then go to File Close 4 This will bring you back t o the main screen where you can run the file again DICTION 5 0 Manual 20 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Note If you are running Windows NT you must re designate the editor by going to Tools System Options and changing the Input File Viewer to c Winnt notepad ese DICTION 5 0 Manual 21 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 7 WORKING WITH INPUT FILES DICTION has been designed as a general purpose program suitable for analyzing any sort of English language text Because users projects vary greatly however a number of special problems have been anticipated Small Input Files To ensure that DICTION scores mean the same thing to all users at all times regardless of the size of the file being processed the program has set a standard of 500 words as the textual norm This norm was also imposed because several of DICTION s forty scores are se
47. ng 3M Ford Merk Dynatech etc Reports were collected electronically from such internet sites as Annual Reports Library Index Annual Report Gallery and Barron s Annual Report and Earnings Service DICTION 5 0 Manual 27 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS n 1 63 A broad based collection of official mission statements public pronouncements and C E O speeches in behalf of major American corporations from the 1960s through the mid 1990s Includes manufacturing companies e g Boise Cascade mining and construction e g Flour Daniel transportation and telecommunications e g A T amp T as well as financial and service based industries e g Federated Department stores H amp R Block etc FINANCIAL NEWS n 122 A variety of news stories related to financial issues e g tax returns market predictions trends in stocks and bonds tax law speculation on specific annuities etc obtained from the on line publication s of Forbes The San Francisco Chronicle the Daily News Bulletin etc LEGAL DOCUMENTS n 79 An assemblage of argument summaries extracted from county appellate and Supreme Court briefs obtainable online through Lexis Nexis The court cases addressed environmental issues liability law child support tax laws military tribunals voter qualifications and constitutional rights MAGAZINE
48. nsitive to file size To handle files smaller than 500 words the user can choose among two options Option One Report Extrapolations This opt ion the default makes corrective counts of a small file thereby standardizing it to a 500 word basis and permitting use of the comparative data contained in the DICTION program To choose this option do the following 1 Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar Ze Click on the Processing tab 3 Choose Report Extrapolations See Figure 13 4 Click OK and ret urn to the Main Screen DICTION 5 0 Manual 22 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Figure 13 Changing processing properties in DICTION Output Processing Active Custom Dictionaries Y C Program Files Diction Extra New dics4nary 4 Y C Program Files Diction E xtra New dics Frenc f Character ass Small File Options Report extrapolations Report raw scores Large File Options C Abbreviated Analyze fret 500 words onl Averaged Analyze masimum 500 000 words C Segmented Divide passage into 500 word units Cancel Help Option Two Report Raw Scores This option reports exact numerical counts and ignores the 500 word standard When selecting this option however the user is cautioned that it will make DICTION s norms useless for comparative purposes l 1 Go to F
49. on the Menu Bar 2 Click on the down arrow to select the appropriate list Figures 25 and 26 3 Click on the word to be removed 4 Choose Delete 5 Click OK To File Option This utility is helpful for reviewing the decisions a user has made when building Insistence Scores To download the user s list of Eligible Words or Exempt Words do the following Choose Tools Modify Elephant on the Menu Bar Choose Modify Elephant Use the down arrow to select the desired word list Figures 25 and 26 Click on To File This will produce a standard Windows Open File display Enter the desired file name Click on OK to exit PART 13 DESCRIPTIONS OF SCORES De Aer Overview DICTION uses thirty one dictionaries word lists to search a text In addition five Master Variables are built by concatenating these dictionary scores Four Calculated Variables are also used The dictionaries have the following properties They vary considerably in size ranging from as few as 10 words to as many as 745 words The dictionaries contain individual words only vs phrases No words are duplicated across the thirty one dictionaries DICTION 5 0 Manual 41 Program Copyright O 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Homographs words that are spelled alike but that have different meanings are treated via statistical weighting procedures thereby partially correcting for con
50. onies to more intimate interactions sisterhood friendship comrade Also included are neutral interactions consolidate mediate alignment job related tasks network detente exchange personal involvement teamwork sharing contribute and self denial public spirited care taking self sacrifice DICTION 5 0 Manual 47 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft RAPPORT This dictionary describes attitudinal similarities among groups of people Included are terms of affinity congenial camaraderie companion assent approve vouched warrants deference tolerant willing permission and id entity equivalent resemble consensus DIVERSITY Words describing individuals or groups of individuals differing from the norm Such distinctiveness may be comparatively neutral inconsistent contrasting non conformist but it can also be positive exceptional unique individualistic and negative illegitimate rabble rouser extremist Functionally heterogeneity may be an asset far flung dispersed diffuse or a liability factionalism deviancy quirky as can its characterizations rare vs queer variety vs jumble distinctive vs disobedient EXCLUSION A dictionary describing the sources and effects of social isolation Such seclusion can be phrased passively displaced sequestered as well as positively self contained self sufficient and negativel
51. opyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Figure 11 Sample text file with identification markers Bl Angelou in Notepad olx File Edit Search Help BH 11 93 1 20 45 677 12 Maya Angelou s On The Pulse of Morning January 1993 x A Rock A River A Tree Hosts to species long since departed Marked the nastodon The dinosaur who left dry tokens Of their sojourn here On our planet floor Any broad alarm of their hastening doom Is lost in the gloom of dust and ages But today the Rock cries out to us clearly forcefully Come you may stand upon my Back and face your distant destiny But seek no haven in my shadow I will give you no hiding place down here You created only a little lower than The angels have crouched too long in The user may also use a Descriptive Identifier to mark a passage se Figure 11 This identifier will not be included in the words processed by DICTION and will not be appended to the Numeric File To prepare a Descriptive Identifier follow these steps 1 The Descriptive Identifier must app ear immediately after the Alpha Numeric Identifier if one is used 2 The Descriptive Identifier must app ear immediately before the passage being searched 3 The Descriptive Identifier must be preceded and followed by an asterisk Selecting a Text To select a text for processing follow these steps Make sure y
52. ork Ablex 2000 DICTION 5 0 Manual 50 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft R P Hart Campaign Talk Why Elections Are Good for Us Princeton Princeton University Press 2000 R P Hart and H Gourgey Accepting the Political Mantle Stylistic Considerations Political Communication 15 1998 R P Hart and S E Jarvis Political Debate Forms Styles and Media American Behavioral Scientist 40 1997 1095 1122 R P Hart Rhetoric Hope and American Politics in J Trent Ed At the Helm in Speech Communication Boston Allyn and Bacon 1997 Work done with the mainframe version of the program that preceded DICTION 5 0 includes these R P Hart Systematic Analysis of Political Discourse The Development of DICTION in K Sanders et al Eds Political Communication Yearbook 1984 Carbondale IL Southern Illinois University Press 1985 pp 97 134 R P Hart The Language of the Modern Presidency Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 1984 249 264 R P Hart Verbal Style and the Presidency A Computer Based Analysis New York Academic Press 1984 DICTION 5 0 Manual 51 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft
53. ou have already opened a Project File Press the Add File button on the Tool Bar or use Edit Add File s 3 This will produce a standard Windows Open Files box listing the files in the directory you have chosen Figure 12 N Ke DICTION 5 0 Manual 19 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Figure 12 Selecting input files Open Look in E User manual Ej c EE j NyTi imes txt E E mail txt GenMotors txt A Jesse Jackson but E Ti ime magazine txt E E Wordsworth poern txt File name Wordsworth poem tst Jury charge tst SatNi Files of type an fles y Cancel 4 Single click all or so me of the text passages then press Open 5 The selected files will now appear in the File View Window Pane of the Main Screen Processing a Text 1 To process one file or several alternating files highlight each and then press the Process Selected button on the Tool Bar 2 To process all files at once press the Process All button on the Tool Bar Viewing a Text Users may find it helpful to view a passage after a search To bring the text into the Project File go to View and click Input Text Editing a Text After running a text through DICTION a user 1 may discover typographical errors in the Input File that somehow comprised the results or 2 may wish to make additions or deletions to the text a
54. s that Numerical Terms hyper specify a claim thus detracting from its universality AMBIVALENCE Words expressing hesitation or uncertainty imp lying a speaker s inability or unwillingness to commit to the verbalization being made Included are hedges allegedly perhaps might statements of inexactness almost approximate vague somewhere and confusion baffled puzzling hesitate Also included are words of restrained possibility could would he d and mystery dilemma guess suppose seems SELF REFERENCE All first person references including J I d P U I m I ve me mine my myself Self references are treated as acts of indexing whereby the locus of action appears to reside in the speaker and not in the world at large thereby implicitly acknowledging the speaker s limited vision VARIETY This measure conforms to Wendell Johnson s 1946 Type Token Ratio which divides the number of different words in a passage by the passage s total words A high score indicates a speaker s avoidance of overstatement and a preference for precise molecular statements THE OPTIMISM SCORE Definition Language endorsing some person group concept or event or highlighting their positive entailments Formula Praise Satisfaction Inspiration Blame Hardship Denial DICTION 5 0 Manual 43 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft P
55. t See Figure 8 9 Calculated Variables four of DICTION s scores result from calculations rather than dictionary matches These include Insistence a measure of code restriction Embellishment the ratio of descriptive to functional words Variety a measure of linguistic dispersion and Complexity word size See Figure 9 DICTION 5 0 Manual 15 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Figure 9 Project file calculated master variable area BX Diction 5 0 New project dws olx ax File Edit View Processing Tools Window Help 5 aj x pela Hale ABERE al Input Files Calculated Variables E Patton in Variable Frequency Normal Range Standard Out of Low High Score Range pass ar os os ACC Master Variables i ele Low High Hange po en se gt Optimism ans sar se cen ess wan ow _ Js ean IEA ove EZ IS 4 06 257 16 58 30 00 50 56 31 50 5 50 3 10 15 50 gt 2 63 For Help press F1 10 Master Variables DICTION s five overall measures Activity Optimism Certainty Realism and Commonality are composed by standardizing all previous scores combining them via addition and subtraction and then by adding a constant of 50 to eliminate negative numbers When taken together these five measures provide the most general understanding of a given text See Figure 9 Project Fil
56. te oso cae yay eae ae 49 O ct asitiuisnds a estat Saiks ama claeet ceaeebel Gets sahels enes oe 49 Homograph dede cd 49 On lin HP NS 50 Context Helpert a eE Rar Ea AEEA radiata 50 CUSTOMED Support ii a a a cv EEE EEE E E a 50 Referenc s A A A 50 O ete te delau senes E S 50 DICTION 5 0 Manual 4 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Opening a proyectiles aia ies da 8 Figure 2 Accessing A dc sss gc lose bec de te poled ov vdle env eaten d eu ez nea dems sens 8 Figure 3 DICTION s main SOTCeI yi a gist ecescee esa ee estate ent tges ee haeeoet eneaetnorsqutnne 10 Figure 4 Project file identification Options ALCA ooooconinococonocononancnonancnnnnncnnnancnnnnccnnn nano 11 Figure 5 Project file processing character Al tE aaa 13 Figure 6 Project file high frequency ated 3 2 casee caren ay Ratacau nau een cwteuausimarnseeaes 14 Figure 7 Project file standard dictionary area 0scesesesennsssereraseneserssncenennsaveenaees 14 Figure 8 Project file custom insistence area ss0cscsesescsenctoeessscverensscuscctsssneversnersns 15 Figure 9 Project file calculated master variable area ooonnoccnnococonocononacoconanccnnnccnnnnnan nn 16 Figure 10 Error report for ineligible fle a o dt 17 Figure 11 Sample text file with identification markers oooooccninocicinocononoccnonancnonananinnncnnns 19 Figure
57. text DICTION s Report Files produce both raw scores and standardized scores for each of the standard dictionaries Scanning the Dictionaries The user may view the standard dictionaries in the following manner Select Dictionaries from the Main Bar Click on Scan Dictionaries Use the upper arrow keys to select a particular dictionary Figure 27 Use the lower arrow keys to scroll through the corpus of words in that dictionary Figure 28 5 To exit the scanning function click on Done A Loading the Dictionaries Dictionaries will be automatically loaded into memory at the beginning of each work session THE CERTAINTY SCORE Definition Language indicating resoluteness inflexibility and completeness and a tendency to speak ex cathedra Formula Tenacity Leveling Collectives Insistence Numerical Terms Ambivalence Self Reference Variety TENACITY All uses of the verb to be is am will shall three definitive verb forms has must do and their variants a s well as all associated contraction s he ll they ve ain t These verbs connote confidence and totality LEVELING Words used to ignore individual differences and to build a sense of completeness and assurance Included are totalizing terms everybody anyone each fully adverbs of permanence always completely inevitably consistently and resolute adjectives unconditional consummate absolute open and shut COLLECTIVES Singul
58. the text passage See Figure 4 Figure 4 Project file identification options area BR Diction 5 0 New project dws olx as File Edit View Processing Tools Window Help Fee ier le x osa E a e AJBI RIE m Input Files Ej Jones report txt Jones report txt Total Words Analyzed 209 Total Characters Analyzed 1549 Average Word Size 451 Number of Different Words 17 Numeric Variables 00000000 Descriptive Identifiers Options Active Custom Dictionaries Angry words dic French words dic Nautical images dic Product names dic Religious language dic Slang terms dic 31 14 y b 11 96 24 41 For Help press F1 DICTION 5 0 Manual 11 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Le Options area Custom dictionaries indicate which user created dictionaries if any have been used See Figure 4 DICTION 5 0 Manual 12 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 3 Options area Processing instructions reports which user controlled options have been invoked including file display characteristics methods of handling large and small files and print options See Figure 5 Figure 5 Project file processing character area B Diction 5 0 New project dws Eile Edit View Processing Tools Window Help la x olele Hele alele Input Files E Hill
59. ts user see exact appearance of output before printing PART 3 DICTION FUNDAMENTALS Basic Guidelines 1 All passages must be converted into text only format to be processed This can be accomplished easily in all word processing programs In Microsoft Word for example texts can be converted through FILE SAVE AS MSDOS TEXT In WordPerfect it can be done via FILE SAVE AS ASCH TEXT 2 A new or existing Project File must be opened see Figure 1 before a text file can be accessed See Figure 2 The Project File can hold any number of DICTION runs and can be re formatted and printed at the user s discretion Figure 1 Opening a project file File View Tools Help jee Aloe 2 P2 Peal Create a new document EE e EX Diction 5 0 Diction1 3 Eile Edit View Processing Tools Window Help pem Eele A y lap BJE Add File Add a file to the current document 3 DICTION will analyze a_ only the first 500 words of a given passage b automatically break up a text into 500 word units or c average the 500 word segments of a passage This latter opt ion is the program default thereby allowing passages of any length up to 500 000 words to be processed Short passages can also be processed and the user is given two options for dealing with them See Part 7 below 4 Custom dictionaries must be stored in program defined directories and carry pro gram defined dic file extensions
60. tudy biology psychology logic economics The dictionary includes mental challenges question forget re examine paradoxes institutional learning practices graduation teaching classrooms as well as three forms of intellection intuitional invent perceive speculate interpret rationalistic estimate examine reasonable strategies and calculative diagnose analyze software fact finding PASSIVITY Words ranging from neutrality to inactivity Includes terms of compliance allow tame appeasement docility submit contented sluggish and cessation arrested capitulate refrain yielding Also contains tokens of inertness backward immobile silence inhibit and disinterest unconcerned nonchalant stoic as well as tranquility quietly sleepy vacation DICTION 5 0 Manual 45 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft EMBELLISHMENT A selective ratio of adjectives to verbs based on David Boder s 1940 conception that heavy modification slows down a verbal passage by de emphasizing human and material action Embellishment is calculated according to the following formula Praise Blame 1 Present Concern Past Concern 1 THE REALISM SCORE Definition Language describing tangible immediate recognizable matters that affect people s everyday lives Formula Familiarity Spatial Awareness Temporal Awareness Present Co
61. uest that counts for any five characters be included in the Numeric File in the following manner 1 Go to File Properties or press the File Properties button on the Tool Bar 2 Click on the Processing tab See Figure 13 3 Type any five characters in the box provided Commas or other delimiters need not be used For example amp 4 Click OK and return to the Main Screen The user can use such special characters to pre treat a text and thereby gather quantitative data on contextual phenomena Metaphors for example could be tagged with an ampersand o r colloquial phrases could be demarcated by bracket s Subsequent reports of these two character counts would therefore have special meaning for the researcher System Changes for Special Characters Changes such as these lapse once the Project is exited If the user wants the above characters to be searched each time the program is initialized do the following 1 Go to the Processing tab of Tools System Options DICTION 5 0 Manual 25 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 2 Type any five characters in the box provided 3 Click OK to exit PART 8 CHOOSING NORMATIVE PROFILES A distinctive feature of DICTION 5 0 is that it comes equipped with a variety of norms the user may employ for getting fine grained understanding of a given text or body of texts These normative data have been generated
62. um extension as in DICTION DATA STUDY 1 NUM DICTION EXTRA All Custom Dictionaries must be stored in this directory A Custom Dictionary is a word list written in text only or ASCII format created by the user a list containing 200 words or less Ten such dictionaries may be used at any given time All Custom Dictionaries must carry a dic extension as in DICTION EXTRA FUNWORDS DIC DICTION STATS This directory contains a handy utility for converting DICTION s numerical output to a format compatible with SPSS for Windows a popular tool for doing statistical analysis The conversion file is called SPSS DIC SPS Users uninterested in doing formal statistical analysis can ignore this utility since it has no effect on DICTION s operations DICTION INTERNAL This directory stores files used in Diction s technical operations specifically for its Elephant files See Part 12 below DICTION 5 0 Manual 9 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft PART 4 THE MAIN SCREEN The Main Screen is divided into three distinct areas of see Figure 3 l File View Window Pane shows the Input Files in queue for processing by DICTION 2 Data View Window Pane contains the verbal report produced when a passage has been analyzed by DICTION 3 Numeric View Window Pane shows the mathematical results of a DICTION run 1 e the Numeric File Figure 3 DICTION s main scre
63. up 3 Click OK to exit PART 6 SEARCHING A TEXT Preparing a Text As mentioned previously DICTION requires that all texts be converted to text only or ASCII format before they can be processed If the user fails to make the conversion DICTION will report an error statement as in Figure 10 Figure 10 Error report for ineligible file AN File C MyFiles Institute Gates proposal doc This is not a text only or ASCII file Please convert the file before submitting it to Diction for processing Identifying a Text To help with later statistical analysis the u ser may add an Alpha Numeric Identifier at the top of an input file See for example Figure 11 Once a search is completed the Alpha Numeric Identifier will be the first piece of data to appear in the Numeric File Such an identifier must be structured in the following manner l Do not leave blank lines at the top of the file Ze A single pound sign must precede the Alpha Numeric identifier 3 Up to eight fields of numbers letters may then be added 4 Each field of identifiers must be separated by a space o r tab DICTION 5 0 Manual 17 Program Copyright 2000 Digitext Inc Austin Texas USA All Rights Reserved Windows is a trademark of Microsoft 5 A single pound sign must follow the last field of identifiers 6 If no identifier is created DICTION will report 8 fields of zeroes for that text in the Numeric File DICTION 5 0 Manual 18 Program C
64. y outlaws repudiated Moreover it can result from voluntary forces secede privacy and involuntary forces ostracize forsake discriminate and from both personality factors smallmindedness loneliness and political factors right wingers nihilism Exclusion is often a dialectical concept hermit vs derelict refugee vs pariah discard vs spurn LIBERATION Terms describing the maximizing of individual choice autonomous open minded options and the rejection of social conventions unencumbered radical released Liberation is motivated by both personality factors eccentric impetuous flighty and political forces suffrage liberty freedom emancipation and may produce dramatic outcomes exodus riotous deliverance or subdued effects loosen disentangle outpouring Liberatory terms also admit to rival characterizations exemption vs loophole elope vs abscond uninhibited vs outlandish PART 14 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS DICTION data can be analyzed with any standard statistical package Be cause of the popularity of SPSS for Windows however DICTION comes packaged with a simple program for converting DICTION s raw data to a form readable by SPSS This program can be found under the DICTION STATS subdirectory The program is called SPSS DIC SPS It is depicted in Figure 29 To use the conversion program do the following 1 Change the extension of the Numeric File to lt dat gt this is SPSS s designation for a d

DICTION 5.0 THE TEXT-ANALYSIS PROGRAM User`s Manual

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents