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Design of a Personal Health Monitor Interface for Wireless, IP

1. ssssseeeenee 93 Figure 7 29 Screenshot of main window and Messages window 94 Figure 7 30 Tables in glucoRdrDB d cetus Corse sad pP S bo teseve Defui boim Eu t DR DIRUNS 95 Figure 7 31 Selection of table from Hitachi giving LCD terminology see 97 Figure 7 32 Selection of table from Hitachi giving LCD terminology see 97 Figure A7 1i Etching fs nj LT PERRO RC nni i i ar aii 147 Figure A7 2 Cutting PCB board to SB oco soe oe a ice Medo t 148 Figure A7 3 P hoto resist board diagram 15 5104 ose fette seti ineunt te perte oso visto 149 Figure A7 4 Removing P hoto resist Protective Layer 149 Figure A7 5 Diagram of combining board with mask eese 149 Figure A7 6 Board insertion to Transparencies sess 150 Figure A7 7 UV Exposure machine at the University of Limerick sse 150 Figure A7 8 PCB board placed in Exposure Machine ccccscsccscsseseescsssseescseesscscsseescsseseescsseseees 150 Figure A7 9 Board With Phioto ESIS cvs casi e ee E i me tips t beo Do icd iubes 151 Figure A7 10 Boards atthe end of developer bath essent 151 Figure A7 11 Drying PCBs after bubble etching scies Sav Om p NS Ye EE i a breed 152 Figure 47 12 S malle DIE sets oae Nn Me heh a er de t AU 152 Figure A7 13 Drilling holes on the LCD driver circuit eese 153 Figure A7 14 Drilling hol
2. 3 OMAP5912 OSK not configured correctly for 4bit data The OMAP development board is set up to drive a 16bit colour LCD from factory settings However this setting can be changed along with all of the other parameters of the LCD controller Because this element of the project was completed so late in the term we did not have enough time to test changing the settings on the pixel clock the size or changing the settings to the 4bit data setting 4 LCD is blown or is not getting the correct ON command This is a possibility for the following reason also found at the Hitachi site on the same table as the other definitions 54 Why is the Power It is important to achieve the correct timing to ensure that the LCD does not become On Off sequence damaged especially when switching ON The basic requirement is to ensure that the display important is not enabled without the supply and timing signals being present For the ONt Figure 7 32 Selection of table from Hitachi giving LCD terminology Display P roduct P roduct Information Originally we had the ON OFF pin of the LCD connected to a GPIO line on the development board However when the software developer determined it would be complicated to hold that GPIO line high for extended periods of time we simply re routed the wire and connected the ON OFF to a 3 3V line The theory behind this action is that a high signal would always be sent to the LCD and therefore we would n
3. Take special notice of the power consumption column Some of the models clearly draw more power than would be acceptable We eliminated all of the LCDs above 40mW which leaves three viable models Cost is another factor in this decision yet because we will only purchase a single LCD for our proof of concept cost is not a main consideration The previous research 35 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL team chose an LCD that was 59 however as illustrated in Table 5 4 prices for the modules vary as much as the modules themselves Price Sharp LM24022 39 00 USD Sharp LM 32019T 79 00 USD Sony ACX705AKM 59 00 USD Hantronix HDG320240 46 14 USD Seiko G321EV 98 35 USD Microtips MTF T022BHNLN 46 30 USD Optrex F 51373GNC FW AH 99 15 USD Table 5 4 Comparison of LCD prices It was difficult to find European suppliers for many of the LCD modules therefore we used Mouser a large electronics distribution company in the USA to validate price points After reviewing the possibilities the Hantronix came out as the clear choice for the LCD in this application as opposed to the Figure 5 6 and Figure 5 7 contrast the Sony ACX705AKM 7 chosen by Broders et al and the Hantronix HDG320240 we selected Figure 5 6 Front view of the Sony ACX075AKM 7 Figure 5 7 Front view of the Hantronix HG 3202040 The Sony LCD is a colour display however the Hantronix pro
4. set itl4 100 set convlimit set rshunt le 012 param hrange 0 1le 030 save tran env options le 005 1e4030 0 1e 005 auto ic auto tstep auto tmax if error end scope audit log show show all showmod all end scope Multisim Default Analysis Options Truncation error overestimation factor 7 Upper transient iteration limit 100 Enable convergence assistance for code models Shunt resistance from analog nodes to ground le 012 utput from instrument analysis BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor device q2 xu2 qscxu2 q3 xxu2 ql xu2 model qn xu2 qn xu2 qp xu2 qp xu2 ic 0 000118 3 01e 015 1 35e 005 5 56e 005 ib 0 000135 3 01e 018 6 77e 006 2 78e 005 ie 1 61e 005 3 01e 015 6 77e 006 2 78e 005 vbe 0 666 0 0029 0 666 0 0366 vbc 0 663 0 0 585 0 622 gm 0 000617 4 1e 015 0 000262 0 00108 gpi 5 82e 006 1 03e 015 1e 015 1 16e 015 O 129 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL gmu 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000262 0 00108 gx 0 0 0 0 go 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000262 0 00108 cpi 0 0 0 0 cmu 0 0 0 0 cbx 0 0 0 0 ccs 0 0 0 0 Capacitor Fixed capacitor device c2 xu2 cl xu2 cen xu2 model C C C capacitance 1 59e 013 3 18e 010 5e
5. therefore we will be leaving pin 5 Voutl 6 4 Wireless Technology Background This section will elaborate on some of the terminology of protocols and security types used in the wireless module Although our wireless module is fully integrated the different elements of wireless technology should be known as to understand the potentials of the wireless system for our proof of concept device 6 4 1 Terminology The following descriptions provide the reader with a further understanding of wireless systems vocabulary which will be used to further explicate the system block All of the following information can be found at http en wikipedia org e Open System Interconnection OSI Reference Model an abstract description of how communications and computer network protocol are designed There are seven layers of which each layer using only the functions of the layer below and exporting functionality to the layer above e Media Access Control MAC part of the OSI network model in the data link layer This dictates who can access physical memory at any time Also acts as an interface between the Logic Link Control and the physical layer of the OSI network model e Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA CA type of MAC protocol which senses the carrier scheme transmits a jam signal when information is to be transmitted waits for sufficient time then sends a data frame if a jam signal is received after the frame
6. Figure 5 5 Concept rendition 3 There are many different possibilities for the button arrangement which all three of the concept renditions illustrate In Figure 5 5 the buttons remain on the front face of the unit however positioned along the length of the screen to reduce the vertical height of the device In addition indication LEDs are shown as a possibility for an addition to the product These indication lights would allow the user to be sure of the devices status at any given time 5 2 Choosing an LCD The display specified in Design of a Health Monitor System by Broders et al is the Sony ACX705AKM Upon inspection of this system we discovered problems that had arisen with the ribbon cable connector of this model of display As a result we decided to investigate this model as well as other display options in terms of the characteristics required by the customer We considered both aesthetic components of the display and technical requirements of the driver circuit to choose an appropriate LCD Several determining factors were involved in the selection of an LCD for this project Because diabetes patients will be the main users of this product the probability of the user having some sort of visual impairment is higher than in other products To aid in clarity we assessed both the display area of the LCD and the image quality The first major decision involved the colour capabilities of the device The choice between a full colour disp
7. http www openembedded org wiki OEandY ourDistro A5 2 Getting Started with OpenEmbedded The following sections aim to summarize the official Getting Started guide available at the OpenEmbedded Wiki http www openembedded org wiki GettingStarted In addition this guide will tailor its advice and recommendations to that of the OMAP5912 OSK development board A5 2 1 Initial Setup With your development computer now up and running with all of the required software see Section 1 2 installed and updated it is necessary to begin the process of building the working directory structure that will be used to maintain downloads and unpacked source required for our development environment Please note that all development should be done from a standard user account i e not from a root account This is not only for the security of the development machine or to fulfill standard practices of development in a Unix based operating system but also to fulfill certain dependencies that OpenEmbedded requires when creating and for writing to cache files In addition it is also useful to have access to a true HOME variable as only created under a user account To create the proper directory structure please issue the following commands from a user account logged into a valid terminal 113 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL cd mkdir p stuff build conf cd stuff The first command ensures t
8. xtb 0 eg 1 11 xti 3 fc 0 5 thom 27 kf 0 N af 0 model C cj 0 cjsw 0 Nn SONCCOrFTOGDOrF 1 11 0 5 27 0 0 Capacitor models Fixed capacitor 144 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL defw 1e 005 narrow 0 tcl tc2 vcl vc2 cmult 1 t_measured 27 t_abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 0 0 0 0 Diode models Junction Diode model model dx xu2 den xu2 is 1le 015 1e 012 IS 0 4 56e 005 n 1 1 tt 0 0 cjo 0 0 vj 1 1 m 0 5 0 5 eg 1 11 1 11 xti 3 3 kf 0 2 81e 017 af 1 1 fc 0 5 0 5 bv 0 0 ibv 0 001 0 001 ibvl 0 0 ikf 1e 030 1e 030 isr 0 0 nbv 1 1 nbvl 1 1 nr 2 2 tbv1 0 0 tbv2 0 0 tikf 0 0 trs1 0 0 trs2 0 0 Inductor models Inductors model L tcl 0 tc2 0 145 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL ill 0 i2 0 Imult 1 t measured 27 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 Resistor models Simple linear resistor model R rsh 0 narrow 0 tcl 0 tc2 0 tnom 27 tce 0 rmult 1 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 poly models 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source model a poly fl x coef 0 2 43e 005 l l l defw 1e 005 2 43e 005 146 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A7Guide t
9. 57 LCD PCLK 10 Dshift PCLK 58 LCD AC 11 M AC 59 LCD VSYNC 9 FLM VSYNC 60 LCD HSYNC 12 Dlatch HSYNC 79 GND C5 C6 R5 IC1p11 LCD Header 18 Pin LCD Designation HiRose Pin Designation Other Connection 1 VL 3 3v 11 3 3v 2 V6 Bias C1 C2 3 V3 Bias C2 C3 4 V4 Bias C3 C4 5 V5 Bias C4 C5 6 VSS GND 1 GND C9 p14 7 VSS GND 1 GND C9 p14 8 VDD 3 0v V2 out Vref Pin 7 Vref 9 FLM VSYNC 59 LCD VSYNC 10 DATA SHIFT PCLK 57 LCD PCLK 11 M AC 58 LCD AC 12 DATA LATCH HSYNC 60 LCD HSYNC 13 INHX ON OFF 21 GPIO 12 14 VSS GND 1 GND C9 p6 15 DB3 44 LCD P3 16 DB2 43 LCD P2 17 DB1 42 LCD P1 18 DBO 41 LCD PO 111 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A5Guide to OpenEmbedded for OMAP5912 OSK The following is a guide designed to document the steps necessary for getting an OpenEmbedded filesystem and toolchain built in an effort to accelerate the time required to start working with the OMAP5912 OSK development board from Digital Spectrum A5 1 System Requirements The preferred development environment for OpenEmbedded is a dedicated machine running a variant of the Unix operating system preferably a flavor of Linux Early on the team was still deciding which operating system to use on the OMAP5912 OSK development board the decision was to setup a development machine using a recommended operating system for development between multiple operating systems MontaVista L
10. 82 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 25 1 5 6 773 791394913579 TL Top Copper Bottom Copper Solder Mask Figure 7 17 User Input PCB as seen in ExpressPCB If we were going to have these PCBs professionally manufactured this would be the point when we would have sent them off to the manufacturers For in house production the top layer copper and bottom layer copper traces are printed onto transparent paper individually Because there is only a single side to the user input circuit only one transparency needs to be printed out for this circuit The LCD PCB circuit uses both sides of a double sided PCB so both sides must be printed out and then to make sure the sides are lined up the two transparencies are stapled together This step can cause problems If stapled with the wrong page on the top the whole circuit can come out as a mirror image and will not work with the integrated circuits pin 283 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL outs In addition the page must exactly line up so the vias line up and transferring of conductivity occurs from one side of the board to the other If all of this is correct the circuits are ready for manufacturing For more information about the manufacturing of PCBs please see Appendix A7 7 3 Testing The hardware testing we completed was a multi step process Upon receiving all the parts we measured the value of each resistor and cap
11. C Kermit gt set file type bin C Kermit gt set file name lit C Kermit gt set rec pack 1000 C Kermit gt set send pack 1000 C Kermit gt set window 5 These parameters establish communication over the serial port at a baud rate of 115 200 with no flow control Alternatively these parameters can be set permanently by modifying your kermit file accordingly At this point you can proceed to attach the OMAP5912 OSK to your development computer via a standard null serial cable female to female Before powering on the development board type the following at your C Kermit console C Kermit gt connect Connecting to dev ttySO speed 115200 Escape character Ctrl ASCII 28 FS enabled Type the escape character followed by C to get back or followed by to see other options If a successful connection has taken place you should see text similar to that above All incoming communication across the serial port will be displayed below the dotted line Go ahead and power on the OMAP5912 OSK at this time by connecting the 5 V line from the power supply If successful you should see U Boot load and begin counting down to load the kernel or simply be brought to a U Boot terminal Press any key to cancel the countdown and be brought to a U Boot terminal A5 4 2 Flashing with New U Boot Version We now want to enter a state in which we can receive new files and store them in memory on the development board At the U Boot terminal
12. Connecting to wireless network to transfer glucometer data is one of the major goals of this project and might seem daunting to a non technical person so the system chosen must be easy to use to eliminate barriers that could arise from this technically complicated portion of the system Currently wireless networks are expanding becoming more common and available to the general population Along with this increase in wireless availability has been an increase in the types of wireless networks The technical design elements of a wireless system include hardware style type of interface necessary range transmission method amount of data transmitted and level of encryption There is no discussion of cell phone or two way pager wireless technology which we eliminated at an earlier stage of design Dependence on a service that would require a monthly service charge is not a desirable feature of this system The transfer of information through wireless technology allows product users mobility and freedom from entangling cords Giving health monitoring devices the capability to communicate with a database though wireless means is the ultimate goal of this project This is why the technical aspects of several different types of wireless protocol were investigated to select the technology best suited for this application 40 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 5 5 1 Choosing a Wireless Network Type The Institute of Electri
13. Figure 5 9 Backside of the OMAP 5912 OSK with I O ports labelled sseese 35 Figure 5 10 Example layout of a wireless system nennen 42 Figure 5 11 Airborne WENGSET DP 10 a oco e e Rea p eb t t t Utd t ein 45 Figure 5 12 Integrated wireless module options esee eene nnns 45 Figure 6 1 Data Transmission Flow Cartes eo oot ssa irt RD vu dise D urbi ora balade 47 Figure 6 2 Complete System Block Diaufalis si ooa esee re aie eed de Ge 48 Figure 6 3 Module Integration Ding alfizs osea rpm EY E Oe to tel Roe an ts 48 Figure 6 4 Pull down up resistor configuration enne 50 Figure 6 5 Bounce time for mechanical switches essent 51 Figure 6 6 User input schematic ox tric oeuvre vc TU OR alb be cs ale hook 52 Figure 6 7 Sample of positive LCD display 4o cst iet ive e d tere UR e pe a tri e ettet dudes 53 Figure 6 8 Sample negative LCD display image essere 53 Figure 6 9 P ower CIRCUIES efle TlaliG ssec emer eid ib esent pha sime 56 Figure 6 10 Pin Designation for EP 324M s cote ore bd etie ur Rate epi qd ettet ed ertends ts 57 Figure 6 11 Suggested Voltage Reference Circuit sess 57 Figure 6 12 Voltage Rersrence CIFeUlb sid eocediies gsi detto f tea ttesevo ott eibi isa tbt eiut 57 Figure 6 13 Pyramid of Software in Embedded Systems sse 62 Figure 6 14 Screenshot of FreeStyle Connect Data Management sof
14. MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Do SRECOMMICIO AMON S dM eestos Dorcel DP PN MIU S a hdi ih pM iu LUE 99 8 1 Proof of concept Recommendations eessesessseseseeeee eene enne enne 99 8 2 Final Product Recommendations ccscccessscecssccecesececesececsceececeecseeeeeseeeecsneeeeeaeees 100 ANS World san aes gece TT 101 RETErENCES Qosmio faced edu MCA Oe agi teu Cea STAN iN cei ei Ll ca 103 Al Project DESCHIPUION T P 106 A2 Complete Parts Listo ie n ues mies amid gutedaes aei chase POR dee ele is EU REESS 107 A3 LCD Cortespondene susto md edagastet re aes rac doat bela etaed qal eae ae 109 A4 Ere veio E E E E E E 111 A5 Guide to OpenEmbedded for OMAP5912 OSK sss 112 A6 Simulation R sults amp Logs tie isisisi nies ENS E saa Ee RE RENE ARCA EN MUS 125 A7 Guide to PCB Manufacturing sess cote coded RM bo Uso prO Du Md pecu utc Pu RUM 147 A8 COG oaa Sae foit tentent O RUNS PON dU E E tdt Pesci dae endete te 155 vi WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL List of Figures Figure 3 1 The Prevalence of Diabetes etas bah sou eto C EE E adeunt 8 Figure3 2 Causesof Type Diabetis cct cs en aros a etd e ok ae 9 Figure 3 3 Wireless data collection coa atto ets a o ome ERR Dy dece cd Rv eae 11 Figure 3 4 FreeStyle Mini GIUCOTTIBIBI oes casdeaavesesiuacensscvassssshsanealnsaveaayassace asaovansaaiaceadeabvacaaiaea 14 Figure 3 5
15. PyGlucoRdr Jj E getWindow Type Top Level Project opened Type Hint Normal Position Center k Selector Modal No Default Width C GTK Basic Prez Default Height GTK Additional P SS Resizable No Deprecated Auto Destroy Yes a a d m T Icon mom c Named Icon x A ei EB B Role ax re Decorated Yes J cm fed E Skip Taskbar No Skip Pager N ae A 2 Gravity Center a aaa Focus On Map Yes lli i z Urgency Hint N o 4 M E mi c Figure 6 17 Screenshot of Glad development environment 68 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Our GUI needs to complete three specific functions retrieve data from a given glucose meter transmit data retrieved in a form suitable for capture in a standards based database and allow healthcare professionals to send messages to their diabetic patients using our device Each one of these functions should take the user to a new window and allow the functionality to be completed In addition a method to return to the main window must be available from each menu The flow chart in Figure 6 18 demonstrates the functionality of our proposed graphical user interface Retrieves Data From Glucometer Sends Data to Database Displays Received Messages Figure 6 18 Functionality flowchart for GUI In addition to this functionality the GUI must be aware of its primary user the common diabetic patient and th
16. Simple to navigate The menu system must be very clear and easy to navigate without much familiarization something that people feel like they understand immediately when they start using it Ability to receive health related messages The ability for doctors or health services to send feedback messages to the user is a main feature of this device The person must be able to receive information from the internet as well as send and store information there Clear feedback about operation Messages such as Transmitting Now or Uploading Data will allow to user to see easily that the device is busy and not yet ready for additional inputs These informational queues to the user allow them to know what the processor is thinking and relate to the transfer of information Secure transmission of information Health information must be protected by the highest level of security possible so the highest levels of wireless security must be implemented In addition the database on the internet must be a secure database only accessible to those who should have access to the information Final Product Features Portable with small form factor The device needs to be battery powered and its overall size should not exceed the size of a Personal Digital Assistant PDA and should easily fit into a coat or pants pocket without causing discomfort Unobtrusive exterior design The intention of this device is to make life easier for di
17. The problem so far has been isolated to the op amp chip all of the external circuitry so far has checked out to be as expected The first option that we considered was that one of the four op amps inside the quad op amp is faulty specifically U2D as labelled in Figure 7 19 To test this theory we inputted voltage to pin 12 is to pin 10 as well By shorting out R1 and directly connecting the input of R1 to the input of R2 86 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL the voltage is passed to R2 and the output of at pin 8 should now mimic that of pin 14 if U2D is fully functional Figure 7 20 is a picture of the experiment set up Figure 7 20 LP 324M Functionality Test 1 Once it was set up accordingly we connected the development board as the power source as before At node 6 there was a voltage of 2 45V which was observed at V6 previously The result shows the U2D to be functional as far as U2C showed the same output when given the same input As an additional test we raised the voltage of VCC from 3 3V to 4 19V This was done by severing the connection see Figure 7 21 from pin 12 of the HiRose connector and connecting that line instead to pin 6 which supplies 4 2VDC as in section 7 3 1 Severed Trace Figure 7 21 Severed HiRose Trace Using a wire connection from pin 6 to the trace used for both powering the op amp and as the input value to RI Once we plugged the LCD PCB back into expansion slo
18. enter the following command OMAPS912 OSK loadb Ready for binary kermit download to 0x10000000 at 115200 bps 121 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The loadb command sets the development board in receiving mode using the kermit protocol It is now necessary to return focus to C Kermit to setup the U Boot binary to be sent across the serial connection To return focus to C Kermit type the escape sequence Ctrl then c At the C Kermit terminal enter the following to prepare the U Boot binary file for transfer C Kermit gt add send list stuff build tmp deploy images u boot omap59 1 20sk LABEL 2006 06 30 2020 r0 bin C Kermit gt send Please note that the specific file name for your U Boot binary file may vary as the application and its deployment package are updated over time After executing the send command C Kermit should begin sending the package to the OMAP5912 OSK where the data will be stored in RAM at memory location 0x10000000 If the send fails please follow any on screen suggestions for dealing with the send errors When the send is completed you will be returned to a C Kermit command prompt Issue the connect command again to transfer focus to the development board and the U Boot terminal At the U Boot terminal you should test the downloaded U Boot image with the following comand OMAPS5912 OSK go 0x10000000 The go command will move
19. gmu 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000262 0 00108 gx 0 0 0 0 go 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000262 0 00108 cpi 0 0 0 0 141 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL cmu 0 0 0 0 cbx 0 0 0 0 ccs 0 0 0 0 Capacitor Fixed capacitor device c2 xu2 cl xu2 cen xu2 ccl cc2 model C C C C C capacitance 1 59e 013 3 18e 010 5e 011 1e 006 1e 006 1 4 48e 021 7 66e 017 2 03e 021 0 0 p 9 01e 021 1 54e 016 1 69e 028 0 0 CCCS Current controlled current source device fsc xu2 fsy xu2 i 3 3e 012 0 00247 v 0 622 1 25 p 2 05e 012 0 00309 Diode Junction Diode model device di xu2 dn2 xu2 dnl xu2 model dx xu2 den xu2 den xu2 vd 0 738 0 39 0 39 id 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 gd 0 0953 0 000136 0 000136 cd 0 0 0 Inductor Inductors device lo xu2 model L inductance 1e 007 flux 2 29e 012 v 1 22e 016 i 2 29e 005 p 2 79e 021 Isource Independent current source device i2 xu2 isy xu2 il xu2 dc 0 0001 0 00035 0 00121 acmag 0 0 0 v 0 666 1 25 1 21 p 6 66e 005 0 000438 0 00148 Resistor Simple linear resistor device r8 xu2 r7 xu2 r6 xu2 r5 xu2 rscxu2 r4 xu2 model R R R R R R resistance 4 05e 003 4 28e 003 8 33e 003 1 67e 004 24 5 5e 004 i 0 000309 0 0 O 0 000118 1 24e 005 142 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL p 0 000386 0 0 0 3 44e 007 7 74e 006 Resistor Simple linear resistor device r3 xu2 r2 xxu2 rl xu2 model R R R resistance 1e 006 1e 008
20. omap fbuffer c in drivers video omap of the kernel source code The General Purpose Input Output GPIO lines that our buttons use are controlled by the source file gpio switch c in arch arm plat omap of the Linux kernel source The appropriate lines simply need to have their attributes modified such that when one of our buttons is pressed the action maps to an appropriate key that you would find on a standard keyboard For our purposes we selected the up down arrows and the Enter key to map to our buttons as appropriate Please see Appendix 8 for the full code of gpio switch c where our modifications are clearly commented and detailed With these changes made to the kernel source files the kernel is compiled with the following commands make arm linux objcopy O binary vmlinux vmlinux bin gzip f 9 vmlinux bin mkimage A arm O linux T kernel C none a 0x10008000 n OE Linux Kernel 2 6 18 omap d vmlinux bin gz ulmage bin gz rm vmlinux bin gz The resulting compressed kernel image e g vmlinux bin gz can be moved to the development board and later copied to the device s flash along with its respective root filesystem as compiled by OpenEmbedded and discussed in Section 6 5 1 Please consult Appendix A5 for the detailed procedures followed to copy the developed kernel and root filesystem to the OMAP5912 OSK 7 4 2 Protocol Implementation Building upon the findings of Section 6
21. we recommend that the system s power needs be monitored closely to maximize battery time Programming o Ability to receive health related messages Two way transfer of information is not enabled on our device We recommend that this capability be developed and that a history of at least 10 messages be kept for the user to review The messages should 99 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL be categorized by date sent instead of the date received to ensure different headings for the messages Clear feedback about operation We recommend there be a clear indicator for the user as to the status of the device As illustrated in the concept drawings of the product in Chapter 5 LEDs could be implemented on the device to alert the user there has been a change in status of the device Another option is to display messages such as Transmitting Now or Uploading Data on the screen these would serve the same purpose Database The database currently is a basic MySQL application We recommend that this database be bolstered and backed up with a more secure application because the medical information it contains should be secure PostgreSQL could be used as the back end of the MySQL application to make it more secure 8 2 Final Product Recommendations The following recommendations are suggested for implementation as the product is getting ready for the market These developments are likely to come i
22. 19 06 18 0x00 len 32 120 Oct 07 2005 19 06 18 0x00 lt LF gt 0x1746 END len 12 0x1746 END lt LF gt Table 6 3 Results of spying on RS 232 communication The first line of the commented readout lt VUL gt lt NUL gt mem is the command the FreeStyle Connect software issues across the serial port to the glucometer The lines thereafter are output by the glucose meter to the application for further processing Equipped with this information we could then go about deciphering which ASCII characters produce lt NUL gt responses in a terminal setting that is deciphering which characters produce no visible output when issued Consulting an ASCII table revealed that line feeds and carriage returns produce lt NUL gt outputs Confirming the findings of Broders et al we learned the command lt CR gt lt NL gt mem is responsible for clearing the line to the glucometer and having it deliver its memory contents via the RS 232 connection This finding allowed us to arrive repeatedly at the shown output by sending the following command to the glucometer via the RS 232 connection Command with ASCII Comments Command without Comments r lt CR gt len 0 r n lt CR gt len 0 n mem lt CR gt len 3 mem Table 6 4 Command to trigger FreeStyle Mini memory dump At this point we now ventured to repeat the issuing of this command across the serial port on our Linux based development machine Using Minicom a se
23. 2 of the project covered the individual implementation the major subsystems Once realized each subsystem was tested for expected values and results individually before being connected to any other part of the system Stage 2 took the designs plans and ground work from Stage 1 and put them into action Stage 1 B Background oconund be B Stage 2 Research Design Hardware ee lt lt 2 Selection Selection e e o9 Design H LJ Selection W Design raphic Use User Interface 1 Manufactured Manufactured Loads Data Operating System Loaded Onto Si Loaded Onto 1 J PCB PCB Development Board Figure 4 3 Project Stage 2 Flow Chart As Figure 4 3 shows Stage 2 built upon Stage 1 The actual pieces of the subsystems were built and tested By the end of this stage all of the major subsystems had been constructed This stage included the following key tasks Hardware manufacturing o Driver for LCD o User interface Hardware testing o Compare to simulations from design Operating system compiled and loaded onto the development board Glucometer protocol developed and functional Graphical user interface functional Stage 3 of the project covered the integration of the subsystems assuring positive connections and testing the overall system Taking each of the sub
24. 2uF SMT C7 CAP_ELECTROLIT_SMT 2 2uF SMT UI OPAMP LP324M U2 REGULATOR LP2966 Ji 6 Line ribbon connector J2 LCD Connector HiRose Connector A2 2 User Interface Circuit Part Reference Description RI RESISTOR_SMT 10K SMT R2 RESISTOR_SMT 10K SMT R3 RESISTOR_SMT 10K SMT SWI SWITCH PB DPST SW2 SWITCH PB DPST SW3 SWITCH PB DPST Ji 6 LINE RIBBON CONNECTOR 107 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A2 3 Parts Ordering Information User Input Circuit Button Ribbon Cable Headers Resistors PCB PF Part Number 1499270 3784381 148519 9332391 141303 Manufacturer OMRON TYCO TYCO MULTICOMP KELAN Manufacturer MC 0 1W Part Number B3F 1000 1483351 1 7 215079 6 0805 1 10K 141303 Number of units 6 2 10 50 1 Price per Unit Euro 0 75 1 05 0 63 0 03 12 26 Total Price 4 50 2 10 6 30 1 50 12 26 LCD Driver Circuit IC 2 2uF Cap 4 7uF Cap 22k Res 180k Res PF Part Number 9486941 9418644 913285 9332820 9332731 Manufacturer National MULTICOMP MULTICOMP MULTICOMP MULTICOMP Semiconductor Manufacturer MC 0 1W Part Number Ip324m LV2R2M2AB 0513 E 913 285 0805 1 22K MC 0 1W 0805 1 180K Number of units 4 10 10 50 50 Price per Unit Euro 1 37 0 145 0 152 0 03 0 03 Total Price 5 48 1 45 1 52 1 50 1 50 4 7k Res LCD connector Voltage Regulator 1uF Cap 9333266 107994
25. 5 and the Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Operating Systems we were able to formulate a script written in C which could successfully open a serial connection with defined parameters issue the command to have the FreeStyle Mini glucose meter send its data and record the sent data to a plain text file We tested the script on our Linux development computer and then compiled it for use on our development board using the tools OpenEmbedded had helped create in the following command arm linux gcc g Wall FreeStyleMini c 91 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The full source with descriptive comments to our script is found in Appendix A8 It serves as a template for the other scripts that will be developed as the library of supported glucose meters increases for our device 7 4 3 Implementation of GUI and Application The main application window to PyGlucoRdr the Python Glucometer Reader consists of three buttons a get data button a send data button and a check on messages button Each button is mapped with PyGTK code to open its respective window The text on all of the buttons has been kept large to facilitate the use of this device by those suffering from visual impairment Figure 7 26 further illustrates the style the main window was constructed in and the functionality of each of the three buttons Lj m WPEDO gt CAD e ULE 2 Incoming Data Get Data
26. Figure 7 13 Topside of LCD driver circuit PCB version two with components 81 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A o o o o o s o o Figure 7 14 Backside of LCD driver circuit PCB version two The user input PCB is a much simpler circuit but it was still important to lay out all the components to ensure they fit in their footprints and did not interfere with each other Figure 7 15 User input PCB Design and layout with components One main problem occurred with this circuit The Micro Match ribbon cable header is a thru hole component normally this would not be a problem but the plastic casing around the header makes it so soldering to the pins on the top side of the board is not possible Fortunately the simple nature of this circuit allowed for the transferring of all the traces to the bottom side of the board Both the buttons and the ribbon cable header are thru hole so they will remain on the top side of the board but the resistors and the traces will be on the underside 7 2 4 Finalizing the PCB Design After three major revisions and one round of manufacturing to find additional errors the PCBs were ready for final construction Figure 7 16 and Figure 7 17 show the finalized designs for the PCBs Included in these are all the changes described previously and an additional change for a hardware interference problem encountered after the first round of manufacturing
27. Number of Pins Number of Backlight Pins Screen Width Contact Location Connection Cable Length Sharp LM24022 18 2 13 6 mm 50mm Sharp LM 32019T 12 16 25mm 39mm Sony ACX705AKM 22 11 5mm bottom 26 4 curved Hantronix HDG320240 18 17mm side 32mm Seiko G321EV 14 3 32 5mm Side 4 5mm Microtips MTF T022BHNLN 39 12mm 18 6mm Optrex F 51373GNC FW AH 22 3 22mm 7 6 mm Table 5 2 Comparison of LCD pin connections Though power consumption in the proof of concept product is not a large factor the final product should use a low power screen Because it will not cost extra development time to incorporate this feature we will place emphasis on selecting a low power LCDs Because the development of this system is ongoing with the OMAP5912 OSK we had to keep in mind the available 3 3V supply Choosing a display requiring a supply voltage above this level creates the need for extra control circuitry in the driver circuit Table 5 3 demonstrates the different requirements of each LCD Power Consumption Power Supply Minimum Max Average Sharp LM24022 32mW 4V TV 5 6V Sharp LM 32019T 1482mW 10V 12 5V Sony ACX705AKM 47mW 3V 2 55V 3 5V_ 3 15V 42V 3V 3 8V Hantronix HDG320240 21mW 3v 2 75V 3 25V 3V Seiko G321EV 45mW 4 75V 5 25V 5V Microtips MTF T022BHNLN 24mW 1 65V 3 3V 1 8V Optrex F 51373GNC FW AH 100mW 2 7V 5 5V Table 5 3 Comparison of LCD power allotments
28. OneTouch Ultra IUCOITIOIS Des siocssetvasnsatsahedacmcengan tay bee RR DNE DS pod i e tua Que tees 14 Figure 3 6 Microsoft Windows mobile glucose data logging interface ssssesssss 16 Figure 3 7 GlucoMON package for the wireless transmission of glucose ccsccccsseseescsseseescseeseeeees 17 Figure 3 8 eHIT product concept diguTallis cosi svete rn Uh Ec Pt o eai etu ette QA v ae 17 Figure 4 1 Top level Gantt chart iocos sitit ores oraque erdt Mida ER Ur Mn MO eta dee Legs 21 Figure 4 2 Project Stage 1 Flow Cal scena eeh reo tuti ae dta bat etutsase tet eie a ad 22 Figure 4 3 Project Stage 2 Flow C DiB ILE combi ose tu E RU tes tado oU Ut iuba ects 23 Figure 4 4 Project Stage 3 Flow CTIBEL eie ratae dedere ettet te oid e Pu adc u te er des 24 Figure 5 1 Example of a text based mella e eue o Dat pa bison UM ce MESS 28 Figure 5 2 Example of a graphic based melli cocoa regt rt ee ema tg e Pretbaers 28 Figure 5 3 Concept rendition Loa esca docta ia a poene edite erudit bad tet aot cA USE es 30 Figure 5 4 Concept rendition 2 ose Aiea ok te tie RR IN RU eA Et M eL REEL 30 Figure 5 5 Concept rendition eas aisi mat ted qiti eae utet eod vd ee beca tiene Rd 31 Figure 5 6 Front view of the Sony ACX075AKM 7 eesssseesseeeeneeeennen tenente nnne 33 Figure 5 7 Front view of the Hahtronbx HG 3202040 usse ttd Her t tet t eti esos 33 Figure 5 8 Top side of the OMAP5912 OSK with I O ports labelled 34
29. Such an increase in diabetic patients motivates technological advances in order to facilitate the future management research and analysis of this disease The Republic of Ireland is feeling the growing affect of diabetes on its citizens A WHO census in 2000 reported an approximate 86 thousand Irish citizens afflicted with the disease In 2006 the Diabetes Federation of Ireland estimated that at least 200 thousand known diabetics resided in Ireland with approximately 200 thousand additional persons unaware that they are afflicted with the disease In addition there could another 250 thousand more people in Ireland considered pre diabetic that is people who will require insulin injections if lifestyle changes are not made over the course of the next five years With a population of just over 4 million and 1796 of the population in danger of enduring a lifetime of diabetes the collection of data from Irish diabetic patients for research and analysis could aid in determining the most efficient manor in which to deal with the disease Diabetic patients are advised to test their blood glucose levels periodically and in some cases use injections of insulin to maintain healthy levels of glucose in their blood Doctors recommend that patients keep a record of blood glucose levels for review at routine examinations The review of handwritten logbooks is time consuming for both the patient and the doctor With the creation of a device capable of data coll
30. This should aid the reader in understanding the direction of our project 2 1 Project Objective The following is an excerpt from the project description provided by John Harris and Dr Mark Southern of Enterprise Research Centre ERC University of Limerick UL Appendix A1 contains the original text The aim of the project is to develop and apply a wireless data transmission technology for real time data acquisition of remote patient data in a primary care environment Possible applications include the monitoring of diabetes cardiovascular asthma and chronic disease management The objective is to deliver a prototype wireless interface device comprising of a short range wireless transmitter communicating over a proprietary wireless access point WAP updating individual patient data in a remote database over the internet The target output is a microprocessor based mobile RF transceiver interface Harris 2005 2 2 Project Mission Taking the above project objective we established a project mission Our project aims to assist the Engineering Research Centre at the University of Limerick design develop and implement a proof of concept wireless system capable of remote data monitoring and the real time acquisition of remote patient data in a primary care environment with intent for future statistical research and analysis on said data We will fulfil our mission by 1 Developing a device and its firmware with prior current and so
31. UNREGISTERED COMpert COM Baud rate Parity typa c Stop bits Whtetofle gt Clee mmm oj 5 i COM closed Mode Spy Source Sting Figure 6 15 Screenshot of Advanced Serial Port Monitor application We started by connecting our FreeStyle Mini glucometer to our personal computer via the serial port connector Next we opened the Advanced Serial Port Monitor application and set it to spy on COMI the first serial port as named by Windows Next the FreeStyle connect software is opened and the Read Meter button is selected The Advanced Serial Port Monitor returns the communication between the glucose meter and the Windows application In Table X the output is presented with comments on the left and without on the right By default the Advanced Serial Port Monitor application includes ASCII comments to assist the user with protocol identification Please note that only line feeds LFs are displayed in the commented output not carriage returns CRs 65 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Readout with ASCII Comments Readout without ASCII Comments lt NUL gt lt NUL gt mem len 0 lt LF gt T F360 62439 len 13 T F360 62439 lt LF gt 1 0000 P len 14 1 0000 P lt LF gt Sep 20 2006 12 13 11 len 22 Sep 20 2006 12 13 11 lt LF gt 002 len 4 002 lt LF gt lt LF gt 105 Oct 07 2005 19 08 18 0x00 len 33 105 Oct 07 2005 19 08 18 0x00 lt LF gt 120 Oct 07 2005
32. User Interface Timed Momentary Simulation Results In this simulation only one button can be active at a time The output graph of Figure 7 9 does not show the graphs superimposed on one another to illustrate the deactivation characteristic of each switch The above mentioned simulations provide a general overview of the functionality of the buttons However the interaction between the buttons and the software could not be simulated Therefore the outcome of pressing two buttons at the same time is still something that needs to be fixed in the software 7 2 PCB Design With the simulations of the circuits complete we were confident in the circuit design as a whole and ready to layout the LCD driver and user input on printed circuit boards PCBs Under different circumstances the creation of a test circuit on a solderless breadboard with gathered components occurs before transferring the circuit to a PCB However due to the number of connections involved for the HiRose 80 pin header for the OMAP5912 OSK and the 18 pin header for the LCD it would have made this task very difficult and time consuming 7 2 1 Computer Aided PCB Layout Having very little experience in the production of PCBs we decided to try out a few different free software packages PCBPool and Target 3000 for PCB Production were tested and found to have little helpful documentation and non intuitive user interfaces We decided to use 2T WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Ente
33. be orthogonal with each other which eliminates interference between the channels e Complementary Code Keying CCK an improvement over M ary Orthogonal Keying and uses polyphase complementary codes Polyphase complementary codes are codes where each element is a complex number of unit magnitude and arbitrary phase or more specifically for 802 11b is one of 1 1 j j The CCK modulation used by 802 11b transmits data in symbols of eight chips where each chip is a complex QPSK bit pair at a chip rate of 11Mchip s In 5 5 Mbit s and 11 Mbit s modes respectively 4 and 8 bits are modulated onto the eight chips e Request to Send Clear to Send RTS CST used in communications between 802 11b and 802 11g The transmitter sends a RTS frame The destination replies with a CTS frame e Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP uses the stream cipher RC4 for confidentiality A stream cipher is a symmetric cipher in which the plaintext digits are encrypted one at a time and in which the transformation of successive digits varies during the encryption The use of the cyclic redundancy check CRC 32 checksum ensures the integrity of the data e WiFi Protected Access WPA data is encrypted using the RC4 stream cipher with a 128bit key and a 48bit initialization vector IV WPA uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol TKIP which dynamically changes keys as the system is used e Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protoc
34. capable of collecting reliable data for statistical analysis The 2005 student research team was not able to complete the proof of concept device due to technical limitations of their wireless implementation and developed firmware A few research companies are currently trying to develop devices capable of gathering data and transmitting it wirelessly to a central location but currently no products are available for this type of action The goal of this project is to create a proof of concept device able to transmit data synchronised from a glucometer wirelessly to a remote database Our project addresses the problem of collecting reliable data from diabetic patients for statistical analysis while making an improvement to the lifestyle of said diabetic patient This proof of concept product will be capable of gathering transmitting and organizing blood glucose data in a central remote location with little need of technical experience on the part of the user The success of this proof of concept would not only provide the data necessary to formulate an argument for the need for real time data evaluation of all forms of health monitors but also affirm the usefulness of wireless medical telemetry in both the Irish and world markets WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 2 Project Description The purpose of this chapter is to present the reader with the objectives of the project as well as the initial product specifications
35. engineering project at hand Since the end goal is to provide a device with a functional user interface the prospect of using a fully programmable gate array FPGA or microcontroller e g PIC seems a difficult path to produce the intended graphical user interface and wireless communications system Ethemet LEDs Headphones Ethernet LINE IN USB LINE OUT Li a A em DIGITAL Reset Figure 5 8 Top side of the OMAP5912 OSK with I O ports labelled The OMAP5912 processor as part of Texas Instruments TI s OMAP line is marketed as a solution for portable medical devices that supports the execution of Java bytecode an application programming option natively and is capable of running various operating systems that would be more than capable of providing an environment able to display a graphical user interface Finally the processor features several standard modes of expansion including CompactFlash serial USB and standard HiRose connectors all of which are easily removable from future iterations of the proof of concept device if deemed unnecessary These factors in combination with the realisation of our tight development timeline allowed the project team to a WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL confirm the OMAP5912 OSK development board as a suitable environment for the development Expansion Slot B of our interface to personal health monitors Expansion Slot A Comp
36. has been sent transmission stops for random amount of time then is retried e Transmission Control Protocol TCP part of internet protocol which guarantees that all information packets arrive and maintain original order Ability to request a packet over again if one is lost Where TCP is not appropriate as in real time operations usually UDP is e User Datagram Protocol UDP part of internet protocol where programs on networked computers can send short messages sometimes known as datagrams to one another Unlike 258 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL TCP UDP does not provide ordering guarantees or assurance that information was received Without checking all information data transfer can occur much more quickly e Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS a modulation technique for signal transmissions This method phase modulates a sine wave pseudo randomly with a continuous string of pseudo sine code Each modulation is much shorter than the information bit The receiver knows the modulation code prior to reception and is able to demodulate the signal using that same modulation code e Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM a more complex modulation technique also called discrete multitone modulation based on frequency division multiplexing FDM where each frequency channel modulates with a simpler modulation The difference from FDM is that each of the frequencies used are arranged to
37. have to invert your design onto the transparency if your design is double sided When printing the design make sure that your printer is on the highest 147 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL resolution possible Remember that one sheet of transparency is for each side of your board Once the transparencies are printed review them once again You will see that the images are inverted which is correct since during exposure the ink side of the transparency will be touching the PCB Allow the transparencies to dry for at least an hour before working with them again Once dried align the two sheets of the transparencies together To do this one must ensure that the ink sides of the transparencies are facing each other Ensure that the top and bottom of the board transparency align as you want them on PCB Staple each corner of the aligned transparencies to ensure they will not move and alter the board layout Take the PCB and cut it to size using an industrial strength cutter which you can find in many labs Do not cut the board exactly to size allow some space for mistakes Illustrated in Figure A7 2 the cutter that we used to cut the side of the boards Figure A7 2 Cutting PCB board to size Now that the transparencies are set up for the insertion of the board it is time to develop the necessary solutions Most labs will have the solutions already prepared however if it were necessary to prepare the soluti
38. impaired portability speed size and even cost Current devices provide results in less than 15 seconds and can store the information obtained for future use x13 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL These glucometers can also calculate an average blood glucose level over a period Some meters also feature software kits that retrieve information from the meter and display graphs and charts of past test results Diabetic Meter Strips This software is either included in the package by the manufacturer or can be bought as an additional accessory at anytime Using a glucose monitor regularly has many advantages for a person living with diabetes A glucometer enables diabetics to take care of themselves without visiting doctors and labs for tests Instead they can monitor their own blood glucose levels It also promotes the well being of the patient by allowing him her to control the situation Glucometers also provide a better understanding of medications taken by patients and help them alter dosages as necessary Each glucometer has its own specialized type of test strip that only works with that type of glucometer and no other The test strip has a code and before any test trip can be used the glucometer must be set to the correct code We hope to interface our device with standard types of glucometers and provide a wireless link to send recorded data to a central database Ideally the product will one day be able t
39. it on Doing this we found a few errors with our second draft PCB Examples of mistakes had to do with e Package size The quad op amp on the first draft of this circuit had an incorrect package size and the thru hole capacitor holes were not placed far enough apart e Pin configuration the six line Micro Match header pins were offset in the incorrect direction the two tracks of the HiRose connector were not far enough apart Shown in Figure 7 12 is the full LCD PCB circuit with top and bottom traces along with the top layer solder mask which if professionally produced are printed on the circuit in ink The mistakes mentioned above were corrected and were not implemented in the figure To get these images we printed the circuit to a PDF file from ExpressPCB 80 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure 7 12 LCD PCB version two with top and bottom traces as well as solder mask With all of the traces on the same paper it is hard to determine which traces are on the top side and which are on the backside of the board so an option can be selected in ExpressPCB to show only the top copper layer or only show the bottom copper layer Figure 7 13 is an example of printing the circuit out and placing the components on the paper to see how the layoutlooks Figure 7 14 is the bottom side of the board no components are being placed on the back so this just to note the connections o o
40. peeling it off Do so carefully ensuring not to scratch the M UV sensitive resist layer which is beneath Figure A7 4 shows the careful process of peeling Figure A7 3 Photo resist board diagram PCB 2006 back the protective layer As you can see it is important not to touch the UV sensitive resist layer since fingerprints will leave smudges on the board and will impair the Figure A7 4 Removing Photo resist quality of the PCB Once you have removed both sides of the Protective Layer protective layer slip the PCB into the slot of the transparency packet created previously Ensure that you do not touch the board in the process Figure A7 5 shows a diagram illustrating the sensitive side of the board being place to the transparency or the PCB mask SENSISTIVE SIDE PCB MASK OF BOARD Figure A7 5 Diagram of combining board with mask PCB 2006 149 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure A7 6 shows the physical implementation of the board to the transparency packet or PCB mask created previously Figure A7 6 Board insertion to Transparencies Now place the packet into the UV exposure machine Figure A7 7 shows the UV exposure box that was available to us at UL Figure A7 7 UV Exposure machine at the University of Limerick The machine shown in Figure A7 7 has florescent bulbs on the top and bottom Placing the packet onto the bottom layer and then lowering the t
41. the process counter to that memory location and begin executing If the binary transfer was successful you should see similar loading text and an updated U Boot version number displayed It will be necessary to reset the development board type reset at the terminal or use the reset button and be using the on board U Boot before proceeding with the update The following commands can be issued at the U Boot terminal to flash the newly downloaded U Boot binary onto the board OMAPS912 OSK protect off 1 0 OMAPS5912 OSK erase 1 0 OMAP5912 OSK cp b 0x10000000 0x0 filesize The first command disables protection on the master boot record MBR of the development board while the second command erases the previous U Boot installation The third command copies the binary file we previously transferred to memory location 0x 10000000 to the first sector of flash Upon a successful flash the board can be reset and you should see the new U Boot working much like when we issued the go command earlier A5 5 Loading a Linux Kernel The second component of setting up the OMAP5912 OSK development board is loading a working Linux kernel onto the device Your successful execution of the BitBake builds should have produced a kernel binary file in your stuff build tmp deploy sources directory if not just execute bitbake virtual kernel from within your build directory Just as we did with the U Boot binary file we will want to transfer the
42. this information with a doctor Since the information input manually the risk of incorrect or fabricated data exists In addition the upload of the information onto a PC is a manual and sometimes complicated process requiring the user to have a good deal of technical knowledge as well as spending extra time to upload the information A transmitting glucose monitoring system developed for parents to monitor their children s glucose readings is the GlucoMON This package offered by Diabetech is a specialized glucometer and wireless technology package which requires very little thought on the user s part GlucoMON When the glucometer is placed in the package after taking a glucose reading it automatically retrieves the data and sends it to a location predetermined by the user or administrator of the unit It is possible to set the device to send the information to multiple cell phones or email addresses A monthly charge is associated with this device similar to any type of two way paging service 16 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure 3 7 GlucoMON package for the wireless transmission of glucose GlucoMON This device is currently in the test stage and costs 400 to become involved with the research program not including the LifeScan glucometer lancer or test strips Diabetech offers some other products that are two way pagers for the transfer of glucose information however none of these alte
43. toolchain and build environment completely by hand from source was simply not an option for our team The crosstool utility was the first polished application capable of constructing a cross compile toolchain Written by Dan Kegel in 2003 the application is capable of compiling the toolchain automatically if all the other necessary packages and dependencies are compiled and patched The process of getting all necessary tools and ensuring they are patched correctly is a daunting task for any first time embedded software developer that can consume lots of time Although a more sophisticated method than the by hand method it still does not fit into the rapid development model Building 23 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The buildroot tool is very near to what the team requires to build a cross compile toolchain and development environment rapidly The application accounts for dependencies and patches that may be unknown to the user and is capable of retrieving said items to complete a build successfully Unfortunately the use of makefiles by buildroot provides a level of flexibility and complication unnecessary for our planned device Buildroot Where buildroot does not work an OpenEmbedded repository coupled with bitbake works The bitbake application uses easily designed and parsed text files to build toolchains and applications for embedded environments The OpenEmbedded dev
44. 00247 3 04e 008 v 0 622 2 01 2 0 121 p 2 5e 005 4 05e 006 0 00496 3 69e 008 VCVS Voltage controlled voltage source device en xu2 i 3 06e 008 v 8 31e 008 p 2 55e 015 Vsource Independent voltage source device vs2 xu2 vsl xu2 vsc xu2 vl xu2 vn2 xu2 vnl xu2 dc 0 0 0 1 5 2 2 acmag 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 6 77e 006 1 61e 005 3 01e 015 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 p 0 0 0 0 0037 7 05e 006 7 05e 006 Vsource Independent voltage source device VSSVSS dc 0 acmag 0 i 4 46e 012 p 0 poly 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source device a poly fl x model a poly fl x 137 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL acgains p5 6 gt p5 BJT models Bipolar Junction Transistor model qn xu2 qp xu2 l type npn pnp is le 015 1e 015 bf 1e 003 1e 003 nf 1 vaf 0 ikf ise ne br nr var ikr isc nc rb irb rbm 0 0 re 0 0 IC 0 0 0 0 7 l FS Nn SOncocore cje vje 0 mje 0 33 0 33 tf 0 xtf 0 vtf 0 itf 0 ptf 0 cjc 0 vjc 0 75 0 75 mjc 0 33 0 33 xcjc 1 1 tr 0 0 cjs 0 0 ccs 0 0 vjs 0 75 0 75 mjs 0 0 xtb 0 0 eg 1 11 1 11 xti 3 3 fc 0 5 0 5 tnom 27 27 138 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL kf 0 0 af 0 0 Capacitor models Fixed capacitor model C cj 0 cjsw 0 defw 1e 005 n
45. 011 i 4 62e 021 2 55e 016 9 45e 022 p 9 3e 021 5 14e 016 7 85e 029 CCCS Current controlled current source device fsc xu2 fsy xu2 i 3 3e 012 0 00247 v 0 622 1 25 p 2 05e 012 0 00309 Diode Junction Diode model device dl xu2 dn2 xu2 dnl xu2 model dx xu2 den xu2 den xu2 vd 0 738 0 39 0 39 id 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 gd 0 0953 0 000136 0 000136 cd 0 0 0 Inductor Inductors device lo xu2 model L inductance 1e 007 flux 2 29e 012 v 1 25e 016 i 2 29e 005 p 2 86e 021 Isource Independent current source device i2 xu2 isy xu2 il xu2 dc 0 0001 0 00035 0 00121 acmag 0 0 0 v 0 666 1 25 1 21 p 6 66e 005 0 000438 0 00148 Resistor Simple linear resistor 130 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL device r8 xu2 r7 xu2 r6 xu2 r5 xu2 rscxu2 r4 xu2 model R R R R R R resistance 4 05e 003 4 28e 003 8 33e 003 1 67e 004 24 5 5e 004 i 0 000309 0 0 0 0 000118 1 24e 005 p 0 000386 0 0 0 3 44e 007 7 74e 006 Resistor Simple linear resistor device r3 xu2 r2 xxu2 rl xu2 model R R R resistance 1e 006 1e 008 1e 003 i 2 01e 006 2 01e 008 0 00121 p 4 05e 006 4 05e 008 0 00148 VCCS Voltage controlled current source device g4 xxu2 g3 xu2 g2 xu2 gl xu2 i 4 03e 005 2 01e 006 0 00247 3 04e 008 v 0 622 2 01 2 0 1 21 p 2 5e 005 4 05e 006 0 00496 3 69e 008 VCVS Voltage controlled voltage source device en xu2 i 3 06e 008 v 8 31e 008 p 2 55e 015 V
46. 1 Econ e 212 E sd DP101 bd w LEAP Mbps P Table 5 6 Integrated Wireless Systems All of these modules interface with other devices directly through an Ethernet port without any additional circuit design Figure 5 12 depicts the three options presented in Table 5 6 Both of the Acksys products are open board however the Airborne model is in a closed case E y Acksys WL BRIDGE OEM Acksys WLg LINK OEM Airborne ABDB ET DP101 Figure 5 12 Integrated wireless module options Using Table 5 6 the following elimination process took place We eliminated the Acksys WL Bridge OEM due to the lack of WPA encryption of which the other devices are capable Power consumption though a major factor in a final product did not affect our decision here because all three systems are powered by external sources Originally we hoped to keep the cost of the wireless system below 100 however due to our short amount of development time available the more expensive fully integrated system was deemed the correct choice The extra 45 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL features offered by the Acksys WLg LINK OEM RJ are unnecessary for our application and driver the price of the unit above the Airborne product The Airborne product is the least expensive of these choices while including WPA encryption security and integrates the chip chosen previously for an embedded solution This device is capable of interfacin
47. 1e4003 i 2 01e 006 2 01e 008 0 00121 p 4 05e 006 4 05e 008 0 00148 VCCS Voltage controlled current source device g4 xu2 g3 xu2 g2 xu2 gl xu2 i 4 03e 005 2 01e 006 0 00247 3 04e 008 v 0 622 2 01 2 0 121 p 2 5e 005 4 05e 006 0 00496 3 69e 008 VCVS Voltage controlled voltage source device en xu2 i 3 06e 008 v 8 31e 008 p 2 55e 015 Vsource Independent voltage source device vs2 xu2 vsl xu2 vsc xu2 vl xu2 vn2 xu2 vnl xu2 dc 0 0 0 1 5 2 2 acmag 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 6 77e 006 1 61e 005 3 3e 012 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 p 0 0 0 0 0037 7 05e 006 7 05e 006 Vsource Independent voltage source device vssvss vvss Ov 126 vvss Ov 126 vvss Ov 126 dc 3 3 0 0 0 acmag 0 0 0 0 i 6 06e 011 2 29e 005 3 3e 012 3 3e 012 p 2e 010 0 0 0 poly 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source device a poly fl x model a poly fl x acgains p5 6 gt p5 BJT models Bipolar Junction Transistor model qn xu2 qp xu2 type npn pnp is le 015 le 015 bf 1e 003 1e4003 143 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL nf 1 vaf 0 I 4 ikf 0 ise 0 ne 1 5 br 1 nr 1 var 0 ikr 0 isc 0 nc 2 rb 0 irb 0 rbm 0 re 0 IC 0 M cje 0 vje 0 75 mje 0 33 M tf 0 xtf 0 vtf 0 Is itf 0 ptf 0 cjc 0 vjc 0 75 mjc 0 33 xcjc I tr 0 cjs 0 ccs 0 el vjs 0 75 M mjs 0
48. 2 3024349 967233 National MULTICOMP MOLEX Semiconductor MULTICOMP MC 0 1W 0805 1 4R7 522071885 LP2966IMM 3030 MCCTA104M035 50 2 4 5 0 03 1 46 2 04 0 6 1 50 2 92 8 16 3 00 Total Distributor Number Part No Manufacturerer MFG MFG Part No Unit Sub S H Cost LP324M 1 800 552 170 NDD National Semiconductor LP324M 0 64 0 64 31 37 C 1 800 552 170 H2252 ND HiRose Electronics Co LTD FX2 80S 1 27SV 5 42 5 42 817 804 3898 HD320240 Hantronix HDG320240 59 00 59 00 24 77 83 7 ABDB ET 353 91 840838 DP101 QuaTech ABDB ET DP101 206 92 206 92 10 216 9 Monitary Units are in Euro Conversion Rate Digikey products quoted together 1 USD 0 782 Total 337 7 108 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A3LCD Correspondences These are correspondences between ULIE A 06 team member Vanessa Castro and two separate sources concerning the voltage listed in the Hantronix HDG320240 LCD datasheet The information contained in these emails details that the datasheet has a misprint in the driving voltage level VLCD On the datasheet the necessary VLCD is around 15V but this appears to be a misprint and the true value should be around 3V A3 1 Correspondence with Mouser Electronics From vanessa beck mouser com Vanessa Beck 9 mouser com Sent Tue 8 22 2006 9 59 AM To Castro Vanessa M Cc Subject FW Technical Question regarding LCDs Attachments Hello Vanessa Yes you should be fine
49. 262 0 00108 cpi 0 0 0 0 cmu 0 0 0 0 cbx 0 0 0 0 ccs 0 0 0 0 Capacitor Fixed capacitor device c2 xu2 cl xu2 cn xu2 model C C C capacitance 1 59e 013 3 18e 010 5e 011 i 3 21e 022 1 99e 016 9 45e 022 p 6 47e 022 4e 016 7 85e 029 CCCS Current controlled current source device fsc xu2 fsy xu2 i 3 01e 015 0 00247 v 0 622 1 25 p 1 87e 015 0 00309 Diode Junction Diode model device di xu2 dn2 xu2 dnl xu2 model dx xu2 den xu2 den xu2 vd 0 738 0 39 0 39 id 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 gd 0 0953 0 000136 0 000136 cd 0 0 0 Inductor Inductors device lo xu2 model L inductance 1e 007 flux 2 29e 012 v 1 01e 016 i 2 29e 005 p 23e 021 Isource Independent current source device i2 xu2 isy xu2 il xu2 dc 0 0001 0 00035 0 00121 acmag 0 0 0 136 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL v 0 666 1 25 1 21 p 6 66e 005 0 000438 0 00148 Resistor Simple linear resistor device r8 xu2 r7 xu2 r6 xu2 r5 xu2 rscxu2 r4 xu2 model R R R R R R resistance 4 05e 003 4 28e 003 8 33e 003 1 67e 004 24 5 5e 004 i 0 000309 0 0 6 04e 021 0 000118 1 24e 005 p 0 000386 0 0 6 08e 037 3 44e 007 7 74e 006 Resistor Simple linear resistor device r3 xu2 r2 xxu2 rl xu2 model R R R resistance 1e 006 1e4008 1e4003 i 2 01e 006 2 01e 008 0 00121 p 4 05e 006 4 05e 008 0 00148 VCCS Voltage controlled current source device g4 xu2 g3 xu2 g2 xu2 gl xu2 i 4 03e 005 2 01e 006 0
50. A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL solution is stirred or has a bubble making mechanism the length of the process will be much shorter The equipment at UL has a bubble etcher where there is a pump and produces bubbles However when production of our PCB occurred the pump was broken and we did not manually agitate the solution This process usually takes about 15 minutes however since the bubbler was not working and we did not agitate the solution it took 30 minutes Boards with thin traces must be watched closely because the traces can be etched away from the sides where the photo resist does not cover the copper If possible design a board with thick traces to allow for as much error time as possible After etching is Figure A7 11 Drying PCBs after complete rinse and scrub the PCB in warm running water for at bubble etching least two minutes to remove all chemicals It is important to check the PCB for any open connections or broken traces Our PCB can be seen in Figure A7 11 this is after it was placed through the running water These can be very small but if they are present on the board will cause the board to malfunction When drilling the holes wear protective glasses The machinery we used at UL was a solid table mounted miniature drill press The small holes were drilled first using a 0 6mm drill bit and the corners were drilled with the larger drill bit Figure A7 12 shows the small drill that was used to make th
51. Back to Main mm WPhEDU gt Send Dats OME String from Gluco Shown Here Send Data to GP Messages from GP Send Data Back to Main m WPIEDU gt Messages ULE or other primary care personnel offering advice to the patient could be download and made available for viewing here Los Msg from 15 Sep 2006 Msg from xx Oct 2006 Text from the General Practitioner __BacktoMain Figure 7 26 Graphical User Interface Functionality Diagram As previously mentioned in section 6 2 the first of the three main buttons is used to open the window that will pull data from a given glucometer As shown in Figure 7 27 the button eS se WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL opens a window that greets the user with two additional options retrieve the data from the glucometer or return to the main menu to select a different option If the button to retrieve the data is pressed the underlying Python code calls the glucose meter protocol code to get the data from the glucometer and write it to a local file If however the user selects the Back to Main button the window is destroyed i e closes and frees its memory use and the user is returned to the main window to select another task m WrreDU gt CADA ULE m WPLEDU gt PyGl coRdr ULIE ane Incoming Data Get Data from Glucometer Send Data t
52. C Sweep was simulated In this DC sweep VEE the main input voltage increases from OV to 10V in increments of 0 3V This chart shows the effect of such an increase on the outputs of the amplifier As was originally expected the outputs of the third and fourth operational amplifiers were much less than the first two This is because the 180kOhm resistor R3 in Figure 7 1 separates them and is reducing the voltage at a rate much higher than the previous two 4 7k resistors Pin 14 is the output that is the largest since it does not get much of a voltage drop between the VEE rail and the input for the operational amplifier However as more resistors are between in the input rail and the input for that particular operational amplifier one notices that the input voltage decreases in comparison to pin 14 If the purchased resistors were not within the desired range establishing what at what resistor values the circuit would still work at would save not only time but money as well As a result we preformed a simulation that outputted the worst case scenario outputs for the resistors Appendix A6 shows the different simulation logs that were outputted and later commented The simulations served a basis for the expected results A problem encountered later involved the simulation program not accounting for the railing characteristics of the operational amplifier 7 1 1 2 Voltage Regulator Simulation In order to supply the LCD with the required 3 0V constan
53. CDs are a compromise between both transmissive and reflective LCDs A transflective display will look better than a transmissive display during the day and will look better than a reflective display at night A passive matrix display or a dual scan display consists of a row of transistors that are running across both the top and sides of the screen With passive matrix you are unable to see the screen unless you are directly in front of it Generally the display is going to be dimmer than a passive matrix 54 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Active matrix has transistors for each pixel generating their own light creating a brighter and crisp display Because of this method used for display multiple viewers can also view the screen While the active matrix does have a crisp display because each pixel has its own transistor power will drain more quickly than a dual scan 6 3 2 Integration Satisfying all of the constraints needed by the LCD was the next step in integrating the display into the system Our LCD the Hantronix HDG320240 has 18 pins each pertaining to a particular need or constraint for the display Table 6 2 displays the pin assignments for the LCD which are from the Hantronix HDG320240 specification sheet PIN NO SYMBOL FUNCTION 1 V Operating voltage for LC 2 3 Bias voltage 4 5 6 Ground 7 Ground 8 Logic Power Supply 9 Frame Pulse Data Shift Liquid
54. CS sso usto tont pitur aae a ooa a aa bina oet uere esol rid 80 Figure 7 12 LCD PCB version two with top and bottom traces as well as solder mask 81 Figure 7 13 Topside of LCD driver circuit PCB version two with components 81 Figure 7 14 Backside of LCD driver circuit PCB version two 82 Figure 7 15 User input PCB Design and layout with components sesssseeernnes 82 Figure 7 16 LCD PCB as seen in EXDIGSSP C B s soe xs etie ri a o b ebd lf ien 83 Figure 7 17 User Input PCB as seen in ExpressP CB essere 83 Figure T 9 Voltage red aO m oor not taut too ta Poetis Cose UU ate S eda ciate olus 85 Figure 7 19 Full Descriptive Schematic Tor EP324M 5 5 oro tete rtt o PED Pt ds 85 Figure 7 20 LP324M Functionality Test 1 sos eene t tah a oh ie Lee DEus 87 Figure 7 21 Severed HIR 0SG TIGCB 2 aan fate to te t wus saw heen oe Ree VU bat Cuv eiee 87 Figure 7 22 Op amp railing characteristic chart nnne 88 Figure 7 23 Temporary Solution for EP 324 M ac tti ots toe steti co Co Mti D beu anda Cae dh 89 Figure 7 24 Update ECDODBWOTCIFCHIE s iiam partea a EO chem alk ds oe ate er a CDS 89 Figure 7 25 Example of bounce on user input pushbuttons sss 90 Figure 7 26 Graphical User Interface Functionality Diagram 92 Figure 7 27 Screenshot of P yGlucoR dr s main window and Get Data window 93 Figure 7 28 Screenshot of main window and Send Data window
55. Crystal AC drive signal Data latch signal 1 Display ON 0 Display OFF Ground Data bus Table 6 2 Pin Designation for LCD Pins 1 8 and 14 are voltage inputs The voltages at pins 1 5 has to increment according to the data sheet for the LCD the voltages follow this comparison V1 gt V6 gt V3 gt V4 gt V5 gt V2 The design of a power circuit occurred to create this output of voltages The specification sheet provided a sample power circuit that would satisfy the voltage conditions of the LCD Figure 6 9 illustrates this circuit 2599 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL VEE R3 180 4 U1B R8 ie 4700 R4 22 0K0 q C4 47uF R5 2200 uH R9 euo c5 1i LP324M 47uF Figure 6 9 Power Circuit Schematic The LCD datasheet provided us with the values for the resistors and a range of values for the capacitors Having a basis for the values we preformed simulations and testing in order to determine which capacitor values would be the most efficient for our circuit The four operational amplifiers shown in the schematic are condensed into an integrated circuit the National Semiconductor IC LP324M Figure 6 10 illustrates the pin designations for the LP324M 56 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure 6 10 Pin Designation for LP 324M This is an ultra low power quad operational amplifier The negative input pin of each operational amp
56. D does work on 3V The data sheet is incorrect Based on my communication with Hantronix and customer reviews it works on low power circuits If you require any more assistance or to place an order please contact me Thank you George S Lim Solar Technologies Inc Tel 949 458 1080 Fax 949 458 1081 Email georgel Icdsolar com www ledsolar com From vmcastro wpi edu mailto vmcastro 9 wpi edu Sent Thursday August 17 2006 4 15 AM To sales Icdsolar com solar stuffQ yahoo com Subject Inquiry from Information Search page HDG320240 Data Sheet Requested Display Electronics Requested Below is the result of your feedback form It was submitted by vmcastro wpi edu on Thursday August 17 2006 at 07 14 57 referer http www lcdsolar com index htm page name http www lcdsolar com verify_info php form name verify info 110 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A4List of Connections From HiRose Connector HiRose Pin Designation 18 Pin LCD Other connection Designation 1 GND 6 7 14 C8 J1p4 C9 Ulgnd 9 3 3v J1p2 Uipow 11 3 3v 1 8 via C9 IC2p1 Vref Vin 12 3 3V R1 C7 C6 IC1p4 Vref Vin 15 GPIO7 J1p6 Sw3up 17 GPIO2 J1p5 Swiok 19 GPIO9 J1p1 Sw2down 21 GPIO12 13 GPIO 43 LCD P2 15 DB3 45 LCD P4 16 DB2 47 LCD P6 17 DB1 49 LCD P8 18 DBO
57. E 6 22 Project Missions mae E E RE EE TR 6 23 Project Specifications eee tei E Y E HS UR SACR RES IARE SNR NNI VASE NEST RN NEUE EEEE 7 3 B ckgro nd C T r 8 3 1 Diabetes mellitus aeo iiir a doe a a ETA cad ale E E een ee ed 8 3 1 1 Glucose Monitoring 9 tacos ee eo ab RU UIS a ET a EAE OS e aom 10 SV NEEDED PEN E 10 32 Wireless Health Monitoring oett tette n I Tyne RI SE NEP ES SAN UST t ee Uo Enea 11 3 3 Prior Att and Reseatclis uc due oe eb E A T a 13 3 3 1 Prior Art for GJUCOMEtETS oil Siew esie E EE O NG ise i E E 13 3 3 2 Prior Art for Wireless Transmission of Glucometer Data ssss 16 3 3 3 Prior Student Researchissa aec Ped Ath etel anite 18 4 Project Plannin sisted tae sewn Bes ea nee nee ea a ete s edat ts cot tiene 20 2 Dese Methodolosy eco eu eher en heus Abt sehe rigor du aet ace os esu 25 5 1 User Interlace Requirements censeat et ated e e e ESNA 25 5 1 1 Customer Needs uu sitet dede eid ec uide aE A EEEa Seaia 25 5 1 2 Display IOC acc nnna Ust Deut S 2T 5 1 3 Applicaton Layout onina E eee E EN E 27 5 1 4 User Input Controls ennari aa ASA A S A A EXTAT PE iia 29 5 1 5 Concept RenditiOns ao i i a perec ei Ito lentis lest iru eda yess A SA RATE RH 30 5 2 Choos sanr ECD i PI T 31 5 3 Choosing a Development Board ene Ue tte rea eb rea preis co eee 34 5 4 SoftWare EngNet Sereas itia ib Hp Und tin waaay ates tutu sie cs S ueu cce V teres 35 5 4 1 Choosing an Oper
58. EP WPA Local Device Software Database for temporary storage Unique PID Built in clock Proof of Concept Device Glucometer Serial i e Health Monitor USB Interface On board Hardware Buttons with Debounce Hardware Driver Displayed On User Interface LCD System Level Diagram WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Our device s hardware is comprised of four main subsections a user input circuit an LCD driver circuit a wireless module and the OMAP5912 OSK development board Each subsystem is integral to the functionality of the product and was designed for the average diabetic The user input is limited to three selection buttons which control a text based graphical user interface GUI We designed the LCD module to have a high level of clarity while maintaining a small size Wireless capability is enabled though the fully integrated Airborne ABEB 10BT Wireless Ethernet Bridge All of the software that controls this device is located on the development board which is powered by the open source Linux operating system In the end we were able to provide the Engineering Research Centre with all of the subsystems to create a working proof of concept device capable of interfacing with a glucose meter Our proof of concept included a functional graphical user interface and the ability to successfully pull data from the glucose meter Unfortunately due to unforeseen diff
59. Hantronix LCD Several of the inputs are named using a different convention than the development board uses The lines we had trouble with on the LCD are pin9 FLM pin10CL2 pin11 M and pin12 CL1 According to a Hitachi site that has a glossary related to LCDs the following terminology can be used interchangeably Display Product Product Information 46 What is the M The M signal is a square wave of 50 duty which is used by the LCD to switch the signal polarity of the display driver voltage to ensure there is no DC component applied across the LC cell Some LCD s generate this internally and some require it to be supplied 47 What is the FLM First Line Marker The signal is required at the start of every display frame Other names for signal this signal can be FRAME Vertical sync YD 49 What is the CL1 Data latch signal Other names for this signal can be LP Horizontal sync Load Line clock signal 50 What is the CL2 Data shift signal Other names for this signal can be Clock XCK Shift clock Pixel clock 96 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL signal Figure 7 31 Selection of table from Hitachi giving LCD terminology Display P roduct P roduct Information We found several other references for the FLM signal being also the vertical synchronization signal and M being the AC signal We did not find the other terms defined in other resources
60. Linux kernel binary file to memory on the development 122 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL board verify the file and then write it to its appropriate location in flash With the development board set to receive files and focus returned to C Kermit issue the following commands C Kermit gt clear send list C Kermit gt add send list stuff build tmp deploy images zImage omap59 20sk 20060906 100754 bin C Kermit gt send Again the specific file name for your Linux kernel binary file may be slightly different Upon completion of the transfer we will want to again switch focus to U Boot on the development board by issuing the connect command The contents now stored in RAM at memory location 0x10000000 can now be written to the flash with the following commands OMAPS5912 OSK erase 1 8 16 OMAP5912 OSK cp b 0x10000000 0x100000 filesize The first command erases the appropriate locations in the first memory bank for where the compressed Linux kernel will reside while the second command copies the binary file in memory to the kernel s appropriate location in flash 0x100000 Upon successful completion of the copy you can test the kernel by trying to boot with the following command OMAPS5912 OSK bootm 0x10000 The kernel should successfully uncompress itself load itself into memory and then begin to boot The next step is to setup the root filesystem for the L
61. RS virtual TARGET PREFIX Jgcc initial gcc cross initial PREFERRED PROVIDERS virtual TARGET PREFIX gcc gec cross PREFERRED PROVIDERS virtual TARGET PREFIX g gcc cross MACHINE omap5912osk TARGET ARCH arm TARGET OS linux DISTRO openomap IMAGE_FSTYPES jffs2 tar ext2 BBINCLUDELOGS yes CVS_TARBALL_STASH http www oesources org source current A5 2 5 Setting Up the Local Environment BitBake is primarily a command line utility and as is common in Unix based environments it is necessary to specify the location at which your BitBake source is accessible as well as the location of the repository from which BitBake will be building things Both of these variables need to be applied at the start of each session therefore it is in our best interest to include these environment variables in the shell profile of our user account Since our development machine is a Fedora Core 5 machine the default shell is the Bourne Again Shell i e bash which uses the text file bash profile to store its settings Depending on your Linux distribution and chosen shell you may need to edit a text file like profile or something similar Likewise the syntax for the implementation of the environment variables may vary from shell to shell i e bash uses export whereas tcsh uses setenv Once you have your profile s configuration file opened in a standard text editor simply append the follo
62. TML 112 mode DP101 75mA Mbps Very small sleep 575mA Tx Airborne 802 11 WEP 10Mbps 2 WLNBETDP101 10 Base T ble 3 3vdc pene WPA ax Coaxial HTML 112 Very small Table 5 5 Wireless Chip Options for Embedded Design If we had chosen to create our own embedded design the Airborne 10 Base T wireless Ethernet bridge chip would have been selected The small size makes it an excellent choice for integration into a future product making the form factor as small as possible while still holding all the functionality 44 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure 5 11 Airborne WLNG ET DP 101 Table 5 6 shows the next evolution of options which are fully integrated wireless chips with all the support necessary to plug them in upon arrival These systems are much larger than the devices from Table 5 5 with have external power supplies to support the wireless capability ipe g Data Price Interface WiFi Supply Current Security speed Antenna Control Point Special a 10 000 802 11 denn wep 5959 2HiRose in Wireless WLg LINK Base T a b g h 3 3vdc with power WPA 2 1 UFL Linux 252 tebeater OEM RJ 8 saving mode Mbps Unix P Acksys 11 5 5 Internal Win Extreme WLgBRIDGE 10 Base T ow 3 3vdc palos WEP 2 1 1HiRose Linux 252 distance OEM RJ g P Mbps UFL Unix capability Airborne WEP 11 5 5 ABDB ET 10 Base T zc 5vdc p s WPA 2
63. UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH Design of a Personal Health Monitor Interface for Wireless IP based Data Logging A Major Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Worcester Massachusetts USA in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science on this day of Friday October 13 2006 by Vanessa M Castro Bryan R Kaanta Scott R Sideleau Advisor Co advisor Prof Richard F Vaz Prof Donald R Brown WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Abstract Collaborating with the Enterprise Research Centre at the University of Limerick UL in Ireland we designed developed and implemented a proof of concept glucose meter adapter that allows blood glucose level readings to be securely transmitted to a remote database via existing WiFi technology By using open source software and embedded components we have created a highly flexible platform that allows healthcare professionals to monitor patients in near real time Our device aims to simplify the lifestyle of diabetics while providing new opportunities for statistical research and analysis of diabetes dbz WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Acknowledgements Our project team has been fortunate to receive the assistance and guidance from a number of individuals during our stay in Ireland some aiding in the progress of
64. a 24 bit IV is not long enough to ensure this on a busy network Using the IV in that way opened WEP to a related key attack For a 24bit IV there is a 5096 probability the same IV will repeat after 5000 packets To counter this WEP2 was released enforcing a 128 bit encryption key and an enlarged IV value However this did not fix all the problems and it still leaves the network vulnerable to WEP type attacks WPA was developed to interface with all WEP enabled hardware though a simple software upgrade Designed for use with an IEEE 802 1X authentication server different keys for WPA were distributed to each user One major improvement in WPA over WEP is the TKIP which dynamically changes keys as the system is used When combined with the much larger IV this defeats the well known key recovery attacks on WEP An even more robust form of security was released early in 2005 called WPA2 WPAQ2 in addition to TKIP and the Michael algorithm introduces a new AES based algorithm CCMP that is considered fully secure by the WiFi Alliance 6 4 5 Wireless for Development Application Drawing on the attributes of the previous system characteristics the wireless module chosen for the proof of concept application incorporates 802 11 b technology as well as WEP and WPA security for transmissions Although the ABDB ET DP101 is not an 802 11g product it can communicate with 802 11g networks by using the RTS CTS communication protocol The outstanding attribut
65. abetics and help them blend in with the rest of society Designing the exterior of the product to be similar in size and format to a PDA or MP3 player would achieve this goal Long battery life One of the main elements of this product is simplifying the lifestyle of diabetics therefore a long battery life is included to reduce the need to worry about whether the device will keep working or not A long battery life for this type of device would be between 3 6 hours of continuous operation because when used normally it will be turned on BS WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL for short periods of time then it is switched off making the device usable for multiple days without the need for recharging e Easily accessible information The information gathered and stored by the device should be easily accessible over the internet by the user and the doctor 5 1 2 Display Module The display as the face of this product will be the element the user interacts with the most Our main considerations for the display are size colour capability brightness and touch sensitivity These characteristics are elements that greatly affect the user as well as limit the possibilities from a design standpoint Though small size is an element recommended for the final product we would like to incorporate as many of the final features into the proof of concept as possible without causing delays or influencing the final func
66. acitor to ensure it was within expected value range After manufacturing the PCBs and soldering the components on we tested each individual part once again to ensure none of the components had been damaged while being soldered A detailed inspection of the both the LCD PCB and user input PCB was conducted under a magnifying glass to check for possible shorts between pins or traces Unintentional shorts were removed by using a razor knife We commenced testing by checking voltages currents and outputs at key nodes and comparing observed values to the expected values obtained through simulations 7 3 1 Development Board Before connecting the newly constructed to the OMAP5912 OSK we tested the outputs of expansion slot C Checking the outputs before connecting the PCBs let us know that the expected signals and power actually are making it to the PCBs in the expected locations Pins 1 4 of slot C are ground and tested at a voltage of 0 00V confirming ground Pins 5 8 are VDC but have a specific expected value of 4 2V our measurements established VDC at 4 19V Pins 9 12 are to provide our circuit with 3 3V and the measured value confirmed this at 3 31V The confirmation of these values shows the inputs to the PCBs to be within the expected ranges 7 3 2 LCD Driver The LCD Driver circuit has two main subsystems One is a voltage reference and the other is the quad operational amplifier which provides current stabilization for several bias v
67. act Flash Slot Expansion Slot C Expansion Slot D Figure 5 9 Backside of the OMAP5912 OSK with 1 0 ports labelled Of particular importance on the backside of the OSK development board are the standard HiRose connectors and the Compact Flash card slot Expansion Slot C will be our interface to the board s LCD controller and also serve to deliver signal from the buttons of our external user controls 5 4 Software Engineering The following sections serve to outline the design considerations and specifications followed to choose a board specific operating system an embedded graphics system to render our graphical user interface GUI and a suitable language for engineering our software 5 4 1 Choosing an Operating System Although the team is using the OMAP5912 OSK development board which has considerably more on board flash 32 Mbytes ROM and memory 32 Mbytes DDR than most embedded computers we took the design perspective of a marketable product namely keeping the memory requirements of the device to a minimum in the interest of overall product development cost With this in mind we turn our attention to choosing an appropriate scalable proof of concept operating system 235 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL An embedded operating system varies greatly from an operating system developed for use in a desktop or server environment Issues not considered during normal operating system development bec
68. ally generate initial conditions Starting time TSTART 0 Stop time TSTOP 1e 030 Plotting increment TSTEP automatically calculated less than 1e4030 Maximum time step TMAX automatically calculated less than 1e4030 Perform consistency check Variables from analysis Show device values at the end of the simulation Representation as SPICE commands begin scope page checknodes 3 save all iplot all set trtol 2 7 setitl4 100 set convlimit setrshunt le 012 param hrange 0 1e 030 save tran env options le 005 1e4030 0 1e 005 auto ic auto tstep auto tmax if error end scope audit log show show all showmod all end scope Multisim Default Analysis Options Truncation error overestimation factor 7 Upper transient iteration limit 100 Enable convergence assistance for code models Shunt resistance from analog nodes to ground le 012 Output from instrument analysis BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor device q2 xu2 qscxu2 q3 xxu2 ql xu2 model qn xu2 qn xu2 qp xu2 qp xu2 ic 0 000118 3 01e 015 1 35e 005 5 56e 005 ib 0 000135 3 01e 018 6 77e 006 2 78e 005 ie 1 61e 005 3 01e 015 60 77e 006 2 78e 005 135 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL vbe 0 666 0 0029 0 666 0 0366 vbc 0 663 0 0 585 0 622 gm 0 000617 4 1e 015 0 000262 0 00108 gpi 5 82e 006 1 03e 015 1e 015 1 16e 015 gmu 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000262 0 00108 gx 0 0 0 0 go 0 0052 1 04e 012 0 000
69. ally how it comes to life No product can be successful without a market therefore the customer is the most important element in the development process Through research into the life of diabetic patients we were able to establish the current issues diabetics experience in their everyday lives The discussion of products currently on the market in Chapter 3 helped identify elements which the users found pleasing as well as the displeasing factors associated with the product In Chapter 8 we will make suggestions for features we were not able to incorporate in the proof of concept but envisioned as integral to the eventual success of the product The division of this project s functional goals into two different groups allows for the distinction between what this project aims to complete and the elements identified as important and should be developed later for a marketable product The two lists are separated with elements which will be designed and implemented in the first generation proof of concept product presented first and the requirements for a marketable product presented second 25535 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Proof of concept Device Features Clear display Diabetes can cause a decline in vision so to accommodate both patients who are elderly and or have poor vision a clear display capable of large text and images will allow them to experience comfortably the capabilities of this product
70. and implement a proof of concept wireless system capable of remote data monitoring and the real time acquisition of remote patient data in a primary care environment with intent for future statistical research and analysis on said data We will fulfil our mission by 1 Developing a device and its firmware with prior current and soon to be developed Glucometers for data retrieval We were able to develop a device that downloads data from the TheraSense FreeStyle Mini glucose meter Our application then takes that data and parses it in order for it to be sent to the database and places it in the appropriate columns We have left documentation on the methods behind creating the protocol for interfacing with different types of glucose meters 2 Making our device portable and use existing WiFi infrastructure to report readings to a database system for future analysis Our device meets the needs of our sponsors in regards to portability Our device fits into a case in which it can be transported for demonstrations The type of wireless network used IEEE 802 11b is common in public areas and is a service that is becoming more and more widespread 3 Constructing an externally hosted standards based database system for general practitioner s use and capable of supporting multiple patients while adhering to privacy concerns We used MySQL to create a small example database We did not create an interface for the general practitioner to use whe
71. arrow 0 tcl 0 tc2 0 vel 0 vc2 0 cmult 1 t_measured 27 t_abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 Diode models Junction Diode model model dx xu2 den xu2 IS 0 4 56e 005 n 1 1 tt 0 0 cjo 0 0 vj 1 1 m 0 5 0 5 eg 1 11 1 11 xti 3 3 kf 0 2 81e 017 af 1 1 fc 0 5 0 5 bv 0 0 ibv 0 001 0 001 ibvl 0 0 ikf 1e 030 1e 030 isr 0 0 nbv 1 1 nbvl 1 1 nr 2 2 tbv1 0 0 tbv2 0 0 is le 015 1e 012 tikf 0 0 139 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL trs 0 0 trs2 0 0 Inductor models Inductors model L tcl tc2 ill i2 Imult 1 t measured 27 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 Resistor models Simple linear resistor model R rsh 0 narrow 0 tcl 0 tc2 0 defw 1e 005 tnom 27 tce 0 rmult 1 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 poly models 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source model a poly fl x coef 0 2 43e 005 2 43e 005 A6 5 User Defined Simulation Results In this simulation we ran all given initial conditions and examined the circuitry at different locations Below is the log of the results Instrument operation performed 2006 September 15 Friday 13 48 47 Instrument Analysis User Defined 140 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Plot title Analysis
72. art of her family introducing us to her friends and showing us the Irish way Her dedication to all of us ensured a pleasant and memorable time in Ireland PI Thanks to Worcester Polytechnic Institute WPI and the Interdisciplinary and Global Studies Division IGSD for providing us with such a wonderful environment for the completion of our Major Qualifying Project MQP We would especially like to thank Prof Richard F Vaz for spending the first week of the project with us in Ireland ensuring a smooth start both technically and logistically We would also like to extend this special thanks to Prof Donald R Brown for visiting Ireland in Week 8 ensuring that we continued on that right footing through to this project s completion Both professors also voiced their support and concern every Wednesday in our weekly teleconferences iii WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Table of Contents PADS OPAC TS ss oce WE LI mU tM C m M C E M EE ii PROTO WISE OS TINS TIES e a E E E E ie Se E e LU E Oe E eta iii Table of Contents Hi in edd eed adhe ede ret cde ed ee ieee iv Erst of FA CUTE Siesoo ion ese vl ocu b uo es a E scie eL S vii TOWEL M MEN EUM PEE ix Execuliye SU ITADS APEE E E E E pce ws E E E EE 1 D JNHtrodOptiol sion erectio testo oe eo a e a a Sod doit depu 4 2 Project Description eee roit eer In LOS NUR TET ERU ERR USE TAREAS EUREN Me chan FR edu US 6 2 1 Project ODJecti Vere ra a O E E A
73. ase into our working directory structure The following commands are required to complete both steps cd stuff wget http www openembedded org snapshots OE mtn bz2 bunzip2 OE mtn bz2 mtn db OE mtn pull monotone openembedded org org openembedded dev mtn db OE mtn checkout branch org openembedded dev The first command moves us to the root of our development hierarchy the stuff directory The second command uses the wget tool to download the latest snapshot 1 e archived copy of the OpenEmbedded development tree s database Because this database is compressed the third command uses the bunzip2 decompression utility to expand the file Finally the fourth and fifth commands update the database and download the necessary branches of the development tree for further development In the end we are left with an up to date org openembedded dev development tree that has been copied to our local development computer A5 2 3 1 Updating the OpenEmbedded Development Tree Since the development tree of the OpenEmbedded project is updated quite frequently it is desirable to synchronize your local copy of the development tree at least once per day Using a valid local user account execute the following commands from a terminal to update your local OpenEmbedded repositories cd stuff org openembedded dev mtn pull mtn update The first command bring us to our working stuff directory while the
74. ating Systetm oic enne e ennt neas a aeu ee ea sta en ee SUE Ee aae USD 35 5 4 1 4 Choosing a Build Environment eee eee eene eene enne tnos eeenn 37 5 4 2 Choosing an Embedded Windowing Environment eese 38 5 4 3 Choosing an Application Design Language eeeeeeeeeeeeneeeneeene 39 5 5 Witeless Mod l iecit tad ctetu sq at Nei E eti e eire 40 5 5 1 Choosing a Wireless Network Type aie etes t tta Deu ro edel ux rea aod ae 41 5 5 2 Selection of an 802 11 Specification sssssesessseesseesseessessseeesseessseessesseesseesseee 42 5 5 3 Wireless Security and Encryption ssessssseesseessesseresseessttessresseesseeesseeesseessesse 42 5 5 4 Selecting of Interface Method with the OMAP5912 OSK sees 43 5 5 5 Selecting a Wireless WO GUIS 25 25 oc en eee tease haer Uta Dese elei Mapni tdi Cunsc adis siae Lene 44 G System Specifications serron e so etes SP baotpldal satire aaebaue dm Udo d Lu c IUE 47 6 1 System QVervieW ATL aSa 47 iv WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 9 2 User Input eb testo IIR eius mE tutatus ib sti d qa ii te ed tuos 49 6 2 1 Input Characteristic Srs opone Rd na tous duisi d e d antc aded un dete Re ue os Dies 49 6 2 2 Pushbutton Circultty 4 5 tr AMT e E NET RRES 50 6 3 kiguid Crystal Display v5 61 o ieee aE e tag deep id 52 6 3 1 Technical Backstound mestom a ia a
75. ating system Reasons for the team s decision to use the software were previously discussed in Section 5 4 Since Linux is considered a general purpose operating system there are several different versions i e distributions and package types available for use Our decision to use the OpenEmbedded project s libraries to construct our operating system base ensured that not only would we be using the latest available stable releases of all software but also that we would be generating a kernel and root filesystem the components that makeup a Linux operating system that is functional Building an operating system for an embedded platform requires what is referred to as a cross compile toolchain specific compilers and library files configured for building software for the desired platform In our case the OMAP5912 processor is from the ARMO family and our software will need to be compiled by an appropriate toolchain OpenEmbedded is capable of producing the toolchain and build environment for the OMAP5912 OSK development board using the org openembedded dev database The toolchain and development environment are 62 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL built within OpenEmbedded via the following command for more detailed build info please see Appendix A5 bitbake linux omapl The toolchain specifically consists of the following software packages e GNU Binutils a collection of binary tools includi
76. betic population is unaware of their condition is also of great concern niit P ee E Y Asaad oy gt Australasia 2000 82 7 million 2030 190 5 million j Mes The top 10 countries in numbers of people with diabetes are Prevalence of diabetes 3o In persons 35 64 years b J India aa S257 amp 8 E China 2000 number of people with diabetes in 2000 USA 2030 number of people with diabetes in 2030 Indonesia Japan Source Wild at al 2004 M Pakistan Russia Year 2200 20320 Brazil Rankin Countr People with diabetes millions Italy 1 India 31 7 794 Bangladesh 2 China 20 8 42 3 3 United States of America 17 7 30 3 Figure 3 1 The Prevalence of Diabetes Diabetes Facts amp Figures WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL As illustrated in Figure 3 1 diabetes is a condition that affects every nation Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world but is more common especially Type II in developed countries The prevalence of diabetes is increasing the fastest in Asia and Africa where the highest concentration of patients will likely be found by 2030 Diabetes Facts amp Figures The two main forms of diabetes are Type I and Type II In Type I the pancreas is unable to produce an adequate amount of insulin and thus a person who has Type I diabetes must take insulin daily to live Figure 3 2 illustrates and describes some of the mechanisms at work in
77. ble the user to select between a few items on an ordered list For this only three keys are necessary Two of the keys will move the selected area up or down and the third key will serve as the selection key This type of application for a switch requires only a change in state signal The microprocessor receives the logic for the change in state between disconnected and connected and then interprets the signal and creates a change on the visual display We chose the momentary contact single pole single throw push button switch because there are only two states for the switch to be in and because the microprocessor is looking for the change in state alone 6 2 2 Pushbutton Circuitry With the action type selected we next investigated how to ensure the logic signal sent to the microprocessor would be read clearly In simple types of switching circuits like this one the switch connects the logic source either to power or to ground To create these signals use either a pull up resistor configuration or a pull down resistor configuration Pull Down Resistor Pull Up Resistor voc vec Logic Logic Sample Sample Figure 6 4 Pull down up resistor configuration Despite the name of the configuration the pull down resistor provides a positive signal to the microprocessor and the pull up resistor provides a ground or null signal to the processor In either case the information of the constant state is programmed to the processor and then is t
78. cal and Electronics Engineers IEEE has set forth standards for wireless protocol Currently the three main IEEE standards of wireless communication are 802 11 commonly called WiFi 802 15 commonly called Bluetooth and 802 16 commonly called WiMAX The numbers are the IEEE specification number which set the requirements of the device for certification under that code As discussed in previous sections the goal is to produce a wireless attachment for a health monitor system that requires the user to obtain very little to no extra equipment in order to use the device This specific demand for the product made the choice of the type of wireless quite simple Bluetooth technology is a fast growing low power short distance personal area network technology Bluetooth allows users to connect several Bluetooth capable products together almost automatically Because the transmissions range is just a 30ft radius it is possible to run the technology on very low power Conversely the developing technology called WiMax is a new long distance wireless for use in supplanting cable internet With a 30mi radius WiMax can offer entire metropolitan areas with wireless network coverage However WiMax is not common currently and development continues in order to provide the highest efficiency possible In 1997 IEEE released the first version of the 802 11 specification for wireless local area networks WLAN This standard allowed information transfer rates of 1 an
79. ce a real time operating system acting on well defined triggers is unnecessary Opposing RTOSs are passive operating systems A passive OS relies on user input for functions to occur rather than environmental triggers There are two forms of passive operating systems currently dominating the marketplace embedded Windows based and embedded Unix based systems Cost is a concern in our development project not only for the development of the product but also looking to projected costs to the end user The licensing fees associated with Microsoft products particularly for development with an embedded operating system i e Windows CE PocketPC OS or Embedded Windows XP would be large In addition choosing such an operating system would limit the portability of the proof of concept design to other processors and or architectures Our options for implementation in an embedded design quickly narrowed to look upon Unix based operating systems from which there are literally hundreds to choose To avoid the 36 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL licensing and vendor lock in issues discussed previously in relation to embedded Windows based operating systems we have also decided to avoid Unix based proprietary solutions With good documentation and an active online support community available behind the GNU Linux operating system we decided that working with a custom compiled GNU Linux operating system would provide bo
80. centralized database the de WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL foundation for the statistical research and analysis of diabetes from a vantage point previously unavailable is laid The Enterprise Research Centre ERC at the University of Limerick UL Ireland is interested in the creation of this personal health monitor interface In 2005 a student research team from Worcester Polytechnic Institute WPI USA helped the ERC implement a proof of concept device that could interface with an existing glucometer the TheraSense FreeStyle Mini Our research builds upon the initial findings of 2005 team and aims to deliver an improved prototype a device comprising of a short range wireless transmitter capable of interfacing with existing glucometers retrieving any data stored and updating individual patient data on a remote database Our efforts were to focus on generating useful documentation to accompany our product to enable future research teams to quickly pick up development At the core of our proof of concept design is the OMAP5912 OSK development board as recommended by the 2005 student research team The figure below illustrates how the board s capability to interface with numerous external devices through different means E Secure Database contributes to our development platform Accessible by General Practitioner Health Center Individual Internet 802 11b g via ethernet with W
81. cept Internal Applications Figure 6 1 Data Transmission Flow Chart As seen in Figure 6 1 the data from the glucometer is passed to the proof of concept product that has the ability to store a limited amount of information if transmission is unavailable or transmit the data immediately to a secure remote database Figure 6 2 shows the top level block diagram of the entire proof of concept product This includes the integration with the glucometer as well as with the secure database E Um WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Accessible by i General Encrypted Link Practitioner Health Center Individual Internet Secure Database 802 11b g via ethernet with WEP WPA Proof of Local Device Software Concept a Database for temporary storage a Unique PID Device Built in clock Glucometer Serial i e Health Monitor USB Interface A Hardware Buttons with Debounce Hardware Driver 4 Displayed On User Interface LCD Figure 6 2 Complete System Block Diagram The local device software drives the LCD temporary stores uploaded data reads user input and couples transmitted data with a unique personal identification for each patient Figure 6 3 shows the different modules and their methods of communication with each other This figure also illustrates the actual components used in the design of the product 802 11 b Wireless transmission Wireless 7 M
82. cine Telehealth and the Consumer Patients use certain sensors that transfer their data to a server where the practitioner can read and monitor their condition This technology is an adaptation of wired technologies on traditional personal computers PCs which require users to work from a computer physically connected to a local network The recently developed wireless capture of patient data reduces the need for nursing staff to sit at computers and enter basic data Such digital solutions offer dramatic improvements over the days of paper files chart chasing lengthy delays and illegible entries Wireless deployments have made significant improvements to the quality of healthcare a positive impact felt both inside and outside the organization Increased intelligence and the lowered power consumption of the new generation of microcontrollers and digital signal processors DSPs make a complete new range of intelligent monitor applications possible Further need for privacy protection and acceptance of implantable 11 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL sensors and devices require the introduction of a wireless personal network Different applications of wireless personal area networks in telemedical environments include Intelligent portable health monitors such as o ECG and o epilepsy monitoring Intelligent control of medication delivery using o wireless sensing o dosing and o compliance monito
83. continuity and value Table 7 2 shows the expected and actual resistor values 85 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Expected Value kO Recorded Value kQ 22 0 0 0 05 Table 7 2 Measured Resistance and Expected Values With correct resistor values the voltage drops over each of the resistors should be as expected so we checked the inputs and outputs knowing that there should be no problems with the resistors Measurements represent values found directly at the pins of the quad op amp for inputs and outputs Table 7 3 shows all 14 readings Pin Number Specification Expected Value V Actual Value V Difference mV 1 Output 0 273 0 281 0 8 2 Input 0 273 0 28 0 7 3 Input 0 271 0 274 0 3 4 Power 3 3 3 336 3 6 5 Input 0 542 0 547 0 5 6 Input 0 544 0 553 0 9 7 Output 0 544 0 553 0 9 8 Output 2 76 2 63 13 9 Input 2 76 2 63 13 10 Input 2 76 2 778 1 8 ll Ground 0 0 0 12 Input 3 03 3 055 25 13 Input 3 03 2 61 42 14 Output 3 03 2 61 42 Table 7 3 Actual and Expected Pin Values for LP 324M The output voltages at pins 14 8 7 and 1 were expected be decreasing voltages but the voltages at pins 14 and 8 did not follow the expected values These incorrect voltage values can cause the LCD not to work The op amp is rated to have up to a 2mV drop from the input to the output so all other readings are within tolerance
84. cuit s reactions to different combinations of buttons activations simultaneously as well as the effect of different resistor values The first test we conducted was to ensure that the 10K Ohm resistor was the correct choice to implement with the circuit It turns out that without the 1OK Ohm resistors the actual lifespan of the buttons would decrease and cause internal problems 75 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL User Interface Simulation Results 10 0 91 4m 36m 527m 101 7m 150 8m 199 8m 248 9m 298 Time S Figure 7 7 User Interface Simulation Results Figure 7 7 shows the results of simulations by a manual input We manually activated the switches thus causing a momentary spike of 3 3V The blue line represents the up key the green represent the down key and the maroon represents the ok key Different combinations of input were tried and even multiple inputs at once User Interface Voltage Output 500 Om 0 250 0m 500 0m 750 0m 10 id Time S Figure 7 8 User Interface Timed Simulation Results Figure 7 8 shows the automatic simulation script output In this simulation one button was activated and then 500ms later the next button was activated without the deactivation of the previous button 16 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL User Interface Voltage Output 10 01 Voltage V 2 0 250 0m 500 0m N 750 0m 1 0 l Figure 7 9
85. d 2 Mbps in the 2 4GHz unlicensed frequency bandwidth Since that time the IEEE 802 11 work group has come out with many different 802 11 variations and advances Offering a transmission radius of 300ft and a quickly developing widespread support base WiFi fit our criterion for the integration of wireless technology into a personal health monitor Another reason we selected WiFi for this application is that free access points are becoming more and more prevalent in airports coffee shops libraries and hotels Some of these access points are provided as a free service locations around the world can be can be searched at anchorfree com A1 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL y Figure 5 10 Example layout of a wireless system Though Figure 5 10 shows the transmission to a WiFi tower this most likely will not be the case As explained previously many free access points are available to the public in metropolitan areas and this is spreading out around the world It is possible to enable a personal WiFi network inside a home but if the customer does not have the means to do this it is possible to find free access points 5 5 2 Selection of an 802 11 Specification Within 802 11 there are several different grades of transmission The most widely used are 802 11a 802 11b and 802 11g The first standard available to the market place was 802 11b which is the slowest and least expensive As the new standard
86. d averages 15 date management 14 30 day average event codes functions Downloda Yes Yes Yes yes yes Yes cap Test Time 15 sec 45 sec 45 sec up to 40 sec up to 40 sec 5 Seconds Battery Two AAAA Two AAA Two AAA Two AAA Two AAA 3Volt Lithium Ion Dy Alkaline alkaline alkaline Alkaline Alkaline Tests Battery 1000 tests 1000 tests 1000 tests 700 tests 1000 tests 1000 tests Auto Shut Off 2 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 3 minutes 2 minutes Price Range Size in Wt 2x3 8x1 2 1 oz SET 6X12 4 3x2 6x1 24 5 bea g on 4 8x2 8x1 1 440z EAS BID 4 50z OZ 1 5 oz Very small sample New larger Display can be May add blood 4 languages Blood Can touch test display screen setin 19 during first 15 strip sample area size Samples from may be added to Comments x Display can be languages Voice seconds Voice Des without affecting arm Coulo strip during first setin 17 synthesizer synthesizer results alternative metric measurement 15 seconds 3 languages available available site testing Table 3 2 Comparison chart for glucometer Diabetic Meter Stri ps Many diabetics find taking measurements painful and annoying because they must puncture their skin for a reading This has inspired the development of alternative forms of continuous glucose monitoring systems The MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System is a device consisting of a catheter inserted just be
87. d have successfully updated U Boot installed the Linux kernel to flash and mounted the filesystem to flash on your OMAP5912 OSK development board You have noticed at this point that when using C Kermit to monitor the board the initial boot still only brings you to the U Boot terminal rather than booting the Linux kernel immediately This can be easily remedied with the setup of a few environment variables From the U Boot terminal enter the following commands to set our recommended list of environment variables OMAPS5912 OSK setenv ethaddr xx xx xx xx xx xx OMAPS5912 OSK setenv bootcmd bootm 0x100000 OMAPS5912 OSK seenv bootdelay 10 OMAPS912 OSK setenv bootfile ulmage OMAPS912 OSK bootargs console ttyS0 115200 noinitrd rw ip on rootfstype jffs2 root dev mtdblock3 OMAPS5912 OSK saveenv These environment variables will establish the MAC address of the development usually found printed on the board and set it to boot after a 10 second delay to the pre installed kernel and root filesystem The bootdelay can be adjusted to reach the desired performance of the development board however during development it is usually helpful to have a 10 second window available to allow sufficient time for an interrupt to be passed to gain control of the board from the U Boot terminal level 124 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A6Simulation Results amp Logs Below are the outputted logs and re
88. d interaction with our chosen windowing environment provides us with enough reason to avoid using the programming language Further research revealed rising interest in moving the Python language to the embedded computing market Extending and Embedding Touted as being an adaptable language to 39 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL programmers familiar with C and Java Python was a language the team was capable of learning and implementing in the short time available In addition the likelihood of future developers having C or Java experience is high and would provide an easy entry point for future development Moreover successful research stories of embedded computing with Python such as the experience of Carmannah Technologies Corp and the ease with which external monitoring applications and graphics can be created the language appears to be a well suited match for our device The team acknowledged the initial footprint of the Python development library may be on the large side but with embedded adaptations of the language being developed it did not seem unreasonable that future engineering work could be dedicated to reducing the footprint of the language s use with little to no difficulty 5 5 Wireless Module Though the wireless transceiver system is a portion of the system that the user will not see or interact with directly this system will have a big impact the user s experience of the product
89. d system must incorporate a rechargeable battery circuit and power consumption minimization should be prominent in the system design e Through Hole Technology may be used to build breadboard prototypes but Double sided Surface Mount technology SMT should be used to build the final circuitry especially for the interface device where miniaturization is important Other Consideration and Options e System expansion should be taken into consideration and components specified should incorporate at least a 25 increase in functionality e g by provision of redundant I O pins on microprocessor chip etc e The database application must support significant scalability 106 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A2Complete Parts List Below are the parts used for the circuits The part reference numbers refer to the way they appear on the PCB A2 1 LCD Driver Circuit Part Reference Description RI RESISTOR SMT 22 0K SMT R2 RESISTOR SMT 22 0K SMT R3 RESISTOR SMT 22 0K SMT R4 RESISTOR_SMT 22 0K SMT R5 RESISTOR_SMT 180K SMT R6 RESISTOR_SMT 4 70K SMT R7 RESISTOR_SMT 4 70K SMT R8 RESISTOR_SMT 4 70K SMT R9 RESISTOR_SMT 4 70K SMT C1 CAP_ELECTROLIT_SMT 4 7uF SMT C2 CAP ELECTROLIT SMT 4 7uF SMT C3 CAP ELECTROLIT SMT 4 7uF SMT C4 CAP_ELECTROLIT_SMT 4 7uF SMT C5 CAP_ELECTROLIT_SMT 4 7uF SMT C6 CAP_ELECTROLIT_SMT 2
90. e Defining Telemedicine Telehealth and the Consumer This allows the patient to stay at home but still be able to communicate with medical staff Telemedicine is a subset of telehealth which involves the implementation of information technology and of communication principles Defining Telemedicine Telehealth and the Consumer The research done on telemedicine includes two main parts one deals with wireless health monitors and the other with glucometers themselves Section 3 2 1 With this project focused on wireless collection of data from glucose monitoring instruments we analyzed the different techniques and technologies already available for wireless collection of information for other types of health monitors 10 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 3 2 1 Wireless Health Monitoring Several medical institutions have begun implementing modern day technology into medical data logging including web portals electronic medical records and virtual private networks VPNs This modern day technology improves the speed quality safety and cost profile of healthcare Figure 3 3 is an example of how wireless monitoring can work in a medical institution o viomedical signajs lact WISSE t 7 OO i nd t Server a Qy Q X wD LAN WAN o gt QS Cellular network User with WISSE Internet Practitioners Figure 3 3 Wireless data collection Defining Telemedi
91. e OMAP board and an oscilloscope connected to one of the buttons we observed the bounce characteristics of our buttons On single shot mode the scope starts taking measurements after a target value is obtained Interestingly the buttons displayed bouncing characteristics infrequently Figure 7 25 is an example of a bounce obtained on the release of the button Figure 7 25 Example of bounce on user input pushbuttons Even Figure 7 25 did not display bad bounce characteristics though there is a second trigger value Some type of buttons can bounce 50 or more times before coming to a consistent value 7 4 Software Implementation The following sections serve to outline how each of the components of the previously described pyramid of software in embedded systems was developed and implemented in our proof of concept interface for personal health monitors 7 4 1 Operating System Implementation Although OpenEmbedded was able to create our cross compile toolchain and an initial version of the embedded Linux kernel it lacks two features vital to our proof of concept namely frame buffer support and software to recognize our user interface controls Frame buffer support is easily enabled in the kernel s configuration file please see Appendix A4 for our 90 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL kernel configuration file To meet the needs of some LCDs code alteration may be required of the files Icdc c and
92. e connector the 18 pin LCD connector and six pin micro match ribbon cable headers ExpressPCB lets the user specify the exact dimensions of vias and surface mount copper pads which makes creating custom footprints relatively easy The first component placed on the LCD PCB was the HiRose connector because it determines where the board will be in relation to the OMAP board so we placed it in the upper right hand corner of the board so the LCD circuit would be completely visible with no hidden components The next component placed was the LCD connector because it determines which direction the LCD is facing We then placed the pinned packages in the beginning in order to keep adequate distances from each other so there would be plenty of room to solder them onto the board We started with the default trace size of 0 25mm This size if electrically adequate for our purposes and if the board were being produced professionally then the traces would not be etched away however when manufacturing a PCB in house small traces can be etched away very easily which was a concern of ours when manufacturing our board When the space is not critical on the PCB it is acceptable to use large traces The second revision on the circuit included 0 38mm traces and the third revision increased the trace size yet again to 0 51mm except at connection points to smaller surface mount part like the LCD header where the trace narrows down to 0 38mm This larger trace size allow
93. e holes Figure A7 12 Smaller Drill 152 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Precision and accuracy is very important when drilling these holes Since there is only tenths of millimetres to spare it is important that we accurately drill our holes Figure A7 13 and Figure A7 14 illustrate the drilling of the holes into the boards Figure A7 13 Drilling holes on the LCD driver circuit Figure A7 14 Drilling holes the user interface PCB We also had to switch drills in order to drill the Imm holes Figure A7 15 shows the drill used Figure A7 15 Large Drill Creating a PCB in house is a complicated task however with the right machinery available it is possible to create one Figure A7 16 shows a flow chart of the PCB creation process 153 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL PLACE PHOIO RESIS BOARD ON PCB MASK PLACE IN TANK OF ae ee cra TS NO SCRAP CONNECT CIRCUN QUALITY GOOD BECVYCIE O POWER SOURCI ES YES CLEAN WITH PUMIC SIONE lt __URCUT WORKS ES Figure A7 16 PCB Creation Flow Chart PCB 2006 154 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A8Source Code Due to the size of the various source code and configuration files please consult the CD that accompanied this report or contact the project team directly at ulie a06 9 wpi edu for more information 155
94. e models Junction Diode model model dx xu2 den xu2 is 1le 015 1e 012 IS 0 4 56e 005 n 1 1 tt 0 0 cjo 0 0 vj 1 1 m 0 5 0 5 eg 1 11 1 11 xti 3 3 kf 0 2 81e 017 af 1 1 fc 0 5 0 5 bv 0 0 ibv 0 001 0 001 ibvl 0 0 ikf 1le 030 1e 030 isr 0 0 nbv 1 1 nbvl 1 1 nr 2 2 tbv1 0 0 tbv2 0 0 tikf 0 0 trs1 0 0 trs2 0 0 Inductor models Inductors 133 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL model L tcl 0 tc2 0 ill 0 i2 0 Imult 1 t measured 27 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 Resistor models Simple linear resistor model R rsh 0 tcl 0 tc2 0 defw 1e 005 tnom 27 tce 0 rmult 1 t abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 poly models 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source model a poly fl x coef 0 2 43e 005 l narrow 0 2 43e 005 134 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A6 4 Transient Analysis Results Below are the transient analysis results In these simulations MultiSim takes a collection of resistive and energy storage components then finds its time response to an arbitrary input waveform Below is the log and results of this analysis Instrument operation performed 2006 September 14 Thursday 13 44 04 Instrument Analysis Transient Analysis Plot title Analysis settings Initial Conditions Automatic
95. e of the ABDB ET DP101 is the capability to interface directly with the OMAPS912 OSK development board upon arrival The 802 3 physical Ethernet connection allows the wireless module to immediately interface with the development board leaving only software drivers to be installed before complete functionality is obtained 6 5 Software Background and Specifications The following text serves to illustrate the specific software requirements of the personal health monitor interface and outline the theory underlying the application design and development z6ls WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 6 5 1 Pyramid of Software in Embedded Systems The visual model of a pyramid illustrates software development in microcomputers a complex structure completed in layers Figure 6 13 illustrates the different levels of embedded software directly related to the personal health monitor interface The foundation is rooted in an operating system and its library files a middle layer consisting of both a core application and a communications protocol that must work in tandem and finally a graphical user interface GUI that will act as the final layer the capstone of our embedded software design pyramid GUI oO RI amp S Operating System Figure 6 13 Pyramid of Software in Embedded Systems 6 5 1 1 Operating System The OMAP5912 OSK development board lends itself for use with the Linux open source oper
96. e quad op amp and the outputs This gives us a view of the voltage flow throughout 10 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL the circuit for different input voltage levels different resistor values and different capacitor values i Figure 7 1 Simulation Layout for LCD Driver Circuit Using that basic simulation layout we could predict the expected pin outputs and input values for the LP324M These values are shown in the table below Pin Number Specification Expected Value V 1 Output 0 273 2 Input 0 273 3 Input 0 271 4 Power 3 3 5 Input 0 542 6 Input 0 544 7 Output 0 544 8 Output 2 76 9 Input 2 76 10 Input 2 76 11 Ground 0 12 Input 3 03 13 Input 3 03 14 Output 3 03 Table 7 1 Predicted values for the LP324M 71 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL We simulated a DC sweep and the results are shown in Figure 7 2 DC Sweep Outputs 10 9 8 mem Pinta S rne gt 6 eT Pin7 E MEd 5 lame Pin 1 4 Ping 3 Ue a ea TT PET ig alia es traen eni pem 0 T LM T Input Voltage V Figure 7 2 Chart of DC Sweep Outputs Figure 7 2 shows the pin outputs of the operational amplifier when a D
97. ecreased to 19800 rr6 resistance increased to 5170 End Chart Run Log Descriptions End Page Worst Case A6 3 DC Analysis Results DC Analysis determines the dc operating point of the circuit with inductors shorted and capacitors opened Doing a DC analysis prior to the transient analysis determines the transient initial conditions If requested the dc small signal value of a transfer function ratio of output variable to input source input resistance and output resistance is also computed as a part of the dc solution The dc analysis can also be used to generate dc transfer curves a specified 128 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL independent voltage or current source is stepped over a user specified range and the dc output variables are stored for each sequential source value Instrument operation performed 2006 September 11 Monday 13 44 40 Instrument Analysis DC Analysis Plot title Analysis settings Initial Conditions Automatically generate initial conditions Starting time TSTART 0 Stop time TSTOP 1e 030 Plotting increment TSTEP automatically calculated less than 1e4030 Maximum time step TMAX automatically calculated less than 1e4030 Perform consistency check Variables from analysis Show device values at the end of the simulation Representation as SPICE commands begin scope page checknodes 3 save all iplot all set trtol 7
98. ect the project was not completed two weeks before the end of the project term as had originally been planned 9A WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 5 Design Methodology This section discusses the methods we used to design the proof of concept product To complete this process the product is broken up into several different subsystems For each of the subsystems we determine its requirements in relation to the needs of the user and our prior research After the system requirements have been established the subsystem is fleshed out along with some detail on how it will interface with the rest of the device 5 1 User Interface Requirements A user interface includes all the systems the user interacts with and which affect how the user experiences the product The range of customers targeted for this product includes all diabetic patients and it must be accessible for a range of people who have different technical expertise economic standing and life style Designing with this large range of customers in mind and hoping to make the product easily accessible to as many users as possible we tried to keep the end cost low the need for technical experience limited and the ease of use very high Clarity was the primary concern we wanted to make the system self explanatory and simple to use for any level user 5 1 1 Customer Needs The needs of the customer should dictate how a product is developed and eventu
99. ection and organization and that is compatible with present and future types of glucometers the review of data logs will be easier not only for the doctor but for the patient as well This device could provide physicians with a means of real time communication to pass along advice to the patient for controlling their blood glucose level Furthermore the device will lay the foundation both for statistical research and for analysis of diabetic patients and allow for remote monitoring of a patient s status by healthcare providers WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Few products are available for recording and graphically displaying blood glucose data digitally or sending data to remote locations Some glucometers like the Freestyle Mini Abbot Laboratories Ltd can store past readings and upload data onto PCs so the user is not required to enter data manually The GlucoMON from Diabetech LP is the only device found that interfaces with a glucometer and sends the information to a remote location In 2005 a team of student researchers from Worcester Polytechnic Institute WPI in conjunction with the Enterprise Research Centre at the University of Limerick made significant progress towards implementation of a proof of concept device capable of interfacing with standard off the shelf glucometers and synchronizing the stored data with an external database via a wireless network However none of these programs or devices is yet
100. ed for our circuit as well as the measurement probes in order to obtain reading Through the measurement probes we were able to view the same results that were outputted through the DC Sweep Figure 7 5 Simulation layout for voltage reference 74 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The voltage reference did use an input of 3 3V to create an output of 3V This configuration takes an input of 3 3V and outputs 3V at both Vout and Vout SD1 and SD are both tied to the high voltage at Vin and both Error and Error are tied low to ground 7 1 2 User Input Circuit Simulation The user input circuit takes input from the user and relays either a high voltage over a GPIO line to signal the button has been pressed or a low voltage to signal inactivity to the microprocessor which then causes a reaction on the LCD screen The simulations looked for the voltage readings on the GPIO lines at the moment of activation and then the moment of deactivation Figure 7 6 shows the user interface along with the testing equipment XSC1 hm tb pet cs E Tektronix Sos wry uP SW3 Hn R3 D 4 o o WN Input Up Arrow 10k0 sw2 R2 T 1 o Oo AAAN Down Arrow 10kQ SW1 Select Button GPIO2 GPIO7 GPIO9 EE Figure 7 6 User Interface Simulation Layout The simulations of the user interface tested single switch activation the cir
101. eir needs In Section 5 1 4 the decision to use only three buttons e g up down okay will limit the ability of the user to navigate the graphical user interface if it is not designed with top down progression in mind Likewise it is beneficial to have each window default to a button used often Finally all text of the GUI needs to be relatively large keeping in mind that some diabetics are vision impaired These design requirements in addition to the previously described functionality are achieved by the Python application code that sits underneath the graphical user interface 69 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 7 Implementation and Results After designing the hardware components of the device we began testing and integration of the different modules to create one functioning proof of concept device In this chapter we present the results of our preliminary simulations our response to them the printed circuit board PCB designs the methods of testing hardware and the results 7 1 Simulation With parts ordered and PCB creation underway we conducted computer aided simulations Schematics we created using MultiSim used features from the electronic workbench that allowed us to test the circuit under particular conditions and monitor outputs as well as power dissipation Simulation is a mathematical way of emulating the behaviour of a circuit With simulations it is possible to predict a circuit
102. elopment repository is also known for supporting many different processors and embedded architecture providing an opportunity to move development to a different processor later with little difficulty Finally the active OpenEmbedded community provides a great deal of support a feature that is very valuable when working on a rapid development project such as ours Thus the use of OpenEmbedded and bitbake to get our GNU Linux cross compile toolchain and development environment up and running is best suited for our project team OpenEmbedded 5 4 2 Choosing an Embedded Windowing Environment With a development board and target operating system chosen for the development of our interface to a personal health monitor our attention turned to focus on the needs of our graphical user interface GUI Keeping in line with the parameters used to choose an operating system i e open source freely available and acknowledging the need to stick to well documented popular solutions to adhere to our limited engineering development time our research produced four different embedded windowing environments from which to choose Qt Embedded Fast Light Toolkit FLTK and GTK In actuality these graphical widgets will run on a windowing environment or write directly to a device s framebuffer Trolltech develops Qt Embedded and its sister Qt which is an accepted graphical widget at the heart of the KDE desktop environment for GNU Linux Qt E
103. ent of these technologies For example if the communication link were not available to deliver the new dosage schedule the system would need to recalculate a new dosage schedule on its own and try to transmit again A key part of this system would be the supervisory medical personnel who could access the database on a regular basis to monitor the patient measurements and dosing levels A supervisory algorithm 12 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL would also be necessary to monitor operation of the system and alert medical personnel as needed Defining Telemedicine Telehealth and the Consumer Several new rehabilitation therapies could make use of such devices used by the patient in their home environment during routine activity Using wireless communication technologies to monitor the patient and assess the effectiveness of therapy does not hinder the patient in any way This also allows the doctors and rehabilitators to adjust the patient s regimen if necessary without having the person leave home All of these ideas are purely hypothetical and not yet available to consumers but are along the lines of what this project aims to make possible 3 3 Prior Art and Research In this section we investigate products currently available to diabetics for control of their disease as well as some technology with attributes previously described in section 3 3 This information indicates which customer needs are current
104. es the user interface PCB sess 153 PVCU Elo n o MP p cR 153 Figure A7 16 PCB Creation Flow C Iglesia ie sa aaa QE MM ces dM Md 154 viii WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL List of Tables Table 3 1 Recommended Blood Glucose Range for People with Diabetes sess 10 Table 3 2 Comparison chart for glucometer sacco tree oe o d es Da pr oer tede vs 15 Table 5 1 Display options for NOUD COMMENTER REORTN 32 Table 5 2 Comparison of LCD pin connections 5 ao eta pom deo oec rated sieves dr dvd es 32 Table 5 3 Comparison of LCD power allotment sees 32 Table 5 4 Comparnsonof EG D IGBS sio so enanar n O A A ei 33 Table 5 5 Wireless Chip Options for Embedded Design sseeeeennnn 44 Table 5 6 Integrated Wireless Systems Lusso o ov cen d t bti er vetet oodd SEN 45 Table G L ECD Viewing MOUS cater xo EH b ede te ep EOS e E EO tuit mU bU 54 Table 6 2 Pin Designation for LO Ds sss coo tcs tio use RERO Rb Unete etu eeu 55 Table 6 3 Results of spying on RS 232 communication sse 66 Table 6 4 Command to trigger FreeStyle Mini memory dump sse 66 Table 7 1 Predicted values for the EP 324M suss ioi essaie oot li Fin ro ted lf apt ied t es PRU 71 Table 7 2 Measured Resistance and Expected Values sss 86 Table 7 3 Actual and Expected Pin Values for LP 324M ooo cece cceccsc
105. for us to have an end goal in mind to keep all the systems being developed in parallel headed in the same direction Front View Large and easy to read text with few Tra n S m it options to chose from ninac Text bexomes bold and Sliding contrast changes around power switch selected tab LCD is in grayscale Small number of buttons limits the number of user inputs possible making use intuitive Figure 5 3 Concept rendition 1 The first generation concept model shown in Figure 5 3 integrates the straightforward three button control system for the user input along with the text bases menu system for the user interface The case of the device is just big enough to accommodate the LCD to keep the size of the produce as small as possible While the overall system is small the text on the screen is large to accommodate any users whom are visually impaired Front View Side View Upload Vo Figure 5 4 Concept rendition 2 Implementation of buttons on side of device for more compact form factor Figure 5 4 is simply a variation on original concept with the buttons moved around to the side of the unit to reduce the overall size 30 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Front View Top View Transmit Indication lights to show the status of the device Another possible button implementation style to allow for buttons on the front face but still small form factor
106. g with the Ethernet port of the OMAP OSK board was a cost effective choice and greatly reduced our development time 46 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 6 System Specifications In this chapter we will present each of the four hardware subsystems of our proof of concept device and explain their importance as individual modules as well as their purpose in the device We will discuss our device at the top level and then go more in depth with each of the subsystems including descriptions of their circuitry and connectivity Next we give a technical background on the software element including the operating system the communication protocol and the graphical user interface GUI 6 1 System Overview The proof of concept product has four main subsystems the user input circuit the LCD driver circuit the wireless module and the OMAP5912 OSK development board Each subsystem is integral to the functionality of the product The main purpose of the overall system is to transmit patient data from a glucometer to a secure remote database The data enters through the device and then wirelessly transmitted to a remote secure database Figure 6 1 shows the anticipated flow of the data through the product The flow and collection of data begins with the glucometer and ends when the transmission of the data occurs to the secure database via a wireless connection Secure Glucometer Database Proof of Con
107. gel com crosstool Buildroot 1999 2005 Erik Andersen http buildroot uclibc org about html Clarke Anna ed Diabetes Care Securing the Future 2002 lt http media novonordisk com media GetMedia asp mb_GUID EE3CB527 EF7B 418D ADAA 63D19B9BB53D pdf gt Defining Telemedicine Telehealth and the Consumer Telemedicine Information Exchange 3 Nov 2005 Telemedicine Research Center 16 Aug 2006 lt http tie telemed org consumer whatis asp gt Diabetes U S Food and Drug Administration 15 Aug 2006 lt http www fda gov opacom lowlit diabetes html gt Diabetic Meter Strips DiabetesStore com 14 Aug 2006 lt www diabatesstore com gt Diabetes Overview WebMD 1 January 2005 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 17 Aug 2006 lt http www webmd com content article 101 106221 htm gt Diabetes Facts amp Figures World Health Organization 17 Aug 2006 lt http www who int diabetes facts en gt Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter 19 Sep 2006 Fred L Drake Jr http docs python org ext ext html Fast Light Toolkit FLTK 1998 2006 Bill Spitzak http www fltk org 103 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Glade User Interface Builder Accessed September 2006 http glade gnome org GlucoMON Diabetic 21 Aug 2006 lt http www diabetech net glucomon html gt Glucose Tracker Ha
108. hael R Sweet http www easysw com mike serial serial html 104 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Solutions eHIT Oy 2005 http www ehit fi index jsp pid 1 WPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi Fi CERTIFIED Products WiFi Alliance 2006 http www wifialliance com news pressrelease 03 1306 wpa2mandatory Display Product Product Information Hitachi 2004 http 80 93 161 114 faqs pinfo2 asp faq 1 105 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A1Project Description Scope The aim of the project is to develop and apply a wireless data transmission technology for real time data acquisition of remote patient data in a primary care environment Possible applications include the monitoring of diabetes cardiovascular asthma and chronic disease management Objective The objective is to deliver a prototype wireless interface device comprising of short range wireless transmitter communicating over a proprietary wireless access point WAP updating individual patient data in a remote database over the internet A microprocessor based mobile RF transceiver interface with the following facilities e RS232 and USB interfaces for connection to various Glucometers and over which firmware may be optionally uploaded e Built in clock for real time data logging with access to the Rugby atomic clock transmission 60 KHz for accurate calibration e Programmable ID e Bui
109. hat you are in the HOME directory of your user account The second command creates the directory structure a folder conf within a folder build within a folder stuff This directory structure will be expanded upon as we further develop our OpenEmbedded development environment Finally the last command changes the current directory to stuff where we will be issue most of our commands to build the toolchain and filesystem for our development board A5 2 2 Installing BitBake BitBake is the build tool of choice for working with OpenEmbedded development environments Originally created as a spin off of Portage the preferred package manager for the Gentoo Linux distribution it is still being updated and maintained by the berliOS http developer berlios de projects bitbake development team At the time of this writing the current version of BitBake is 1 6 0 and is highly recommended over the previous 1 4 2 stable release The installation of BitBake requires the subversion tool see Section 1 2 to download the source tree Please make sure this application is installed and updated on your machine before proceeding Then issue these commands from a valid user account logged into a terminal to download the appropriate source files cd stuff svn co svn svn berlios de bitbake branches svn Is svn svn berlios de bitbake branches Igrep 0 9 Itail n I bitbake The first command switches us to the stuff directory w
110. hich we created in our initial directory structure setup in Section 2 1 within our user account s HOME directory The second command is responsible for grabbing the BitBake application from a valid repository Checking the contents of your stuff directory should reveal the presence of a new bitbake directory A5 2 2 1 Updating BitBake As previously mentioned BitBake is constantly being updated Thus it is important to check periodically that you are running the latest stable release To update BitBake simply issue the following command from the terminal of a valid local user account cd stuff bitbake svn update The first command switches us to the directory in which BitBake has been installed while the second command uses the subversion tool to check for any updates to the source tree 114 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL If updates are present it will automatically update your local BitBake repository A5 2 3 Getting the OpenEmbedded Development Tree The OpenEmbedded development tree stores all the build files packages and configuration files necessary for working with any of the supported development boards In order to obtain the database an updated installation of monotone is required see Section 1 2 The acquisition of the OpenEmbedded database is a two part process involving the 1 initial downloading and updating of the database and 2 the decompression of the datab
111. iculties with enabling LCD support in the operating system final compatibility testing with our LCD was delayed When the unit was finally connected to the system it became apparent that the LCD itself may not be functioning within normal parameters We were however able to confirm that all software was operational by making slight adjustments to use the 2005 student research team s LCD unit Moreover all of the documentation to recreate our development computer and recreate our proof of concept design has been generated and left with ERC for future development Our research team is hopeful that research continues on this device and comes to market one day in the near future to aid the study of diabetes and more importantly those afflicted with the disease WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 1 Introduction Throughout the developed world the spread of diabetes in the general populace is on the rise According to the World Health Organization WHO over 171 million individuals were afflicted with Diabetes mellitus i e hyperglycaemia elevated blood glucose levels in the year 2000 In their 1998 article Global Burden of Diabetes 1995 2025 King et al use diabetes research to estimate the impact of the disease on men and women in the developing world Aubert They predict an increase of 42 and 170 in patients afflicted with diabetes in developed and developing countries respectively within the next 20 years
112. igned PCB Because the board was manufactured at UL the pitch of the components used is limited UL has limited technology for PCB production which caused a problem with the ribbon cable header for the LCD selected by the team The trouble creating the LCD driver circuit compromised the capabilities of the LCD in the end These lessons and recommendations were taken into account as the development of this product was restarted The progress of the 2005 student research team at the University of Limerick illuminated many issues present in the wireless health monitor project The concepts that were formulated were helpful in gaining a starting point however all the information was re investigated and confirmed By doing this a much more fully developed product was produced for the Enterprise Research Centre at the University of Limerick 19 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 4 Project Planning In order to approach this project in a systematic manner a step by step plan of action was developed early in the effort The top level Gantt chart shown in Figure 4 1 allowed for advanced consideration of tasks in relation to both the compilation of this report and the completion of the project 20 Enterprise Research Centre UL WPI MQP Ireland A 06 ENOL b uongyusesud reui T weavers i i wie A suorenjouog t suonepueuiuicoey n syneeuyuon susuueidui i i i ue f ocpouen teas i i aue e purcbeeguo
113. ine resource that allows users to add and edit content collectively and a developing user manual There is also an online video that shows how to setup a generic OpenEmbedded development machine however the details within this guide are far more precise and tuned to the OMAP5912 OSK development board These resources should be consulted first in an effort to solve any new problems encountered e OpenEmbedded Wiki http www openembedded org wiki e OpenEmbedded User Manual http www openembedded org user manual e Video Tutorial http www openembedded org screencasts org openembedded htm A5 3 4 1 Live Help If none of the resources listed in this guide prove helpful you may always find it useful to turn to a live representative for further assistance with OpenEmbedded and BitBake Internet Relay Chat IRC is still the preferred mode of communication in the open source community and as such the OpenEmbedded developers and other enthusiasts can be found on e oe on irc freenode net A5 4 Updating Das U Boot At this point you should now have successfully completed a bitbake linux omap1 build During that process an updated version of Das U boot the bootloader for the OMAP5912 OSK development board should have been downloaded patched and had its binary generated This binary can be transferred to the development board and copied to flash memory A5 4 1 RS 232 Communication with Development Board The development board i
114. inux kernel to boot to and then establish any necessary environment boot variables A5 6 Loading a Root Filesystem The successful execution of our original BitBake builds should have also generated a root filesystem compressed into a binary file With the development board set to receive files and focus returned to C Kermit we can issue the following commands to transfer the root filesystem to the OMAP5912 OSK development board C Kermit gt clear send list C Kermit gt add send list stuff build tmp deploy images bootstrap image omap59 2osk 20060906093446 rootfs jffs2 C Kermit gt send The first command will clear the send list while the second and third commands queue the root filesystem and complete the send respectively Please note that your root filesystem name may vary just like the binary file name may have varied for U Boot and the Linux kernel before Returning focus to the development board and the U Boot terminal we can execute the 123 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL following commands to install the root filesystem to flash OMAPS5912 OSK erase 1 128 255 OMAP5912 OSK cp b 0x10000000 0x1000000 filesize The first command erases the necessary space in the filesystem block while the second command copies the binary image from memory to its appropriate location in flash 0x1000000 A5 7 Setting up Environment Variables At this point you shoul
115. inux prefers a development environment on a Red Hat based system and other development options listed Red Hat as a suitable development environment that is Red Hat Package Manager RPM files are available to ease into first time setup Thus the decision was to use the latest free distribution from Red Hat as a development operating system Fedora Core 5 built with the 2 6 17 Linux kernel It should be noted that the decision to use Fedora Core 5 was made simply out of flexibility and that any Linux distribution i e Ark Debian Gentoo SuSE Ubuntu etc should be capable of OpenEmbedded development A5 1 1 Hardware Requirements Although OpenEmbedded and BitBake can run on virtually any machine capable of running a Unix based operating system it is important to note that the speed of a well equipped machine is preferred in a development system It is recommended that future development machines meet or beat the project team s primary development machine at this time a Compaq Presario 2105US notebook computer with the following specifications e AMD AthlonXP Mobile Processor 1 5 GHz e 512 MBytes of DDR266 SDRAM e 15 GByte Linux Partition from Standard 40 GByte 5400 RPM Notebook HDD e ATI Radeon IGP Graphics A5 1 2 Software Requirements OpenEmbedded requires certain software be present in order to build applications and filesystems directly related to your development board in our case the OMAP5912 OSK As such it is necessa
116. is uncommented DEPENDS uboot A5 3 3 2 Configuring for OMAP5912 OSK It is possible that another error will appear that is directly related to your local conf file Although we have specified the omap5912osk in the local conf file of Section 2 4 it may still be possible that it does not execute the proper deployment loop in this BitBake file Thus if another error is encountered please try modifying the do_deploy_omap5912osk loop to look like do deploy omap5912osk install d DEPLOY DIR IMAGE arm linux objcopy O binary R note R comment S arch arm boot compressed vmlinux DEPLOY DIR linux bin gzip f 9 S DEPLOY DIR linux bin mkimage A arm O linux T kernel C gzip a 0x10c08000 e 0x10c08000 n OE d DEPLOY DIR linux bin gz DEPLOY DIR ulmage_bb cc cp DEPLOY_DIR ulmage_bb cc tftpboot install m 0644 arch ARCH boot KERNEL_IMAGETY PE DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE KERNEL_IMAGETYPE MACHINE DATETIME bin A5 3 4 Resources for Additional Help It is possible that since this is only a compilation of errors encountered by the project team on a specific development machine that you may encounter other errors during your build 119 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Thus it is important to know where to turn for help outside of this basic guide OpenEmbedded s documentation is currently divided between a wiki i e an onl
117. istics of the display module chosen led to the selection of text based navigation To accommodate the users who have poor eyesight the text will be large By using a text system commonly understood words will lead the users through the systems features This method of navigation allows easy software upgrades and allows the user to select their preferred language People who are not familiar with technology may not interpret symbols in the same way a technology user would so words eliminate this barrier It will be necessary to limit the options available and make each option as explicit as possible with few words 5 1 4 User Input Controls There are numerous different ways to implement controls into a device The two viable options considered for user control on this device use either pushbuttons or a joystick Other possibilities include a trackball corresponding to a pointer on the screen or a stylus for a touch sensitive screen However those two options were eliminated due to the complexity of the hardware and software required for the integration into the system The ability of a joystick to house a multi direction capable control inside a single module is favoured since it keeps the complexity of the hardware system low However with a text based system this type of input provides excess functionality A two way joystick could be integrated into the system to be used with the application layout We decided not to use a joystick because use
118. lay black and white with integrated backlight and a colour capable backlight for the display though not a major factor does affect the overall power consumption of the device Through discussions with Dr Southern we decided that having a colour screen is not critical for the user s experience of the product Dependence on colour schemes to help the user navigate the device could preclude some colour blind patients from use of the device These factors contributed to our decision to ZA WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL put the most weight on the dot format for clarity Table 5 1 shows the different display options for the LCDs under consideration Display Area Backlight Dot Format Colour Sharp LM24022 60 mm x 42mm LED 240x160 B W Sharp LM 32019T 115 2 mm x 86 4 mm 1CCFT E 320x240 Blue Sony ACX705AKM 57 6mm x 38 4mm None 242x162 512 Hantronix HDG320240 79 8mm x 60 6mm None 320x240 Gray STN Yellow STN FSTN Seiko G321EV 96mm x 72mm Blue 320x240 B W Microtips MTF T022BHNLN 339mm x 45 1mm LED 240x320 262k Optrex F 51373GNC FW AH 59mm x 80 3 mm CCFL 240x320 TFT Table 5 1 Display options for LCDs The cable connector length and style was the next consideration taken into account Table 5 2 shows the different dimensions of the connection cables as well as the number of pins associated with that particular module
119. le Malfunction The LCD driver circuit generates all of the expected values at this point however we have not been able to get it to reliably display All of the bias voltages are in the range we expected and all of the lines from the LCD to the OMAP development board are as specified Currently there is no response from the Hantronix LCD when is it hooked up to the LCD driver circuit and plugged into the OMAP board even when a command to fill all data lines with information is give It seems that the board is simply not turning on at all There are still several hardware possibilities for the Hantronix LCD not functioning 7 6 2 LCD Module Malfunction Possibilities 1 VLCD is not at the correct level Upon first looking at the Hantronix HDG320240 datasheet it showed an estimated 15V needed for input Our development board can only supply a limited 4 2V or 3 3V input We emailed several distributors and Hantronix the manufacturer of the LCD We received two replies both informing us that this LCD indeed is functional at a minimum of 3V An explanation to the discrepancy was suggested to be that the voltage included the backlight inverter which requires more than 10V as input Personal Communication August 2006 Please refer to Appendix A3 for the emails received regarding the voltage needed 2 The correct signals are not being sent to the LCD Originally we had a hard time determining which lines on the OMAP5912 OSK to connect to the
120. lifier connects to the output pins This creates a buffer amplifier which helps interface the impedances Although the majority of the pins had their power input Pin 8 requires 3V for the logic supply However the voltages available to us are 3 3V and 4 19V from the board To compensate for this we created a voltage reference circuit We needed an integrated circuit that would take an input voltage of 3 3V and output 3V of power National Semiconductor s LP2966 does just that The specification sheet for the LP2966 gave a suggested way to setup the chip Figure 6 11 shows the sample schematic taken from the National Semiconductor specification sheet Vout 3 3V 0mA 150 mA Cours 1 uF O ERRORI Vour2 3 0V OmA 150 mA O ERROR2 LL coun d Figure 6 11 Suggested Voltage Reference Circuit In our particular case we do not need some of the extra features that this reference has to offer Figure 6 12 shows our particular implementation U2 Figure 6 12 Voltage Reference Circuit Ert WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The particular chip that we chose has two output voltages and both of them are 3V unlike what Figure 6 11 As shown in Figure 6 12 the active low shutdown pins pin 2 SD1 and pin 3 SD2 are connected to the input voltage since we will not be using them The error pins ERRORI pin 7 and ERROR2 pin 8 are grounded We will be using pin 5 Vout1 as our 3V output
121. low are several typical Operational Mode amp Viewing Mode combinations and the resulting images assuming a backlight with the specified coloration listed e TN Glowing Green Yellow characters on a light Gray background Green Yellow Backlight e STN Blue Negative Glowing Green Yellow characters on an light Blue background Green Yellow Backlight e FSTN Glowing White characters on a Black background White Backlight LCD Display Modes 2006 Different combinations of the LCD elements affect the type of display that is show Table 6 1 shows the different type of LCD viewing and their interactions with different types Em WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 1 2 Quality of Viewing Display ae Qu ality of Qu ality of Qu ality of Viewing with Mode Description Application Comments Viewing with Viewing with Viewing with Verv Low P Direct Sunlight Office Light Subdued Light Ligh Reflective Tm i Not backlit Provides best head Positive on Hh i on contrast and environmental Excellent Very Good Average Poor Image background stability Transflective Dark Can be viewed by reflected ge segments y Excellent Good Good Very good Positive ambient light or with on grey A No backlight No backlight Backlit Image backlighting background Transflective Light grey Needs high ambient light or l Nevati segments backlighting Frequently used Good Fair Good v d E on dark with colour and mul
122. low the surface of the skin The catheter collects small amounts of fluid and then measures the glucose level in the blood over a 72 hour period for more information see MiniMed com In 2001 the FDA approved the GlucoWatch a watch like device that helps people with diabetes measure their blood glucose via tiny electric currents It draws small amounts of fluid from the skin and measures blood glucose levels three times per hour for up to 12 hours for more information see GlucoWatch com Pat oes WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 3 3 2 Prior Art for Wireless Transmission of Glucometer Data Currently there are relatively few methods of transferring data from a glucometer to a storage device over a wireless network Secure data logging capabilities for glucometers are exclusively though USB or RS232 to connect to a PC One Windows Mobile based software program allows users to manually input glucose readings Glucose Tracker i abc Y Glucose Tracker i abc Y 2h B r thAftr 1 90 80 Glucose 3 4 mg dL 70 60 50 Time ps 30 Fasting 4 20 10 Comment 0 06 29 05 07 06 05 Figure 3 6 Microsoft Windows mobile glucose data logging interface Glucose Tracker This 20 software application developed by Handango is for a Windows enabled cell phone or PDA Glucose Tracker It is possible to upload the recorded information onto a PC but there is no further functionality for sharing
123. lows the use of languages more suited to rapid development e g Perl Python etc An engineering research project by Blue Mug Inc revealed that GTK development with X Windows could produce for an embedded device The flexibility and promise for future streamlining of X Windows and the GTK environment coupled with the support of the open source community responsible for the widget s deployment will provide the basis for our device s graphical user interface GTK 5 4 3 Choosing an Application Design Language With an operating system and a suitable embedded windowing toolkit selected for use on our OMAP5912 OSK development board it became necessary to explore the possibilities for rapid application development The team having a background in the C and Java languages was familiar with the complexities associated with each language Although being an industry favourite rapid application development in C can be slow going In addition error generation in C is vague and prone to memory allocation issues thus we ruled out the use of C for our main application design language Although memory management is controlled in Java the software development kit and runtime environment is quite large and would influence our overall software footprint greatly The ability of the OMAP5912 OSK to execute Java bytecode natively does initially seem helpful but the potential for design problems in the still developing embedded Java toolkit and unteste
124. lt in memory for extensive data storage e Large LCD display e Eight user interface buttons with debounce etc directly interfaced to the microprocessor to enable functionality to be assigned through software e Bluetooth transceiver module interfaced to microprocessor Outline of Phases Possible phases may include but are not confined to the following Phase 1 Design of interface circuitry to digitally interface with a proprietary Glucometer to record and store routine glucometer data in memory Phase 2 Design of a circuit to drive Bluetooth transceiver for data transmission to wireless access point Phase 3 Develop microprocessor based software to control overall functionality and protocols of the user interface RS 232 and USB connections Phase 4 Develop related software to interface securely between the interface device and the Internet based database This should utilize internationally recognized encryption Phase 5 Design and integrate clock memory storage and unique ID configuration for each patient s unique interface device Phase 6 Design and construct a database using commercially available software e g Microsoft SQL MySQL etc for storage of patient related data General Requirements e Issues of noise and co channel interference should be considered in the design of the RF circuitry transmitter and receiver e The interface device components can be based on commercially available components e The propose
125. ly being filled and to what portions of the market have been saturated Exploring and comparing these products is advantageous because of the different elements each employs Since our project involves wireless communication and wireless transmission of data we researched different methods of communication as well as the different elements that go into wireless communication In 2005 a student research project from WPI worked on a very similar project and learned many lessons that will be helpful in the completion of this project 3 3 1 Prior Art for Glucometers A glucometer as previously mentioned is device used by diabetics to measure blood glucose levels The main principles a glucometer as described on WebMD are 1 A chemical is presented on the test strip which on contact with glucose produces a colour The meter measures this colour intensity and the level of glucose present is expressed in mg dl 2 Theother type of glucometer measures the electric current in the blood which depends on the amount of glucose present When blood is put on the test strip an enzyme transfers electrons from glucose to a chemical in the test strip and the meter measures the flow of the electrons as current The amount of current depends on the amount of glucose present and the meter produces the reading in mg dl Diabetes Overview Glucometers vary in features readability some having larger displays or even spoken instructions for the visually
126. mbedded produces output displayable on a standard windowing environment i e X Windows Microwindows or directly on a device s framebuffer the latter being preferred for application development in an embedded environment The graphical widget is not without its drawbacks though Trolltech has gone to great lengths to develop Qt and Qt Embedded and although the software is released freely its source code remains closed to public viewing leaving future modifications up to Trolltech In addition to limiting the support options available to the project team during development this age WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL could pose a problem for future development of our proof of concept product particularly streamlining efforts related to the graphical user interface Qt Embedded Through research we learned the Fast Light Toolkit FL TK pronounced fulltick is designed to support three dimensional graphics via OpenGL Since our device is being designed with only two dimensional graphic support in mind increasing our overall system footprint size for support of graphical enhancements never to be used we consider to be poor engineering design therefore we decided against using FLTK for our GUI Fast Light Toolkit GTK is a graphical toolkit released under the auspices of the GNU Project We learned that GTK is suited for rapid application development as it does not restrict developers to C C but al
127. mmendations for the final marketable product 8 1 Proof of concept Recommendations Our proof of concept device accomplished most of the objective set out for us by the Enterprise Research Centre However we recommend the following modifications be made to our device in order to demonstrate what this type of product is truly capable of Display We recommend a study on the optimum screen size for diabetic users with impaired vision The Hantronix LCD described throughout this report ended up not functioning but its selection for visible clarity remains important to our device Wireless module The integrated Airborne ABDB ET DP101 Wireless Ethernet Bridge is not a proprietary product so it may be disassembled and re engineered as necessary The Airborne module was selected partially because of the transceiver chip used in the system and its potential for being used in embedded applications We recommend designing a system to integrate this chip into the embedded system Some type of control will need to be either programmed or designed into this system so it does not consume power when its services are not required The system should be designed to turn on for a period long enough to search for a network make any necessary data transfer and then power down Battery powered While using the OMAP development board and the integrated wireless system making the device battery powered is not feasible However as the development goes further
128. mp power to the OMAP board s VDC or 4 19V line which provided adequate voltage Figure 7 23 shows the short term solution which was in a later revision of the LCD driver circuit PCB 88 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Pin 6 4 2 VDC umper Wire Figure 7 23 Temporary Solution for LP 324M With this jumper cable our circuit was functional and testing continued on the next portion of our PCB Figure 7 24 shows the updated schematic for the driver circuit showing pin 4 with an input of 4 19V lo 4 7 2uF T CB AF Figure 7 24 Update LCD Driver Circuit 7 3 3 User Interface For this small circuit testing included the power transfer over the ribbon cable and the logic change of the pushbuttons The pushbuttons connect to the GPIO lines with pull down resistors Therefore when the switch is closed there will be a logic high signal When the 89 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL buttons were not activated the signal was OV and when activated the buttons reach an output voltage that ranged from 2V to 3 4V This change will be adequate for the OMAP board to recognize a change Debouncing hardware is not part of this system but was planned for the software The buttons being used are supposed to have a bounce time of 5 milli seconds or less and this behaviour should be viewable on an oscilloscope With the user input circuit powered by th
129. n accessing the database The privacy concern has not yet been addressed 4 Designing and implementing an intuitive user interface for easy accessibility to our device s controls Our device features an intuitive text based graphical user interface The software smoothly integrates with the designed user input circuit which consists of three tactile pushbuttons The low number of controls available to the user is easy to handle and control 101 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Our research team produced several how to guides that are provided in the Appendix of this report that will aid the next team of researchers in making significant forward progress without the need to re explore work completed by our research team The Guide to Open Embedded provided in Appendix A5 is specifically intended to allow future software engineering get a development computer up and running in a relatively short period It is our hope that our proof of concept device will be a solid base upon which future researchers can develop a market friendly product The future of this product could 1 Aid in diabetic research This device will provide an opportunity for data collected to be used in further statistical research and analysis 2 Help general practitioners monitor their diabetic patients in near real time This device will help general practitioners make changes to their patients treatment plan easier and p
130. n mind while also preserving room for future upgrades and enhancements to take place easily We accomplished this by separating the graphical user interface code and the application or action code The decision to develop with Python and GTK introduced a good solution to this problem PyGTK a GUI design package featuring the Python programming language PyGTK Moreover PyGTK fulfils our design requirement cited in Section 5 4 to use the GTK windowing toolkit Combining the power of PyGTK with Glade a rapid development environment for user interfaces we were able to fulfil our design goal of separating the GUI from the application code Glade allows for the detailed creation of user interfaces while storing the details for their creation in an Extensive Mark up Language XML file Glade Calling upon the generated XML file from within our PyGTK code opens the graphical user interface and allows us to map buttons on screen to actions Figure 6 17 illustrates the Glade development environment on a Linux platform a Glade PyGlucoRdrGUI 2J 8J Ex Properties mainWindow 0x Project Edit View Settings Help Widget Packing Common Signals l 9 Bo m 4 4 Name mainWindow New Open Save Options Build Class GtkWindow Border Width 0 E msgWindow ur T sendWindow itle WPI EDU
131. n the developers tried to use the USB port they discovered a problem with the amount of power being drawn from the board when this solution was implemented The demand of power by the wireless module caused the entire board to crash after only a few seconds The report does not mention why the USB port did not support WLAN USB key Learning about the power constraints the team explored alternate options The next most viable option which would allow for simply plugging in a module was to use the CF slot as a wireless port Personal Digital Assistants PDAs make use of CF cards The small form factor of CF cards also made this choice practical However one problem with using this technology is that it is proprietary meaning that if used in the final product we could not alter the technology in any way and it would be more expensive than using a non proprietary system sd c WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A Linux resource site http tree celinuxforum org CelfPubWiki OSK for the OMAP5912 OSK explains why the USB port did not work for WLAN The USB host port on the OMAP5912 development board is only for peripherals with non standard cabling The same resource site states that the CF socket on the development board would have the same type of problem as the USB port and is designed to only support memory storage cards not WLAN cards Since most glucometers interface through either the USB or Serial 232 port the Ethe
132. nce increased to 24200 rr9 resistance decreased to 4230 11 Nominal Run 543 64130 m 11 Worst Case Run 582 64954 m 0 00000 126 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 0 00000 End Chart Worst Case Analysis Chart Run Log Descriptions Descriptions of the runs Worst Case Run DC operating point for all devices 0 0390082 7 17536 of nominal Tolerance changes needed to achieve worst case rr8 resistance decreased to 4230 rr3 resistance decreased to 162000 Page Worst Case Chart Worst Case Analysis 10 Nominal Run 3 03097 10 Worst Case Run 3 05605 0 00000 0 00000 End Chart Worst Case Analysis Chart Run Log Descriptions Descriptions of the runs Worst Case Run DC operating point for all devices 0 0250809 0 827487 of nominal Tolerance changes needed to achieve worst case 127 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL trl resistance decreased to 19800 rr6 resistance decreased to 4230 End Chart Run Log Descriptions End Page Worst Case Page Worst Case Chart Worst Case Analysis 7 Nominal Run 2 76003 7 Worst Case Run 2 78286 0 00000 0 00000 End Chart Worst Case Analysis Chart Run Log Descriptions Descriptions of the runs Worst Case Run DC operating point for all devices 0 0228378 0 82745 of nominal Tolerance changes needed to achieve worst case rrl resistance d
133. nd preventable complications of diabetes 210 3 million emergency medical response and ambulatory care 87 6 million for diabetic patients and towards effective management of the disease 56 million the need for the collection of accurate and reliable diabetic data such as blood glucose level readings for statistical research and analysis geared towards reducing the cost of quality healthcare for diabetics and focused upon improving the quality of life and life expectancy of those afflicted with the disease is realized Clarke 2002 General practitioners advise diabetics to regularly test and record their blood glucose levels Patients afflicted with Type I diabetes often need to adjust their blood glucose levels with insulin injections The review of these recorded logs by general practitioners occupies time that could be better focused on providing healthcare to other patients A device capable of collecting and organizing data from existing and soon to be developed glucose meters and storing this data in a centralized database would allow for this reprioritization of general practitioner care without placing the care of their diabetic patients in jeopardy The ability for near real time communication between patient and general practitioner could even reduce the number of check ups required because feedback is provided more frequently to the patient by the general practitioner or healthcare professional By storing diabetic data in a
134. nd written logs of the information The Handango cell phone software does not transmit but allows the user to carry a digital log of glucose readings The main purpose behind GlucoMON is for families to keep track of their loved ones There is no database service or glucose tracking software to go along with GlucoMon as of yet The eHIT solution looks to be the product with the most similar mission to this project However by using only wireless enabled technology the product is restricted to people who have the means to purchase such products then configure them with the eHIT software 3 3 3 Prior Student Research In 2005 the Enterprise Research Centre ERC at the University of Limerick sponsored a student research project to develop a wireless system capable of gathering data from many different health information systems and transmitting the data wirelessly to a remote database The system was also to include the capability to receive information and display messages back to the user regarding the analysis of the information gathered The 2005 student team completed the project with basic functionality of the product only They recommended a follow up project due to the potential of the product The 2005 student team obtained a development board in order to eliminate the need to design an entire system from discrete components They selected the TMD OMAP5912 OSK development board for its processing abilities and versatility of expansion ports O
135. ndango 20 Aug 2006 lt http handango com PlatformProductDetail jsp siteIld 1 amp jid C6467BXX7B8FBA gt GTK The GIMP Toolkit Accessed Septemer 2006 http www gtk org TEEE 802 11 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers 15 May 2006 standards ieee org getieee802 5 September 2006 Treland loosing in EU diabetes battle Irish Health com 30 Sept 2006 lt http www irishhealth com index html level 4 amp id 9027 gt Kessler Gary C An Overview of TCP IP Protocolsand the Internet 29 Dec 2004 InterNIC 1 Sep 2006 http www garykessler net library tcpip html LCD Display Modes Altadox LCD Manufacturer http www altadox com lcd knowledge lcd display modes htm 4 September 2006 Liquid Crystal Display Wikipedia http en wikipedia org wiki Liquid crystal display 4 September 2006 OpenEmbedded Metadata for Building Distributions Accessed August 2006 http www openembedded org OSK CE Linux Forum http tree celinuxforum org CelfPub Wiki OS K head 16b6dbb4cee7 1a80c4600dac44d7a25a7f8856f8 Pacific Display Devices LCD Viewing Modes and Polarizers August_2005 http www pacificdisplay com lcd polarizers htm 4 September 2006 PyGTK Accessed September 2006 http www pygtk org Qt Embedded Overview Trolltech Accessed September 206 http www trolltech com products qt qt3 embedded Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Operating Systems 1994 2005 Mic
136. necessary to re create our database 94 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Entries 4 4 4 4 Field Type Null Key Default Extra 4 4 4 4 4 patient id int 11 YES NULL date time datetime YES NULL reading int ii YES NULL pase eS TEL NEUEN AE 4 4 4 4 T 4 4 Tables in glucoRdrDB 4 entries patient ee haa ian ea oe De at t Patient 4 4 4 4 Field Type Null Key Default Extra 4 T 4 4 patient id int i11 YES NULL surname varchar 50 YES NULL first name varchar 50 YES NULL Our simplified database design depicted in Figure 7 30 focuses on providing the basic table design The two tables patients and entries share a common field patient id The patient_id field currently represents an 11 digit randomly generated number unique to each patient This identifier would be unique to the patient and programmed into our proof of concept device on their behalf Moreover the identifier allows the two tables to exist separately even in
137. nection details please refer to Appendix A2 6 2 User Input In section 5 1 an abstract concept of the requirements for the user input was defined using the needs of the customer to design how the system should eventually manifest itself Here that abstract concept is used to technically define what types of buttons are possible Choosing and developing a three button user input system allows the final product to be user friendly and intuitional The following will describe the different type of buttons available and which are suitable for our type of application Also included is some technical information about electrical bounce and creating a clear logic signal that the microprocessor can interpret as a change in status 6 2 1 Input Characteristics To select buttons with the correct working action and capabilities we looked into some switch terminology For switches a pole describes a set of contacts connected to a circuit and a throw describes the number of positions it can be in to connect the circuit The actuator is the mechanism though which the mechanical linkage is changed Common types of actuators are toggle rocker and pushbutton Another option for switches is whether they hold the placed 49 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL position once the user releases them maintained contact or return to the state before activation momentary contact The buttons for application in this project ena
138. ng a linker and assembler e GNU Compiler Collection GCC an open source C C compiler and e GNU C Library gLibC an open source standards focused C library which are used to build the packages and libraries necessary for compiling the kernel and root filesystem with the necessary patches for an ARM class microprocessor Once the toolchain has been constructed development can move forward with the build of both the kernel and root filesystem via the following OpenEmbedded command again Appendix A5 reveals more detailed build information bitbake bootstrap image The build produces three binary image files e Das U Boot a Linux bootloader similar to LiLo or Grub for desktops e Linux Kernel and the e Root Filesystem in JFFS2 file format These three files can then be transferred sequentially via an 802 3 Ethernet or RS 232 Serial connection to the OMAP5912 OSK development board s RAM and later burned to the on board Flash ROM Once burned each time the development board is powered it will call upon Das U Boot in the master boot record MBR which will boot the device via the Linux kernel and mount the root filesystem The total size of the build image is 1 1 Mbytes much smaller than a typical desktop oriented operating system build which often can exceed a few gigabytes when packaging software is included As the foundation of our software pyramid not only is the operating system guilty of
139. nto account only when the device is fine tuned for market Development board The OMAP5912 OSKis a good platform for the development of this type of product but it does contain many features unnecessary for our embedded device We recommend that these unnecessary subnets be removed leaving only those necessary to control the device Message alert When a new message is received it would be helpful display an icon in the corner of the screen to alert the user to the presence of a new message Casing We recommend that the final device not exceed the size of a Personal Digital Assistant PDA so that it fits in a person s pocket comfortably The casing should have smooth edges and avoid having connectors that protrude from its casing Connection to glucometer We recommend the development of a new form of interfacing with the glucometer Currently glucometers interface with the OMAP board through the serial port The data output connection on most common glucometers is a simple stereo plug by integrating a stereo plug connection into the device the bulky serial port component can be eliminated 100 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 9 Conclusion The final system presented to the Enterprise Research Centre fulfils most of our project s original missions and objectives Referring back to Chapter 2 our research aimed to assist the Enterprise Research Centre at the University of Limerick design develop
140. o GP Get Data Back to Main Messages from GP Figure 7 27 Screenshot of P yGlucoR dr s main window and Get Data window The second of the three main buttons opens a window dedicated to allowing the user to send the glucose meter data to the database via the supplied wireless link Again when pressed as in Figure 7 28 the button opens a window that gives the user two options send the data to the database or return to the main menu If the user selects the send button the data file is parsed and transmitted to the database Again if the Back to Main button is selected the window frees its memory and closes returning the user to the main window for further task selection WPLEDU gt Send Daa ULIE ane gt PyGlicoRdr ULE ee a n String from Gluco Shown Here Get Data from Glucometer Te e Send Data Back to Main Messages from GP Figure 7 28 Screenshot of main window and Send Data window The third button of the main menu opens a window that will display any messages received from a health care professional Figure 7 29 shows how the window is implemented and the option that the user has to return to the main window to select additional tasks 93 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL fm WPLIEDU gt Messages gt OLIE sex m WPLEDU 5 PyGl coRdr UL Msg from xx Oct 2006 Text from the General Practitioner or other primary ca
141. o PCB Manufacturing At the University of Limerick there is a PCB manufacturing centre where we were able to manufacture our PCB in house If all of the necessary facilities and equipment is available manufacturing your PCB in house it will reduce prototyping costs of the project This guide will lead you through the systematic processes in order to create your own PCB A7 1 Materials To make PCBs in house you will require the following raw materials which you will have to buy One 1 double sided UV sensitive photoresist coated PCB 1 5mm thick with 35microns copper cladding Overhead projector transparency sheets one sheet per side of board It is necessary to have access to the following materials in order to successfully produce a PCB These include Printer Running water The following machinery chemicals are required to complete a PCB kg of NaOH pellets kg of Iron chloride pellets UV PCB exposure box with timer Developer trays Drill press Drill bits 0 6mm and 1mm The material available to us at the University of Limerick included the above mentioned The University had a machine which included all of the trays in one convenient location along with control features for each of the baths as shown by Figure A7 1 Figure A7 1 Etching Machine A7 2 Preparation After completing the design and inspection of your printed circuit board print the design onto transparencies However you will
142. o integrate with all types of glucometers However we will attempt to integrate the Free Style Mini or the One Touch Ultra to our proof of concept device Figure 3 4 FreeStyle Mini Glucometer The Free Style Mini and the One Touch Ultra are both common types of glucose meters that the ERC had obtained for a past research project and so were readily available for our team Figure 3 4 above and Figure 3 5 below show the glucometers Figure 3 5 OneTouch Ultra Glucometer 14 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Understanding and examining currently available glucometers will help us understand what elements of the device are important to the user We are also interested in how the devices interface with personal computers for digital storage of glucose information Table 3 2 shows the different types of glucometers that are available on the market FreeStyle One Touch One Touch Accu Check Accu Check One Touch Ultra Mini Basic Profile Advantage Complete Manufacturer TheraSense LifeScan LifeScan Bache Roches LifeScan Boehringer Boerhinger Sample min 0 3uL 10uL 10uL 4uL 4uL 1 5uL Tor Button Button Button Chi Chi Button Calibration P P 250 tests with 1000 with time amp 2x f Ps 150 tests with 250 tests with time 75 Tests with time amp date 14 100 with time and date multiple data Memory time and date and amp date 14d avg Time and Date 30
143. ock e Database O O OO Secure location Unique personal identification numbers Easily accessible data for the user and doctor Logical data organization e Wireless Characteristics O O Secure data transmission High encryption level Low cost specific figures are not available as to cost since this is a proof of concept device Indoor and outdoor use WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 3 Background In this chapter we present a brief overview of diabetes and its impact on the world population We then describe some of the devices used to keep control diabetes and how medical telemetry is a key element of simplifying the life of diabetic patients Finally we explain how prior products and research in this field relate to our project 3 1 Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that can be inherited i e Type I Diabetes or acquired later in life 1 e Type II Diabetes a k a late onset diabetes The disease causes a deficiency in or impotency of insulin produced by the pancreas Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood This in turn can damage many of the body s systems particularly the blood vessels and nerves composing much of the circulatory system Diabetes Overview Diabetes is on the brink of becoming a worldwide epidemic with over one hundred million people estimated to be afflicted the disease The fact that much of the dia
144. odule N LCD Driver Circuit Y S HiroseFX2 1 802 3 Physical P 80 Pin Ethernet Connection I Expansion 6 line ribbon cable Glucometer Serial Port Connection User Input Circuit NL Figure 6 3 Module Integration Diagram 48 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The user input circuit consists of three push buttons that serve for navigation through the applications The user input connects to the driver circuit though a six line ribbon cable that transfers power ground and GPIO line information The LCD driver circuit consists of the LCD module a Hantronix HG 3202040 a voltage regulator and a voltage bias configuration This driver circuit connects not only to the user input circuit but also with the OMAP5912 OSK development board via an 80 pin HiRose connecter which connects to the expansion slot on the development board The OMAP5912 OSK development board is the centre module of the proof of concept device The board s serial connector serves as the connection between the board and the glucometers From there the custom applications begin to run and display on the aforementioned LCD module The board s physical 802 3 Ethernet port will serve as the connection to the Airborne ABDB ET DP101 which is our wireless module This wireless module will serve as a temporary non proprietary solution for wireless connectivity For complete part and con
145. of the project were divided in the flow charts and Gantt chart in order to illustrate that parallel development took place Integration of the systems is implicit and occurs later in one of the aforementioned stages Stage 1 of the project is the research and design portion that lay the foundation of the project by defining the functionality of each subsystem This is the stage where the majority of the planning and design occurred tage 1 Ll Sep Background m ac eae i Research 1 Designs eee eee Hardware peeeees Selection Selection e e e e e Software beee eee Design 4 Selection Design User Interface Database Operating raphic Use System Interface Module Top level diagrams and descriptions for the subsystems were created in this stage By Figure 4 2 Project Stage 1 Flow Chart the end of this stage we had a good general understand of not only the project but also the hardware and the software elements that were in the project Based on the illustration above Stage 1 included the following key tasks Background research completion o Prior art o Customer needs Designing o LCD module o User interface o Wireless module o Development board operating system o Custom software applications Parts selection o LCD and driver o User interface o Wireless module Establishing of the file system on the board zz WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Stage
146. ol CCMP is an encryption protocol which uses the Advanced Encryption Standard AES algorithm In the CCMP unlike TKIP key management and message integrity is handled by 59 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL a single component built around AES Data is encrypted using Counter CTR mode AES One achieves authentication by using a Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code CBC MAC 6 4 2 802 11 b 802 11b was the first widespread IEEE wireless specification to be widely used in the consumer marketplace Using the unlicensed medical scientific band at 2 4GHz 802 11b runs into interference from microwave ovens Bluetooth devices and cordless phones 802 11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit s and uses the same CSMA CA MAC method defined in the original 802 11 standard The requirements of CSMA CA protocol cause the actual performance of the device to be quite a bit lower however The type of internet protocol used also makes a difference with TCP being slower but reliable and UDP quite a bit fast but less reliable An 802 11b device can operate at 11 Mbit s but as the quality of signal becomes a problem a feature called Adaptive Rate Selection will scale transmission back to 5 5 then 2 then 1 Mbit s At 5 5 and 11Mbit s CCK is the modulation scheme and at one and 2Mbit s DSSS is used Since the lower data rates use less complex and more redundant methods of encoding the data they are less s
147. old to look for a change in state Mechanical switches however do not make the change between states cleanly On the other hand they tend to make and break contact several times before 50 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL settling into the final position The bounce time is the amount of time that the signal takes to level out after the actuator has been depressed or released 1 Intended Actual 0 Figure 6 5 Bounce time for mechanical switches As can be seen from Figure 6 5 the intended output is very different from the actual input that the processor receives The bounces illustrated by Figure 6 5 could cause the processor to read switch activation multiple times when the user only touched the button a single time and the same would be true upon release By integrating either a mechanical circuit or a software solution for the bounces this problem can be eliminated One can fix this problem mechanically with a capacitor across the switch however this can create high current levels through the switch and leakage By solving the problem using software there is no electrical waste and the hardware remains as simple as possible The simplest implementation of a software de bouncer is to have the microprocessor count a certain amount of time before recognizing another signal Figure 6 6 shows the layout of the user input circuit The OMAP development board is the source of the 3 3V input needed by the use
148. oltages required by the LCD These are completely separate and do not rely on each other in any way They connect to the LCD header and do not draw from the same power source 84 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 7 3 2 1 Voltage Reference The LP266 dual output voltage regulator supplies a constant reliable 3V for the LCD logic power supply The input line for this device comes from pin 11 of the HiRose connector which is a 3 3V power terminal This input lines actual value is 3 33V which is within tolerance and close to the 3 3V used for simulations Though this device is a dual output only one of the outputs is used the other EUIS TERE Voltage regula remains disconnected We measured the output of pin 5 Vout as 3 01V This same voltage was recorded at VDD pin 8 of the LCD connector confirming a solid connection between the regulator and the connector 7 3 2 2 Quad Operational Amplifier The LP324M quad operational amplifier regulates the current for a series of bias voltages provided to the LCD Figure 7 19 shows the schematic this section of the driver circuit along with component pin and nodal identifiers It also shows terminating location of each line in the LCD connector 2m Ad gt V6 C2 R2 220kn ue gt V3 Pin 3 gt V4 Pin4 gt V5 Pin 5 1 Pin 6 Figure 7 19 Full Descriptive Schematic for LP 324M Each resistor was tested individually to ensure
149. ome important to the embedded software engineer particularly compactness of design An embedded operating system s target is often a device with limited on board flash and physical memory further underscoring the need to streamline an operating system and keep its overall footprint small Similarly because many embedded devices operate independently of an always on power source efficiency of the operating system is directly proportional to battery life the longer a microprocessor has to execute an instruction the greater is the overall power consumption With that said there are three types of embedded operating systems to choose from real time operating systems RTOSs embedded Windows based operating systems e g Windows CE and embedded Unix based operating systems A real time operating system is intended for devices that must operate in real or near real time also called soft real time The effectiveness of a device needing such an operating system is gauged by how quickly a specific task can be completed The control options on a digital thermostat of everyday kitchen appliances or even of mobile telephone are layered on an RTOS Often the device is designed to act upon certain sensed data gathered from its surroundings before initiating a function A thermostat for example will remain in a low power consuming idle loop while awaiting its specific task of raising or lowering the temperature For our personal health monitor interfa
150. on to be developed glucometer for data retrieval 2 Making our device portable and use existing infrastructure i e wireless to report readings to a database system for future analysis 3 Constructing an externally hosted standards based database system for use by general practitioners and capable of supporting multiple patients while adhering to privacy concerns WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 4 Designing and implementing an intuitive user interface for easy accessibility to our device s controls 2 3 Project Specifications Doing more research into the issues this project deals with and through discussions with our project advisors and liaisons we made the following determinations e Proof of concept device O O O O The end goal should not be to have a finalized marketable product Miniaturization and fine tuning can happen at another time Functionality of the major subsystems is the most important aspect of this project Fit inside a metal case 45cm x 33cm x 15cm with a laptop computer Complete documentation on how to recreate results Use little to no proprietary software or hardware in the development of the device e User Interface O O O Large display Clear user commands Simple graphic user interface GUI e Microprocessor O OO 0 Ability to interface with glucometers for data transfers Feedback on operations Built in memory for temporary data storage Built in cl
151. ons from scratch it is possible to do so To prepare the developer solution you must dissolve one tablespoon of NaOH pellets WARNING Dissolving NaOH in water produces a large amount of heat which may cause the NaOH solution to burn your skin or damage clothing Take one litre of water into one of the developer trays and sprinkle the NaOH evenly into the water ensuring that the entire bottom of the tray is coated evenly Ensure that all the sprinkles are dissolved into the water since if there are still chunks of NaOH than that will cause overdevelopment in certain regions of the board Now that the developer solution is created an etching solution needs to be created Using a litre of warm water dissolve about 1 kilogram of iron chloride The warm water should be about 50 degrees centigrade however if you prepared the solution ahead of time than you 148 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL will need to heat up the developed solution to 45 degrees centigrade Do this not by stove but by running hot water around the tray A7 3 Manufacturing The preparation process allows the manufacturing process to go much easier First step in the manufacturing process is to expose the PCB The PCB that you purchased should have come with a blue or black self adhesive protective layer as shown in Figure A7 4 This layer must be removed JS PLASTIC eO before exposure and processing Remove this layer by
152. op layer down will commence the process This machine has clips which fasten for an airtight seal If the machine that you are using does not have such a mechanism then placing books on the top of the machine will work just as well Figure A7 8 shows our boards on the machine Fasten the clamps on the machine and set the machine for 300 seconds which is equal to 5 minutes Once the buzzer alarms that the 5 minutes are up remove the boards and examine the PCB If you look carefully at the exposed PCB you can see the traces in the resin coat as a Figure A7 8 PCB board placed in Exposure Machine slight discoloration This discoloration can be darker or lighter than the 150 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL surrounding area Now that the PCB design is on the board it is time to develop the design Place the PCBs in the NaOH solution Figure A7 9 shows the PCB boards in the tray being placed in the solution The green outer layer is the photo resist of the board You have to stir and move the PCB at regular intervals If nothing is happening within 2 minutes than the board is underexposed On the other hand if within two minutes the photosensitive resin comes off completely then the Figure A7 9 Board with Photo resist board was overexposed With a correctly exposed PCB the resin partially comes off and the traces become much easier to see With many PCBs a thin layer of photo resist
153. ot have to worry about turning it ON OFF This could have blown the LCD 7 6 3 Experiments to Reveal Problem We have conducted a few experiments on the LCD circuit to try to reveal the problem with the circuit As a measure in caution the first step to every experiment is a re checking of the bias voltage levels Once we confirm bias voltages we continue with the experiment 1 DC on Data Lines We severed three of the four data lines so we could manually place DC voltage on the lines at different levels The measured level supplied to these lines by the OMAP board is 1 2VDC Once the lines were severed we used an external voltage supply to vary the DC voltage on lines 15 17 and 18 of the LCD between 1 2V and 3 3V No reaction was generated from this experiment 97 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 2 Pixel Loading We tried using a command to load all of the control data lines on the development with junk just so every data line would be pulled high in some way This command was tested on the LCD and driver from the 2005 student research team and it produced the result of all the pixels receiving and displaying some type of information When this same test was done with the Hantronix LCD and corresponding driver there was no response 3 Connection Failure There is a possibility that all of the signals are correct yet the information is not making it to the LCD because of some connection malf
154. ough Temporal Key Internet Protocol TKIP WPA can work with products that are already WEP enabled through a software update Technical experts have expressed views consistent with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA which set forth guidelines on the transmission of health information over wireless networks A HIPPA advisory from Phoenix Health Systems states that WEP security is easily cracked and for health information use the more secure WPA method of encryption is secure enough to gain HIPPA certification 5 5 4 Selecting of Interface Method with the OMAP5912 OSK With the many different connection types available on the OMAP5912 OSK there were a wide variety of interface options available Because the end goal of this project is to provide a proof of concept device and not a finished product size is not a major concern and neither are aesthetics In the interest of time we decided not to design and build a complicated wireless transmission circuit Instead the wireless module will be a fully integrated system which is transmission ready upon receipt and capable of interfacing with one of the many expansion slots available on the OMAP development board Ports available for this type of module included USB Serial 232 Compact Flash CF and Ethernet 10 base T The wireless transmitting module referred to in Design of a Health Monitoring Device by Broders et al uses the USB port of the development board Whe
155. our design some assisting with the editing and compilation of our report and others ensuring that we have remained comfortable for the duration What follows is a partial list of these individuals and organizations deserving of our thanks and gratitude f nterprise Research MOM P e Centreees ea UNeverary Livers k Thanks go out to the entire staff of the Enterprise Research Centre ERC at the University of Limerick UL for their assistance throughout our project Special thanks goes out to Dr Mark Southern our primary project liaison for his continuous support and enthusiasm shown as we worked towards the successful completion of this project Special thanks to John Harris for allowing us complete access to his knowledge of electrical engineering and electronics but most importantly for teaching us how to properly manufacture printed circuit boards PCBs using the university s facilities Special thanks also to Seamus Clifford for leading us through numerous brainstorming sessions at the start of the project the sessions helped us understand our project and start moving in a positive forward direction UNIV ERSITY of LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH Thanks to the University of Limerick UL for providing beautiful campus facilities for us to use especially throughout the creation of our necessary printed circuit boards PCBs We would especially like to thank Charlotte Tuohy for adopting us as p
156. p eas ae 52 6 3 2 Int gration minien Gioi a A E a E Ra T 55 6 4 Wireless Technology Background seeseessesseseseeeeeeeenene nennen 58 6 4 1 WEP NO OGY tags sak ra a E a bei temet edet cum Meis cese 58 6 4 2 eal AEE E E E ET E T E ere Aire PURER Tamera 60 6 4 3 CIPUE assanis e base a art a a a sonaty 60 6 4 4 eut PRICE 60 6 4 5 Wireless for Development Application eese 61 6 5 Software Background and Specifications 0 0 0 0 eeeeesseceseceseeesseecsaeceseeeeeeesaeecnaecnseenees 61 6 5 1 Pyramid of Software in Embedded Systems sees 62 G5 Operating Sy SUD a ecin esp eren ei ie esi Sect va vt dae ute Mats qvo UE ADU 62 6 5 2 Communications Protocol o qe une va E aes cave a Deed o MO DUE 63 6 5 2 1 Reverse Engineering the TheraSense FreeStyle Mini Glucose Meter 64 6 5 3 GUI and Apple ation cuve e cest nde quit Quai ase E E R SS 68 7 Implementation and Results iet treten eto va EUER ER UN EAT NR XN SAN NUN EN SES EUER RR 70 7 1 SimulattOms cu eee o E EEA eG BO IN ea 70 7 1 1 LC DVIDEIVOE Xo o da a a E ide at E EE E E EEE 70 7 1 1 1 Quad Op Amp Voltage Bias Simulation eene 70 7 1 1 2 Voltage Regulator Simulation seen enne enne enne 12 7 1 2 User Input Cire it Simulation cae rein siio a i ei ies 75 qo DPODBIDeSIEHa e sca A EEE E deed sae E EEE esL Lv TI 7 2 1 Computer Aided PCB Layou
157. parity no flow control FreeStyle Mini Protocol command CR LF mem CR LF command Device Response None Side Effects Device s serial buffer is cleared mem command Device Response lt LF gt lt Serial Number gt lt LF gt lt Software Revision LF Current Date Time LF Number of Entries gt lt LF gt lt LF gt lt Log gt lt LF gt END Serial Number A Z A Z000 999 00000 99999 Current Date Time Jan Dec 1 31 0000 9999 00 00 00 23 59 59 Log LOG EMPTY Log Entries Log Entries Log Entry LF Log Entries Log Entry Log Entry lt Reading gt lt Date Time gt lt EOL gt Reading 000 999 Date Time Jan Dec 1 31 0000 9999 00 00 00 23 59 59 End of Line 0x00 Side Effects None Using this information we will then be able to design an application that will download the contents of the FreeStyle Mini s glucose monitor write the contents to a local file and then parse the contents of the file for data we wish to send to our database Section 7 4 2 further defines the application developed for this component of the overall design 67 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 6 5 3 GUI and Application The graphical user interface GUI in the end will be the only component of the software subsystem that will be visible to the end user We must design the GUI with the common diabetic i
158. pplication layout is complicated and consequently hard to understand the user will be less likely to continue using the product Some of the possible Ao m WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL methods of application navigation include text based graphic based and button based In several ways the style of the application layout dictates the necessary user input controls e Text Based Navigation In this style of user interface application words queues tell the user what action is available upon selection of that option As illustrated in Figure 5 1 the words provided in a list give the user 1 transmit l 2 Upload queues to what action lays beyond that command with 3 M essage additional possible actions listed consequently If arranged 4 Back in a single row the only user interactions needed are up or down selections as well as an overall selection key This Figure 5 1 Example of a text based menu style leaves room for upgrades in both software and hardware functionality However problems can arise with this method if there are too many items displayed on the screen since then the user can only view a certain number of items simultaneously e Graphic Based Navigation As illustrated in Figure 5 2 instead of using words to indicate actions this method uses universally understood graphics to indicate the available action However symbols do not always have the same meaning for every person and poor e
159. r input circuit Choosing the pull down resistor configuration allows for the sending of a positive logic signal when the activating the button The 10k ohm resistors are used in this circuit as suggested by Broders et al 51 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL SW3 O Input Up Arrow SW2 O Dow n Arrow SW 1 O Select Button GPIO2 E Figure 6 6 User input schematic Depicted in Figure 6 6 is the schematic used for the user input In the state shown by the schematic the GPIO lines will be reading a low voltage because they are simply connected to ground However when a switch is activated the GPIO line will register a high voltage because of the resistors which are pulling the voltage from high on the left side to low on the right side 6 3 Liquid Crystal Display LCD This section details the portion of the product that deals with the visual interaction of the user with the product The LCD displays the information and menu allowing the user to see their selection prior to choosing it This section provides technical background as well as the application and design details of our LCD circuit integration 6 3 1 Technical Background A liquid crystal display LCD is a thin flat display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels Liquid Crystal Display 2006 An LCD is made of two sheets of a flexible polarizing material with a layer of liquid crystal solution between the
160. re personnel offering advice to the patient could be download and made available for viewing here Msg from 15 Sep 2006 E pse omat Back to Main Figure 7 29 Screenshot of main window and Messages window Get Data from Glucometer Send Data to GP This last bit of functionality is beyond the scope of our proof of concept as it would require the development or adaptation of some form of message transmission similar to that of e mail Itis also necessary to determine how the messages would be received by the device either checked for or received when readings are transmitted to the database or as a separate process These recommendations and others are discussed further in Chapter 9 7 4 4 Database Implementation The MySQL database creation requires both the server and client software to be installed on our Linux development computer Both are easily installed in Fedora Core 5 with the following commands yum install MySQL With the server and client software downloaded and installed it is necessary to run the server or MySQL daemon before attempting to create access the database with the following command etc rc d init d MySQLd start Our database is tailored to meet the needs of our proof of concept and will require additional data fields to be created and automatically populated in future revisions Please see the Code appendix for the MySQL code
161. rial port monitoring application for Linux we needed to make some adjustments our definition of the protocol The Advanced Serial Port Monitor application had the ability to detect automatically the transfer parameters i e baud rate parity flow control etc used by the glucose meter and the FreeStyle Connect application Drawing from common serial port parameters and the findings of Broders et al we were able to setup Minicom for communication with the FreeStyle Mini glucose meter We confirmed that sending the same command from Table 6 4 under Linux would produce the output previously shown in Table 6 3 66 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 9 BITETG S PEA namersigane Ele Edt Yew Tenmind Toy Hep Welcome ta minicon 2 1 OPTIONS History Buffer r key Macros Search History Buffer 11 n Compiled on Feb 12 2006 02 33 34 Press CTRL A Z for help on special keys CIRL A Z for help 19200 BN1 NOK Minicom 2 1 Figure 6 16 Screenshot of Minicom application The information learned from this reverse engineering process was applied to formulate the connection rules or protocol for interfacing with the FreeStyle Mini glucometer It is our belief that this process will need to take place for each additional glucometer make model we or another development team wish to interact with our interface The defined protocol is as follows RS 232 Port Setup 19 200 baud 8 data bits 1 stop bit no
162. ring Breathing monitors for o sleeping disorders O Stress monitoring o biofeedback techniques and o circadian rhythm analysis Activity monitoring using accelerometer Aids for disabled individuals Computer assisted rehabilitation Battlefield soldier monitoring These technologies could become an unseen part of patients daily lives Theoretically a patient could simply wear and or use a sensor with a wireless communication link that enables it to receive instructions and transmit data usually time stamped to a remote database Defining Telemedicine Telehealth and the Consumer The patient could also wear and or use an automatic medication dosing device with a wireless link that transmits the dosing history dose amount and time to a remote database For diabetics a remote intelligent control system could determine when a new blood glucose measurement is necessary and use the wireless link to signal the sensor either automatically make the measurement or request the patient make the measurement manually Then the data could be transmitted wirelessly to a remote database where an algorithm could recalculate the dosage level and administration timing This new dosage schedule once received by the dosing device recorder is either automatically administered or the patient uses the dosing device recorder to administer the dosage manually The development of built in contingencies would need to coincide with the developm
163. rnatives interface directly with a glucometer A Finnish company called eHIT is proposing a concept product that is advertised to use existing products with Bluetooth WLAN or infrared capabilities to tie together a network of health monitoring systems Solutions eHit s proposal is to develop all of the software necessary for interfacing the products however they are not interested in being part of the development of such products BLUETOOTH INFRARED GPRS N S y GSM Va a VY Oxygen saturatio A iile PHONE a Ie Blood pressur PDA r SECURE d ht Body weg CONNECTION Heart rate Activity EMG T ECG p Glucose Wellbeing Peakflow Muscle exercises PERSONAL WELLBEING MONITORING DEVICE WELLBEING PORTAL Figure 3 8 eHIT product concept diagram eHIT The concept shown in Figure 3 8 connects all of the same concepts as we are aiming for in this project However each of the category descriptions are quite vague with the use of a personal wellbeing monitoring device and a smart phone PDA and the Wellbeing Portal 17 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL all of these elements will be integrated The idea is to use all different types of existing wireless technology to transmit the information and then have data storage for all of the information These products are the technologies available on the market for glucose data record keeping as opposed to keeping ha
164. rnet port is the most viable to leave those port free for data input 5 5 5 Selecting a Wireless Module Thus far we have discussed the major elements involved in selecting the type of wireless module suitable for our project With the Ethernet and Serial 232 ports as the only viable interface options we did not limit our search to just one or the other The security and encryption feature of the device being either WEP or WPA enabled is an important feature for the final product but not a large limiting factor for our application We left this feature optional because the higher encryption level can be introduced later The wireless modules in Table 5 5 were researched and selected on the misconception that they were fully integrated systems This table is presented as future reference for the design of a final product These small transceivers enable embedded systems with wireless capability however much design work is required to support these modules We would be forced to design a complicated printed circuit board PCB to connect these devices with their interface type Data Price Interface WiFi Supply Current Security speed Antenna Control Point Special 3 3 250mA Easily Ezurio UART full 802 11 f WISMCO2BI 01 RS232 b g 5vdc Tx Rx WEP 2 Mbps Internal Remote 155 switched to 5 avg Bluetooth 420mA Tx Airborne 350mA 11 5 5 Low power WLNG AN eo T 3 3vdc Rx Md 2 1 EN H
165. rovide suggestions and recommendations as to what things the patient should or should not be doing 3 Simplify blood glucose monitoring for diabetic patients As a result of this device there will be no need to maintain logs of their levels Furthermore the frequency with which diabetics equipped with this device will need to meet with their general practitioner may be reduced as the communication abilities of this device are used We hope that the Enterprise Research Centre at the University of Limerick finds our research documentation and developed proof of concept device useful and a good starting point for the development of a market friendly device 102 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL References About Diabetes Diabetes Federation of Ireland 30 Sept 2006 lt http www diabetesireland ie view asp ID 907 gt All About Diabetes American Diabetes Association 14 Aug 2006 lt http www diabetes org about diabetes jsp gt America H King RE Aubert and WH Herman Global burden of diabetes 1995 2025 prevalence numerical estimates and projections Diabetes Care 21 1414 1431 http care diabetesjournals org cgi reprint 2 1 9 1414 Brian Marshall and Wilson Tracy V How WiFi Works How Stuff Works Inc http computer howstuffworks com wireless network htm 23 August 2006 Building and Testing gcc glibc Cross Toolchains 20 Feb 2006 Dan Kegel http www ke
166. rprise Research Centre UL the program called ExpressPCB Reviews of this program acclaimed it for short start up time and helpful design tips for beginning users In addition ExpressPCB offers an easy online well priced professional manufacturing service Because manufacturing facilities were available at UL we did not use this service The ExpressPCB software package comes with a schematic layout program called ExpressSCH Creating the circuit schematic in ExpressSCH before starting to use ExpressPCB will help in the PCB layout because the files are linkable and the software will illuminates the connections needed between components Figure 7 10 shows how ExpressPCB highlights the connected joints in blue as shown in the schematic of ExpressSCH ExpressSCH Express PCB R1 R2 R3 Figure 7 10 ExpressS CH and ExpressP CB linked files indicating connections 7 2 2 Component Layout The first step towards the creation of a PCB is a compilation of the component package types If we chose the incorrect package for a part it may not be possible to place that part on the board in the desired location Through hole components are larger and easier to handle than surface mount components however through hole components require holes drilled into the PCB in order to mount them Surface mount components can very small in size but it is possible to put many more of them in a small space than through hole components We selected a mix
167. rs may become confused when using it In addition we are unsure whether the OMAP OSK would accept joystick controls to the GPIO ports We decided to design the user inputs with buttons as the controllers Clearly labelled buttons made to be flush with the unit casing will provide a familiar and common type of input for the device Because there is no need for movement other than up and down the inputs can be limited to just three buttons Many everyday systems use arrow and selection keys common examples are elevators and power windows in cars For this application one button is dedicated to moving the selection bar upwards on the text based menu another button is dedicated to moving the selection bar downwards on the menu and a third button selects the desired action The only other control necessary on the system would be a control to turn the device power on 290s WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL and off As a person carries this device with them it is necessary to have a power control that cannot be easily jostled into the on position Having a toggle switch could allow for a sleep mode position in addition to the power on and power off settings 5 1 5 Concept Renditions With guidelines on the product s physical parameters and an idea of how the user will interact with the product we produced a rough estimate of how the product might eventually materialize As the design process progresses it was important
168. ry to ensure that the proper development packages are downloaded and installed before proceeding to acquire OpenEmbedded Most modern Linux installation utilities will offer an option for a standard development build of the operating system if possible this option should be selected In most cases these options will automatically download install and update the most common development packages for use on your machine Alternatively a bare bones installation of Linux could be installed and the following required development packages installed and updated manually 112 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Tools to Download Source Files wget curl ftp cvs monotone subversion Tools to Unpack Source Files tar bzip2 gzip unzip psyco ccache Perl texinfo texi2html diffstat Tools to Build Various Document Packages jade Docbook sgmltools docbook utils Other Packages sed Bison bc glibc pcre It is important to note that this is a partial list that is continuously being updated by the OpenEmbedded project It is strongly recommended that the official OpenEmbedded Wiki http www openembedded org wiki RequiredSoftware be consulted to confirm that all required software is gathered Further information related to the preferred method of setup on a particular Linux distribution is also available at the official OpenEmbedded Wiki
169. s are released with faster transmission rates 802 11b is becoming less common However 802 11g is compatible with 802 11b because they use the same 2 4GHz band for transmission Where 802 11b can transmit at 11 Mbps 802 11g can transmit at 54Mbps Mainly used for industrial needs 802 11a uses the 5GHz bandwidth and is able to transmit at 54Mbps For our application the 802 11b g specification works because the amount of transmitted data will be relatively small and will be compatible with the largest number of networks already in existence 5 5 3 Wireless Security and Encryption Another element to the 802 11 specification is the level of encryption available Currently there are two main types of encryption available The older of the two encryption methods Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP is the standard encryption method for all technology with 802 11 specifications WEP is meant to be just as secure as any LAN however by definition no wireless network can be as secure as a wired network because of the physical constraints Radio waves can be picked out of the air without much trouble whereas a wired 42 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL network must be plugged into to interception to be possible Unfortunately WEP does not offer end to end security despite the use of encryption to protect data The newer WiFi Protected Access WPA was designed to improve upon WEP security with improved data encryption th
170. s capable of communication with your development computer in several different ways including RS 232 serial 802 3 Ethernet and USB For ease of initial setup i e updating U Boot a serial connection has been selected For proper communication your development computer requires a valid communications monitoring tool Since your development machine should be running Linux the C Kermit application http www columbia edu kermit is ideal At the time of this writing v8 0 211 is the latest release and is the version used throughout this document With C Kermit not G Kermit installed on your development computer we can proceed to setup the necessary parameters for interaction with the OMAP5912 OSK development board Because we will be accessing the RS 232 port i e dev ttySO we will require root access on our development machine Alternatively the user account or a group the user account is in can be granted privileges over the dev ttySO device With the appropriate privileges in place simply execute kermit from a valid Linux terminal window to launch a C Kermit terminal The following parameters should be set manually one at a time from the kermit terminal window 120 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL C Kermit gt set line dev ttySO C Kermit gt set speed 115200 C Kermit gt set carrier watch off C Kermit gt set handshake none C Kermit gt set flow control none C Kermit gt robust
171. s for a margin of error in case the board is etched for too long This same principle applies for the via holes and copper ring surrounding the hole We used the default size at first but then increased it to a hole size of 0 74mm with a 2 1mm diameter surrounding copper pad This pad size creates a comfortable buffer for the hole being drilled off centre and for over etching We have made the holes for drilling to be 0 6mm larger than what is required This is in case if we drill off centre it would not damage or tear the 79 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL copper pad surrounding the hole Copper plates the vias on PCBs when produced professionally however this capability is not available at UL so a 0 6mm diameter wire is passes through the hold and soldered on either end to transfer the conductivity from one side of the board to the other When making the traces the recommended design is to round corners and avoid right angles and sharp corners whenever possible Rounding the corner as shown in the bottom picture of Figure 7 11 will reduce noise in the line however in this application noise is not a problem but it is better practice to round Figure 7 11 Trace examples the corners on the traces 7 2 3 Error Checking To ensure that the circuit came out as expected we printed a test page of the circuit at actual size We then placed all the components on the paper as if it was the PCB we were placing
172. s host application to retrieve the data from the glucometer and 2 duplicating the command and its results in both Windows and our Linux development environment The TheraSense FreeStyle Mini is distributed with a custom application the FreeStyle Connect Data Management System designed to retrieve and process data from the glucometer via its RS 232 serial connection to a personal computer The application will also allow the user to generate reports e g standard day reports 14 day reports etc based on his or her glucose readings FreeStyle Connect Data Management System Home Page Q xe Window d Tl 9 iu 3 FreeStyle Connect Data Management System Gp 7 2s 12 16aM Figure 6 14 Screenshot of FreeStyle Connect Data Management software Free Style Connect 2003 64 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL As previously mentioned we were primarily interested in how the FreeStyle Connect software gets the glucometer to transmit its memory contents over the serial connection to the computer To do this we employed the Advanced Serial Port Monitor for Windows application to spy on the communication of the FreeStyle Mini and the FreeStyle Connect application The Advanced Serial Port Monitor acts as a virtual serial port sitting between the actual serial port and any application attempting to access it This permits the logging of any commands and or data across the port
173. s performance characteristics without physically constructing the circuit or using actual test instruments Because the LCD driver circuit combines two different sub systems these systems were broken up into individual simulations along with the user input circuit Each of these sub systems interconnects so individual testing allowed us to determine complete functionality before integration 7 1 1 LCD Driver The LCD driver circuit is the circuit responsible for providing several different bias voltage levels to the LCD and powering it This complete circuit has two main portions the voltage regulator takes an input of 3 3V and outputs a steady 3V to the LCD as VDD and the quad op amp provides four different bias voltages which are proportional to one another 7 1 1 1 Quad Op Amp Voltage Bias Simulation The first section of the LCD Driver is the Quad Operational Amplifier the LP324M One problem encountered when creating the circuits for simulation was that there would be no actual LCD connected to the circuit Therefore we would not know exactly how the LCD would react to the given voltages we can only base that knowledge on what we read in the datasheet and on our conversations with Hantronix technical support staff To validate voltages we connected measurement probes at each of the nodes where the LCD would eventually connect as shown in Figure 7 1 This gave a sample output voltage reading for the different points at the input of th
174. second and third commands download the latest snapshot of the OpenEmbedded database and synchronize our local expanded repository respectfully A5 2 4 Creating a Local Configuration File OpenEmbedded uses a local configuration file local conf as a location for you to store the type of processor you are developing for along with a host of other specification possibilities By default BitBake will look at your PATH for any local conf file to execute off 115 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL of but it is always safe to simply put your local conf file in the stuff org openembedded dev conf directory providing it is appropriately backed up before performing any updates to your local OpenEmbedded repository Since this is intended to be a guide the local conf file will be included with a little explanation More detailed information about each of the fields is available in the org openembedded dev conf local conf sample text file Please copy and paste the following text into your local conf file as it is pre configured for use with the OMAP5912 OSK development board local conf for OMAPS912 OSK Authored by SRS on 28 Aug 2006 DL DIR HOME stuff sources BBFILES HOME stuff org openembedded dev packages bb TMPDIR HOME stuff build tmp PREFERRED PROVIDERS virtual qte qte virtual libqpe libqpe opie PREFERRED PROVIDERS virtual libsdl libsdl qpe PREFERRED PROVIDE
175. secssesecsesscssesscsscesesseesessecseeaes 86 Table 7 4 Op amp railing Chara CteNS IG oso nelescot o bei o ro abe re ha aep re ors letdot urhe EP EH erus 88 ix WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Executive Summary Throughout the developed world the spread of diabetes in the general populace is on the rise According to the World Health Organization WHO over 171 million people were afflicted with Diabetes mellitus i e hyperglycaemia or elevated blood glucose levels in the year 2000 King et al predict a 42 and 170 increase in patients diagnosed with the disease in developed and developing countries respectively within the next twenty years in their 1998 article Global Burden of Diabetes 1995 2025 Such an increase in diabetic patients demands technological advances to better facilitate the management research and analysis of diabetes in the near future Ireland with a population of just over four million currently harbours over 200 000 diabetics The Diabetes Federation of Ireland predicts that as many as 200 000 additional Irish are unaware of their affliction with diabetes Ireland loosing in EU diabetes battle The federation also claims that the number of people with diabetes in Ireland is to double by the year 2010 fuelled mainly by poor diet and the onset of sedentary lifestyles With 1096 of the total healthcare budget of Ireland over 350 5 million dedicated to managing expensive a
176. senpon i iD suno podew un ne esruons weeks L3 21 gt MS ifs SDVEL OL us SOE WOE Hd 90 9 08 Ua 9D ec 6 US SOVETIE nu SOLZI PaM 9we3 an 906 BS 9034 8 Ud OWE ug Ud 30 3 01 14 9Dieci6 Ud S0 2zi6 PaM 90 9 08 u4 30 3 01 Hd SDISTIE Ud Q0 62 6 Ud SOVEZIE H4 aws Ud QDISTIE von 30616 an 90S Ud 30 SZ 6 VON SDISHE Ud gws5 an SWSHE 3 IWEZIE 114 ooz von QDISTIE Von gwe nul owaze uoni 90 2 01 VON SO DES paM awie nu SO DEN2 PaM SO EZ E an 9 iez e an S0 1 01 Ud SO CLOL Ud SOOL WOW S0 6Z 6 u3 soez NUL Looga DEM s Sarge anl 30 1 6 Ud soere ua Sort be Ud 30 g g eni awaz pam SO EL 6 an SQ 1Z 8 LOW S0 LZ 8 UOW soisziS ani 30 925 ang 3uiszis en awezi an 90 616 ane awers LOW 9D 0 8 pam Soi0eia DEM 30 1515 UON Qn0c e pam S0i0 8 DEM SO 0E 8 DEM QWVLZ E DEM ODE LIE DAM 30 9 us SQ 1Z 8 LON sorte ud owoce pam s sue an sasz ua sazz an awane pam soste an Sastre enl S0 L18 US 30 012 MUL 30 6 US S e 6 en soose MUL swore NUL 30 9 nu aooe nuz SWOL MUL 300k nur save anl zepa asn awa 097 suogemwts uonejuewerdu BugseL sseoejec zepa asp iude mime pmp Summam Figure 4 1 Top level Gantt chart 221 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL The project was divided into three main phase research and design implementation and testing and integration of all the subsystems The hardware and software components
177. separate databases while still providing a means for linking the data to the patient This separateness of data and identity would allow for statistical analysis of data collected over the long term the analysis of information in the entries table while still providing a means for health care professionals to look at the big picture on an individual basis when necessary the analysis of the entries table and an entry from the patient table 7 5 Wireless Module When our wireless module the Airborne ABDB ET DP101 arrived we immediately began testing Due to the proxy system set up at the University of Limerick we were limited to testing the module with our personal wireless system at home We plugged the Ethernet cable that came with the module into our Ethernet port disabled our existing wireless card and we were wirelessly connected to the internet This established that our wireless module worked We continued streaming music from the internet using the module for approximately 2 hours without disruptions 7 6 LCD Troubleshooting The following section serves to outline the difficulties encountered in getting the LCD up and running after frame buffer support was successfully enabled in the operating system 95 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL kernel In addition further experimentation techniques are offered to isolate the LCD s operational malfunction 7 6 1 LCD Modu
178. settings Initial Conditions Automatically generate initial conditions Starting time TSTART 0 Stop time TSTOP 1e 030 Plotting increment TSTEP automatically calculated less than 1e4 030 Maximum time step TMAX automatically calculated less than 1e 030 Perform consistency check Variables from analysis Show device values at the end of the simulation Representation as SPICE commands begin scope page checknodes 3 save all iplotall settrtol 7 setitl4 100 setconvlimit setrshunt le 012 param hrange 0 1e 030 save tran env options 1e 005 1e 030 0 1e 005 auto ic auto tstep auto tmax if error end scope audit log show showall showmod all end scope Multisim Default Analysis Options Truncation error overestimation factor 7 Upper transient iteration limit 100 Enable convergence assistance for code models Shunt resistance from analog nodes to ground le 012 Output from instrument analysis BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor device q2 xu2 qscxxu2 q3 xxu2 ql xu2 model qn xu2 qn xu2 qp xu2 qp xu2 ic 0 000118 3 01e 015 1 35e 005 5 56e 005 ib 0 000135 3 01e 018 6 77e 006 2 78e 005 ie 1 61e 005 3 01e 015 6 77e 006 2 78e 005 vbe 0 666 0 0029 0 666 0 0366 vbe 0 663 0 0 585 0 622 gm 0 000617 4 1e 015 0 000262 0 00108 gpi 5 82e 006 1 03e 015 1e 015 1 16e 015
179. source Independent voltage source device vs2 xu2 vsl xu2 vsc xu2 vl xu2 vn2 xu2 vnl xu2 dc 0 0 0 1 5 2 2 acmag 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 6 77e 006 1 61e 005 3 3e 012 0 00247 3 53e 006 3 53e 006 p 0 0 0 0 0037 7 05e 006 7 05e 006 Vsource Independent voltage source device VSSVSS dc 3 3 acmag 0 i 5 07e 011 p 1 67e 010 poly 2g6 compatible polynomial controlled source device a poly fl x model a poly fl x acgains p5 6 gt p5 BJT models Bipolar Junction Transistor model qn xu2 qp xu2 131 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Isl type npn be 4 is le O15 bf 1e 003 nf 1 vaf 0 ikf 0 ise 0 ne 1 5 br 1 nr 1 var 0 ikr 0 isc 0 nc 2 rb 0 irb 0 rbm 0 re 0 IC 0 cje 0 M vje 0 75 Is mje 0 33 tf 0 xtf 0 vtf 0 itf 0 iol ptf 0 cjc 0 vjc 0 75 mjc 0 33 Il xcjc 1 tr 0 cjs 0 ccs 0 vjs 0 75 mjs 0 xtb 0 eg 1 11 xti 3 fc 0 5 thom 27 kf 0 af 0 pnp le 015 le 003 1 0 OS Nn SOncocore 1 11 0 5 21 0 0 Capacitor models Fixed capacitor 132 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL model C cj 0 Cjsw 0 defw 1e 005 narrow 0 tcl 0 tc2 0 vel 0 vc2 0 cmult 1 t_measured 27 t_abs 273 t_rel_global 273 t_rel_local 273 Diod
180. still covers the PCB even though the development seemed complete We recommended that after you think the development is finished you leave the board in for an extra 2 minutes We left our boards in the solution for 5 minutes Figure A7 10 shows an example of some boards which are ready to be removed from the Figure A7 10 Boards atthe end of developer bath developer solution The traces are clear and the photo resist is gone everywhere it was exposed to the UV light Now you place the developed boards in the iron chloride solution This solution should have a temperature of about 45 degrees centigrade Temperature plays a large part in the development and etching of the boards If the temperature is too high it can ruin the PCB in two ways One it can cause strong under etching of the tracks or it can deteriorate the photosensitive resist layer On the other hand if the temperature is too low than it can cause the traces to be under etched If you start with fresh enchant of about 45 degrees centigrade you will be able to etch a PCB in about half an hour without reheating The end temperature of the solution is about 30 degrees centigrade then depending amongst others on room temperature volume and rate of agitation If the temperature becomes lower than about 25 degrees centigrade etching will be slow Another factor in the length of time needed for etching is movement of the solution If the 151 WPI MQP Ireland
181. sults of the simulations preformed These simulations are the basis for the circuitry Also included are comments explaining the results Those can be seen in italics A6 1 Driver Sensitivity Results Page Sensitivity Chart Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis These results show the DC operating point sensitivity for each component r7 2 76002 p rr3 3 03235 u rr2 9 28264 u rr1 9 28443 u rro 0 27280 p rr8 0 00000 rr6 0 00000 rr5 9 27762 u rr4 3 03184 u End Chart Sensitivity Analysis End Page Sensitivity 125 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A6 2 Worst Case Scenarios The below results are the worst case scenarios It gives a nominal value for the running of the system and then right below it gives the value for the worst case run Then it gives the nominal value for the component during that run and then for the worst case run what that component value would be This continues for each of the particular components The components are referenced by their reference number in the schematics Page Worst Case Chart Worst Case Analysis 12 Nominal Run 272 79724 m 12 Worst Case Run 297 4515 m 0 00000 0 00000 End Chart Worst Case Analysis Chart Run Log Descriptions Descriptions of the runs Worst Case Run DC operating point for all devices 0 0246543 9 03758 of nominal Tolerance changes needed to achieve worst case rr5 resista
182. systems which were designed to work together and integrating them into one working product was the goal of stage 3 2d s WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL B Background DEP SESS Bl Stage 2 H Research Bg Stage 3 Designe A Hardware s e Selection Selection e e e ee Software esee Design 1 lecti Design i bas id E Wireless Operating c Use m e lt Kra c 1 doceo Integrated e e e e 4 mee a Man ufactured Manufactured Loads Data Onto Loaded Onto 5 Loaded Onto Development Board Integratede e e e Proof of Concept Device ri g 2 g Q Me Figure 4 4 Project Stage 3 Flow Chart At the end with all the systems fully integrated the end proof of concept device was presented Stage 3 involved the following Loading final software revisions onto the development board Connecting user input and LCD driver PCBs Upload and logging of data on device from glucometer Plugging wireless module into development board o Making wireless transmission o Making data entry in database Controlling device functions through user input Quality assurance With the completion of Stage 3 the team accomplished the major goals of the project Unfortunately with engineering delays from both the software and hardware portions of the proj
183. t connection will greatly impact the speed at which you can download and patch files from various online repositories and as such will effect your overall build time significantly Upon successful completion of the build it will be necessary to build the actual image file that will be copied to the development board To build the file issue the following command cd stuff build bitbake bootstrap image The first command ensures that we are still in our build directory while the second executes the BitBake command necessary to build the image file At this point you are now able to move on to flashing the development board with your newly made image file A5 2 7 Cleaning Files to Achieve Successful Build It is not uncommon to need to re build the toolchain filesystem or even the image file throughout the development phase of an engineering project Rather than completely removing the stuff tmp directory each time a change is made to a build file to ensure a successful re build simply execute the BitBake clean instruction for that particular BitBake build command For example 117 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL cd stuff build bitbake c clean linux omap1 The first command will ensure that we are still in our build directory while the second will execute a cleaning loop specificed in the BitBake file It will automatically remove the necessary directories from yo
184. t terre ert erar tete rise rese Coetu ve eee 11 2 2 Component Layout cotone vea dite extat c du ed Cu Mb o ug 78 1 2 3 Error Checkin en a a a a a petam 80 7 2 4 Finalizing the PCB Desi einai etie iocos tne khe euh ded ed ini rk ees Pene Ut e seda 82 7 3 inp Taat 84 7 3 1 Development BOAT r ae A slide MN tees uac quie tide iude 84 1 3 2 TMD DEAE n i he E E E E E EER E EU 84 13 2 1 Voltage Refer nCe ase UG I REA E G R Ei 85 7 3 2 2 Quad Operational Amplifier 5 oit ed dest RH AR PORT qoe ES RR ND eng 85 Tae WISER EDIBEIACO s torbex emos et oe o vdela iet tet ua E eee oN 89 7 4 SOR Ware Implementation i eost see ied cte i teuer ipe A E A ined pest 90 7 4 1 Operating System Implementation esses eene eene 90 7 4 2 Protocol Implementation rrt a d I SEIEN ERU SR ER QUAS AUE NURSES LUE dde 91 7 4 3 Implementation of GUI and Application seen 92 7 4 4 Database ImplemellbAlOl t siscsie cutee epa diim elu astu dut or seunde 94 7 5 bled Nul 95 7 6 LED Troubles ho Gun Gas cis opesccoteci ete Sarvten iugo in Vi or erit bett Opto dea e ye bees tds 95 7 6 1 ICT Module Nl EUH ON suoi e Edo aua dece Wea haa ee Rute Sc Ud 96 7 6 2 LCD Module Malfunction Possibilities eene 96 7 6 3 Experiments to Reveal Problem eceeiens ese Fe teneat Petra pni ne UNDAE M Eee uUgS 97 7 6 4 LCD Module Solution ec ri idan Pe tet eet 98 WPI
185. t C we noticed similar behaviour occurring at the new voltage level The input voltage of the op amp at pin 4 now measured 4 19V along with the input to R1 and a drop to 3 839V at node one However the 87 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL op amp output at pin 14 being 3 3V showed that this problem was indeed railing and not just a lack of power problem By raising the power up voltage of the op amp in small increments and replacing the 3 3V input to R1 we viewed the railing characteristics of the LP324M We cut the connection between the op amp s pin 4 which is the power pin and C1 Once separated we powered the op amp with an external power source at pin 4 and connected the ground to the board ground this setup allowed for small adjustments of power up voltage over a range of values Supply V Pin 4 V Pin 14 V 5V 5 03 3 06 4 5 4 52 3 06 4 19 4 21 3 06 4 1 4 12 3 061 4 4 02 3 062 3 9 3 06 3 06 3 8 3 83 3 24 3 7 oup 3 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i alls Trial Number 3 5 3 52 2 6 Table 7 4 Op amp railing characteristic Figure 7 22 Op amp railing characteristic chart The 10mV increments give a good picture of the railing characteristics of our op amp Below 3 9V the op amp does not have a reliable follower output for 3 3V after 3 9V however the voltage follower worked well Based on the results we transferred the op a
186. t voltage for the input of the logic power supply we implemented a voltage regulator into our design We chose the LP2966 Em WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL from National Semiconductor to provide us with the necessary 3 0V This component however does not exist in MultiSim component library Instead of using a similar component which would not behave the same the LP2966 we created the component using the internal diagram shown in Figure 7 3 which comes directly from the datasheet The components within the integrated circuit combined to form a box with the respective input and output pins and that box represents the L P2966 O Your O ERROR O Your O ERROR2 Figure 7 3 Internal Schematic for LP 2966 Once the above circuit had been constructed simulations went underway to establish the functionality of the particular parts We connected the inputs and outputs according to guided design in Figure 6 12 We preformed a DC Sweep on the circuit and Figure 7 4 shows the output 2e WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL LP2966M DC Sweep 3 54 2 5 Vouti Vout2 Qo 1 5 2 Error 1 D 8 Error2 o gt 1 0 5 0 m B ee 0 5 1 r DA d y o ww a a gw s ov 9 o Inputed Voltage Figure 7 4 DC Sweep for LP 2966M Figure 7 5 shows the integrated circuit with the connections need
187. tain a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a lean well balanced diet In addition diabetics need to check their blood glucose levels with the aid of testing device such as a Time of Test Goal Plasma Glucose Before meals 90 130 mg dL milligrams per decilitre Before bedtime snack 1 2 hours after a meal postprandial less than 180mg dL Every three months less than 796 Table 3 1 Recommended Blood Glucose Range for People with Diabetes All About Diabetes glucometer The frequency of blood glucose level checking varies between patients as it largely depends on the severity of their condition The monitoring of blood glucose levels at home can occur either through a invasive or non invasive procedure The most common method of testing blood glucose levels involves pricking a specified part of the body with a small needle in order to draw a small amount of blood The drop of blood is then collected on a test strip and inserted into a glucose meter The glucose meter analyses and then numerically displays the glucose concentration level in the blood sample Section 3 3 1 goes more in depth on the different types of glucometers on the market from older versions to the newer versions that implement the principles of medical telemetry 3 2 Medical Telemetry In its simplest form medical telemetry or telehealth for short involves delivering medicine or medical information to people from a distanc
188. tem and toolchain build This task can be completed by the following command rm rf stuff build tmp When the forced recursive removal of the tmp directory has been completed the BitBake build can be attempted once more A5 3 2 Modifying the ARM9 Configuration File The OMAP5912 OSK uses an ARM9 microprocessor and as such BitBake relies upon the TUNE ARM926EJS CONF file for compilation instructions The tune file located in stuff org openembedded dev conf machine include has a suggestion to add a hyphen to the 118 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL tuned architecture name if it fails a build In our case this resolved the issue Please make sure that your ARM9 tune file contains the following two uncommented lines of code TARGET CC ARCH marchzarmv5te mtune arm926ej s PACKAGE ARCH armvSte A5 3 3 Modifying the OMAP BitBake File Finally it may be necessary to alter the BitBake configuration file called by the bitbake linux omapl command The file inux omap1_2 6 12 rc2 bb is located in stuff org openembedded dev packages linux and can be opened with any standard text editor A5 3 3 1 Trouble with Das U Boot The first error encountered was in relation to the mkimage application which is depended on uboot the application responsible for putting the filesystem on our development board To resolve this error simply make sure the following line
189. th the feature set and small footprint for which we were looking 5 4 1 1 Choosing a Build Environment With the decision made to pursue an open source custom compiled version of the GNU Linux operating system the question of choosing a software development tools becomes anissue Development of an operating system and custom applications for an embedded environment takes place on a development machine usually an x86 or x86 64 based machine running a similar operating system to the device We realized that our device would need to be a machine running a suitable Linux distribution Further research revealed that the action of cross compiling for an embedded device requires a cross compile toolchain patched to meet the requirements of the microprocessor At the time of this writing there are four options available for successfully building a cross compile toolchain and development environment using crosstool using bitbake with an up to date OpenEmbedded repository using buildroot and an updated uClib C Language repository and finally by hand Getting a working cross compile toolchain and build environment is a complicated process that can take a lot of time Although there are relatively few applications required to get a toolchain built not all revisions of each of the applications are interoperable or guaranteed to produce a working toolchain and or filesystem upon setup completion With this in mind the path of creating a
190. the body of a diabetic The symptoms of Type I diabetes usually present over a short period although the destruction of the beta cells could have begun before any symptoms are ever noticed Main symptoms include increased thirst and urination constant hunger weight loss blurred vision and extreme fatigue Diabetes Overview Type 1 Diabetes 1 The stomach changes food into glucose 2 Glucose enters JA 5 Glucose builds up in the bloodstream 3 The pancreas makes little or no insulin 4 Littleor no insulin 4 enters the bloodstream Copyright 2001 WebMD Corporation Figure 3 2 Causes of Type Diabetes Diabetes Overview Type II diabetes is the more common form of the disease In Type II or late onset diabetes the pancreas produces the correct amount of insulin however the body of the person cannot effectively use the insulin Symptoms of Type II diabetes develop gradually over the course of the patient s life The symptoms may include fatigue or nausea frequent urination unusual thirst weight loss blurred vision frequent infections and slow healing of wounds or sores Diabetes Overview Once this condition is recognized patients keep track of their blood glucose levels with a device called a glucometer WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 3 1 1 Glucose Monitoring To regulate blood glucose levels naturally doctors recommend that people main
191. the largest footprint but it is also responsible for supporting the needs of the additional layers 6 5 2 Communications Protocol The idea of a communications protocol that is a series of rules for interaction between two or more devices is twofold for the development of our glucometer interface Not only does our device use a communications protocol to transfer data to a database but also for the 63 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL communication between itself and the glucometer The former protocol formally referred to as the TCP IP protocol is a widely accepted standard in the computing industry Thus native support for communications via the TCP IP protocol finds itself in the Linux operating system The communications link between our device and the glucometer however requires some development to start 6 5 2 1 Reverse Engineering the TheraSense FreeStyle Mini Glucose Meter Learning how the TheraSense FreeStyle Mini Glucose Meter interacts with its Windows based host application was a key step in the development of our glucometer interface Without this knowledge there would be no method for extracting the data from the glucometer which would in turn prevent us from proceeding with the delivery of this information to a database and ultimately from fulfilling our mission The process for reverse engineering the glucometer was twofold 1 identifying the command issued by the Window
192. ticolour No backlight No backlight Backlit ery B00 Image background transflector Transmissive Backlit Ed segments Poor Good Very Good Negative on dark Cannot be read by reflection Backlit Backlit No backlight Excellent Image background Transmissive Dark Designed for very low light ES segments sier y e Good Good Very Good Positive d conditions yet able to be read 1 f Excellent on backlit E i No backlight Backlit Backlit Image in bright ambient lights background Table 6 1 LCD Viewing Modes Pacific Display Devices 2006 A backlight illuminates the back of a transmissive LCD Applications requiring high luminance levels such as computer displays televisions personal digital assistants and mobile phones use this type of LCD The device used to illuminate the LCD usually consumes much more power than the LCD itself The absence of a lamp significantly reduces power consumption allowing for longer battery life in battery powered devices small reflective LCDs consume so little power that they can rely on a photovoltaic cell as often found in pocket calculators External light reflected by a diffusing reflector behind the display illuminates reflective LCDs This type of LCD can produce darker blacks than the transmissive type The reason for this is that light must pass through the liquid crystal layer twice Contrast is poorer in reflective LCDs since the attenuation of the light is double Transflective L
193. tionality A small screen is one element that can be incorporated into the proof of concept to show that despite small screen size the text can still be clear A screen with a diagonal dimension between 2 5 and 3 0 should be adequate to achieve this The ability for the screen to display colour is not essential It is the contrast that is more important visually and not the presence of different colours Although the implementation of touch screen technology is increasing in markets such as car audio and navigation systems it is difficult for people who do not have previous experience with touch screens to become comfortable with this type of system Another way to implement touch technology is to use a stylus like palmtop computers or PDAs use This option however raises the complexity of the unit greatly for both the user and the designer In addition constant touching of the screen either by hand or by stylus generally leaves scratches and fingerprints on the screen which causes the clarity of the device to decline along with the lifespan of the product A simple black and white screen with a possibly coloured background to aid in clarity of a small size between 6cm and 9cm would be adequate for this application The discussion of technical aspects of the display module can be found in section 5 2 5 1 3 Application Layout The application layout will influence how the user experiences the product either in a positive or negative way If the a
194. ture of through hole and surface mount components for this proof of concept device Sometimes it is possible to use the through hole components are bridges over copper traces which need to change sides of the component also they can accommodate traces on either side of the board without drilling extra vias The component library in Express PCB is very limited in size This means that the footprint of any components not in the library must be custom crafted All of the information necessary for creating a custom footprint is contained in the components datasheet To make the custom footprints three main factors were involved the pitch of the package the width of 78 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL individual pins and the total package size The pitch of the component is the distance from the centre line of one pin to the centre line of the next pin the width or size of the individual pins dictates the size of the copper pad on the PCB and the distance from one side of the package to the other indicates the space requirements for the component ExpressPCB provides a coordinate system in which the exact position of the cursor is displayed bottom of the screen and allows the user to input the desired coordinates for a component By placing the first pad at the origin and entering the coordinates for each successive pad it is possible to construct a footprint very accurately This process took place for the 80 pin HiRos
195. tware ssssssss 64 Figure 6 15 Screenshot of Advanced Serial Port Monitor application sessseeeee 65 Figure 6 16 Screenshot of Minicom application Jouet e rre eoa tea e beds 67 Figure 6 17 Screenshot of Glad development environment ccccscccceesscceseescsseseescsseseeeceeseerees 68 Figure 6 18 Functionality flowchart for GU ia ec t te D IESU tpe e Drev eet US d tds 69 Figure 7 1 Simulation Layout for LCD Driver CA CUI as ss ceri ee e t te hd ie d oe fase 71 Figure 7 2 Chart of DC Sweep Outputs 9 oreste o eH rer ut tet pido esee e ette NS 72 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL Figure 7 3 Internal Schematic for EP 2966 4 es ota tato Gert aie tt eom talea Peltibues 73 Figure 7 4 DC Sweep for LR ZOD M suo oai toon aenid ed etutdtben retur batetutsula tete alae d 74 Figure 7 5 Simulation layout for voltage reference esses ennt 74 Figure 7 6 User Interface Simulation aVOUlbc s seite ot eoe tti e I erbe t ca Lue otete tester etedit 75 Figure 7 7 User Interface Simulation ReSMlIs seii e IND UPPER Ode SS 76 Figure 7 8 User Interface Timed Simulation Results esseeseeeereeennennes 76 Figure 7 9 User Interface Timed Momentary Simulation Results sse 77 Figure 7 10 ExpressSCH and ExpressP CB linked files indicating connections sss 78 Figure 7117 Trace CX AM PI
196. two LCDs can differ in a variety of different ways from their viewing modes to the type of display and the type of technology that is used There are three main types of viewing modes for LCDs transmissive reflective and transflective There are two types of images created by an LCD positive mode E m WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL or negative mode A positive imagine displays the image darker than the background Figure 6 7 shows a sample positive image on an LCD LE gwOG i Li LU LLL Figure 6 7 Sample of positive LCD display This mode of operation is favoured in an application where ambient light is high and it will help with the contrast of the display especially for a display using a reflective rear polarizer Below are several typical Operational Mode amp Viewing Mode combinations and the resulting images assuming no backlighting which can colour the background TN Black characters on a Gray background STN Green Dark Violet Black characters on a Green background STN Silver Dark Blue Black characters on a Silver background FSTN Black characters on a White Gray background LCD Display Modes 2006 A negative image displays the image area smaller than the background When there is a backlight present and the lighting is medium to dim you would use this mode Figure 6 8 shows a sample negative image on an LCD Figure 6 8 Sample negative LCD display image Be
197. unction This experiment has very little scientific value however it was conducted anyway Using a small piece of left over PCB we attempted to connect the LCD outside of its connection header By lining up the contacts on the LCD s ribbon cable with the surface mount connection on the outside of the header casing we pressed the ribbon cable contacts onto the header surface mount pins One time the LCD produced a response of black lines going across the screen This result did not reoccur again after repeated attempts 7 6 4 LCD Module Solution To allow testing of the latest version of the software with frame buffer support we used the LCD module developed by the 2005 student team This LCD and driver were proven to work with the OMAP5912 OSK board during the 2005 project term The use of the past team s LCD and driver circuit allowed for confirmation that the current software revision does support loading a display onto an LCD 98 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL 8 Recommendations The final deliverable of our project was the development of a proof of concept device Modifying our device will turn the proof of concept into a marketable product More than one generation of this product will be necessary to produce before it is market ready To address this we have formulated recommendations for both the next generation health monitor interface which will build on and modify our final product as well as reco
198. ur stuff tmp directory When it has successfully completed simple re execute the BitBake command you wished to execute Please note that although this method is successful a majority of the time it may be necessary to completely remove the stuff tmp directory from time to time to solve a build problem In some cases it may even be necessary to remove the stuff sources directory too A5 3 Solutions to Problems Encountered Building OE The following section will serve to document problems encountered and the solutions used to successfully build a toolchain and filesystem for the OMAP5912 OSK development board using BitBake and the OpenEmbedded repository It is important to read the full error messages encountered during any build as it inevitably points to a text file or two that contains more information that may be useful to resolving your issue A5 3 1 Preferred Version of Binutils If you have used the local conf file presented in Section 2 4 you should not be encountering this problem If however you notice that as BitBake attempts to compile various pieces of the toolchain i e the GNU C Library it may fail Thus it becomes necessary to include the following lines of code your local conf file before proceeding PREFERRED VERSION binutils cross 2 15 94 0 1 PREFERRED VERSION binutils 2 15 94 0 1 With this change made you will now need to clear the temporary directory that was holding the current filesys
199. ur research project will use the OMAP board on the recommendation of the 2005 student team although it has more processing and memory storage power than necessary for this project After the proof of concept is complete the process of miniaturization can begin by eliminating the unnecessary functionality One of the most important recommendations made by the 2005 student team was to be aware of lead time on parts Due to some long delays and time constraints nearing the end of the project the 2005 team was forced to implement a proprietary wireless technology into their design Two problems arose from this solution First proprietary technology is not desirable in a proof of concept design because the technology cannot be used in the final product without causing a great impact on the cost of production The second problem arose from the 18 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL OMAPS5912 OSK development board The wireless capable USB dongle drew so much power that the board would crash after only a few seconds of operation and the distances for successful transmissions was very short We discovered that the USB port which is integrated into the OMAPS5912 OSK development board has non standard wiring and cannot support any type of WLAN technology due to the power requirements of such devices OSK Another challenge that the 2005 team encountered because of long lead times on products was with their specially des
200. usceptible to corruption due to interference and signal attenuation IEEE 802 11 6 4 3 802 11g 802 11g works in the 2 4 GHz band like 802 11b but operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit s 802 11g hardware is compatible with 802 11b hardware The modulation scheme used in 802 11g is OFDM for the data rates of 6 9 12 18 24 36 48 and 54 Mbit s and reverts to like the 802 11b standard CCK for 5 5 and 11 Mbit s and DSSS for 1 and 2 Mbit s Even though 802 11g operates in the same frequency band as 802 11b it can achieve higher data rates because of its similarities to 802 11a In order for an 802 11g device to transmit to an 802 11b device the RTS CTS communication scheme must be used because 802 1 1b cannot see the signals which are modulated with OFDM The process of using RTS CTS in communications slows the process down This problem only happens in older networks where the receiver is a strictly 802 11b device 6 4 4 Security The original security for wireless networks was WEP This security encryption style does not protect very well against nodes that are inside the network and when working with 60 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL radio waves it is hard to keep people out of the network The major failing of this security occurs because RC4 is a stream cipher hence same traffic key cannot be used twice The purpose of an IV transmitted as plaintext is to prevent any repetition but
201. using the Hantronix The specification sheet lays people astray It works with a minimum of 3V My only reasoning behind the misprint is that Hantronix is steering people to purchase the backlight inverter which does require more than 10V of input If you require further information or to place an order please contact me VANESSA BECK MOUSER ELECTRONICS 800 298 5076 EXT 2033 VANESSA BECK MOUSER COM TECHNICAL SUPPORT From Castro Vanessa M mailto vmcastro 9 WPI EDU Sent Tuesday August 22 2006 5 37 AM To jennifer burns mouser com Subject Technical Question regarding LCDs I am interested in finding out more information about this LCD Module Hantronix HDG320240 What is the minimum voltage input that the LCD would work on I am going to be using a development board which supplies 3 3V and 4 2 V Would I still be able to use this LCD Any information you can send me will be greatly appreciated Thank you Sincerely Vanessa Castro 109 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL A3 2 Correspondence with Solar Technologies From George Lim Solar Technologies georgel Icdsolar com Sent Thu 8 17 2006 2 59 PM To Castro Vanessa M Cc Subject RE Inquiry from Information Search page HDG320240 Data Sheet Requested Display Electronics Requested Attachments HDG320240 Device Specification pdf 826K B Dear Vanessa Attached is the data sheet you requested This particular LC
202. vides better resolution and has a larger screen The final determination is that users need sharper images not necessarily images in colour The Hantronix LCD has a large connection pitch that will make mounting the header much easier The Sony LCD is a reflective colour active matrix display and the Hantronix LCD is a transflective positive display which creates a better overall display design with a wider viewing angle A major concern when choosing our LCD was the amount of voltage that was needed as the input Upon first looking at the Hantronix HDG320240 datasheet it showed an estimated 15V needed for input Our development board can only supply a limited 4 2V or 3 3V input We emailed several distributors and Hantronix the manufacturer of the LCD We received two 22d WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL replies both informing us that this LCD indeed is functional at a minimum of 3V An explanation to the discrepancy was suggested to be that the voltage included the backlight inverter which requires more than 10V as input Personal Communication August 2006 Please refer to Appendix A3 for the emails received regarding the voltage needed 5 3 Choosing a Development Board Early on in the project we were presented with the OMAP5912 OSK development board Though Broders et al used this board previously we decided to re examine the functionality of the board and assess its ability to meet the demands of the
203. wing lines into the file 116 WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL export PATH stuff bitbake bin PATH export BBPATH stuff build stuff org openembedded dev A5 2 6 Building with BitBake and OpenEmbedded Now that BitBake and OpenEmbedded have both been setup you are ready to begin the process of building a toolchain and filesystem for use with the OMAP5912 OSK development board It is important to note that BitBake should always be run from within the stuff build directory This will help keep things organized and speed up future build operations since your sources will remain intact Since we are dealing with the OMAP5912 OSK development board we will want to build a filesystem for the board using the OpenOMAP distribution of Linux with the stable release of the v2 6 Linux kernel At the time of this writing that is the 2 6 12 version of the kernel despite 2 6 17 being the current stable release for x86 based machines The following commands can be executed to begin the build process cd stuff build bitbake linux omapl You should now be successfully downloading and installing the necessary packages to build the toolchain and filesystem for the OMAP5912 OSK development board It should be noted that this process will take quite a bit of time to complete nearly three hours on our team s build machine when starting from a clean stuff tmp directory The speed of your Interne
204. yesight could preclude the user from comfortable use of the system The display of the symbols occurs in multiple rows and columns Differentiated colours aid this type of a l Figure 5 2 Example of a graphic based menu navigation however colour display is a feature option which was not selected in the display module section refer to 5 1 2 In addition only a certain number of icons can be displayed at the same time For our project the largest number of icons displayed would be four since the icons need to be large enough for the user to see clearly The input for this system would require some type of sidewise motion available which complicates the input unnecessarily e Button Based Navigation A simple approach to mode selection is to provide each action available to the user its own button which when pressed would take the user to that application Similar to the graphic based approach it would be necessary to provide both pictorial and text based clues for the user to indicate what action the button leads to Although this method sounds simple and easy to 28 m WPI MQP Ireland A 06 Enterprise Research Centre UL envision for a user buttons can be confusing and frustrating At first navigation would be very slow because the button actions are unknown and strange Careful consideration of each application design method including the extra factors of the customers needs and limitations along with the character

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