User and Programming Manual
Contents
1. RF FREQUENCY 0x10 This register provides the device frequency information to set up the filters appropriately Data is sent as a 40 bit word with the LSB in Hz Setting RF Input RF Amplifiers RF AMPLIFIER 0x12 This register enables or disables the RF amplifiers Setting bit O low 0 disables RF amplifier Setting bit high 1 enables RF amplifier Bit 1 selects the amplifier O for RF AMP 1 1 for RF AMP 2 Setting the RF Attenuation RF ATTENUATION 0x13 Each of the attenuators is a 5 bit digital step attenuator with 1 dB per LSB Data is sent in 2 bytes byte1 and bits 1 0 specifies the attenuator to program and byteO and bit 4 0 specifies the attenuation value Setting the RF Path RF PATH 0x14 Setting bit O low selects the main RF input path while high will select the RF auxiliary path Selecting the RF Filter RF FILTER SELECT 0x15 There are 9 RF filters to select from to improve RF input second harmonic suppression Bits 3 0 are used 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 13 Selecting the LO Filter LO FILTER SELECT 0x16 There 9 RF filters to select from to improve LO input second harmonic suppression Bits 3 0 are used Enabling LO Output LO OUT ENABLE 0x17 Setting bit O high enables the LO signal to be ported out the LO output connector Note there is always a leakage out of this port and the levels could be as high as 30 dBm It is recom2. European Union directive 2002 95 EC EU RoHS in any amounts higher than limits stated in the directive This statement is based on the assumption of reliable information and data provided by our component suppliers and may not have been independently verified through other means For products sold into China we also comply with the Administrative Measure on the Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products China RoHS In the current stage of this legislation the content of six hazardous materials must be explicitly declared Each of those materials and the categorical amount present in our products are shown below 6 db x m PASTE GRECE 59 RER Hexavalent Polybrominated Polybrominated Model Name read Mercury cadmium Chromium biphenyls diphenyl ethers Pb He ca Cr VI PBB PBDE C5312A v v v v v v indicates that the hazardous substance contained in all of the homogeneous materials for this product is below the limit requirement in SJ T11363 2006 An X indicates that the particular hazardous substance contained in at least one of the homogeneous materials used for this product is above the limit requirement in SJ T11363 2006 CE European Union EMC amp Safety Compliance Declaration The European Conformity CE marking is affixed to products with input of 50 1 000 Vac or 75 1 500 Vdc and or for products which may cause or be affected by electromagnetic disturbance
3. it can be retrieved by calling this register and using the process outlined in the next section for reading calibration data The maximum address for this EEPROM is Ox7FFF A single byte is returned Reading the Calibration EEPROM CAL_EEPROM_READ 0x24 Reading a single byte from an address in the device EEPROM is performed by writing this register with the address for the instructWord The data is returned as a byte The CAL EEPROM maximum address is also Ox7FFF Reading above this address will cause the device to retrieve data from the lower addresses For example addressing Ox8000 will return data stored in address location 0 0000 The calibration EEPROM map is shown in Table 5 All calibration data whether floats unsigned 8 bit unsigned 16 bit or unsigned 32 bit integers are stored as flattened unsigned byte representation A float is flattened to 4 unsigned bytes so once it is read back it needs to be un flattened back to its original type Unsigned values containing more than a single byte are converted un flattened simply by concatenation of the bytes through bit shifting Converting to floating point representation is slightly more involved First convert the 4 bytes into an unsigned 32 bit integer value and then in C C type cast a float pointer to the address of the value In C C the code would be float Y float amp X where X has been converted earlier to an unsigned integer An example written in C code would look s
4. Querying the 5 5312 Writing to Request Registers Reading the Device Temperature Reading the Device Status Reading the User EEPROM Reading the Calibration EEPROM Calibration EEPROM Map Software API Library Functions Constants Definitions Type Definitions Function Definitions and Usage Calibration amp Maintenance 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 28 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual IMPORTANT INFORMATION Warranty The warranty terms and conditions for all SignalCore products are also provided on our corporate website Please visit http www signalcore com warranty for more information This product is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment SignalCore will at its option repair or replace equipment that proves to be defective during the warranty period This warranty includes parts and labor Before any equipment will be accepted for warranty repair or replacement a Return Material Authorization RMA number must be obtained from a SignalCore customer service representative and clearly marked on the outside of the return package SignalCore will pay all shipping costs relating to warranty repair or replacement SignalCore strives to make the information in this document as accurate as possible The document has been carefully reviewed for technical and typographic accuracy In th
5. The set of request registers are shown in Table 3 Table 3 Query registers Register Serial 3 Register Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Address Range GET_TEMPERATURE 0x20 7 0 Open Open Open Open Open Open Open Open GET_DEVICE_STATUS 0 21 7 0 7 0 EEPROM Address 7 0 USER EEPROM_READ 0x23 15 8 EEPROM Address 15 8 7 0 EEPROM Address 7 0 CAL EEPROM READ 0x24 15 8 EEPROM Address 15 8 To read from the device using native USB transfers instead of the SC5312A RegRead function requires two operations First a write transfer is made to the device ENPOINT OUT to tell the device what data needs to be read back Then a read transfer is made from ENDPOINT IN to obtain the data The number of valid bytes returned varies from 1 to 3 bytes See the register details below Reading the Device Temperature GET TEMPERATURE 0x17 Data returned by this register needs to be processed to correctly represent data in temperature units of degrees Celsius Data is returned in the first 14 bits 13 0 Bit 13 is the polarity bit indicating whether it is positive 0 0 or negative 0 1 For an ENDPOINT IN transfer data is returned in 2 bytes with the MSB first The temperature value represented in the raw data is contained in the next 13 bits 12 0 To obtain the
6. demodulator for example Driving multiple demodulators or modulators when working with SignalCore s SC5413A with the same derived LO signal optimizes phase coherency between them When this port is not in use it is highly recommended to terminate it into a 50 Q load IF Output Section The IF outputs are differentially driven Each of the in phase and quadrature components of the demodulator is conditioned prior to leaving the IF ports The user can programmatically adjust the parameters of the differential signal such as the common output voltage DC offset between the and terminals and its amplitude The differential output impedance of each component is 100 and DC coupled However all ports can be operated as AC coupled single ended 50 ports All unused ports should be terminated into AC couple 50 Q loads There are voltage DACs within the device to control the signal parameters of each of the IQ components For each component the Vcom common voltage DAC controls the common output voltage of the differential outputs The Vcom DAC values range from 0 to 16383 14 bits and change the voltage between 1 V to 3 5 V For a wider output voltage swing range this voltage should be set to around 2 4 V to 2 5 V Having a wider swing range improves the output compression point of the device This is not a hard requirement and the user will need to adjust the voltage levels to suit their specific requirements As an example setting to s
7. function sc5312A_GetDeviceTemperature or calls sc5312A_SetFrequency to tune the frequency The software API is covered in detail in the Software API Library Functions section 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 11 SETTING THE SC5312A WRITING TO CONFIGURATION REGISTERS Configuration Registers The users may write the configuration registers write only directly by calling the SC5312A RegWrite function The syntax for this function is SC5312A RegWrite deviceHandle registercommand instructWord The instructWord takes a 64 bit word However it will only send the required number of bytes to the device Table 2 summarizes the register addresses commands and the effective bytes of command data Table 2 Configuration registers Register Address Reg Serial MSB MSB MSB MSB MSB MSB MSB Bit MSBBit Code Range Bit7 Bit6 Bit 5 Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 1 0 INITIALIZE 0x01 7 0 Mode Enable SET SYSTEM ACTIVE 0x02 7 0 SYS LED 7 0 MHz Frequency Word 7 0 15 8 MHz Frequency Word 15 8 RF_FREQUENCY 0x10 23 16 MHz Frequency Word 23 16 31 24 MHz Frequency Word 31 24 39 32 MHz Frequency Word 39 32 RF_AMPLIFIER 0x12 7 0 Amplifier Mode 7 0 Attenuation RF_ATTENUATION 0x13 15 8 Attenuator RF_PATH 0x14 7 0 Path RF_FILTER_SELECT 0x15 7 0 Filter 3 0 LO_FILTER_SELECT 0
8. output voltage of the differential amplifiers The default factory setting is 2008 sc5312a_SetDcOffsetDac int sc5312a_SetDcOffsetDac unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char channel unsigned short dacValue unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device select the or Q channel DAC value range 0 4095 sc5312a_SetDcOffsetDac sets the DC offset voltage of the differential amplifiers Voltage adjust is approximately 0 05 V The default factory setting is 2048 unsigned char channel unsigned short dacValue sc5312a_SetLinearityDac int sc5312a_SetLinearityDac unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned short dacValue handle to the opened device DAC value range 0 4095 unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned short dacValue sc5312a_SetLinearityDac sets the current consumption of the IQ demodulator which affects the linearity of the device A DAC value of 3685 is recommended and is also the default factory setting 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 25 Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Output Description Function Definition Input Output Description Example sc5312a_WriteUserEeprom int sc5312a_WriteUserEeprom unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int memAdd unsigned char byteData unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device unsigned int memAdd memory address to
9. write to unsigned char byteData byte to be written to the address sc5312a_WriteUserEeprom writes one byte of data to the memory address specified sc5312a_StoreCurrentState int sc5312a_StoreCurrentState unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device sc5312a_StoreCurrentState stores the current state of the device as the default power up state sc5312a_GetDevicelnfo int sc5312a_GetDevicelnfo unsigned int deviceHandle devicelnfo_t devinfo unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device devicelnfo t devinfo device info struct 5 5312 GetDevicelnfo retrieves device information such as serial number calibration date revision etc sc5312a_GetDeviceStatus int sc5312a_GetDeviceStatus unsigned int deviceHandle deviceStatus_t deviceStatus unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device deviceStatus_t deviceStatus deviceStatus struct sc5312a_GetDeviceStatus retrieves the status of the device such as phase lock status and current device settings Code showing how to use this function deviceStatus_t devStatus devStatus deviceStatus_t malloc sizeof deviceStatus_t int status SC5312A GetDeviceStatus devHandle devStatus if devStatus gt loEnable printf The LO Output Port is Enabled n else printf The LO Output Port is disabled n free deviceStatus 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 26 Functi
10. A S EO gnalCore PRESERVING SIGNAL INTEGRITY C5312A 400 MHz to 6 GHz IQ Demodulator PXI Express Interface Operating and Programming Manual 2013 SignalCore Inc support signalcore com CONTENTS Important Information Warranty Copyright amp Trademarks International Materials Declarations CE European Union EMC amp Safety Compliance Declaration Warnings Regarding Use of SignalCore Products Getting Started Unpacking Verifying the Contents of your Shipment Setting Up and Configuring the 5 5312 RF Signal Connections Baseband Connections Indicator LED SC5312A Theory of Operation Overview RF Input Section LO Input Section IF Output Section SC5312A Programming Interface Device Drivers Using the Application Programming Interface API Setting the SC5312A Writing to Configuration Registers Configuration Registers Initializing the Device Setting the System Active LED Setting the RF Frequency Setting RF Input RF Amplifiers Setting the RF Attenuation BR wn HP HM O KR A 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Setting the RF Path Selecting the RF Filter Selecting the LO Filter Enabling LO Output Setting the IF Gain Setting the Common Output Voltage Removing DC Offset in Differential Amplifiers Setting the Output Linearity of the IQ Demodulator Storing the Startup State Writing to the User EEPROM
11. RegWrite e sc5312a_RegRead e sc5312a_InitDevice e sc5312a_SetFrequency sc5312a_SetRfGain e sc5312a SetRfAmplifier e sc5312a SetRfPath e 5 5312 SetLoOut e sc5312a_SetRfAttenuation e sc5312a_SetRfFilter e sc5312a_SetLoFilter e sc5312a_SetlfGainDac e sc5312a_SetVcomDac e sc5312a_SetDcOffsetDac e sc5312a_SetLinearityDac e sc5312a_WriteUserEeprom e sc5312a_StoreCurrentState e sc5312a_GetDevicelnfo e sc5312a_GetDeviceStatus e sc5312a_GetTemperature 5 5312 ReadCalEeprom e sc5312a ReadUserEeprom Each of these functions is described in more detail on the following pages Example code written in C C is located in the CD Win Driver src directory to show how these functions are called and used First for C C we define the constants and types which are contained in the C header file sc5312a h These constants and types are useful not only as an include for developing user applications using the 5 5312 API but also for writing device drivers independent of those provided by SignalCore 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 19 Constants Definitions Parameters for storing data in the onboard EEPROM define define define define MAXDEVICES MAXDESCRIPTORSIZE CALEEPROMSIZE USEREEPROMSIZE Define labels define define define define define define define CH I CH Q RF ATTEN1 RF ATTEN2 RF ATTEN3 RF AMP1 RF AMP2 Define error codes define de
12. The CE marking symbolizes conformity of the product with the applicable requirements CE compliance is a manufacturer s self declaration allowing products to circulate freely within the European Union EU SignalCore products meet the essential requirements of Directives 2004 108 EC EMC and 2006 95 EC 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 2 product safety and comply with the relevant standards Standards for Measurement Control and Laboratory Equipment include EN 61326 and EN 55011 for EMC and EN 61010 1 for product safety Warnings Regarding Use of SignalCore Products 1 2 PRODUCTS FOR SALE BY SIGNALCORE INCORPORATED ARE NOT DESIGNED WITH COMPONENTS NOR TESTED FOR A LEVEL OF RELIABILITY SUITABLE FOR USE IN OR IN CONNECTION WITH SURGICAL IMPLANTS OR AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS WHOSE FAILURE TO PERFORM CAN REASONABLY BE EXPECTED TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT INJURY TO A HUMAN IN ANY APPLICATION INCLUDING THE ABOVE RELIABILITY OF OPERATION OF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCTS CAN BE IMPAIRED BY ADVERSE FACTORS INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY COMPUTER HARDWARE MALFUNCTIONS COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE FITNESS FITNESS OF COMPILERS AND DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE USED TO DEVELOP AN APPLICATION INSTALLATION ERRORS SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS MALFUNCTIONS OR FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING OR CONTROL DEVICES TRANSIENT FAILURES OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS HARD
13. WARE AND OR SOFTWARE UNANTICIPATED USES OR MISUSES OR ERRORS ON THE PART OF THE USER OR APPLICATIONS DESIGNER ADVERSE FACTORS SUCH AS THESE ARE HEREAFTER COLLECTIVELY TERMED SYSTEM FAILURES ANY APPLICATION WHERE A SYSTEM FAILURE WOULD CREATE A RISK OF HARM TO PROPERTY OR PERSONS INCLUDING THE RISK OF BODILY INJURY AND DEATH SHOULD NOT BE SOLELY RELIANT UPON ANY ONE COMPONENT DUE TO THE RISK OF SYSTEM FAILURE TO AVOID DAMAGE INJURY OR DEATH THE USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER MUST TAKE REASONABLY PRUDENT STEPS TO PROTECT AGAINST SYSTEM FAILURES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO BACK UP OR SHUT DOWN MECHANISMS BECAUSE EACH END USER SYSTEM IS CUSTOMIZED AND DIFFERS FROM SIGNALCORE TESTING PLATFORMS AND BECAUSE A USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER MAY USE SIGNALCORE PRODUCTS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER PRODUCTS IN A MANNER NOT EVALUATED OR CONTEMPLATED BY SIGNALCORE THE USER OR APPLICATION DESIGNER IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR VERIFYING AND VALIDATING THE SUITABILITY OF SIGNALCORE PRODUCTS WHENEVER SIGNALCORE PRODUCTS ARE INCORPORATED IN A SYSTEM OR APPLICATION INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE APPROPRIATE DESIGN PROCESS AND SAFETY LEVEL OF SUCH SYSTEM OR APPLICATION 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 3 GETTING STARTED Unpacking All SignalCore products ship in antistatic packaging bags to prevent damage from electrostatic discharge ESD Under certain conditions an ESD event can instantly and permanently damage several o
14. d device unsigned char commandByte address byte of the register to write to unsigned long long int instructWord data for the register unsigned int receivedWord data to be received sc5312a_RegRead reads the data requested by the instructWord data to the register specified by the commandByte See Table 3 for details on the registers To read the status of the device unsigned int deviceStatus int status sc5312a RegRead devHandle GET DEVICE STATUS 0x00 amp deviceStatus Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description sc5312a InitDevice int sc5312a_InitDevice unsigned int deviceHandle bool mode unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device bool mode set the mode of initialization sc5312a InitDevice initializes resets the device Mode 0 resets the device to the default power up state Mode 1 resets the device but leaves it in its current state sc5312a SetFrequency int scb312a SetFrequency unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned long long int frequency unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device unsigned long long int frequency frequency in Hz 5 5312 SetFrequency sets the RF frequency so the device can automatically use the information to set the optimal filters in the LO and RF filter banks 5 5312 SetRfAmplifier int scb312a SetRfAmplifier unsigned int devHandle bool a
15. e event that technical or typographical errors exist SignalCore reserves the right to make changes to subsequent editions of this document without prior notice to possessors of this edition Please contact SignalCore if errors are suspected In no event shall SignalCore be liable for any damages arising out of or related to this document or the information contained in it EXCEPT AS SPECIFIED HEREIN SIGNALCORE INCORPORATED MAKES NO WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE CUSTOMER S RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES CAUSED BY FAULT OR NEGLIGENCE ON THE PART OF SIGNALCORE INCORPORATED SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT THERETOFORE PAID BY THE CUSTOMER SIGNALCORE INCORPORATED WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM LOSS OF DATA PROFITS USE OF PRODUCTS OR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF This limitation of the liability of SignalCore Incorporated will apply regardless of the form of action whether in contract or tort including negligence Any action against SignalCore Incorporated must be brought within one year after the cause of action accrues SignalCore Incorporated shall not be liable for any delay in performance due to causes beyond its reasonable control The warranty provided herein does not cover damages defects malfunctions or service failures caused by owner s failure to follow SignalCore Incorporated s in
16. earity is additionally dependent on the operating frequency and input RF power levels Typically the DAC is set around 4 5 V using the following equation DAC Value 16383 y 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 14 Storing the Startup State STORE STARTUP STATE 0x23 Writing to this register will save the current device state as the new default power on startup state All data written to this register will be ignored as only the write command is needed to initiate the save Writing to the User EEPROM USER EEPROM WRITE 0x1B There is an onboard 32 kilobyte EEPROM for the user to store data User data is sent one byte at a time and is contained in the last least significant byte of the three bytes of data written to the register The other two bytes contain the write address in the EEPROM For example to write user data 0x22 into address 0x1F00 requires writing Ox1F0022 to this register 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 15 QUERYING THE SC5312A WRITING TO REQUEST REGISTERS The registers to read data back from the device such as device status are accessed through the SC5312A RegRead function The function and parameter format for this command is C5312A_RegRead deviceHandle registercommand instructWord dataOut Any instructions addition to the register call are placed into instructWord and data obtained from the device is returned via the pointer value dataOut
17. ess chassis with traditional PXI slots However certain environmental factors may degrade performance Inadequate cooling can cause the temperature inside the RF housing to rise above the maximum for this product leading to improper performance and potentially reducing product lifespan or causing complete product failure Maintain adequate air space around the chassis at all times and keep the chassis fan filters clean and unobstructed PXle or PXle hybrid chassis The SC5505A on board temperature sensor should indicate a rise of no more than 20 C above ambient temperature under normal operating conditions 1 Refer to your chassis manufacturer s user manual for proper setup and maintenance of your 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 4 The SC53124A is a PXle based IQ demodulator with all I O connections and indicators located on the front face of the module as shown in Error Reference source not found Each location is discussed in further detail below Chassis 9 l6 Q Controller 5 5 Figure 1 PXle chassis view of the C5312A Module is shown installed in slot 2 All RF signal connections ports on the SC5312A are SMA type Exercise caution when fastening cables to the signal connections Over tightening any connection can cause permanent damage to the device The condition of your system s signal connections can significantly affect measurement N accuracy and repeatability Im
18. evice status get the internal temperature of the device read a byte from the USER EEPROM read a byte from the calibration EEPROM 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 20 Type Definitions typedef struct unsigne unsigne float f float h unsigne unsigne devicel typedef struct bool rf bool rf bool rf bool lo bool de devices d int productSerialNumber d int rfModuleSerialNumber irmwareRevision ardwareRevision d int calDate year month day hour amp OxFF000000 0xFF0000 OxFF00 OxFF d int manDate year month day hour amp OxFF000000 0xFF0000 OxFF00 OxFF nfo t AmpiEnable Amp2Enable Path Enable viceAccess tatus t Function Definitions and Usage The functions listed below are found in the sc5312a dll dynamic linked library for the Windows operating system These functions are also provided in the LabVIEW library sc5312a llb The LabVIEW functions conta parameters Function Definition Output Description Function Definition Input Output Description in context sensitive help Ctrl H to assist with understanding the input and output sc5312a ListResources int sc5312a ListResources char visaResource unsigned int size char visaResource pointer list to device resources sc5312a ListResources searches for SignalCore SC5312A devices connected to the host computer and return an array containing their unique VISA resource ID T
19. f as the frequency nears its 3 dB cutoff point so it is important to understand that frequencies near to the cutoff point may experience a slightly faster roll off of its IF bandwidth A typical 1 dB IF bandwidth IQ is about 160 MHz The user may want to choose a higher frequency filter if this becomes a problem See the programming section in this manual for more details The filters in both the RF and LO filter banks are identical and are listed below Filter Number 1 dB Cutoff Frequency 0 400 MHz 500 MHz 650 MHz 1000 MHz 1400 MHz 2000 MHz 2825 MHz 3800 MHz 6000 MHz nD WM BR Wl ni LO Input Section The SC5312A requires an external RF signal as its Local Oscillator LO for the frequency conversion process The external RF signal must be connected to the LO in port The typical required input level is 3 dBm to 3 dBm These levels are required to sufficiently drive the IQ demodulator for good linearity performance and conversion loss The LO signal is conditioned through a bank of low pass filters to 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 9 reduce the signal harmonics Reducing the harmonics produces a purer signal tone improving the duty cycle of the LO as it drives the mixers of the demodulator Additionally the LO signal can be passed out of the device via the LO out port This output can be used as the input LO source for another
20. f the components found in SignalCore products Therefore to avoid damage when handling any SignalCore hardware you must take the following precautions e Ground yourself using a grounding strap or by touching a grounded metal object e Touch the antistatic bag to a grounded metal object before removing the hardware from its packaging e Never touch exposed signal pins Due to the inherent performance degradation caused by ESD protection circuits in the RF path the device has minimal ESD protection against direct injection of ESD into the RF signal pins e When not in use store all SignalCore products in their original antistatic bags Remove the product from its packaging and inspect it for loose components or any signs of damage Notify SignalCore immediately if the product appears damaged in any way Verifying the Contents of your Shipment Verify that your SC5312A kit contains the following items Quantity Item 1 5 5312 IQ Demodulator 1 USB Flash Drive Installation Software may be combined with other products onto a single drive 1 Getting Started Guide Setting Up and Configuring the SC5312A The SC5312A is a designed for use in a PXle or PXle hybrid chassis Chassis manufacturers must provide at least the minimum required per slot power dissipation cooling capability to be compliant with the PXle specifications The 5 5312 is designed to be sufficiently cooled in either all PXle chassis or PXle hybrid chassis PXI Expr
21. fine define define define define define define define define define RESERVEDERROR NOTCORRECTDEVICE INPUTNULL COMMERROR INPUTNOTALLOC EEPROMOUTBOUNDS INVALIDARGUMENT INPUTOUTRANGE NOREFWHENLOCK NORESOURCEFOUND INVALIDCOMMAND Define device registers define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define define INITIALIZE SET_SYSTEM_ACTIVE RF_FREQUENCY RF_AMPLIFIER RF_ATTENUATION RF_PATH RF_FILTER_SELECT LO_FILTER_SELECT LO_OUT_ENABLE IF_GAIN_DAC VCOM_OUT_DAC DC_OFFSET_DAC LINEARITY_DAC STORE_STARTUP_STATE USER_EEPROM_WRITE GET_DEVICE_STATUS GET_TEMPERATURE USER_EEPROM_READ CAL_EEPROM_READ 50 25 32768 32768 0x00 0x01 0x00 0x01 0x02 0x00 0x01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0x01 0x02 0x10 0x12 0x13 0x14 0x15 0x16 0x17 0x18 0x19 1 Ox1B 1 Ox1F 0x20 0x21 0x23 0x24 Pi bytes bytes bytes bytes initialize the device set the device active LED set the frequency enable amplifiers set attenuation for digital step attenuators select the RF path manually select the RF filter manually select the LO filter enable LO output set the I and Q chain IF gain sets common output voltage set the DC offset set the linearity DAC 0 to OxFFF store the current state as default write a byte to the user EEPROM read the d
22. his information can be used to open the device s using IDs as unique identifiers in the system See sc5312a_OpenDevice function on how to open a device sc5312a_OpenDevice int scb312a OpenDevice char visaResource unsigned int deviceHandle char visaResource Resource ID unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned integer number for the deviceHandle sc5312a_OpenDevice opens the device and turns the front panel active LED on if it is successful It returns a handle to the device for other function calls 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 21 Function Definition Input Description Example Declaring sc5312a_CloseDevice int scb312a CloseDevice unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the device to be closed sc5312a CloseDevice closes the device associated with the device handle and turns off the active LED on the front panel if it is successful Code to exercise the functions that open and close the device char visaResource char malloc sizeof char 10 10 devices unsigned int deviceHandle int devicesFound int i status Allocate memory for 10 device with 20 characters to hold ID for i 0 i lt 10 i visaResource i char malloc sizeof char 20 status sc5312a ListResources visaResource amp devicesFound printf There are Xd SignalCore PXI devices found Mn devicesFound if devicesFound 0 If no device are found dealloca
23. igned int deviceHandle unsigned char filter unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char filter select the appropriate filter number 0 8 sc5312a_SetRfFilter selects the active filter in the RF filter bank handle to the opened device sc5312a SetLoFilter int sc5312a_SetLoFilter unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char filter unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char filter select the appropriate filter number 0 8 sc5312a SetLoFilter selects the active filter in the LO filter bank handle to the opened device 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 24 Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description sc5312a_SetlfGainDac int 5 5312 SetlfGainDac unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char channel unsigned char dacValue unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device select the or Q channel DAC value range O 63 unsigned char channel unsigned char dacValue 5 5312 SetlfGainDac sets the gain of the IF amplifier 5 5312 SetVcomDac int scb312a SetVcomDac unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char channel unsigned short dacValue unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device select the or Q channel DAC value range 0 4095 unsigned char channel unsigned short dacValue sc5312a SetlfGainDac sets the common
24. judgment to determine when to use RF ATTEN 1 Do not over attenuate Doing so will negatively impact the signal to noise ratio RF ATTEN 2 is used when if the input signal needs further suppression to improve linearity It should also be used if RF AMP 1 is enabled to improve sensitivity but as a result the level at the input of RF AMP 3 always in the path may be too high Step up the attenuation of RF ATTEN 2 to ensure the system resulting from RF AMP 3 is not driven too hard Finally RF ATTEN 3 is used to control the level to the IQ demodulator when RF AMP 2 is enabled switched into the signal path There is also an auxiliary RF input to the device This input is almost identical to the main RF input with the exception of having an extra switch path The intended use of this port is to allow the user a calibration path without having to detach the device under test DUT already cabled to the main RF input port The user must perform in situ equalization to remove IQ errors such as phase imbalance and quadrature gain offsets that are inherent to the device Providing this auxiliary path makes the task of characterizing the system with and without a DUT present much easier There are nine low pass filters in the RF filter bank These filters are automatically selected when the user enters the operating frequency These filters can also be selected manually should the user choose to do so As with all filters there is generally an amplitude roll of
25. mended to terminate this port into a 50 Q load if it is not used Setting the IF Gain IF GAIN DAC 0x18 Each of the channels has an adjustable IF amplifier with a step resolution of 0 25 dB per LSB Writing the associated 6 bit DAC provides a gain range of 0 dB to 15 75 dB Byte 1 selects the channel while byte O determines the DAC value A maximum DAC value of 63 will provide maximum gain Setting the Common Output Voltage VCOM OUT DAC 0x19 The common output voltage of each channel of differential amplifiers can be adjusted by writing to this DAC The output voltage is linear in the region of 1 0 V to 3 5 V and follows the equation DAC Value 16383 y Removing DC Offset in Differential Amplifiers DC OFFSET DAC 0x1A The DC offset between the and terminals of the differential amplifier output can be minimized by writing this DAC Varying the DAC value 0 to 4095 can correct up to approximately 50mV of DC offset error This correction resolution is approximately 0 025 mV per LSB An approximation of the DAC value to offset voltage is given below V 0 05V DAC Value 16383 how Setting the Output Linearity of the IQ Demodulator LINEARITY DAC 0x19 This DAC controls the current draw of the IQ modulator As rule of thumb the more current the better the linearity However the user may find that the linearity can be improved with slight adjustments to the current consumption The lin
26. mplifier bool mode handle to the opened device O AMP 1 1 AMP 2 disable enable unsigned int deviceHandle bool amplifier bool mode sc5312a_SetRfAmplifier enables or disables the RF amplifiers 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 23 Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description Function Definition Input Description sc5312a_SetRfPath int sc5312a_SetRfPath unsigned int deviceHandle bool mode unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device bool mode sc5312a_SetRfPath selects the RF input port O main path 1 aux path sc5312a_SetLoOut int scb312a SetLoOut unsigned int deviceHandle bool mode unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device Ozdisable 1 enable sc5312a_SetLoOut enables the LO output port The LO input signal is replicated and made available to the LO out port bool mode sc5312a_SetRfAttenuation int sc5312a_SetRfAttenuation unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char attenuator unsigned char atten unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device selects the attenuator to program attenuation value 0 31 dB sc5312a_SetRfAttenuation sets the attenuation level of the RF attenuators unsigned char attenuator unsigned char atten sc5312a_SetRfFilter int sc5312a_SetRfFilter uns
27. oftly signal to noise dynamic range suffers A general rule is to apply more attenuation earlier in the RF signal path to improve linearity and more gain to improve signal to noise performance As an example for a given input signal level and while maintaining a relatively constant output IF level the user would switch in RF AMP 1 and apply attenuation on ATTEN 3 to improve signal to noise dynamic range The factory default state sets all the RF amplifiers off all attenuators set to O dB attenuation and the IF gain set to 8 dB DAC code of 32 In this default state the device is optimized for a 10 dBm RF signal in the 1 0 GHz to 2 4 GHz range The IF output is typically 0 5 V 1 0 V peak to peak differential at these settings The RF amplifiers are used to improve the gain of the device if the input signal is too low or when the losses at higher frequencies are large RF AMP 1 is usually selected when the RF signals are lower than 25 dBm at the input port With RF AMP 1 enabled the device sensitivity is improved and the detection of low level signals is better resolved RF AMP 2 should be selected and switched into the signal path at RF frequencies greater than 5 GHz where the signal power loss through the front end prior to the demodulator can be as high as 15 dB due to filter and switch insertion losses At these high RF frequencies if the IF gain is at its maximum of 15 75 dB DAC code 63 and the IF output level falls below 10 dBm or ou
28. ome other voltage may be required to optimize the dynamic range of the receiving digitizer and as a result better optimize the entire system DC offsets may limit the dynamic range of the receiving digitizer and where it is critical the user can tune out to minimize these offsets using the DC Offset DAC This 14 bit DAC can correct offsets up to 0 050 V with less than 0 010 mV resolution The IF amplifiers have adjustable gain ranges from 0 to 15 75 dB with a tuning resolution of 0 25 dB The gain is controlled by programming a 6 bit DAC whose codes range from 0 to 63 Writing 63 to the DAC provides the highest gain Increasing the IF gain instead of the RF gain to achieve a required IF level will improve the linearity of the system but with the chance of a slight increase in output noise For a common output voltage of 2 4 V the output compression saturation point of the amplifier is around 10 dBm It is recommended to operate the output at least 6 dBm below this value to avoid running into saturation from signals with high crest factors When deciding the operating point of the digitizer it is recommended that the user not operate the output voltage too close to the saturation point of the digitizer input The linearity DAC controls the current flow throw the demodulator core and thus affects the linearity of the device Generally increasing the voltage results in higher the current consumption and as a result the linearity improves Howeve
29. omething like the following byte_value 4 read in earlier unsigned int uint32_value float float32_value int count while count lt 4 uint32 value unit32 value byte value count lt lt count 8 count float32 value float amp uint32 value 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 17 CALIBRATION EEPROM MAP Table 5 Calibration EEPROM map EEPROM NUMBER OF DATA POINTS TYPE DESCRIPTION 0 1 U32 Manufacturing Information 4 1 U32 Product serial number 8 1 U32 RF module number C 1 U32 Product manufacture date 24 1 F32 Firmware revision 28 1 F32 Hardware revision 2C 40 F32 Reserved CF 33 U8 Startup state F4 1 F32 Calibration temperature 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 18 SOFTWARE API LIBRARY FUNCTIONS SignalCore s philosophy is to provide products to our customers whose lower hardware functions are easily accessible For experienced users who wish to use direct low level control of frequency and gain settings having the ability to access the registers directly is a necessity However others may wish for simpler product integration using higher level function libraries and not having to program registers directly The functions provided the SC5312A API dynamic linked library or LabVIEW library are e sc5312a ListResources e sc5312a_OpenDevice e sc5312a_CloseDevice e 5 5312
30. on Definition Input Output Description Function Definition Input Output Description Function Definition Input Output Description sc5312a_GetTemperature int scb312a GetTemperature unsigned int deviceHandle float temperature unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device float temperature temperature in degrees Celsius sc5312a_GetTemperature retrieves the internal temperature of the device sc5312a_ReadCalEeprom int sc5312a_ReadCalEeprom unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int memAdd unsigned char byteData handle to the opened device EEPROM memory address the read back byte data sc5312a_ReadUserEeprom reads back a byte from a specific memory address of the calibration EEPROM unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int memAdd unsigned char byteData sc5312a_ReadUserEeprom int sc5312a_ReadUserEeprom unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int memAdd unsigned char byteData handle to the opened device EEPROM memory address the read back byte data sc5312a_ReadUserEeprom reads back a byte from a specific memory address of the user EEPROM unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned int memAdd unsigned char byteData 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 27 CALIBRATION amp MAINTENANCE The 5 5312 does not receive a factory calibration The 5 5312 is sold as a component and users will need to perform amplitude and IQ correction as par
31. or The connector is SMA female This port is AC coupled with a nominal input impedance of 50 Maximum input power is 10 dBm 2 Baseband Connections The SC5312A has four baseband output ports comprised of differential in phase 1 and and differential quadrature and Q outputs Nominal differential output impedance is 100 The demodulator can also be configured for single ended or differential IF output When configured for single ended operation it is recommended to terminate the other half of the differential pair using a 50 terminato All baseband connectors MCX female 3 Indicator LED The SC5312A p behavior under rovides visual indication of important modes There is one LED indicator on the unit Its different operating conditions is shown in Table 1 Table 1 LED indicator states LED Color Definition STATUS Green Power good and device is ready STATUS Off Power fault Contact SignalCore ACTIVE Green Off Device is open green closed off This indicator is also user programmable see register map 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 SC5312A THEORY OF OPERATION Overview The 5 5312 is a single stage direct coversion Inphase Quadrature IQ demodulating mixer or simply an IQ demodulator The 5 5312 can operate as a single stage downconverter or as IQ demodulator The SC5312A demodulator operates in the 400 MHz to 6 GH
32. properly mated connections or dirty damaged or worn connectors can degrade measurement performance Clean out any loose dry debris from connectors with clean low pressure air available in spray cans from office supply stores If deeper cleaning is necessary use lint free swabs and isopropyl alcohol to gently clean inside the connector barrel and the external threads Do not mate connectors until the alcohol has completely evaporated Excess liquid alcohol trapped inside the connector may take several days to fully evaporate and may degrade measurement performance until fully evaporated N Tighten all SMA connections to 5 in Ib max 56 N cm max 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 5 O RF Signal Connections LO OUT RF IN RF AUX IN LO IN This port outputs the tunable LO signal allowing phase coherent daisy chaining of multiple IQ demodulator modules The connector is SMA female The nominal output impedance is 50 Q This port accepts an RF signal ranging from 400 MHz to 6 GHz The connector is SMA female The nominal input impedance is 50 Q Maximum input power is 23 dBm with ATTEN 1 set to at least 10 dB attenuation This port accepts an RF signal ranging from 400 MHz to 6 GHz This port can be used as an alternate path for system level calibration The connector is SMA female The nominal input impedance is 50 Q This port accepts a tunable LO signal from an external source to drive the demodulat
33. r slight adjustments to the voltage may improve the linearity further this is dependent on the frequency and input power 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 10 SC5312A PROGRAMMING INTERFACE Device Drivers The 5 5312 is programmed by writing to its set of configuration registers and its data is read back through its set of query registers The user may program directly at register level or through the API library functions provided These API library functions are wrapper functions of the registers that simplify the task of configuring the register bytes The register specifics are covered in the next section Writing to and reading from the device at the register level through the API involves calls to the SC5312A RegWrite and SC5312A RegRead functions respectively The SC5505A is programmed by writing to its set of configuration registers and its status read back through its set of query registers The user may choose to program directly at register level or through the API library functions provided These API library functions are wrapper functions of the registers that simplify the task of configuring of the register bytes The register specifics are covered in the next section Writing to and reading from the device at the register level through the API involves calls to the sc5312a_RegWrite and sc5312a RegRead functions respectively For Microsoft Windows operating systems The 5 5312 API is provided as a d
34. stallation operation or maintenance instructions owner s modification of the product owner s abuse misuse or negligent acts and power failure or surges fire flood accident actions of third parties or other events outside reasonable control 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 1 Copyright amp Trademarks Under the copyright laws this publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form electronic or mechanical including photocopying recording storing in an information retrieval system or translating in whole or in part without the prior written consent of SignalCore Incorporated SignalCore Incorporated respects the intellectual property rights of others and we ask those who use our products to do the same Our products are protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws Use of SignalCore products is restricted to applications that do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of others n u SignalCore signalcore com and the phrase preserving signal integrity are registered trademarks of SignalCore Incorporated Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies International Materials Declarations SignalCore Incorporated uses a fully RoHS compliant manufacturing process for our products Therefore SignalCore hereby declares that its products do not contain restricted materials as defined by
35. t of their system which may minimally include a digitizer LO source and the SC5512A Should users require SignalCore to perform any calibration please contact SignalCore support directly 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 28 SignalCore Inc 13401 Pond Springs Rd Suite 100 Austin TX 78729 USA Phone 512 501 6000 Fax 512 501 6001
36. te memory and end the program for i 0 1 lt 10 1 free visaResource i free visaResource printf No sc5312a devices detected Press enter to continue Wn return 1 sc5505a_OpenDevice open device status 5 5312 OpenDevice visaResource 0 amp deviceHandle Free memory for i 0 1 lt 10 1 free visaResource i free visaResource Pi Do something with the device 14 Close the device int status sc5312a CloseDevice deviceHandle Function Definition Input Description Example sc5312a_RegWrite int sc5312a_RegWrite unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char commandByte unsigned long long int instructWord unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opened device unsigned char commandByte register address unsigned long long int instructWord data for the register sc5312a_RegWrite writes the instructWord data to the register specified by the commandByte See the register map on Table 2 for more information To set the frequency to 2 GHz int status sc5312a RegWrite devHandle RF FREQUENCY 2000000000 set frequency 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 22 Function Definition Input Description Example sc5312a_RegRead int sc5312a_RegRead unsigned int deviceHandle unsigned char commandByte unsigned long long int instructWord unsigned int receivedWord unsigned int deviceHandle handle to the opene
37. temperature ADC code the raw data should be masked bitwise AND ed with Ox1FFF and the polarity should be masked with 0x2000 The conversion from 12 bit ADC code to an actual temperature reading in degrees Celsius is shown below Positive Temperature bit 13is0 ADCcode 32 Negative Temperature bit 13 is 1 ADC code 8192 32 It is not recommended to read the temperature too frequently especially once the temperature of the 5 5312 has stabilized The temperature sensor is a serial device located inside the RF module Therefore like any other serial device reading the temperature sensor requires a sending serial clock and data commands from the processor The process of sending clock pulses on the serial transfer line may cause unwanted spurs on the RF signal as the serial clock could potentially modulate the externally supplied LO signal within the device 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 16 Reading the Device Status GET_DEVICE_STATUS 0x21 This register summarized in Table 4 returns the device status information such as phase lock status of the PLL current reference settings etc Data is contained in the first three bytes Table 4 Description of the status data bits Bit Description 4 RF AMP 1 enable 3 RF AMP 2 enable 2 RF path selection 1 LO output enable 0 Device accessed Reading the User EEPROM USER EEPROM READ 0x23 Once data has been written to the user EEPROM
38. tside the digitizers optimal levels RF AMP 2 should be enabled 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 7 lt gt z X 5 3 2 4 ET 2 X a Pe Ho 5 zx Y Y Y At 5191114 4H eiqei eles 6 4 E lt gt 9 2 5 E gm S H 911 O1 6 WH lt M ures 4 Figure 2 Simplified block diagram of the 5 5312 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 The RF attenuators provide attenuation when required RF ATTEN 1 attenuation should be stepped up as the signal power at the RF port increases above 10 dBm Nonlinear components of the signal such as IMD3 and second order harmonics will increase in magnitude as the input signal increases therefore the user should exercise good
39. x16 7 0 Filter 3 0 Enable LO_OUT_ENABLE 0x17 7 0 SYS LED 7 0 DAC value 5 0 IF_GAIN_DAC 0x18 15 8 Channel 7 0 DAC value 7 0 VCOM_OUT_DAC 0x19 15 8 DAC value 13 8 23 16 Channel 7 0 DAC value 7 0 DC_OFFSET_DAC Ox1A 15 8 DAC value 13 8 23 16 Channel 7 0 DAC value 7 0 LINEARITY DAC Ox1B 15 8 DAC value 13 8 STORE_STARTUP_STATE 0x1D 7 0 7 0 Address 7 0 USER_EEPROM_WRITE Ox1F 15 8 Address 15 8 23 16 Byte 7 0 5 5312 Operating amp Programming Manual Rev 1 0 1 12 To write to the device through USB transfers such as bulk transfer it is important to send the data with the register byte first followed by the most significant bit MSB of the data bytes For example to set the attenuation value of ATTEN 2 the byte stream would be 0x13 15 8 7 0 Initializing the Device INITIALIZE 0x01 Writing OxOO to this register will reset the device to the default power on state Writing 0x01 will reset the device but leave it in the current state The user has the ability to define the default startup state by writing to the START UP STATE 0x23 register described later in this section Setting the System Active LED SET SYSTEM ACTIVE 0x02 This register simply turns on the front panel active LED with a write of 0x01 or turns off the LED with a write of OxOO This register is generally written when the device driver opens or closes the device Setting the RF Frequency
40. ynamic linked library sc5312a dll This API uses NI VISA to communicate with the device Inclusion of the NI VISA driver is required for code development in programming languages such C C or LabVIEW For LabVIEW support an additional LabVIEW API sc5312a llb is also provided The functions in the LabVIEW API are primarily LabVIEW VI wrappers to the standard API functions NI VISA is available from National Instruments Corporation www ni com For other operating systems or VISA implementations such as Agilent VISA users will need to access the device through their own proprietary PXle driver The VISA based driver code is available to our customers by request This code can be compiled with Agilent VISA with minimal or no code change Should the user require assistance in writing an appropriate API other than that provided please contact SignalCore for additional example code and hardware details Using the Application Programming Interface API The 5 5312 API library functions make it easy for the user to communicate with the device Using the API removes the need to understand register level details their configuration address data format etc and the additional layer between the PXle bridge and the onboard microcontroller that must be configured prior to writing the device registers Using the API commands to control the device are greatly simplified For example to obtain the device temperature the user simply calls the
41. z RF range with a typical 3 dB IF bandwidth of 160 MHz in single stage converter mode or 320 MHz in IQ mode The RF input stage has adjustable gain to allow the user to adjust the incoming RF signal prior to the demodulation process for the purpose of optimizing RF dynamic range The IF stage has adjustable gain to ensure that linearity and noise of the IF output are optimized The SC5312A has the necessary RF amplifiers attenuators IF amplifiers and IF control via DACs to allow the user to optimally operate the device over the entire frequency range as well as for both small and large RF input levels Figure 2 shows a simplified block diagram of the SC5312A showing only the signal conditioning components critical for the following discussion The following sections below provide more in depth discussion on how to optimize the converter for linearity and signal noise dynamic range Power supply generation and regulation and digital control functions are not covered Should the user require more information than what is provided in this manual please contact SignalCore RF Input Section In the design of the RF input section care was taken to ensure that the dynamic range of the IQ demodulator is preserved as seen at the input port of the device This requires that the demodulator is not driven too hard high signal amplitude nor too soft low signal amplitude When the device is driven hard nonlinear effects dominate the system When driven too s
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