foundation analysis and design - HCMUT
Contents
1. and Vesi methods new FAD3DPG 3 dimensional pile group analysis using a rigid pile cap B 10 FADBEMLP Beam on elastic foundation and lateral pile analysis B 5 FADDYNF1 Dynamic base analysis with uncoupled modes B 11 FADMAT Mat plate analysis using the FGM B 6 FADSPABW Sheet pile braced excavation wall analysis B 9 FFACTOR To compute a number of factors Ka Kp Is I earthquake etc used in Foundation Design new LAYERSOL for bearing capacity on a layered soil B 1 SMBLPI1 Boussinesq lateral pressure for a number of surcharge load cases B 8 SMBRGNP Bearing capacity factors for base on a slope B 2 SMBWVP Vertical pressure using either Boussinesq or Westergaard method B 4 but Westergaard option is new SMNMWEST Vertical pressure beneath corner of a rectangle using either the Newmark or Westergaard method B 3 xvii xviii ABOUT THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS SMTWEDGE Trial wedge method for lateral wall force B 7 UFACTOR Obtain Terzaghi consolidation percent U versus time factor T new WEDGE Obtain passive earth force for horizontal and sloping dredge lines for adjusting modulus of subgrade reaction k new WORK Work method see in Chap 2 for estimating preconsolidation pressure for a curved e versus log p plot new There are 50 data sets included with the programs in subdirectory DATA The data sets are keyed to the program output in the text Note that if these programs accept a disk file as inpu2. substantially so that program users do not get quite the same output order using fifth edition programs compared with those from the fourth edition Also when those users obtained the programs in source code a user s manual was provided giving the input variable names order of input and units As in previous editions a very substantial number of examples are included The exam ples carried over have been extensively reworked and or new ones added with a reasonably detailed explanation of steps in arriving at the solution As in previous editions I have at tempted to include examples that are realistic at least within limits of available text space Often they have been cited from published works so the instructor can require the student to do some background research to gain an appreciation of the difficulty associated with trying to use the published work of others from professional journals Where the example is hand worked comments and discussion of the results and what the next step in the design process might be are usually given Where computer output is used some comments are always given on how to make output checks to see if a correct solution has been obtained for that model This practice supplements the prior text discussion about the computer program I wish to express appreciation to the many users of this text both in the United States and abroad who have written or called with comments or constructive criticism or simply to m
3. and execution c Ihave revised the problems so that if an applicable computer program is on the diskette it will have to be used d I have corrected several equations and figures from the previous edition e have revised the method for footings with overturning in Chapter 8 to use the method ology first proposed by Meyerhof in 1953 for both bearing capacity and for the actual base design J Ihave enlarged the discussion on lateral pressures in Chapter 11 g Ihave generally improved on the example format so that the computations are easier to follow The book is not a literature survey but an extensive reference list is required to sup plement and lend authority to the material presented as well as to give professional credit to those contributing to the advance in knowledge and practice Because of text space I have had to limit use of references to seldom more than one or two for any topic covered How ever I tried to cite references that contained the most recent and most extensive reference lists so that the interested reader can easily make any follow up verification or background fill in with only a minimal literature search effort If limiting the reference list has omitted any important contribution I am sincerely regretful Also I hope that junior authors are not offended by the practice of using et al where there are more than two coauthors PREFACE XV A broad range of subject matter is necessary if one is to achi
4. cone bearing pressure corrected for any pore pressure effects footing or base contact pressure ultimate computed bearing pressure allowable bearing pressure unconfined compression strength always resultant force usually against a wall as in Chap 11 xxii RQD S S S SCP SF Ss Su SPT T ty tw U U USD Uc V x PmeraN S xi x lt AH AH AH Aq Au Ki LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT rock quality designation a ratio degree of saturation defined in Chap 2 always section modulus sensitivity of clay Chap 2 soil cement pile usually produced in place safety factor also called a stability number shear strength pile spacing undrained shear strength often Su q 2 standard penetration test time factor for consolidation analyses Torque measured in a field vane shear test FVST flange thickness of a rolled section web thickness of a rolled section undrained soil state percent consolidation ultimate strength design ACI 318 and uses factors pore water or neutral pressure measured pore pressure at the tip of a piezocone bearing capacity factor used on Fig 3 22 water content wy natural in situ wz liquid limit wp plastic limit horizontal location of load resultant R in x y plane vertical location of load resultant R in x y plane eccentricity of a rotating mass in Chap 20 as F m Fw Hetenyi plate bending factors depth of interes
5. FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Fifth Edition Joseph E Bowles P E S E Consulting Engineer Software Consultant Engineering Computer Software Peoria Illinois The McGraw Hill Companies Inc New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogot Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Deihi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw Hill sZ A Division of The McGraw Hill Companies FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN International Edition 1997 Exclusive rights by McGraw Hill Book Co Singapore for manufacture and export This book cannot be re exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw Hill The International Edition is not available in North America Copyright 1996 1988 1982 11977 1968 by The McGraw Hill Companies Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written consent of the McGraw Hill Companies Inc including but not limited to in any network or other electronic storage or transmission or broadcast for distance learning Some ancillaries including electronic and print components may not be available to customers outside the United States 10 09 08 07 20 09 08 07 06 BJE Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bowles Joseph E Foundation analysis and design Joseph E Bow
6. ake inquiry about a procedure I should also like to thank those who took part in the McGraw Hill user survey to provide input for this revision including Y S Chae Rutgers University Busch Campus K L Bergesen Iowa State University M Gunaratne University of Southern Florida C W Lovell Purdue University Mete Oner Oklahoma State University and Stein Sture University of Colorado Finally I have to acknowledge the very considerable contribution of my wife Faye who helped with figure and reference checking and the myriad other busy work details necessary to produce the manuscript Joseph E Bowles ABOUT THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS Software to accompany this text is available separately To obtain please contact McGraw Hill office nearest you or your local bookstore When ordering the diskette please quote PART NO 0 07 114811 D The 16 computer programs on the diskette in fname EXE format will execute either with or without a math coprocessor on your system These programs will execute on any IBM or compatible system that uses PC DOS or MS DOS for the operating system They will operate in Windows environment but as DOS programs A computer system with a hard disk is recommended but not required There is an installation program on the diskette to assist you in putting the programs onto your system The 16 programs are in Subdirectory EXE as follows BEARING Program to compute bearing capacity factors for Hansen Meyerhof
7. eraged design results or the option to select the most appropriate alternative on a site specific basis Although these comments may appear overly practice oriented the fact is that the student must be aware of these real world conflicts geographical differences and alternatives so as to be productive upon graduation This book emphasizes computer methods and the Finite Element Method FEM in volving matrix methods given in the previous editions to reflect the widespread use of the personal computer and of the FEM in practice Be aware however that the finite element method does not have a unique definition To some practitioners it is any mathematical rep resentation of the continua beams plates or solids using discrete or finite elements To other practitioners the FEM definition is reserved only for modeling the soil mass and the in terfacing structural elements sometimes this is called soil structure interaction modeling xiii Xiv PREFACE In this textbook the former definition is used for it is the one that is most widely practiced and given in most textbooks devoted solely to the FEM This textbook gives sufficient background theory for a FEM model so that the average user should have little difficulty using this method for design analysis of those types of soil structure interfacings used herein It does make the modest assumption that most students at the level of this textbook have been exposed to some FEM and ma
8. eve reasonabe coverage of the subject of Foundation Engineering as defined by the text scope given in Chapter 1 The subject matter ranges in computational difficulty from requiring use of advanced pro grammable calculators through digital computers This range of material allows the book to be used in Civil Structural Architectural and Construction Engineering curricula through a judicious selection of topics and for a minimum of two courses This edition although almost completely rewritten retains most of the organization of the fourth edition since that edition was also substantially rewritten This edition has focused more on cleaning up and clarifying those topics requested by users or deemed necessary by the author A principal difference between this and the fourth edition is to provide the computer programs from that edition on a diskette in compiled format All of the programs were edited to allow the user to input data from screen requests Where the data file is extensive the user has the option of creating the data file and saving it to disk for later revision using a screen editor so that parametric studies can be easily made Other than adding the screen routines the programs are essentially those of the fourth edition The reason for this is a number of instructors obtained copies of those programs in source code from the author others had their students type in the programs so it would be counterproductive to revise the programs
9. icate shear strength
10. les 5 ed p cm Includes index ISBN 0 07 912247 7 set 1 Foundations 2 Soil mechanics I Title TA775 B63 1996 624 5 dc20 95 37880 TEXT DISCLAIMER Although every effort has been made to interpret the references cited correctly there is no warranty express or implied that the interpretation is correct If there is a question of whether the interpretation has been correctly made the reader shouid consult the appropriate reference There is also no warranty that every equation in the text has been correctly typeset There are inevitably a few errors between the time equations re first written and when they get into print It is the user s responsibility to check the results of any equation that has been used and if the results do not seem reasonable to use the textbook explanation or original reference to see if the equation can be derived To catch equation errata the author in addition to presenting the equation has usually used the equation in an example COMPUTER PROGRAM DISCLAIMER Neither the publisher nor the author warrants the included programs to execute other that the displayed output if the data are correctly entered into the computer Any use of these programs to solve problem other that those displayed or for which data sets are provided is the sole responsibility of the user This includes making a correct problem model obtaining the necessary input data including any estimated values and interpreting the o
11. o indicate method of determination energy coefficient symbols used in Chap 3 to identify SPT values void ratio in situ void ratio dynamic forces as used in Chap 20 F basic value F value at wt 28 day compressive strength of concrete yield strength of steel rebars piles and other steel members allowable steel stress field vane shear test also VST or FVT finite element method also fixed end moment see context of usage shear stress strain modulus of soil or other material computed using Eq b of Sec 2 14 or by dynamic methods given in Chap 20 specific gravity for any material other than soil specific gravity of soil grains making up a given soil mass groundwater table influence depth of footing Chap 5 stratum thickness also used for wall height in Chaps 11 15 and for hydraulic head in Chap 2 moment of inertia of cross section inside diamter of a round section settlement influence coefficients used in Chap 5 plasticity index wz wp mass inertia for rotation modes in Chap 20 coefficient defined in Chap 20 torsion moment of inertia Joules an energy term N m but not a bending moment which is also N m ratio of lateral to vertical stress in situ or at rest lateral vertical stress ratio ult da qu LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT XX active earth pressure coefficient tan 45 2 passive earth pressure coefficient tan 45 2 vertical s
12. oil spring for beam on elastic foundations mats and vibrating bases horizontal dynamic soil springs i x y as used in Chap 20 rotational dynamic springs i x y and z used in Chap 20 coefficient of permeability kx ky horizontal and vertical values modulus of subgrade reaction either vertical or horizontal k B used as a beam loading in Chap 9 base or footing length also pile length may be subscripted with p pile etc load factor computed moment from loads ultimate factored moment as used for ACI Strength Design exponent also used for mass W g in Chap 20 SPT blow count number of anchor bolts in a circle of diameter D SPT blow count at i efficiency of 55 60 70 etc percent also used as stability number corrected SPT blow count at i efficiency cone bearing factor adjusted cone bearing factor porosity also used as an exponent number of piles in a group outside diamter of a circular section overconsolidation ratio optimum moisture content usually in percent wall force due to active earth pressure wall force due to passive earth pressure in situ vertical pressure at some depth z effective vertical pressure at some depth z effective preconsolidation pressure at some depth z vertical force also V and sometimes P overburden pressure yz used interchangeably with po effective overburden pressure same as p but symbol usually used when computing bearing capacity cone bearing pressure
13. t they output the file name with the output for a project record There is additional user s information about some of the above programs and a summary of other programs noted in the text programs B 12 through B 31 and several others that are available from the author in the disk file README DOC which you should read and print out Note that new indicates new programs others with B numbers are essentially the same as listed in the fourth edition of this textbook There is some information on input data organization parameter identifications and limitations in the disk file USERMANL DOC which you should also print Consider putting these two printouts in a file folder for rapid reference SPECIAL USER NOTE For more rapid turn around of inquiries downloading of program lists costs errata possible formation of a users group and similar purposes use the following Web page address it has e mail capabilities http www bescom com fad5e If you are on the Internet you should use this contact method instead of the regular mail address and telephone number in the README DOC file on the diskette LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT The following is a list of symbols used throughout the text Additionally most symbols are identified where they are used or first used if use is different than given below Not all sym bols or subscripts are shown A area or used as a coefficient may be subscripted ADM ACI 318 Alterna
14. t from ground surface angle used in Chap 4 cohesion reduction factor in Chap 16 slope angle of ground or backfill skin resistance factor in Chap 16 part of solution of differential equation or internal damping coefficient used in Chap 20 unit weight of material subscript is used with y to identify type or state as c concrete dry wet sat etc effective unit weight computed as y y yw angle of friction between materials as pile to soil etc settlement of foundation as used in Chap 5 and Chap 18 pile group settlement Chap 18 single pile settlement Chap 18 stress increase in stratum from footing or pile load excess pore water pressure strain Ag E or g E or AL L base tilt angle in Chap 4 factor in Chap 18 multipliers for dynamic springs K in Chap 20 gt E Ti To dq LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT Xxiii multiplier for Chap 16 with subscripts is dynamic damping multiplier of Chap 20 also used in Chap 18 Poisson s ratio used throughout defined in Chap 2 mass density of soil or other material also used as rupture angle of II soil wedge retained by a wall also factor used in Chap 18 for pile settlement computations pressure or stress i direction as x y or z effective mean normal pressure computed as a o2 03 3 angle of internal friction effective angle of internal friction frequency as used in Chap 20 sometimes used instead of s to ind
15. te Design Method uses actual unfactored design loads area or is used as a coefficient a B least lateral base dimensions sometimes is 2B pile group width Bp pedestal diameter B B 2 when base dimension B By cone pore pressure increase ratio Cc compression index Chaps 2 and 5 C compression ratio Chap 2 C recompression index Chaps 2 and 5 Cp percent clay material finer than 0 002 mm Ca secondary compression index CD consolidated drained CU consolidated undrained CPT cone penetration test CIUC consolidated isotropically undrained compression test CK UC consolidated in K conditions undrained compression test CK UE consolidated in K conditions undrained extension test CK DSS consolidated in K conditions direct simple shear test xix XX LIST OF PRIMARY SYMBOLS USED IN TEXT cohesion of soil center of gravity or mass damping constants used in Chap 20 i x y z and 6 coefficient of consolidation Chap 2 depth of footing or pile base pile diameter or width diameter of anchor bolt circle for industrial bases total thickness of a concrete base slab relative density flat dilatometer test effective depth of a concrete base slab to c g s of rebars modulus of elasticity of concrete modulus of elasticity of pile material Chap 20 stress strain modulus or modulus of deformation also modulus of elasticity of soil may include additional subscripts t
16. trix methodology in statics elementary structures and the required university level math courses As a further aid there are computer programs already compiled on an accompanying diskette so the user does not have to become involved in FEM programming to use the methodology given WHAT S NEW This book has been substantially revised to include appropriate new material and expanded discussion of previous material A large number of figures have been modified and several new ones added I was able to do this with only a small increase in the total page count since providing the computer programs on diskette freed for text pages that had been used for program listings Specifically these changes include but are not limited to the following a Revision of text examples and problems so they are all in SI Only two or three exceptions occur in examples that were originally published in Fps and for which a user would have to put forth too much effort to reconvert the material for verification b I added five additional computer programs to the basic package so there are now 16 on the diskette Nearly all of the data sets for the examples used in the textbook that can be used with the included programs are also on the program diskette These will be extremely valuable for users to obtain computer output quickly in a more readable size A number of problems at the ends of chapters are based on the user making a copy of the included data file for editing
17. utput When ordering this title use ISBN 0 07 118844 4 Printed in Singapore PREFACE This fifth edition continues the format of the previous four editions for providing current state of art SOA and state of practice SOP methods in Foundation Engineering From author user interaction I have concluded that SOP tends to lag SOA on the average of about 10 years There is a range however where a few larger organizations are at the cutting edge of technology and many particularly the smaller firms are at varying intermediate stages This textbook which is also widely used as a practitioner s reference includes SOP material but with major emphasis on SOA The latter is accomplished by including a mix of practice how to and latest suggested design analysis methodology This produces a text compatible with the general goals of the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE and other professional organizations which have determined that technical graduates have a postgraduate period of only 5 to 7 years before obsolescence becomes a factor in their practice Design methods tend to vary between geographic regions partly from instructors influ ences and partly because there are few design absolutes As a consequence it is necessary to include the generally accepted alternative methods but to temper these with recommen dations and suggestions on their use This allows the user access to regional differences and provides av
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