User`s Manual: Central-Eastern Europe Landfilll Gas Model Version
Contents
1. DAL United States wh Environmental Pro Global Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Global Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Prepared on behalf of United States Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington DC 20460 202 343 9291 Prepared by SCS ENGINEERS November 2014 File No 02210032 25 di e lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Acknowledgements The Central Eastern Europe LFG Model was developed by SCS Engineers for the Global Methane Initiative GMI under contract to the U S EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program LMOP In addition the following persons provided country and site specific information used in model development e Serbia Dr Goran Vujic and Dusan Milovanovic Faculty of Technical Sciences University of Novi Sad Novi Sad e Ukraine Dr Yuri Matveev Renewable Energy Agency Kiev e Poland Mr Piotr Klimek Department of Renewable Energy Technology Oil and Gas Institute Krakow e Bulgaria Mr Richard Tipping Chase Environmental London U K du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Disclaimer This user s guide has been prepared specifically for Central and Eastern Eur2. time of the measured flow to calculate methane flow e Convert units to m hr if necessary e Calculate the average methane flow rate using all data for the calendar year e Convert to LFG flow at 50 methane equivalent by multiplying by 2 The calculated average LFG recovery rate should be the average annual total LFG flow at the flare station and or energy recovery plant NOT the sum of flows at individual wells Enter the actual annual average LFG recovery rates in cubic meters per hour in Column E in the row corresponding to the year represented in the flow data If methane percentage data are not available the flow data are not valid and should not be entered The numbers placed in these cells will be displayed in the graph output sheet so do not input zeros for years with no flow data leave blank 3 2 3 Collection Efficiency Accurate estimates of collection efficiency can be difficult to achieve given all of the influencing factors described above The accuracy of the estimate tends to be higher when collection efficiency is high and lower when collection efficiency is low This is because determining that collection system design and operations are being optimized is easier than estimating how much discount should be applied to the collection efficiency estimate when multiple factors create sub optimal conditions for LFG extraction The Model is intended to be used by non professionals who are not trained in methods for evaluating co
3. 10 800 Brus per kW hr hhw eq 0 81 gt l 1 28 MI per kW hr m ee Moderately Waste Category Fast Decay E j i ras Emission reductions do not account for electricity generation or project emissions and are calculated using a methane density at standard temperature and pressure of 0 0007168 Mg m3 CH4 Generation Rate Constant kj 0 140 0 070 CH4 Generation Potential La m3 Mq N N du rte lobal iMathamatnigtadion User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 9e MODEL OUTPUTS GRAPH Model results are also displayed in graphical form in the Outputs Graph worksheet see Figure 7 for a sample graph layout Data displayed in the graph includes the following e LFG generation rates for each projection year in m hr e LFG recovery rates for each projection year in m hr e Actual historical LFG recovery rates in m hr The graph title says Landfill Gas Generation and Recovery Projection and shows the SWD site name city and country The user can make edits to the graph title in Cells A9 A12 click on the graph and move it to uncover these cells The timeline shown in the x axis will need editing if the user wishes to not have the projection end in 2030 or to change the start year To edit the x axis for displaying an alternative time period click on the x axis and select Format x axis Then select the Scale tab and input the desired opening and closing year f
4. AND LFG RECOVERY WORKSHEET Waste V Projected Disposal Cumulative Collection Actual LFS LFG dect Year Estimates Metric System Recovery ry s m3 hr at m3 hr at Metric Tonnes Efficiency m3 hr at e Tonnes 50 CH4 50 CH4 50 CH4 aisel aas ra E o S o a aa a 7 IN ey as i902 285 410 839 540 S E y A __291 120 4 130 660 0 0d 1994 296 940 1 427 600 0 IES E G 1995 302 880 1 730 480 1o CCC ee ESTA E 2 354 540 0 O es DN 1998 321420 2 675 960 0 CTC 1999 327 850 3 003 810 0 ____ _ __QY o 2000 3344410 3 338 220 0 33310 o 2001 341100 3 675320 0 9 0 2002 20275240 cw REN ES 2003 354 880 4 382120 0 9 1 0 123 30 0 2004 361 980 4 744 100 OM IE REN g 2005 369 220 5 113 320 1 0 1 O 2006 376600 _ 5 489 920 0 ____ ____QY 0 2009 399 650 6 665 510 0 O ERE vce a O O S 790 0 0 E2013 581 400 8 640 340 ES O A A 2014 593 030 9 233 370 A E ES 2011 415 79 7 488 940 O ___o o 616 990 10 455 250 23 NENNEN 1 447 O 2016 616 990 2917 E A a ae VE a Y EUA ne O ESSE ES WA 23 AAA AAA 2015 604 890 9 838 260 23 1 1 o 1 347 0 2019 3022 10 455 250 239 1 690 2023 o masa 28 Da O 024 0 0 455 250 23 L8M dl 20085 0
5. Date March 2013 Methane Initiative Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA PROJECTION OF LANDFILL GAS GENERATION AND RECOVERY INPUTS WORKSHEET 5 Select one of 5 cnet zones Tm on average annual rainfall Year opened m there site data laa on estimated waste in place volume or mass If NO then skip to 15 11 Is there historical Waste tonnage data to estimate Mg in place 12 poste in place es daret for end of year listed in 9 most recent data z 16 Estimated growth x me disposal 17 average waste depth Site design and management practices historical average conditions a 5 ALLE r 19a Have waste disposal areas been impacted by Fires 19b If 19a answer is Yes indicate of was te dispo osa area impacted If 19a answer Yes indicate the severity of fire impacts 20 Year of initial gas collection system start up Percent of area m wells are will be installed which has a clay or synthetic liner ors as well as 35 buldozers used on a regular basis j Are waste compacto dz Is waste delivered to a focused working face 292 Does the SWD site experience leachate surface seeps or surface ponding E If 23a answer is yes does this occur only after rainstorms 30 Collection efficiency estimate 23 Oxidation estimate 6 2 si there EERE on the areas er the site Fa be TEES with wells including years of f dis
6. MJ hr e Maximum power plant capacity that could be supported by this flow in MW e Combined baseline LFG flow and oxidation rate in m hr e Methane emission reduction estimates in tonnes CH4 year and in tonnes CO e year e The methane content assumed for the model projection 50 e The k values used for the model run e The Lo values used for the model run The table is set up to display up to 100 years of LFG generation and recovery estimates As provided the table shows 40 years of information The last 60 years are in hidden rows The user will likely want to change the number of years of information displayed depending on how old the site is and how many years into the future the user wants to display information Typically projections up to the year 2035 are adequate for most uses of the model To hide additional rows highlight cells in the rows to be hidden and select Format Row Hide To unhide rows highlight cells in rows above and below rows to be displayed and select Format Row Unhide To print the table select File Print OK The table should print out correctly formatted 21 lt A Global Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 6 Sample Model Output Table A Central and Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model v 1 Global Release Date March 2013 Methane Initiative Developed by SCS Engin
7. Methane Generation Capacity Lo 5 22 WEIRGMS Correci n Factor users isa terris tee iride bui litis 6 2 9 Adjustments Tor Fire WMP CCE naaa 7 2 6 Estimating Collection Efficiency and LFG RECOVErY ccssccccessrrccsssccesssscccsssseccessseccessneees 7 27 Estimating Methane OXId GHON vns toa 11 30 Models Tn 12 Sl A ETE 13 3 2 Disposal amp LFG Recovery Worksheet ccssscccsssccccsssscccsssssccesssccsssssccessssecessssecessseeseseees 13 3 2 1 Waste Disposal Esti Sisi odia 17 x PA MEE CS Dre MINE RECOV Y sio 17 3 2 9 Collection Enciende 17 32 4 Baseline LPO RCO Sy cca a iia discordia ii 18 2 9 Inpuiss Area With We llSesiinaaaliaa nadia tl 19 3 4 Disposal amp LFG Recovery Wells ccssccsssscsssscsssccssscsssecsssscessesesssccssscesseceesasessnseesesesesees 19 39 Waste COMPOSINO Neat canadien dus dedu Nr D a ia aei n iaeiei Eae ANE REEN Renaa 20 30 Model Outputs Table eran its 21 37 eo Outputs Graph AA 23 AO TROT SY SNC TEE or 25 d rte Global Methane Initiative No Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure Figure 7 No Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 List of Figures Page Inputs Section Inputs Worksheet ccssssccccssssssccssssssccccssssscccessssscccessssscsecesssseescessssneeeeees 14 Instructions Section Inputs Worksheet cssssc
8. collection and control of generated LFG helps to reduce LFG emissions that are harmful to the environment The U S EPA has determined that LFG emissions from municipal solid waste MSW disposal sites cause or contribute significantly to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare Some are known or suspected carcinogens or cause other non cancerous health effects Public welfare concerns include the odor nuisance from the LFG and the potential for methane migration both on site and off site which may lead to explosions or fires The methane emitted from SWD sites is also a concern because it is a greenhouse gas thereby contributing to the challenge of global climate change 1 2 MODEL OVERVIEW The main purpose of the Model is to provide SWD site owners and operators in Central Eastern Europe with a tool to use to evaluate the feasibility and potential benefits of collecting and using the generated LFG for energy recovery or other uses To fulfill this purpose the Model uses Excel spreadsheet software to estimate LFG generation and recovery from a SWD site based on the following information see the Glossary of Terms for definitions of terms e The amounts of waste disposed at the SWD site annually e The opening and closing years of SWD site operation e The methane generation rate k constant e The potential methane generation capacity Lo e The methane correction factor MCF e The fi
9. in the Inputs worksheet which asks Is there information on the areas of the site to be developed with wells including years of disposal and total waste amounts or waste disposal rates If Yes is selected the user is required to complete the Inputs area with wells and Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheets If No is selected data in these additional worksheets will be ignored Required data would include separate disposal estimates for the targeted area and a separate description of site characteristics used for evaluating the MCF F and collection efficiency Questions 19a through 29b in the Inputs area with wells worksheet 2 2 MODEL K VALUES The Model estimates k values based on climate precipitation category and waste type The countries of Ukraine Serbia Poland and Bulgaria experience a relatively similar range of climates Other than in mountainous regions all four countries have average annual temperatures which range from about 6 to 13 degrees Celsius C and average annual Inorganic waste does not generate LFG and is excluded from the model calculations 4 du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 precipitation which ranges between about 300 and 800 millimeters per year mm yr While the more northerly countries of Ukraine and Poland are somewhat cooler than Serbia and Bulgaria the difference 1s not large e
10. 1 Enter a value up to 100 for current or future wellfield coverage of waste footprint active disposal sites will be lt 100 22 Enter a value up to 100 for of waste area with an engineered final cover 23 Enter a value up to 10096 for of waste area with intermediate cover including closed areas without engineered low permeability final cover 24 Enter a value up to 10096 for 9b of waste area with daily cover only 25 Value automatically calculated as the remaining area 26 Enter a value up to 100 for of waste area with clay or synthetic liner 27 Select Yes or No from dropdown menu 28 Select Yes or No from dropdown menu 29a Select Yes or No from dropdown menu 29b If 29a answer is yes indicate if seeps or ponding occur only immediately following rainstorms 30 This value is calculated based on the inputs above 31 Oxidation of uncollected LFG is calculated based on percentages of daily intermediate and final cover 32 If portions of the SWD site are not going to be developed and waste disposal data is available for areas that have or will have wells installed select Yes 15 Ay d i 1 J e Paco User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 3 Inputs Section Disposal amp LFG Recovery Worksheet Central and Eastem Europe Landfill Gas Model v 1 Global Release Date March 2013 Methane Initiative Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA DISPOSAL
11. 10455250 aml L83 dl 3026 0 19 55250 sal 1 933 B 2037 0 0 455 050 S 2028 0 10 455 250 23 zoa 0 2029 250 O a E E 455 250 BE E T Ol 10 455 250 EN A a ane y NES 1604 re en nee NEN 1 643 Ol a ESE CO 0 16 Global Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 3 2 1 Waste Disposal Estimates The user is encouraged to input annual disposal estimates in Column B for years that data are available Enter the waste disposal estimates in metric tonnes Mg for each year with disposal data leave the calculated disposal estimates for years without disposal data including future years The disposal estimates should be based on available records of actual disposal rates and be consistent with site specific data on amounts of waste in place total site capacity and projected closure year Disposal estimates should exclude soil and other waste items that are not accounted for in the waste composition data see Waste Composition worksheet 3 2 2 Actual LFG Recovery If available actual LFG recovery data from operating LFG collection systems should be converted to m hr adjusted to 50 methane equivalent and averaged using the following process e Multiply each measured value for the LFG flow rate by the methane percentage at the
12. 665 510 2402 1414 o o o oo i8 9 o 2010 407 540 7 073 150 21496 1 469 o o o oo 154 O0 o 2031 415790 7488940 2 590 152 48773 0 o o o oo 10 0 09 3013 581 400 8 640 340 2881 1 696 54258 o o o o 90 0 0 2014 593 030 9 233 370 3 071 1807 57837 40 1243 731 2340 21 113 3854 744i4 3016 616 990 10 455 250 3 432 2 020 64 636 42 1447 851 27244 24 122 4153 87210 2017 0 10 455 250 3 05 2 122 67892 43 1543 90 20063 2 6 1277 444 9326 ame o 10 455 250 3 322 1 956 62578 43 1 416 83 2963 23 i7 4901 8548 20 19 o 10 455 250 3 071 1807 578322 42 130 76 24 529 22 10 3743 78 595 2020 10 455 250 2 845 1 675 53592 42 1201 707 22626 20 101 3 450 72 447 20231 o 10 555 250 2644 1556 49 795 42 1 111 554 30928 18 94 3389 66 561 2023 o 10 455 250 2 300 1 354 43 322 42 958 sea 18 047 16 83 2 76 57661 72024 o 10 455 250 2 1533 1 267 40559 41 893 526 1684 15 78 2558 53717 2025 0 10 455 250 2 021 1 189 38 062 41m 935 491 15723 14 73 2 389 50 168 MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS WOT ES Assumed Methane Content of LFG 50 Maximum power plant capacity assumes a gross heat rate of
13. Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 3 5 WASTE COMPOSITION Waste composition is used by the Model to automatically calculate Lo values and the percentage of waste assigned to each of the four waste groups described in Section 2 1 Default waste composition values for each of the 11 waste composition categories are shown in the Waste Composition worksheet The default values are used by the Model to calculate Lo unless the user selects Yes in response to Question 6 in the Inputs worksheet Site specific waste composition data in which case site specific waste composition data are used Site specific waste composition data should always be used when available and is required for running the Model for SWD sites outside of the four Central Eastern European countries The user should enter the site specific waste composition data in Column B of the Waste Composition worksheet see Figure 5 Be sure that the percentages add up to 100 and that Yes is selected under Item 6 in the Inputs worksheet Figure 5 Portion of the Waste Composition Worksheet Central and Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model v 1 A ance Tate Manel Global Release Date March 2013 las Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA ISITE SPECIFIC AND DEFAULT WASTE COMPOSITION ITABLE FOR MODEL INPUTS SSS Poland Bulgaria bii ru Poland Waste Category Site Specific Cities Other d Cities gt 50 000 Cit
14. answer cell to guide the user and limit the range of answers A drop down menu will appear when the user selects cells with drop down menus the user should select a response from the list of items in the drop down menu Figure 1 below shows the layout of the Inputs Section showing all questions and user inputs Instructions on each item in the Inputs Section are provided on the corresponding row in the Instruction Section Figure 2 shows the layout of the Instruction Section 3 2 DISPOSAL amp LFG RECOVERY WORKSHEET The Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet Figure 3 does not require user inputs but provides the user the ability to change automatically calculated annual estimates for waste disposal and collection system efficiency and assumed values for actual LFG recovery and baseline LFG recovery 0 m hr Each of these inputs is described below Items 3 and 4 in the Inputs sheet require selection of one of the four participating Central Eastern European countries from drop down menus These inputs can be overridden in model calculations for sites outside of these four countries instructions are provided in later sections of this manual 13 a h Global Methane initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 1 Inputs Section Inputs Worksheet Central and Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model v 1 y Release
15. ation is equal to two times the calculated methane generation The model assumes a six month time lag between placement of waste and LFG generation Annual collection efficiency estimates are applied to the LFG generation estimates to produce LFG recovery projections for SWD sites located in each Central or Eastern European country Model results are displayed in the Output Table and Output Graph worksheets which show estimated LFG generation and recovery in cubic meters per hour m hr and cubic feet per minute cfm the energy content of generated and recovered LFG in million Joules per hour MJ hr the system collection efficiency the maximum power plant capacity that could be fueled by the collected LFG MW and the emission reductions in metric tonnes Mg of CO equivalent CO e achieved by the collection and combustion of the LFG www globalmethane org documents toolsres lfg IBPGcomplete pdf The composition of landfill gas is assumed by the Model to consist of 50 percent methane CH and 50 percent other gases including carbon dioxide CO and trace amounts of other compounds 2 di e lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 EPA recognizes that accurately modeling LFG generation and recovery is difficult in part due to limitations in available information for inputs to the model However as new SWD sites are constructed and operated and better i
16. ationary Point and Area Sources 5th ed Chapter 2 4 Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park NC U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA 2005 Landfill Gas Emissions Model LandGEM Version 3 02 User s Guide EPA 600 R 05 047 May 2005 Research Triangle Park NC U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA 2009 Ukraine Landfill Gas Model September 2009 Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program EPA 2010 Colombia Landfill Gas Model September 2010 Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program EPA 2012 International Best Practices Guide for Landfill Gas Energy Projects Developed by SCS Engineers for the U S EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program IPCC 2006 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Volume 5 Waste Chapter 3 Solid Waste Disposal Table 3 1 Patrick Sullivan and Earth Engineering Center 2010 The Importance of LFG Capture and Utilization in the U S SCS Engineers and Earth Engineering Center Columbia University 25
17. ccccsssssrcccessssscccsssssscccssssssececesssssceseessssaceees 15 Inputs Section Disposal amp LFG Recovery Worksheet scccsssssscccssssssrccessssseccesssseeees 16 Instructions Section Disposal amp LFG Recovery Worksheet eseeees ss 19 Portion of the Waste Composition Worksheet eee eee e eee ee eese eene eee enne tnaaee 20 sample Model Qutput Table ssrin Nd ra lisas 22 Sample Model CJUIDUI SON inercia llosa ias 24 List of Tables Page Methane Generation Rate k Values by Waste and Climate Category 5 Potential Methane Generation Capacity Lo Values by Waste Type 6 M thane Correction Factor Niutin load 7 d rte lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Glossary of Terms Actual Landfill Gas LFG Recovery m hr at 50 CH Annual average LFG recovery recorded at the blower flare station in cubic meters per hour normalized at 50 methane For instructions on how to normalize to 50 see Section 2 2 of the manual Baseline Landfill Gas LFG Recovery m hr at 50 CH4 This term is applicable for projects looking to pursue carbon credits and is defined as the amount of LFG recovery that was occurring prior to the start up of the LFG project and would continue to occur as required by applicable regulations or common practices For a precise definition of baseli
18. covery Worksheet et 1 f Se 3 3 INPUTS AREA WITH WELLS The Inputs area with wells worksheet serves the same function as the Inputs worksheet except that the questions asked apply to just the areas of the SWD site which have or which are expected to have LFG extraction wells installed With this one difference the questions asked in this worksheet are the same or analogous to the questions in the Inputs worksheet and are in the same order except that questions which pertain to the entire site are hidden from view to avoid troubling the user with unnecessarily answering the same questions again Information provided in the Inputs area with wells worksheet overrides corresponding information provided in the Inputs worksheet when activated by answering Yes to question 32 in the Inputs worksheet 3 4 DISPOSAL amp LFG RECOVERY WELLS The Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheet serves the same function as the Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet except that the questions asked apply to just the areas of the SWD site which have or which are expected to have LFG extraction wells installed Information provided in the Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheet overrides corresponding information provided in the Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet when activated by answering Yes to question 32 in the Inputs worksheet 19 A omen ic eh e User s
19. d LFG recovery values cannot be adjusted Continue adjusting collection efficiency for each year with flow data until projected recovery closely matches actual recovery shown in Column E The user also may want to adjust collection efficiency estimates for future years to match the most recent year with data 3 2 4 Baseline LFG Recovery Baseline LFG recovery estimates are subtracted from projected LFG recovery to estimate methane emission reductions achieved by the LFG project that are in addition to reductions which may be required by regulations The default value for baseline LFG recovery is zero for all years which will be appropriate for most disposal sites in Central Eastern Europe that were not required to collect and flare LFG under any existing regulation Baseline LFG recovery can be adjusted in Column G Methodologies for estimating baseline LFG recovery can be found at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC website under Clean Development Mechanism CDM projects The Instructions Section Figure 4 provides instructions on adjusting values for waste disposal collection efficiency actual LFG recovery and baseline LFG recovery The automatic calculation of default values for collection efficiency and methane oxidation based on user inputs also 1s shown 18 Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 4 Instructions Section Disposal amp LFG Re
20. data from each country was placed into one to five categories based on data availability which resulted in the following 11 waste composition categories While the Model can be used for SWD sites in other countries the range of k values has been assigned based on this precipitation range For this reason the Model should not be used for sites experiencing less than 300 mm or more than 800 mm per year precipitation d rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 e Ukraine One category for all of Ukraine e Serbia Five categories including one for each of the four largest cities of Belgrade Kragujevac Nis and Novi Sad and a category for all other cities and towns in Serbia e Poland Three categories including one for larger cities above 50 000 population one for smaller cities with less than 50 000 population and one for rural areas e Bulgaria Two categories including one for the capital city of Sofia and one for all other areas Default waste composition values are assigned based on the Model user s selection of the appropriate country and category The default values are used by the Model unless the user indicates that they have site specific waste composition data in the Inputs worksheet and enters the data in the Waste Composition worksheet The model uses the default or site specific waste composition data to calculate Lo values for each of the four was
21. e garden waste green waste 3 Medium slow decaying waste paper and cardboard textiles 4 Slowly decaying waste wood rubber leather bones straw Total LFG generation for all wastes is calculated as the sum of the amounts of LFG generated by each of the four organic waste categories Each of the four organic waste groups is assigned different k and Lo pairs that are used to calculate LFG generation The Model s calculations of LFG generation also include an adjustment to account for aerobic waste decay MCF and an adjustment to account for the extent to which the site has been impacted by fires LFG recovery is estimated by the Model by multiplying projected LFG generation by the estimated collection efficiency Methods used by the Model to estimate each of these variables k Lo MCF fire impact adjustments and collection efficiency are discussed in detail below 2 1 MODEL INPUTS TOTAL SITE VS AREA WITH WELLS The Model allows the user to input data for the entire SWD site or for just the portion of the site targeted for development and installation of LFG extraction wells If the SWD site has portions which are not suitable for installing LFG extraction wells due to shallow waste depths old waste or other factors which limit LFG recovery the Model provides the option of evaluating just the areas targeted for development if data are available The user can use this option by selecting Yes to Question 32
22. e which limits the release of LFG into the atmosphere air infiltration into the gas system and rainfall infiltration into the waste Unmanaged dump sites with little or no soil cover will have high rates of LFG emissions into the atmosphere and air infiltration into the collection system resulting in lower rates of LFG capture Typically a final cover will have the greatest thickness and lowest permeability and will be the most effective in terms of increasing collection efficiency Most SWD sites will have at least an intermediate soil cover installed over areas that have not been used for disposal for an extended period intermediate soils provide a moderate level of control over air infiltration LFG emissions and rainfall infiltration Daily soil cover typically is a shallower layer of soil that 1s installed at the end of the day in active disposal areas and provides a more permeable barrier to air and water than final or intermediate cover soils Model users are asked to estimate the percentage of the SWD site area that have or will receive wells with each soil cover type in Questions 22 23 and 24 in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets Estimates of percentage of each cover type at SWD sites without collection systems already in operation should try to project the distribution of cover types anticipated for the date that system start up will occur The Model automatically calculates the percentage of SWD site area with no soi
23. e located in Central or Eastern European countries The Model also may be used for SWD sites in other countries which experience similar site conditions and climate and have waste composition data The Model is an Excel spreadsheet model that calculates LFG generation by applying a first order decay equation The model requires the user to input site specific data for SWD site opening and closing years refuse disposal rates and SWD site location and to answer several questions regarding the past and current physical conditions of the SWD site The model provides default values for waste composition and input variables k and Lo for each of the four countries in Central Eastern Europe represented in the model The default values were developed using data on climate waste characteristics and disposal practices 1n Ukraine Serbia Poland and Bulgaria and the estimated effect of these conditions on the amounts and rates of LFG generation Model users can either rely on waste composition and disposal rates automatically calculated by the Model or input site specific values The Model applies the disposal data along with the default k and Lo values for the selected department to estimate average LFG generation rates for each projection year The Model also applies the user s answers to questions about site conditions to develop estimates of collection efficiency for each year the LFG collection system is expected to operate LFG recovery in each year
24. eers for the U S EPA PROJECTION OF LANDFILL GAS GENERATION AND RECOVERY Poland Landfill Warsaw Poland ca 3 Collection Maximum Baseline Methane Emissions d Refuse Prose Ce Power Methane Disposal In Place System Plant A o E ia ecover Mg yr ota Efficiency UP Ear Mg Capacity Oxidation V onnes 1991 279810 55413 187 ii 374 0 o 9 o oo i 9 coe 20 E59 29 5 1 9 MM 9 1 9 39 09 33 l M 9 1994 296 40 1 427 600 706 as 1329 0 9 o 1996 308 940 2 039 420 994 ses 18713 0 o o 1998 321 420 2 675960 1252 737 23578 0 o o 1999 327 850 3 003 810 1 372 808 25842 0 o o 0 oo 8 9 o 2000 334410 3 338 220 1 488 876 28026 O o o o oo 32 o oO 2000 341 100 3 675 320 1 600 941 39127 0 o o o oo 9 o o 2002 347 220 4 027 240 1708 1 005 32161 o o o o oo 30 o o 2004 361 980 4 744100 1915 1127 3600 0 o o o 90 us o o 376 600 5 489 920 2 114 124 3983 0 o 0 0 90 i0 o 09 F s amp 1 e 9 1L 86 i3x e 9 2008 391 80 6 265 860 2307 1 358 o o o oo 12 o o 2009 399 650 6
25. el Version 1 0 The Model automatically calculates collection efficiency based on the following factors e Site management practices e Collection system coverage e Waste depth e Cover type and extent e Bottom liner e Waste compaction e Size of the active disposal working face area e Leachate management The Model s methods of application of each of these factors to estimate collection efficiency are discussed below While answering the questions in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets the Model user should understand that conditions which affect collection efficiency can change over time as SWD site conditions change For example the SWD site depth or the estimated percentages of area with each cover type final intermediate and daily often will change over time We recommend that the model user s answers to the questions reflect current conditions if a gas collection system is already installed If no system is installed the Model user should try to estimate the future conditions that will occur in the year that the system will begin operation The calculated collection efficiency will then reflect conditions in the current year or the first year of system operation Adjustments to later years collection efficiency estimates can be guided by actual recovery data using a process that is described in Subsection NO X Site Management Practices Properly managed SWD sites particularly sanitar
26. factor involves a discount a value of one minus the discount is used in the calculation Each step in the collection efficiency calculation and the resulting collection efficiency estimate are shown in Cells J14 through J22 of the Disposal amp LFG Recovery and Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheets The calculated collection efficiency value also is displayed in Column D of the Disposal amp LFG Recovery and Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheets for each year starting with the year of initial collection system start up indicated by the Model user in response to Question 20 in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets respectively 2 ESTIMATING METHANE OXIDATION Methane oxidation is a process by which methanotropic micro organisms in cover soils of SWD sites convert methane into carbon dioxide Rates of oxidation are primarily dependent on cover types and the rate of methane flux through the cover soils Although a default value of 10 of uncollected LFG from areas with cover soil 1s typically applied e g by IPCC current research supports methane oxidation rates at significantly higher levels Sullivan 2010 particularly at sites with final covers installed and efficiently operated LFG recovery systems The Central and Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model calculates oxidation according to the following formula 1 collection efficiency x 20 x area with final cover 10 x area
27. ies gt 50 000 Food Waste Fa ass 27 4 Paper and Cardboard i Garden Waste Green Waste Wood Waste oie os 1 Rubber Leather Bones Straw Other Organics Construct ion and Demolition Waste Gass and Ceremics E T io 5 4 Pasties 5 2 12 9 Other Inorganic Waste 100 0 27 3 20 du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 3 6 MODEL OUTPUTS TABLE Model results are displayed in a table located in the Outputs Table worksheet that 1s ready for printing with minimal editing see Figure 6 for a sample table layout The title of the table has been set by user inputs in the Inputs worksheet The table title for SWD sites 1n countries outside of the four participating countries can be edited to display the correct country name The table provides the following information which was copied from either the Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet or the Disposal amp LFG Recovery Worksheet wells worksheet or calculated by the model e Years starting with the SWD site opening year disposal start date for areas which have or will have wells and ending in a year the user selects e Annual disposal rates in Mg per year e Refuse in place in Mg e LFG generation for each projection year in m hr cfm and MJ hr e Collection system efficiency estimates for each projection year e LFG recovery rates for each projection year in m hr cfm and
28. ies of questions in the Inputs or Inputs area with wells worksheets The results of the automatic calculation of collection efficiency are shown in the Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet and the Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheet The Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet shows collection efficiency as a percentage of the total SWD site LFG generation The Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheet shows collection efficiency as a percentage of LFG generated by the disposal areas targeted for development only Note that the Model outputs table and graph show total site LFG generation even if the user selects the option of estimating LFG recovery based on data from selected areas targeted for waste development 1 e collection efficiency 1s the percentage of total site generation which 1s recovered The collection efficiency calculation method that the model uses is described below Alternatively the user can override the Model s calculations and manually input estimated collection efficiencies We recommend that the user keep the automatic collection efficiency calculations intact unless the site already has a gas collection system in place and flow data 1s available The process for manually adjusting collection efficiency so that the LFG recovery rates projected by the Model match actual recovery is described in Subsection 3 2 3 di e lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Mod
29. imates reflect the entire SWD site regardless of whether the option to evaluate data from just the areas with to receive wells is selected If this option is selected the table will show projected LFG recovery from the targeted areas Output Graph This worksheet will provide the results of the model in a graphic form 12 du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 All worksheets have been divided in the following two sections e Input Section This section has a blue background and is the location where questions need to be answered or information must be provided Cells with text in white provide instructions or calculations and cannot be edited Cells with text in yellow require user inputs or edits In some instances dropdown menus are provided to limit user inputs to Yes or No answers or to a specific list of possible inputs e g country names e Instruction Section This section has a light blue background and provides specific instructions on how to answer questions or input information 3 INPUTS WORKSHEET The Inputs worksheet has 35 rows of text which require user inputs in Column C for 31 items All 31 questions or phrases that have yellow text in Column C need to be responded to with site specific information items 14 25 30 and 31 are calculated automatically and do not require user inputs Some questions will have drop down menus in their
30. iod of time for it to decompose Lo depends on the amount of cellulose in the refuse Units m Mg Sanitary Landfill A sanitary landfill meets modern engineering prescriptive standards for bottom liners and leachate control systems waste handling and compaction cover soil placement and surface drainage and LFG emissions control See the GMI BPG Chapter 2 for details Waste Disposal Estimates Metric Tonnes or Mg Annual total waste disposal tonnages recorded at the scale house or estimated using other methods vil di e lobal kinia andian User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 1 0 INTRODUCTION TO THE CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE LFG MODEL VERSION 1 0 1 1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Landfill gas 1s generated by the decomposition of refuse in a SWD site under anaerobic conditions and can be recovered through the operation of gas collection and control systems that typically burns the gas in flares Alternatively the collected LFG can be used beneficially Beneficial uses of LFG may include upgrading to pipeline quality methane gas if there is sufficient quantity and quality to support gas processing costs or more often using it as fuel in energy recovery facilities including internal combustion engines gas turbines microturbines steam boilers or other types of facilities that can use LFG for electricity or heat generation In addition to the energy benefits from the beneficial use of LFG
31. is projected by multiplying LFG generation by the collection efficiency The Model was developed with the goal of providing accurate and conservative projections of LFG generation and recovery Other models evaluated during the model development process included the Ukraine Landfill Gas Model 2009 Colombia Landfill Gas Model 2010 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC 2006 Waste Model IPCC Model The Model incorporated the structure of the Colombia Model and IPCC Model and data from the Ukraine Model with input assumptions developed to reflect local climate and conditions at disposal sites 1n the Central and Eastern European countries du rte eh Fee D User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Table of Contents Section Page Acknowledgements cumin ron DURUM INIT DPI rif odas i ES nn E A A E sapcaeseaesadsnc ii AD O o MN EIE MC e UE iii lecce or VSS T y 5 E E vi 1 0 Introduction to the Central Eastern Europe LFG Model Version 1 O e Lal Background WTO FGI OB adicional a sucio Diada 1 2 Model ONES Wisznarscansna Dv Er E and 20 dModeliDescripiloliuesesesiene aie uie EE IIIS INIM caccdasenccissasseacngaassdauacss tito 4 2 1 Model Inputs Total Site vs Area With Wells 1 e eere rennen ee eene enne neenon eee rne 4 POP MEE DAA 4 2 3 Waste Composition and Potential
32. l Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Table 3 Methane Correction Factor MCF gt Site Management Category yer i Bop om 04 07 08 Controlled Landfill Dump Site 07 08 09 sanitary Landfill 09 0929 095 0 4 0 7 08 2 5 ADJUSTMENTS FOR FIRE IMPACTS Fires at disposal sites consume waste as a fuel and leave behind ash that does not produce LFG LFG generation can be significantly impacted at disposal sites that have had a history of fires Model users are asked if the site has been impacted by fires 1n Question 19a in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets If the answer is yes the user is asked to answer questions on the percent of total SWD site area or SWD site area to be developed with wells impacted by fires and the severity of fire impacts The Model discounts LFG generation by the percent of SWD site area impacted multiplied by an adjustment for severity of impacts 1 3 for low impacts 2 3 for medium impacts and 1 for severe impacts 2 6 ESTIMATING COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AND LFG RECOVERY Collection efficiency is a percentage value that 1s applied to the LFG generation projection produced by the Model to estimate the amount of LFG that 1s or can be recovered for flaring or beneficial use Please refer to Section 6 5 in GMI s IBPG for a discussion of factors influencing collection efficiency The Model calculates collection efficiency automatically based on user responses to a ser
33. l cover as the remaining area The Model calculates a du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 weighted average collection efficiency adjustment to account for the percentages of each soil cover type SWD Site Liner SWD sites with clay or synthetic liners will have lower rates of LFG migration into surrounding soils resulting in higher collection efficiencies Clay or synthetic bottom liners act as a low permeability barrier which 1s effective at limiting off site LFG migration into surrounding soils particularly when there is an active LFG collection system operating Model users are asked to estimate the percentage of SWD site area that has or will receive wells with a clay or synthetic bottom liner in Question 26 in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets The Model calculates a discount to collection efficiency equal to 596 times the percent area without a clay or synthetic liner Waste Compaction Waste compaction helps promote anaerobic waste decay and tends to improve collection efficiency by limiting air infiltration and 1mproving gas quality Uncompacted waste will have greater air infiltration and lower gas quality and thus lower collection efficiency Model users are asked if waste compaction occurs on a regular basis in Question 27 of the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets Collection efficiency is discounted by 3 if regula
34. llection efficiency For this reason we recommend that the Model s calculations of collection efficiency be left intact for most applications The one exception is for modeling sites with active LFG collection systems installed and actual flow data available for comparison to the Model s recovery estimates If the flow data includes both LFG flows and the methane content of the LFG and includes an extended period of system operation enough to represent average recovery for a year we 17 du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 recommend adjusting the collection efficiency estimates Actual LFG recovery data should be adjusted to 50 methane equivalent by calculating methane flows and multiplying by 2 and then averaged on an annual basis The resulting estimate of actual LFG recovery should be entered into the appropriate row in Column E of the Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet or Disposal amp LFG Recovery wells worksheet Collection efficiency estimates in Column D of either worksheet can then be adjusted so that the Model s projected LFG recovery rate shown in Column F closely matches the actual LFG recovery rate The Model user can make adjustments to collection system efficiency values in Column D for each year with valid flow data The effects of the collection efficiency adjustments on projected LFG recovery will be immediately visible in Column F projecte
35. ndfill gas LFG is a product of biodegradation of refuse in SWD sites and consists of primarily methane and carbon dioxide with trace amounts of non methane organic compounds and air pollutants Landfill Gas LFG Generation Total amount of LFG produced by the decomposition of the organic waste present at a SWD site vi du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Landfill Gas LFG Recovery The fraction of the LFG generation that is or can be captured by a landfill gas collection and control system Modeled LFG recovery is calculated by multiplying the LFG generation rate by the collection system efficiency Methane Correction Factor MCF Adjustment to model estimates of LFG generation that accounts for the degree to which waste decays anaerobically See section 1 2 2 1 for more details Methane Generation Rate Constant k Model constant that determines the estimated rate at which waste decays and generates LFG The k value is related to the half life of waste t according to the In formula f1 2 The k is a function of the moisture content in the SWD site refuse availability of nutrients for methanogens pH and temperature Units 1 year Potential Methane Generation Capacity Ly Model constant that represents the maximum amount of methane a primary constituent of LFG which can be generated from a fixed amount of waste given an infinite per
36. ne recovery and emissions for Clean Development Mechanism CDM projects please refer to the Glossary of CDM Terms available on the UNFCCC website at http cdm unfccc int Reference Guidclarif glos CDM vO4 pdf Closure Year The year in which the SWD site ceases or is expected to cease accepting waste Collection System Efficiency The estimated percentage of generated LFG which is or can be collected in a gas collection system Collection efficiency is a function of both collection system coverage and the efficiency of collection system operations Collection System Coverage The estimated percentage of a SWD site s refuse mass that is potentially within the influence of a gas collection system s extraction wells Controlled Landfill Dump Site A controlled landfill dump site is defined as having controlled placement of waste waste directed to specific disposal areas a degree of control of scavenging and fires and one or more of the following cover material mechanical compacting or leveling of waste Design Capacity of the Disposal site The total amount of refuse that can be disposed of in the SWD site calculated in terms of volume m or mass Mg Dump Site A dump site is an unmanaged SWD site that does not meet the definition of a controlled landfill dump site Garden Waste The fraction of the total waste stream that contains plants trimmings from homes or city parks also known as green waste Landfill Gas La
37. nformation 1s collected the present modeling approach can be improved In addition as more sites in Central and Eastern Europe develop gas collection and control systems additional data on LFG generation and recovery will become available for model calibration and the development of improved model default values While this model was developed primarily for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe it may also be used for SWD sites in other countries which experience similar site conditions and climate To run the Model for sites in other countries it 1s required that site specific waste composition data be used and that the site be located in a temperate region with average annual precipitation ranging from 300 to 800 mm per year Questions and comments concerning the LFG model should be directed to Thomas Frankiewicz of the U S EPA at frankiewicz thomas epa gov d rte lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 2 0 MODEL DESCRIPTION The Central Eastern Europe LFG Model Version 1 0 provides an automated estimation tool for quantifying LFG generation and recovery from MSW disposal sites in Central Eastern Europe The Model applies separate equations to calculate LFG generation from each of the following four organic waste categories that are grouped according to waste decay rates 1 Very fast decaying waste food waste and other organics 2 Medium fast decaying wast
38. nough to significantly impact LFG generation which is primarily affected by precipitation and only secondarily affected by temperatures cold temperatures can suppress LFG generation near the surface and edges of sites The four waste categories listed above have been assigned different k values to reflect differences in waste decay rates The k values assigned to each of the four waste groups also vary according to average annual precipitation which is used to characterize moisture conditions in the SWD site The model user is asked to select one of the following 5 climate categories based on the average annual precipitation at the closest weather station with historical data e Wet 2 700 mm yr e Moderately Wet 600 699 mm yr e Moderate 500 599 mm yr e Moderately Dry 400 499 mm yr and e Dry lt 400 mm yr The Model will automatically select k values based on the climate The k values that the Model uses for each waste and climate category are shown in Table 1 Table 1 Methane Generation Rate k Values by Waste and Climate Category Waste Climate Climate2 Climate3 Climate4 Climate 5_ Moderately Moderately PELO MSA eem MOH o 0 180 0 160 0 140 0 120 0 100 0 090 0 080 0 070 0 060 0 050 2 3 WASTE COMPOSITION AND POTENTIAL METHANE GENERATION CAPACITY Lo The Lo values used in the Model are derived from waste composition data from each of the four Central and Eastern European countries Waste composition
39. opean countries on behalf of the U S Environmental Protection Agency as part of the Global Methane Initiative program activities in Ukraine Serbia Poland and Bulgaria The methods contained within are based on engineering judgment and represent the standard of care that would be exercised by a professional experienced in the field of landfill gas projections The U S EPA and SCS Engineers do not guarantee the quantity of available landfill gas and no other warranty is expressed or implied No other party 1s intended as a beneficiary of this work product its content or information embedded therein Third parties use this guide at their own risk The U S EPA and SCS Engineers assume no responsibility for the accuracy of information obtained from compiled or provided by other parties du rte lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Abstract This document is a user s guide for a computer model the Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Model for estimating landfill gas LFG generation and recovery from municipal solid waste disposal SWD sites in Ukraine Serbia Poland and Bulgaria The Model was developed by SCS Engineers under contract to the U S EPA The Model can be used to estimate landfill gas generation rates from SWD sites and potential landfill gas recovery rates for disposal sites that have or plan to have gas collection and control systems and ar
40. or the projection Also because the graph is linked to the table it will show data for all projection years shown in the table given the limits set for the x axis It will not show any hidden rows If the table shows years beyond the range set for the x axis the line of the graph will appear to go off of the edge of the graph To correct this the user will need to either hide the extra rows or edit the x axis range to display the additional years To print the graph click anywhere on the graph and select File Print OK If the user does not click on the graph prior to printing the instructions will also appear in the printout 23 Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 7 Sample Model Output Graph LFG Flow at 50 Methane m3 hr Landfill Gas Generation and Recovery Projection Poland Landfill Warsaw Poland 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 24 di e lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 4 0 REFERENCES EPA 1991 Regulatory Package for New Source Performance Standards and Ill d Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Air Emissions Public Docket No A 88 09 proposed May 1991 Research Triangle Park NC U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA 1998 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP 42 Volume 1 St
41. posal and i total waste amounts or waste disposal rates i Global Methane Initiative User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Figure 2 Instructions Section Inputs Worksheet INSTRUCTIONS Edit all items with yellow lettering Follow instructions left of each item and below Items with white lettering cannot be changed Instructions below describe input requirements Enter name of solid waste disposal SWD site This will feed into the Output Table Enter city where the SWD site is located This will feed into the Output Table Select country from the dropdown menu Click on arrow and select country Select country and applicable city population category for assigning default waste composition Select climate zone based on average annual rainfall from the closest town in www worldclimate com Select No if there is no data Yes if there is data If Yes input site specific data in Waste Composition worksheet Enter year SWD site began receiving waste os C in Bb W N fF Enter disposal in most recent year of disposal before site closure If multiple years of disposal data are available enter annual tonnes disposed for each year with data in Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet 9 Enter most recent year of disposal reflecting tonnes listed above 10 Indicate whether data is available on in place waste volume or mass If No then tonnage estimates will be based on a Mg yr dispo
42. r waste compaction does not occur Focused Working Face SWD sites with a large active working face will tend to have lower collection efficiencies than sites where disposal is directed to a focused working face Disposal sites where waste delivery trucks are directed to unload wastes in a specific area will provide better management of disposed wastes including more efficient compaction more frequent and extensive soil covering of exposed wastes and higher waste depths all of which contribute to higher collection efficiencies Model users are asked if waste is delivered to a focused working face in Question 28 of the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets Collection efficiency is discounted by 5 if waste 1s not delivered to a focused working face Leachate Leachate almost always limits effective collection system operations at SWD sites in developing countries due to the high waste moisture content and the lack of proper drainage Areas with heavy rainfall are especially susceptible to leachate buildup in the SWD site High leachate levels in a SWD site can dramatically limit collection efficiency by blocking well perforations and preventing wells from applying vacuum to draw in LFG from the surrounding waste mass Unless the climate is extremely dry or the site has been designed to provide good management of liquids through proper surface drainage and cost effective systems for collection and treatment of leachate the SWD
43. re adjustment factor F e The collection efficiency of the gas collection system di e lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Please refer to Chapter 6 Landfill Gas Modeling in the International Best Practices Guide for Landfill Gas Energy Projects IBPG published by GMI for additional information on model input parameters k Lo and MCF The model estimates LFG generation using the following first order exponential equation which was modified from the U S EPA s Landfill Gas Emissions Model LandGEM version 3 02 EPA 2005 Qus Y Y 2kLo a e MCF F t 1 j 0 1 Where Qro maximum expected LFG generation flow rate m yr 1year time increment n year of the calculation initial year of waste acceptance j 0 1 year time increment k methane generation rate 1 yr L potential methane generation capacity m Mg M massofsolid waste disposed in the P year Mg t ageofthe i section of waste mass M disposed in the i year decimal years MCF methane correction factor F fire adjustment factor The annual waste disposal rates k and L values MCF and fire adjustment factor are used in the above equation to estimate the LFG generation rate for a given year from cumulative waste disposed up through that year Multi year projections are developed by varying the projection year and then re applying the equation Total LFG gener
44. s that have been closed The Model user is requested to estimate current or future collection system coverage in Question 21 of the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets which asks for Percent of waste volume where wells are will be installed and operating Estimates of collection system coverage at disposal sites without systems already 1n operation should try to account for conditions anticipated for the date that system start up will occur including the percentage of areas available for installing extraction wells Estimates of collection system coverage at disposal sites with systems already in operation should reflect system design and include discounts for non functioning wells Waste Depth Deeper waste depths allow deeper wells to be installed Deeper wells can operate more effectively than shallow wells because a greater vacuum can be applied to the wells Wells installed in shallow waste less than about 10m will tend to have greater air infiltration Model users are requested to input average waste depth in Question 17 in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets The Model assumes a 5 discount to estimated collection efficiency for every 1m of waste depth less than 10m Cover Type and Extent The type and extent of SWD site cover can have a significant influence on achievable collection efficiency Collection efficiencies will be highest at SWD sites with a low permeable soil cover over all areas with wast
45. sal rate 8 and estimated annual growth 11 Indicate whether data is available on metric tonnes of waste in place Select No if only volume data are available If annual disposal data are available enter each year with data in Disposal amp LFG Recovery worksheet 12 Enter estimated amount of waste in place Estimate should reflect the most recent end of year value available Units of measure for mass Mg or volume m3 will be automatically selected based on answer to 11 13 Enter estimated in place density Expected values are 0 5 to 1 0 Mg m3 for MSW disposal sites 14 This value is calculated automatically no user inputs 15 Enter actual or projected year SWD site stops receiving waste 16 Enter estimated percentage annual growth in disposal 17 Enter average current waste depth in meters for areas with wells or targeted for well installation 18 Select value from dropdown menu 1 Open Dump site 2 Controlled Landfill or Dump site 3 Sanitary Landfill 4 Unknown See Users Manual for definitions of each category 19a Select Yes or No from dropdown menu If unknown select No 19b If 19a answer is yes impacted by fires estimate area impacted 19c If 19a answer is yes estimate severity of impacts 1 low impacts 2 medium impacts 3 severe impacts 20 If no gas collection system is installed give projected year of system start up and complete questions 17 22 based on anticipated conditions as of start up date 2
46. site often will show signs of the accumulation of liquids through surface seeps or ponding This evidence of high leachate levels in the SWD site may be temporary features that appear only after rainstorms suggesting that leachate problems may be less severe or they may persist for longer periods suggesting that high leachate levels are an ongoing problem 10 du rte lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 The impacts of leachate on collection efficiency are evaluated by the Model based on evidence of leachate on the surface of disposal areas whether the evidence appears only after rainstorms and climate Model users are asked if the SWD site experiences leachate surface seeps or surface ponding in Question 29a of the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets If the answer is yes the Model user is asked in Question 29b if this occurs only after rainstorms If evidence of leachate accumulation appears only after rainstorms the Model applies a 10 to 18 discount to collection efficiency depending on climate wetter climates receive a higher discount If the evidence of leachate accumulation persists between rainstorms the Model applies a 20 to 36 discount to collection efficiency depending on climate Model Estimate of Collection Efficiency The Model calculates collection efficiency as the product of all the factors listed above If the collection efficiency
47. t No Disposal Y LFG Recovery This worksheet will provide the user the opportunity to enter annual disposal rates actual LFG recovery rates and baseline LFG recovery 1f available If actual LFG recovery data are available the user also can make adjustments to the Model s automated estimates of collection efficiency so that projected recovery matches actual recovery Inputs area with wells This worksheet will ask the user a series of 23 questions about the area with to be developed with wells Depending on the answers of these questions the Model will select the appropriate default values for MCF fire adjustment factor and collection efficiency The Model also will develop annual disposal rate estimates for the targeted disposal areas Disposal Y LFG Recovery wells This worksheet will provide the user the opportunity to enter annual disposal rates actual LFG recovery rates and baseline LFG recovery 1f available for disposal areas with to be developed with wells If actual LFG recovery data are available the user also can make adjustments to the Model s automated estimates of collection efficiency so that projected recovery matches actual recovery Waste Composition This worksheet will provide the user the opportunity to enter site specific waste characterization data 1f available Output Table This worksheet will provide the results of the model in a tabular form Note that annual waste disposal and LFG generation est
48. te categories The Lo values which are used by the Model are calculated according to the IPCC methodology which assigns default values for degradable organic carbon DOC for each waste material type along with a default value of 0 5 for the fraction of DOC which is dissimilated DOC and the methane content of LFG F to calculate Lo according to the following formula Lo DOC X DOCE XF X 16 12 X 0 0007168 The resulting Lo values by material type are shown in Table 2 The Lo value for Waste Category 3 medium slow decay organic waste will have some variation due to different relative amounts of paper and textiles disposed Table 2 Potential Methane Generation Capacity Lo Values by Waste Type Textiles amp Garden Wood and Food Waste Paper Disposable Waste Straw Diapers 70 m3 Mg 93m Mg 186 m3 Mg 200 m Mg 200 m Mg 2 4 METHANE CORRECTION FACTOR The MCF varies depending on waste depth and SWD site type as defined by site management practices Table 3 summarizes the MCF adjustments applied by the model based on information on waste depths and site management practices that are provided by the user in response to Questions 17 and 18 in the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets Formula for Lo includes conversion factors of 16 12 ratio of methane and carbon molecular weights and 0 0007168 Mg m density of methane at standard conditions 6 du rte lobal kinia andian User s Manual Centra
49. with intermediate cover 5 x area with daily cover Oxidation does not affect estimates of LFG generation or recovery Oxidation estimates are added to baseline methane recovery estimates which are subtracted from methane recovery to calculate methane emissions reduction 11 d rte lobal Mathame initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 3 0 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS The LFG Model is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet operated in a Windows XP or Vista environment Open the Model file Central Eastern Europe LFG Model v 1 x1s by choosing file open and then open when the correct file is highlighted The Model has seven worksheets that are accessible by clicking on the tabs at the bottom of the Excel window screen The seven worksheets are as follows l Inputs This worksheet will ask the user a series of 31 questions Depending on the answers of these questions the Model will select the appropriate default values for k Lo MCF fire adjustment factor and collection efficiency The Model also will develop annual disposal rate estimates The last question in row 31 will ask if there is information on the areas of the site to be developed with wells If data 1s available on disposal rates and site conditions in these areas it is recommended that Yes is selected to separately evaluate LFG recovery from the areas of the site to be developed with wells otherwise selec
50. y landfills will have characteristics which allow for achievement of higher collection efficiencies than unmanaged dump sites Four categories of management practices are used in the Model to reflect the extent to which the site is known to implement these practices 1 dump sites 2 controlled landfill dump site 3 sanitary landfill and 4 unknown site characteristics The Model user is requested to indicate site management practices in Question 18 of the Inputs and Inputs area with wells worksheets User inputs in response to questions regarding site characteristics will trigger collection efficiency discounts in the Model An additional discount of 15 1s applied for dump sites and 5 applied for controlled landfill dump sites to account for other characteristics not specifically addressed as well as the combined effect of site characteristics on collection efficiency Collection System Coverage di e lobal Mathia initiaalos User s Manual Central Eastern Europe Landfill Gas Model Version 1 0 Collection system coverage describes the percentage of the waste that is within the influence of the existing or planned extraction wells It accounts for system design and the extent to which the installed wells are actively drawing LFG from deposited waste Most SWD sites will have considerably less than 100 percent collection system coverage Only sanitary landfills can achieve 100 collection system coverage and then only in area
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