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Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter® Instrument User`s Manual

1. Command Description RST e Reset the Model 2450 ROUT TERM REAR e Select the rear panel terminals for the measurement SOUR FUNC VOLT e Set to source voltage SOUR nam O pews e Seta 100 ms source delay SOUR VOLT 20 e Output 20 V SOUR VOLT LEIM 0 01 e Seta 10 mA source limit SENS FUNC RES e Set the instrument to measure resistance SENS RES RANG AUTO ON e Set the current range to autorange TRIG LOAD LOOP SIMP 10 e Set the measurement count to 10 OUTP ON e Turn the output on INIT e Trigger the measurement WAL e Wait for the measurement to finish TRAC DATA 1 10 defbufferl READ REL e Get all 10 current and relative time measurements OUTE OFF e Turn the output off E e Get all 200 current and relative time measurements e Turn the output off Setting up the application using TSP commands NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test Script Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must
2. TERMINALS FRONT REAR TRIGGER key The TRIGGER key provides access to trigger related settings and operations Pressing the TRIGGER key results in different actions depending on the instrument state OUTPUT ON OFF ENOR Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch to turn on the source output the switch key illuminates when the source output is on Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch again to turn off the source output REMOTE LED REMOTE Illuminates when the instrument is controlled through a remote indicator interface LAN LED indicator Lan Illuminates when the instrument is connected to a local area network fo LAN 1588 LED indicator 158 IIluminates when the instrument is connected to an IEEE 1588 compliant device INTERLOCK LED INTERLOCK Illuminates when the interlock is enabled indicator SENSE terminals Use SENSE HI and SENSE LO terminal connections to measure voltage at the device under test DUT Using sense leads gives you nav more accurate voltage sourcing and measurement at the DUT Dy because measurement of the voltage drop across the force leads is eliminated FORCE terminals Use FORCE HI and FORCE LO terminal connections to source or sink voltage or current to or from a device under test DUT FRONT REAR F Press the FRONT REAR TERMINALS switch to activate terminals on the front or rear panel When the front panel terminals are active a green F is visible to the left of the FRONT REAR switch When the rear
3. Figure 17 Front panel connections for low resistance measurements Force HI IKEITHLEY Oe LXI OUTPUT Neon Corey r aov Sap PEAK PEA PEAK gt Sense LO Force LO The figure below shows the rear panel connections You can make these connections with four triaxial cables Figure 18 Rear panel connections for low resistance measurements Sense HI Force LO Resistor 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 5 3 Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Low resistance measurements This example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to measure a low resistance device from the front panel and over the remote interface using SCPI code and TSP code For this test you will perform the following steps e Reset the instrument e Select the source current and measure resistance function e Set the current source value e Select four wire remote sense mode This eliminates the effect of lead resistance on measurement accuracy e Enable offset compensation This reduces offset caused by thermoelectric voltages see What is offset compensation in the Model 2450 Reference Manual e Turn on the source output and start taking measurements e Generate readings from the front panel or the remote interface e Turn the source output off Setting up the measurement from the front panel To set up the application from the front panel 1 Make connectio
4. ll A ol E Increment the number of iterations and wait 10 seconds Compare the measured voltage to the voltage limit Exit the loop if the voltage limit has been reached if volt lt voltLimit then break end iteration iteration i delay 10 end Turn the output off when the voltage limit is reached smu source output smu OFF Print the measured values in a four column format print nIteration tCurrent tVoltage tTime n woe i S i elaidlowmitiieicil ia clo jouealions al VEY clercouieiceicll aj UW ieY Ceiro rerl stomuecena vies at t defbufferl relativetimestamps i end 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 8 9 Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual The results of this test application are shown in the following figures Figure 39 Model 2450 USER DISPLAY screen showing test results Co _AUTO_DEL IDLE 1 Measured load current 2 Measured battery voltage 3 Elapsed test time Figure 40 Results of battery charge and discharge test 2300 mAH AA battery discharged at 460 mA 0 2 C 1 45 1 4 1 35 1 3 1 25 1 15 1 1 1 05 4 Voltage Volts Time Hours 8 10 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 9 Measuring I V characteristics of solar cells In this section WATHO CUCU Mitai ccccccccddicc
5. In the example above the instrument is programmed to display custom text on the User Display screen using the display screen and display settext commands After the test is finished the display will indicate the maximum power Pmax the short circuit current Isc and the open circuit voltage Voc as shown in the figure below Figure 46 Example of user defined text on the USER DISPLAY screen GPIB t defbuffer1 Script None IDLE TAN After the code is executed the measured current voltage and calculated power are displayed in the Instrument Console of Test Script Builder The data can be copied and pasted into a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel for graphing and further analysis The results of graphing the data in an Excel spreadsheet are shown in the figure below Notice that the test on the solar cell was executed with light light ON and in the dark light OFF Figure 47 Solar cell l V characteristics generated with and without light Light OFF o Current amps D 0 4 d6 Light ON Voltage volts 9 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 10 Troubleshooting FAQs In this section BOUL TINS Secho e E EE ERA 10 1 Where can l find updated drivers c ccsceesseesereteeeeeseees 10 1 How do upgrade the firmware eceeeeeeseeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeees 10 2 Why can t the Model 2450 read my USB flash drive 10 2 How do I change the command Set cccessee
6. NOTE Contact your corporate information technology IT department to secure a valid IP address for the instrument when placing the instrument on a corporate network The instrument IP address has leading zeros but the computer IP address cannot To set up manual IP address selection on the instrument 1 From the Home screen press MENU 2 Under System select Communication 3 Select the LAN tab 4 For TCP IP Mode select Manual 5 Select the button next to Local IP and enter the LAN IP address You can touch the number you want to change 6 Select the button next to Gateway and enter the gateway address 7 Select the button next to Subnet and enter the subnet mask Select Apply Settings to save your settings 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 5 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Set up LAN communications on the computer This section describes how to set up the LAN communications on your computer NOTE Do not change your IP address without consulting your system administrator Entering an incorrect IP address can prevent your computer from connecting to your corporate network Record all network configurations before modifying any existing network configuration information on the network interface card Once the network configuration settings are updated the previous information is lost This may cause a problem reconnecting the host computer to a corpo
7. Remote control of FET testing using SCPI commands The two example sequences of SCPI commands for this application generate a drain family of curves on a MOSFET using two Model 2450 instruments One of the examples uses the trigger model to generate the family of curves The other example uses a linear sweep Modifications may be necessary for operation in your programming environment 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 5 Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Using SCPI commands with the trigger model to set up the test In this example the gate voltage steps from 2 V to 5 V in 1 V steps the drain voltage sweeps from 0 V to 5 Vin 51 steps and the drain current is measured The current and voltage measurements are stored in defbuffer1 and the Model 2450 trigger model synchronizes the two Model 2450 instruments Commands are sent to either the sweeper on the drain SMU 1 or the stepper on the gate SMU 2 Commands for the sweeper are shown with a light gray background and commands for the stepper are shown with a darker gray background Each bulleted item in the Description column describes a single line of code in the Commands column The light brown shaded code represents pseudocode that will vary depending on the programming environment you use Send the following commands for this example application
8. e Accessories information Documentation for accessories that are available for the Model 2450 The Test Script Builder Integrated Development Environment CD ROM contains The installation files for the Test Script Builder Integrated Development Environment This software provides an environment in which you can develop and execute a test program and it gives you the ability to load a test program onto the instrument Running a program that is loaded on the instrument eliminates the need to send individual commands from the host computer to the instrument when running a test The Keithley KickStart Startup Software CD ROM contains e KickStart Software installation files and release notes Keithley KickStart is a software program that allows you to set up your instrument and run a test in a few simple steps without sending any programming commands e KickStart Software Quick Start Guide Provides instructions to quickly make measurements and get results without having to program test scripts For the latest drivers and additional support information see the Keithley Instruments website htto www keithley com 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 1 Introduction Organization of manual sections This manual is organized into the following sections Using the front panel interface on page 2 1 Describes the basics of using the front panel interface Using a remote
9. Change the view on the front panel to the DATA TREND plot display screen display SCREEN_PLOT_SWIPE Set the source to output current smu source func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT Set the measure function to measure resistance smu measure func smu FUNC_RESISTANCE Set the measurement mode for resistance to automatic smu measure resistancemode smu RESISTANCE_AUTO Set to use 4 wire sense mod smu measure sense smu SENSE_4WIRE Enable offset compensation smu measure offsetcompensation smu ON Turn on the output smu source output smu ON Initiate readings trigger model initiate Wait until finished waitcomplete smu source output smu OFF Read the resistance and time values from debufferl print Resistance tTime row i LOO ceo print string format Sf t f defbufferl i defbufferl relativetimestamps i end 5 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance In this section WICHOCUWCUO M nosne saccoce sbesanteawococeesactoayenseaes 6 1 Equipment RE QUIN edsr ea ane a NEEE 6 1 Set up remote COMMUNICATIONS ccccceeeseeeeseeeeeeesteeeeeeees 6 2 Device CONMECHONS aissc0 cas devtsdccctcedins nice i anina 6 2 Measuring leakage CUITeNI ccceseeceeeeseeceteneeseeneeenenseneeee 6 4 Measuring insulation resistance Oserin 6 8 Introduction Measurin
10. Device COMME CH OINS taacdcces oct ccc ce cpancer ce teicagapceacencakenasausncaceusa buted deuieccee R 7 4 Remote control of FET testing using SCPI commands eccccceeeeeseeeeeeeeteteeeetaeeeeeeteaes 7 5 Using SCPI commands with the trigger model to set up the teSt ccceeseeeeseseeeeesneeeeeeees 7 6 Using SCPI commands in a linear sweep to Set up the teSt ceeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeneeeeeeeteneeseneeeeaees 7 8 Remote control of FET testing using TSP COMMANAS ccccceeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeaeeneneeteaes 7 9 Using TSP commands with the trigger model to set up the teSt ec eeeeeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 7 10 Using TSP commands in a linear sweep to Set Up the test eeeeceeseeeeseeteseeeeeeeteteeeeseeeaes 7 12 Rechargeable battery measurementsS sssssssssnunsnennunnnnnnnnnnnnunnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn nnan 8 1 Ngiigofeltie oli eererearerrertrrrr trent errr street TA 8 1 Equipment regu c Prrereceetrrere nreerceerertrere a a R O 8 3 Device COMME CU OINS eorcras ca usasss veaatinsd subiidoaisadaaal anaa aa a aiai oa aia a EED E DANN 8 3 Automated battery charge and discharge cycle testing cccceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeseenaeeeeeenaes 8 5 Setup remote COMMUNICATIONS se sieneen i aa a oa aE A ar T ENE 8 6 Setting up the battery application using SCPI COMMANGG cceeseceeeeteeeeeeneeeeeseeeeessaeeees 8 7 Setting up the battery application using TSP COMMANAS eeeceeeeeeeee
11. Setting up the leakage current example using SCPI COMMANGS cceeeeteteteeteteeteteeteeetee 6 6 Setting up the leakage current example using TSP COMMANAS cceeceeeteteteeteeeeteteeteneere 6 6 Measuring insulation FESISTANCE escesciscecctetseksaa cerns endenne eciea nana dead einen 6 8 Setting up the insulation resistance example using the front Panel eceeeeeeseeeeeeteteeeeeeeees 6 9 Viewing the measurements on the front panel graph cceseccceeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseneeeseseeeeerseeeenes 6 9 Setting up the application using SCPI COMMANCS ix ia cccissccsee cose sciesrevaseceveceeuiinctdesescteesntsiiees 6 10 Setting up the application USING TSP commands enssins saeni aia 6 10 Measuring l V characteristics Of FETS sscsssseeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeneeeeeeeseneeeeeeesseneeeneeees 7 1 MO OUCON caai amia errr ger err rrr arr terrer riers Terre reer rete nre aaa 7 1 E GUIPIMGNE TEQUINGG eseo scent deen Lee 7 1 Setup TeMole COMMUNICAUONS xc eke ono int ee 7 2 Set up external hardware UG O SIS ses sj5e 5ftetesscevessccay sateccdee sa tecar dari vadevenvanau inci cadeueesareideieadquerees 7 2 Connections for the SCP COMMANG Set ce ecceeeseteseeeeeeeteaeeeeaeeceaeeeeaeeteaeeeeaeeseaeeseaeeteaeeeeaeees 7 2 Connections for the TSP command S t ccceeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseseseeeeeess 7 3 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Table of Contents
12. if you are using the front panel terminals ground to the front panel LO terminal If using the rear panel terminals ground to the rear panel LO terminal The circuit diagram for the application is shown in the following figure Figure 16 Sourcing current and measuring resistance using a 4 wire configuration SourceMeter Force HI Resistor Force LO 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices The physical connections for the front and rear panels are shown in the following figures Note that you must use either the front terminals or rear terminals you cannot mix connections The rear terminal connections are triaxial The front panel connections are safety banana jacks Turn the power to the instrument off before attaching connections to the Model 2450 When you connect the leads to the device under test DUT notice that the FORCE LO and SENSE LO connections are attached to one of the DUT leads The FORCE HI and SENSE HI connections are made to the other lead Connect the sense connections as close to the resistor under test as possible This 4 wire measurement eliminates the resistance of the test leads in the measurement The figure below shows the front panel connections You can make these connections with four insulated banana cables for example two sets of the Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set
13. state and local laws The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death Always read the associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument Such damage may invalidate the warranty Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans Before performing any maintenance disconnect the line cord and all test cables To maintain protection from electric shock and fire replacement components in mains circuits including the power transformer test leads and input jacks must be purchased from Keithley Instruments Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if the rating and type are the same Other components that are not safety related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they are equivalent to the original component note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain accuracy and functionality of the product If you are unsure about the applicability of a replacement component call a Keithley Instruments office for information To clean an instrument use a damp cloth or mild water based cleaner Clean the exterior of the instrument only Do not apply cleaner directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument Products that consist of a circ
14. BLOC SOUR STAT 2 ON e Create a block to turn the output on TRIG BLOC WAIT 3 DIGI e Create a block to wait on digital line 3 TRIG BLOGsDEL ICONS 4 0 01 e Create a block to delay for 0 01 seconds TRIG BLOC MEAS 5 e Create a block to take a measurement TRIG BLOC CONF NEXT 6 sweepVals Create a block to load the next index of TRIG BLOC BRAN COUN 7 51 4 mogel TRIG BLOC NOT 8 2 P a block to branch to block 4 50 PERE O AEE ENEON y a e Create a block to generate the notify2 TRIG BLOC SOUR STAT 10 OFF Sveit e Create a block to branch to block 3 3 times e Create a block to turn the output off SMU 1 INIT e Initiate the trigger model SMU 2 INIT e Initiate the trigger model Pseudocode vds e Create an empty array to hold measured ids voltage values for i 2 5 do e Create an empty array to hold measured current values e Set up a for loop from 2 to 5 Including 5 SMU 2 vds i 1 TRAC DATA 1 51 i e Save the sourced and measured values to 2 Sis 1 1 Uclevlomiriteri SOUR the arrays vds and ids respectively The vds i 1 TRAC DATA 1 51 i readings from each step are saved at each a Bie 4 1 defbufferl READ index in the array Pseudocode end for e End the for loop 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 7 Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Using SCPI commands in a linear sweep to set up the test In this example the gate vo
15. Press the MENU key b Under System select Manage c Select System Reset and then select OK 3 Press the TERMINAL FRONT REAR switch to set the instrument to use the rear panel terminals R should be displayed to the left of the switch Press the HOME key Press the FUNCTION key Under Source Voltage and Measure select Resistance Select the button next to Source at the bottom of the screen Enter 20 V or other applicable test voltage and select OK Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch to enable the output and start making measurements The resistance measurements appear in the measure area top half of the home screen 10 Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch to turn off the output when you are done taking measurements O08 NO St Viewing the measurements on the front panel graph To view the insulation resistance measurements on the front panel graph while the output is on 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under Views select Graph 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 6 9 Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Setting up the application using SCPI commands The following sequence of SCPI commands makes insulation resistance measurements by sourcing 20 V and measuring the resistance The Simple Loop trigger template is used to take 10 readings at 100 ms intervals Send the following commands for this example application
16. Reference Manual 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 3 Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 30 Connections for the TSP command set Controller with GPIB interface GPIB interface with cable Model 2450 1 Set TSP Link to node 1 Model 2450 2 Set TSP Link to node 2 CA 180 3A crossover cable for TSP Link For GPIB communication from the computer to the Model 2450 instruments only one cable is necessary from the GPIB interface to one of the Model 2450 IEEE 488 interfaces Model 2450 1 in the figure above Set the TSP Link node of Model 2450 1 to node 1 and the TSP Link node of Model 2450 2 to node 2 To change the Model 2450 TSP Link nodes from the front panel 1 Press the communication status indicator on the upper left corner of the home screen and then select Change Settings The SYSTEM COMMUNICATION window opens 2 Onthe TSP Link tab select the button next to Node and enter the node number you want 3 Select Initialize 4 Press the MENU key to return to the home screen Repeat this instruction for all Model 2450 instruments in your TSP Link network Device connections To perform a drain family of curves configure both Model 2450 instruments to source voltage and measure current In this circuit the Force HI terminal of Model 2450 2 is connected to the gate of the MOSFET and the Force HI terminal of Model 2450 1 is con
17. SMU 1 Commands Description SMU 2 or pseudocode SMU 1 RST e __ Reset the instrument SENS FUNC CURR Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON e Set to measure with autorange enabled ROUT TERM REAR e Set to rear terminals SOUR EUNC VOLT Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT RANG 20 e Set to 20 V source range SOUR CONF LIST CRE stepVals e Create a source configuration list called DIG LINE1 MODE TRIG OUT S epyan DIG LINE2 MODE TRIG IN e Set digital line 1to trigger out TRIG DIG1 OUT STIM NOT1 a oe a 2 ae N e TRIG DIG2 IN CLE Pa es yS enc acute lS TRIG DIG2 IN EDGE RIS e Clear digital line 2 e Look for rising edge on line 2 Pseudocode for i 2 to 5 do e Setup a for loop from 2 to 5 SMU 1 SOUR VOLT i e Set the voltage level to the iteration SOUR CONF STORE stepVals number e Store the source configuration to stepVals Pseudocode end for e End the for loop SMU 1 TRIG BLOC CONF RECALL 1 e Create trigger model block 1 to load stepVals stepVals at the first index TRIG BLOC SOUR STAT 2 ON e Create block 2 to turn the output on TRIG BLOC MEAS 3 e Create block 3 to take a measurement TRT BHOC NOMEA ER e Create block 4 to generate the notify1 TRIG BLOC WAIT 5 DIG2 eveni ee TRIG BLOC CONF NEXT 6 stepVals e Create block 5 to wait on digital line 2 TRIG BLOC BRAN COUN 7 4 3 Create block 6 to load the next index of IRIG BLOC SOUR STAT 8 OFF eae a
18. characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 33 MOSFET drain family of curves generated with two Model 2450s Drain current amperes 3 5E 02 3 0E 02 2 5E 02 2 0E 02 1 5E 02 1 0E 02 5 0E 03 0 0E 00 1 2 3 Drain voltage volts e VG 2V e eVG 3V ew eVG 4V e eVG 5V 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements In this section WUCHO CUCU Menee siccocedsbcsantuawatocduaniuagesican 8 1 Equipment regi ed eec eeka EA ERS 8 3 Devic connechoMS oeiee a iac Se cesates Sake 8 3 Automated battery charge and discharge cycle testing 8 5 Introduction This example application demonstrates how to use a single Model 2450 to perform automated battery discharge and charge cycle testing A WARNING To prevent personal injury or damage to the Model 2450 do not attempt to charge nonrechargeable batteries Some of the batteries that can be charged with a Model 2450 are nickel cadmium Ni Cd nickel metal hydride Ni MH lithium ion Li ion rechargeable alkaline and lead acid If you are working with a battery type that is not listed here please contact your local Keithley representative or call one of our Applications Engineers to get technical assistance Always follow the battery manufacturer s requirements for charging or discharging batteries using a Model 2450 Failure to properly charge or
19. discharge batteries may cause them to leak or explode resulting in personal injury and property damage Overvoltage and current protection should be provided in the charge circuit external to the instrument when charging batteries without built in protection Do not charge or discharge batteries that exceed 21 V at 1 05 A or 210 V at 105 mA For both the charging and discharging cycles the Model 2450 is configured to source voltage and measure current A simplified circuit diagram showing both the charge and discharge cycles is shown in the following figure Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 34 Battery charge discharge cycle circuit diagram Charge cycle Discharge cycle Model 2450 Model 2450 Force HI Force HI pa Force LO Force LO 1 Model 2450 is in source mode Vs gt Vp Instrument functions as a power supply charge current i is positive 2 Model 2450 is in sink mode Vs gt Vg Instrument functions as an electronic load discharge current i is negative Charging A battery is usually charged using a constant current This is accomplished using a Model 2450 as a voltage source set to the voltage rating of the battery with the desired charging current set as the current limit At the start of the test the battery voltage is less than the voltage output setting of the Model 2450 As a result this voltage differ
20. linear sweep from 0 V to 5 V in 51 steps with a delay of 10 ms SMU 2 OUTP ON Turn on the output Pseudocode vds In whichever programming environment ids I you are using create an empty array to for i 2 5 do hold measured voltage values Create an empty array to hold measured current values Set up a for loop from 2 to 5 inclusive 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs SMU 2 SOUR VOLT i Set the source level to the iteration number of the loop Pseudocode delay 0 5 Delay for 500 ms to allow for settling SMU 1 INIT Trigger the sweep to start complete OPC e Query the operation complete bit and save to the variable complete Pseudocode while complete not equal 1 e Continue sending the operation complete do query until it returns an ASCII 1 SMU 1 complete OPC e Query the operation complete bit and save to the variable complete Pseudocode end while e End the while loop when sweep is finished SMU 1 vds i 1 TRAC DATA 1 51 e Receive each of 51 readings and source defbufferl SOUR values from the buffer and save them in ids i 1 TRAC DATA 1 51 the arrays vds and ids respectively The defbufferl READ arrays start at index one Each point in the ara arrays contains a list of values for each gate voltage Pseudocode end for e End the for loop SMU 2 OUTP OFF e Turn the output
21. off NOTE All of the source and measure values can be returned from the arrays vds and ids Remote control of FET testing using TSP commands The two example sequences of Test Script Processor TSP commands for this application generate a drain family of curves on a MOSFET using two Model 2450 instruments One of the examples uses the trigger model to generate the family of curves The other example uses a linear sweep Modifications may be necessary for operation in your programming environment NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test Script Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 9 Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics
22. output off by pressing the OUTPUT ON OFF switch The OUTPUT indicator light turns off 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 4 3 Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices In this section WATEOCUOCTO Marsina e a 5 1 Equipment regl edece en anes NEES 5 1 Devic CONNECHONS scere aa Eaa 5 1 Low resistance measurements cccceceseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 4 Introduction This example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to measure a low resistance device You may need to make low resistance measurements lt 10 Q in a number of applications including continuity testing of cables and connectors substrate vias and resistors These resistance measurements are typically made by forcing a current and measuring the resulting voltage drop The Model 2450 automatically calculates the resistance The measured voltage is usually in the mV range or less The Model 2450 has built in features that optimize low resistance measurements such as remote sensing and offset compensation Equipment required e One Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument e For front panel connections use four insulated banana cables such as the Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set one set included with the Model 2450 you will need another set e For rear panel connections use four triaxial cables e One low resistance device to be tested the application shown here uses a 20 mA resistor Detailed instructions for s
23. panel connections for the battery discharge and charge test Force HI Automated battery charge and discharge cycle testing Battery charge and discharge cycles often take several hours so automating the test is important This example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to perform an automated battery discharge test using SCPI commands or TSP commands 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 8 5 Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual For this test you will perform the following steps e Reset the instrument e Set the measurement to a 4 wire configuration e Set the instrument to source voltage and measure current e Set the current limit to the current level at which the battery is to be charged or discharged This is the load current of the test Even though the Model 2450 is sourcing voltage it operates in constant current mode because it is in current limit until it reaches the desired voltage e Select the high impedance output off mode which opens the output relay when the Model 2450 output is turned off This prevents the battery from draining when it is connected to the instrument with the output off e Turn on the voltage source readback to enable the Model 2450 to measure the battery voltage as it is either charging or discharging e Read back the load current source readback voltage and the relative timestamp e Monitor the voltage un
24. printers scanners and storage devices are not recognized In this section USB instruments refers to devices that implement the USBTMC or USBTMC USB488 protocol Connecting a computer to the Model 2450 using USB To connect the Model 2450 to a computer use a USB cable with a USB Type B connector on one end and a USB type A connector on the other end one is shipped with the instrument If you want to connect more than one instrument to the computer at the same time using the Model 2450 USB port you will need one cable for each additional instrument To connect an instrument to a computer using USB 1 Connect the Type A end of the cable to the computer 2 Connect the Type B end of the cable to the instrument 3 Turnon the instrument power When the computer detects the new USB connection the Found New Hardware Wizard will start 4 Ifthe Can Windows connect to Windows Update to search for software dialog box opens click No and then click Next 5 On the USB Test and Measurement device dialog box click Next and then click Finish 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 7 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Communicate with the instrument For the instrument to communicate with the USB device you must use NI VISA VISA requires a resource string in the following format to connect to the correct USB instrument USBO 0x05e6 0x2450 serial number INS
25. select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes 6 10 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance The following TSP code performs insulation resistance measurements by sourcing 20 V and measuring resistance The Simple Loop trigger template is used to take 10 measurements at 100 ms intervals After the code is executed the measurement results are displayed in the Instrument Console of Test Script Builder Send the following commands for this example application Reset the instrument and clear the buffer reset Set up the measure function smu measure func smu FUNC_RESISTANCE smu measure resistancemode smu RESISTANCE_MANUAL smu measure terminals smu TERMINALS _REAR smu measure autorange smu O smu measure nplc 1 Set up the source function smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAG Gl smu source ilimit level 0 1 smu source level 20 smu source delay 0 1 Turn on the source output and take readings trigger model load SimpleLoop 10 smu source output smu ON trigger model initiate Wait for the measurements to complete waitcomplete Par
26. the insulation resistance application e One ethernet GPIB or USB cable for the TSP and SCPI remote command examples Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Set up remote communications This application can be run from the front panel or any of the supported communication interfaces for the instrument GPIB USB or ethernet The rear panel connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 22 Model 2450 remote interface connections Model 2450 rear panel LAN USB GPIB _ Connect the computer to one of the remote interfaces Device connections For these applications connect the device under test DUT between the FORCE HI and FORCE LO terminals of the Model 2450 Depending on the device under test the current measurement is typically very small usually lt 10 nA Because measuring leakage current and insulation resistance involves measuring very small values connect the DUT to the Model 2450 rear panel with low noise triaxial cables for more accurate readings The following figure shows two circuit diagrams One for measuring the leakage current of a capacitor and the other for measuring the insulator resistance between two conductors of a coaxial cable
27. to enter the name of the script Select ENTER The script is added to internal memory OV PO Nias Using SCPI commands Configure the instrument to the settings that you want to save To save the setup send the command SAV lt n gt Where lt n gt is an integer between 0 and 4 NOTE In the front panel script menus the setups saved with the sav command have the name Setup0x where x is the value you set for lt n gt Using TSP commands Configure the instrument to the settings that you want to save To save the setup send the command createconfigscript setupName Where setupName is the name of the setup script that will be created Why did my settings change Many of the commands in the Model 2450 are saved with the source or measurement function that was active when you set them For example assume you have the measurement function set to current and set a value for NPLCs When you change the measurement function to voltage the NPLC value changes to the value that was last set for the voltage measurement function When you return to the current measurement function the NPLC value returns to the value you set previously 10 4 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 10 Troubleshooting FAQs What are the Quick Setup options The QUICKSET key opens a screen that provides predefined function performance and quick setups The Function button
28. view statistics on the Model 2450 front panel including e Buffer name e Minimum maximum and average reading values e Standard deviation e Space used in buffer Figure 20 BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen 0000 Storing measurements to a USB flash drive You can export the measurement data from the Model 2450 to a USB flash drive The information is saved in the csv file format To store measurement data Insert a flash drive into the front panel USB port Press the MENU key In the Measure column select Data Buffers Select the buffer that you want to save Select Save to USB Enter a name for the new file and then select the ENTER key on the displayed keyboard Select Yes to confirm saving the file pO Ol e 0O NaS 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 5 5 Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Set up remote communications This application can be run from the front panel or any of the supported communication interfaces for the instrument GPIB USB or ethernet The rear panel connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 21 Model 2450 remote interface connections Model 2450 rear panel LAN USB GPIB Connect the computer to one of the remote inter
29. 0mV 675m 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 9 5 Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Setting up the solar cell l V sweep using SCPI commands The example sequence of SCPI commands generates an l V sweep on a solar cell You must make the appropriate changes so it will run in your programming environment In this example the voltage is swept from 0 V to 0 55 V in 56 steps and the resulting solar cell current is measured The current and voltage measurements are stored in default buffer 1 defbufferl Send the following commands for this example application Command Description SINS IE e Reset the Model 2450 SENS FUNC CURR e Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON e Set to measure with autorange enabled SENS CURR RSEN ON e Set to use 4 wire sense mode SOUR FUNC VOLT e Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT RANG 2 e Set to the 2 V source range SOUR VOLT ILIM 1 e Set the current limit to 1 A SOUR SWE VOLT LIN 0 0 55 56 0 1 e Set the sweep to sweep voltage from 0 to 0 55 V in 56 steps R NIC I aa ee e Initiate the sweep e Wait until the sweep is finished TRAC DATA 1 56 defbufferl SOUR READ Read the source and measure values from defbuffer1 Setting up the solar cell l V sweep using TSP commands NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test Scrip
30. 1 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 10 Troubleshooting FAQs You cannot combine the command sets As delivered from Keithley Instruments the Model 2450 is set to work with the Model 2450 SCPI command set NOTE If you choose the SCPI2400 command set you will not have access to some of the extended ranges and other features that are now available using the SCPI command set In addition some Series 2400 code will work differently in the Model 2450 than it did in the earlier instrument See Model 2450 in a Model 2400 application for information about the differences To set the command set using the front panel 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set 4 Select the command set 5 You are prompted to reboot To set the command set using SCPI commands Send the command LANG TSP Replace TSP with SCP12400 if you are using code from earlier Series 2400 products Reboot the instrument after changing the command set To set the command set using TSP commands Send the command LANG SCPI Replace ScPI with SCP12400 if you are using code from earlier Series 2400 products Reboot the instrument after changing the command set Why am I getting a 5074 event code An interlock circuit is provided on the rear panel of the instrument This circuit must be closed to enable the Model 2450 to produce voltages greater th
31. 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Figure 23 Connection schematic for the capacitor leakage and insulation resistance tests Capacitor leakage test Insulation resistance test Model 2450 Model 2450 FORCE HI FORCE HI Capacitor FORCE LO FORCE LO The rear terminal connections to the device under test DUT for these applications are shown in the figures below Figure 24 Rear panel connections for the leakage current test FORCE HI Model 2450 Standard triaxial cables FORCE LO Figure 25 Rear panel connections insulation resistance test FORCE HI Model 2450 Standard P triaxial lt ae cables able FORCE LO 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 6 3 Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Measuring leakage current The following example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to measure the leakage current of a 1 nF capacitor by sourcing a voltage and measuring the resulting current using the front panel and the remote interface One example of the remote interface uses SCPI commands and the other example uses TSP commands This application sets the Model 2450 to source 20 V and measure the resulting leakage current as a function of time The instrument takes current measurements for a specified time period F
32. 5 V Number of steps 4 Send the following commands for this example application Reset the instruments and the TSP Link connection and clear the buffers tsplink initialize reset node 2 reset If the TSP Link state is not online print an error message and quit state tsplink state if state online then print Error n Check that all SMUs have a different node number print Check that all SMUs are connected correctly n TE end Set the number of sweep points also used for printing num 51 HHTEFETEEETEEEEEEEPEEEEE Model 2450 1 drain setup HHEETEEETE HH Set up the source function smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE smu source ilimit level 300e 3 smu source autorange smu ON Set up the measure function smu measure func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT smu measure autorange smu O smu measure terminals smu TERMINALS _REAR Set up a linear sweep smu source sweeplinear MOSFET 0 5 num 0 001 HFHTEEETEEEPEEEPEEEPEEEPEEE Model 2450 2 gate Setup HHHETTEETTHE EH Set up the source function node 2 smu source func node 2 smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE node 2 smu source autorange node 2 smu ON node 2 smu source ilimit level 100e 3 Set up the measure function node 2 smu measure func node 2 smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT node 2 smu measure autorange node 2 smu 0O node 2 smu measure terminals node 2 smu TERMINALS_ REAR
33. 7 12 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Turn the stepper output on node 2 smu source output node 2 smu ON readings sourcevalues iteration 0 steppoints 4 Set the stepper V level delay start sweep and wait to complete roe i 2 5 Cle node 2 smu source level i delay 0 01 trigger model initiate waitcomplete toe 7 id mmi clo readings jtiteration num defbufferl j sourcevalues jtiteration num defbufferl sourcevalues j end iteration iterationtl end Turn the stepper output off node 2 smu source output node 2 smu OFF Print the formatted readings if defbufferl n 0 then print nNo readings in buffer n else for k 1 num do print string format S tS t ts f cesF t cSst cSt t tsf ts f sourcevalues k readings k sourcevalues ktnum readings k num sourcevalues k num 2 readings k num 2 sourcevalues k num 3 readings k num 3 end end The resulting drain current and drain voltage are returned in tabular form in the Instrument Console of Test Script Builder The data can be copied and pasted into a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel for graphing and further analysis The following figure shows a graph of the family of curves generated in this example 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 13 Section 7 Measuring l V
34. AN you can use a web browser to access the internal web page of the instrument and change some of the instrument settings For more information see Using the web interface on page 3 11 The Model 2450 is a LXI version 1 4 Core 2011 compliant instrument that supports TCP IP and complies with IEEE Std 802 3 ethernet LAN There is one LAN port located on the rear panel of the instrument that supports full connectivity on a 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps network Speed is automatically detected The Model 2450 also supports Multicast DNS mDNS and DNS Service Discovery DNS SD which are useful on a LAN with no central administration NOTE Contact your network administrator to confirm your specific network requirements before setting up a LAN connection If you have problems setting up the LAN see LAN troubleshooting suggestions in the Model 2450 Reference Manual Set up LAN communications on the instrument This section describes how to set up manual or automatic LAN communications on the instrument Check communication settings Before setting up the LAN configuration you can check the communication settings on the instrument without making any changes To check communication settings on the instrument 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Communication The SYSTEM COMMUNICATION window opens 3 Select one of the four tabs GPIB USB LAN or TSP LINK to see the settings for that interface 4 Press the EXIT key to l
35. LO terminal If using the rear panel terminals ground to the rear panel LO terminal Connect the Force HI and Sense HI output terminals of the Model 2450 to the positive terminal of the battery Connect the Sense LO and Force LO outputs to the negative terminal of the battery Make sure that when the output of the Model 2450 is turned off it is set to the high impedance High Z output off state When the high impedance output off state is selected the output relay opens when the output is turned off This prevents the battery from draining when the output is off To set the output off state to high impedance 1 Press the MENU key 2 Inthe Source column select Settings 3 Select the button next to Output Off State and select High Impedance 4 Press the HOME key to return to the home screen The figure below shows the front panel connections You can make these connections with four insulated banana cables for example two sets of the Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Figure 36 Model 2450 front panel connections for the battery discharge and charge test Force HI IKEITHLEY 2 maaa DO R KT orem a a Force LO The figure below shows the rear panel connections You can make these connections with four triaxial cables Figure 37 Rear
36. One GPIB USB or ethernet cable to connect the Model 2450 to a computer One rechargeable 2300 mAh AA 1 2 V battery to test Device connections To set up the test connect the Model 2450 to the battery as shown in the following figure Make a 4 wire remote sense connection from the instrument terminals to the battery to eliminate the effects of the lead resistance This allows you to measure the battery voltage as close as possible to instrument s terminals 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 8 3 S ection 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 35 Circuit diagram for the battery charge and discharge cycle test Model 2450 Force HI Sense HI Sense LO Force LO A WARNING There is no internal connection between protective earth safety ground and the LO terminals of the Model 2450 Therefore hazardous voltages more than 30 V can appear on LO terminals This can occur when the instrument is operating in any mode To prevent hazardous voltage from appearing on the LO terminals connect the LO terminal to protective earth if your application allows it You can connect the LO terminal to the chassis ground terminal on the front panel or the chassis ground screw terminal on the rear panel Note that the front panel terminals are isolated from the rear panel terminals Therefore if you are using the front panel terminals ground to the front panel
37. Script Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes 6 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance The following TSP code performs a capacitor leakage measurement by sourcing 20 V and measuring the resulting leakage current The Duration Loop trigger template is used to apply the voltage for 60 seconds and take measurements at 200 ms intervals After the duration time the capacitor is discharged at 0 V and the output is turned off After the code is executed the measurement results are displayed in the Instrument Console of Test Script Builder From the Instrument Console the data can be copied and pasted into a spread
38. TR Where e 0x05e6 The Keithley vendor ID e 0x2450 The instrument model number e serial number The serial number of the instrument the serial number is also on the rear panel INSTR Use the USBTMC protocol To determine these parameters you can run the Keithley Configuration Panel which automatically detects all instruments connected to the computer If you installed the Keithley I O Layer you can access the Keithley Configuration Panel through the Microsoft Windows Start menu To use the Keithley Configuration Panel to determine the VISA resource string 1 Click Start gt Programs gt Keithley Instruments gt Keithley Configuration Panel The Select Operation dialog box is displayed 2 Select Add Welcome to the Keithley Configuration Wizard This wizard will help manage your virtual instruments Select the Operation you want to perform Press Next to continue Press Cancel to exit this Wizard m Operations Add Change Delete Test J Show this wizard on startup 3 Click Next The Select Communication Bus dialog box is displayed 3 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface Figure 10 Select Communication Bus dialog box Select the Communication Bus connecting this computer to the physical instrument Press Next to continue Press Cancel to quit this operation Cancel l
39. The instrument is in the output on state when the switch is illuminated The instrument is in the output off state when the switch is not illuminated To turn the output on using SCPI commands OUTPut STATe ON To turn the output on using TSP commands smu source output smu ON Turning the Model 2450 output off A WARNING Turning the Model 2450 output off does not place the instrument in a safe state an interlock is provided for this function Hazardous voltages may be present on all output and guard terminals To prevent electrical shock that could cause injury or death never make or break connections to the Model 2450 while the instrument is powered on Turn off the equipment from the front panel or disconnect the main power cord from the rear of the Model 2450 before handling cables Putting the equipment into an output off state does not guarantee that the outputs are powered off if a hardware or software fault occurs When the source of the instrument is turned off it may not completely isolate the instrument from the external circuit You can use the output off setting to place the Model 2450 in a known noninteractive state during idle periods such as when changing the device under test The output off states that can be selected for a Model 2450 are normal high impedance zero or guard See Output off state in the Reference Manual for additional details Using the front panel Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch T
40. allows you to select the source and measurement functions These are the same options that are available through the FUNCTION key The Performance slider allows you to adjust speed and resolution As you increase speed you lower the amount of resolution As you increase resolution you decrease the reading speed These settings take effect the next time the output is turned on and measurements are made The One Touch Quick Setups allow you to set the instrument to operate as a Voltmeter Ammeter Ohmmeter or Power Supply A CAUTION When you select a Quick Setup the instrument turns the output on Carefully consider and configure the appropriate output off state source and limits before connecting the Model 2450 to a device that can deliver energy such as other voltage sources batteries capacitors or solar cells Configure the settings that are recommended for the instrument before making connections to the device Failure to consider the output off state source and limits may result in damage to the instrument or to the device under test DUT 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 10 5 Section 11 Next steps In this section Additional Model 2450 information ccccccccessseeseeeeeeeeeees 11 1 Additional Model 2450 information This manual has prepared you to start using your new Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument for your application For more detailed information refer to the Keithley Instruments Mode
41. an 38 V DC If you try to assign a high voltage output and turn the source on when the interlock is not asserted you see event code 5074 Output voltage limited by interlock A WARNING The Model 2450 is provided with an interlock circuit that must be positively activated in order for the high voltage output to be enabled The interlock helps facilitate safe operation of the equipment in a test system Bypassing the interlock could expose the operator to hazardous voltages that could result in personal injury or death 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 10 3 Section 10 Troubleshooting FAQs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual If the safety interlock is not asserted and the source is turned on the following actions occur e The nominal output is limited to 37 V e The front panel INTERLOCK indicator is not illuminated To recover from this error properly engage the interlock using a safe test fixture before turning on the Model 2450 output How do I save the present state of the instrument You can save the settings in the instrument using the front panel menus or from a remote interface After they are saved you can recall them or copy them to a USB drive From the front panel Configure the Model 2450 to the settings that you want to save Press the MENU key Under Scripts select Create Config The CREATE CONFIG SCRIPTS window is displayed Select Create A keyboard is displayed Use the keyboard
42. ble Instructions for setting up the two Model 2450 instruments for this application are in the following paragraphs Set up remote communications This application can be run from any of the supported communication interfaces for the instrument GPIB USB or ethernet The rear panel connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 28 Model 2450 remote interface connections Model 2450 rear panel EAN USB GPIB a Connect the computer to one of the remote interfaces Set up external hardware triggers To enable synchronization between the two Model 2450 instruments for stepping and sweeping voltages connect the external triggers of each instrument to the other The cabling you use depends on Model 2450 programming command set you choose to control the test Connections for the SCPI command set If you are using the SCPI command set connect a DB 9 male to male cable between the digital I O connectors on the back of each of the instruments as shown in the figure below For more detailed information about the digital I O connector pins see Digital I O in the Reference Manual 7 2 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Fig
43. can create a script to save data to the USB flash drive from a remote interface The flash drive must be formatted as a FAT drive Touch screen The Model 2450 has a high resolution five inch color touch screen display with additional swipe screens You can access additional interactive screens by pressing the front panel MENU QUICKSET and FUNCTION keys Navigation control Turning the navigation control Moves the cursor to the left or the right to highlight a listed value or menu item so that you can select it Turning the control when the cursor is in a value entry field increases or decreases the value in the field Pressing the navigation control Opens menus and submenus and selects an entered value ENTER key EXIT key Press the ENTER key to select the highlighted choice or to edit the field that presently has focus Press the EXIT key to return to the previous screen or close a dialog box For example press the EXIT key when the main menu page is displayed to return to the home screen When you are viewing a subscreen for example the Event Log screen press the EXIT key to return to the main menu screen FUNCTION key Press the FUNCTION key to display instrument functions To select one of the functions press the function on the touch screen Alternatively turn the navigation control to highlight a function and then press the control to select the function TERMINALS switch
44. ces for the instrument GPIB USB or ethernet The rear panel connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 41 Model 2450 remote interface connections Model 2450 rear panel LAN USB GPIB Connect the computer to one of the remote interfaces Device connections Connect the Model 2450 to the solar cell in a 4 wire configuration to provide the best measurement accuracy and eliminate the effects of the lead resistance on the measurement To use the 4 wire connection method e Connect the FORCE LO and SENSE LO leads to the cathode terminal e Connect the FORCE HI and SENSE HI leads to the anode terminal e Make the connections as close to the solar cell as possible to avoid including the resistance of the test leads in the measurement You can use either the front panel or rear panel terminals for this application A WARNING There is no internal connection between protective earth safety ground and the LO terminals of the Model 2450 Therefore hazardous voltages more than 30 V can appear on LO terminals This can occur when the instrument is operating in any mode To prevent hazardous voltage from appearing on the LO terminals connect the LO terminal to protective earth if your application allows it You can connect the LO terminal to the chas
45. directly to AC mains When connecting sources to switching cards install protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the card Before operating an instrument ensure that the line cord is connected to a properly grounded power receptacle Inspect the connecting cables test leads and jumpers for possible wear cracks or breaks before each use When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted such as rack mounting a separate main input power disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator For maximum safety do not touch the product test cables or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers installing or removing switching cards or making internal changes such as installing or removing jumpers Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line earth ground Always make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured For safety instruments and accessories must be used in accordance with the operating instructions If the instruments or accessories are used in a manner not specified in the operating instructions the protection provided by the equi
46. dress box of the web browser For example if the instrument IP address is 192 168 1 101 enter 192 168 1 101 in the browser address box 3 Press Enter on the computer keyboard to open the instrument web page 4 lf prompted enter a user name and password The default is admin for both NOTE If the web page does not open in the browser see LAN troubleshooting suggestions in the Model 2450 Reference Manual Web interface home page Figure 14 Model 2450 web interface home page Aah Ketthiey 2450 Home Mr 1 deh Page gt Safety Toos ir KEITHLEY Source Measure Unit 10 ERU internet Protected Mode off fir R The home page of the web interface gives you basic information about the instrument including e The instrument model serial number firmware revision and the last LXI message e An ID button to help you locate the instrument e Links to the instrument web options including administrative options and LXI information 3 12 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface Identify the instrument If you have a bank of instruments you can click ID to determine which one you are communicating with Before trying to identify the instrument make sure you have a remote connection to the instrument To identify the instrument In the upper right corner of the Home page click The button turn
47. e 2 trigger BLOCK_CONFIG_NEXT stepVals node 2 trigger model setblock 7 node 2 trigger BLOCK_BRANCH_COUNTER 4 3 node 2 trigger model setblock 8 node 2 trigger BLOCK_SOURCE_OUTPUT 0 Start the trigger model for both SMUs and wait until it is complete trigger model initiate node 2 trigger model initiate waitcomplete Print the formatted readings if defbufferl n 0 then print nNo readings in buffer n else for k 1 num do Paint String focmat lst es mite trode tous ts iene Wes ENEN ER ENER E U defbufferl sourcevalues k defbufferl k defbufferl sourcevalues k num defbufferl kt num defbufferl sourcevalues k num 2 defbufferl k num 2 defbufferl sourcevalues kt num 3 defbufferl k num 3 end end 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 7 11 Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Using TSP commands in a linear sweep to set up the test In this example the code steps the gate source voltage sweeps the drain source voltage at each step and measures the drain source current The parameters for this example are e SM e SM U 1 drain is the sweeper and master node set to node 1 Starting step voltage 0 V Stopping step voltage 5 V Number of steps 51 U 2 gate is the stepper and subordinate node 2 Starting step voltage 2 V Stopping step voltage
48. easure terminals smu TERMINALS _FRONT smu measure sense smu SENSE_4WIRE smu measure autorange smu O smu measure nplc 1 Source settings smu source highc smu OFF smu source range 2 smu source readback smu ON smu source ilimit level 1 smu source sweeplinear SolarCell 0 0 55 num 0 1 lt Start the trigger model and wait for it to complete trigger model initiate waitcomplete Define initial values voltage defbufferl sourcevalues current deftbufferl isc currenti mincurr current 1 imax current voc voltage 1 vmax voltage pmax voltage 1 current 1 Calculate values roe i 1 mumn clo print voltage i current i voltage i current i if voltage i current i lt pmax then pmax voltage i current i imax current i vmax voltage i end if math abs current i lt math abs mincurr then voc voltage i end end pmax math abs pmax imax math abs imax jose Meme WE Tome WH ite 5 aie Veke Wi wie VY Ise VY ase WwW VOC VOC Display values on the front panel display screen display SCREEN_USER_SWIPE display settext 0 string format Pmax 4fW pmax 1 display settext SERINO erie Vise SS 4seN Woe SAW ase Woe 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 9 7 Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual
49. eave the SYSTEM COMMUNICATION window without making any changes Set up automatic LAN configuration If you are connecting to a LAN that has a DHCP server or if you have a direct connection between the instrument and a host computer you can use automatic IP address selection If you select Auto the instrument attempts to get an IP address from a DHCP server If this fails it reverts to a local IP address in the range of 169 254 1 0 through 169 254 254 255 NOTE Both the host computer and the instrument should be set to automatic Though it is possible to have one set to manual it is more complicated to set up 3 4 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface To set up automatic IP address selection using the front panel 1 From the Home screen press MENU 2 Under System select Communication 3 Select the LAN tab 4 For TCP IP Mode select Auto 5 Select Apply Settings to save your settings NOTE If you are using a Model 2450 with no front panel you can configure the LAN using SCPI or TSP commands For details see the SCPI command SYSTem COMMunication _LAN CONFigure or the TSP command lan ipconfig in the Model 2450 Reference Manual Set up manual LAN configuration If necessary you can set the IP address on the instrument manually You can also enable or disable the DNS settings and assign a host name to the DNS server
50. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeens 8 8 Measuring l V characteristics Of Solar CelIS cscecsssseeeeesseneeeeenseeeeneesseneeneennnes 9 1 Mroduc hoN apra cre erre ce ratte rer reper rrr rrr errant rt ere E eer rer erttere rrr errr eters errr 9 1 EQUIDIMGNE reoeo 2 Gates cds Sotccheeitenstas ice cets ei beanapcchewan aneian cs aieeuati cent danpechauinteacdesy cdeet ath 9 1 SEL UP remote COMMMUMIGALIONS ss sjivzeivaieiseindedezers ohesstivhetscdidanedeeihadstelt eel Qiteelaniiaeedttindadsioa 9 2 DEVICE CONNECIONS asters cereicts cctee re cecetccit scsce ives A 9 2 Solar ell characterization siisii a a a ia 9 4 Setting up the solar cell l V sweep from the front panel ceecceeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeneees 9 4 Setting up the solar cell l V sweep using SCPI COMMANAS esceesceteteeeeeeeteeeeeaeeteaeeeeaeete 9 6 Setting up the solar cell l V sweep using TSP commands ss ssessssirsrcrisrrenrreurererrrirrurrrrnrreureees 9 6 Troubleshooting FAQS ais secs cect cece cace nce e aaa aiaei 10 1 ABOUTUS SECHNON evnar taut buaveustu seating ccbitaan aaiae eis 10 1 Where Can Tind updated OrivetS ac cicsccdeus voces isnan aoaaa aaa aaia 10 1 OW OG l upgrade THE TINMWANG sccssccdestncid vies igcccsnaxtaader a Aa a aS 10 2 Why can t the Model 2450 read my USB flash drive oo eee eee enee tree trae enaeeeeeeaeee 10 2 How do lichange the command Set dss co0sstassuysaccbes aae a 10 2 Why an getting a S074 6Vvent code ser
51. eees 3 1 Supported remote interlaces ss is ssecase neers tievscnwcesciesienaes 3 1 GPIB COMMUNICATIONS s aena eee ales 3 1 LAN COMMUNICA OMS 5 ccicsdisctiiitigssattissanteancundtianiieteearinits 3 4 USB communications se s5 cecncccctences wesietestenscoedeetatsncearesedestnaee 3 7 Using the Web intertace sss wicte scence aces aa 3 11 Determining the command set you Will USE 3 13 Remote communication interfaces You can choose from one of several communication interfaces to send commands to and receive responses from the Model 2450 The Model 2450 can be controlled from only one communication interface at a time The first interface on which it receives a message takes control of the instrument If another interface sends a message that interface takes control of the instrument Supported remote interfaces The Model 2450 supports the following remote interfaces e GPIB IEEE 488 instrumentation general purpose interface bus e USB Type B USB connection e Ethernet Local area network ethernet communications e TSP Link A high speed trigger synchronization and communication bus that test system builders can use to connect multiple instruments in a master and subordinate configuration For details about TSP Link see TSP Link System Expansion Interface in the Model 2450 Reference Manual GPIB communications The Model 2450 GPIB interface is IEEE Std 488 1 compliant and supports IEEE Std 488 2 common commands and status model topolog
52. ence drives a current which is immediately limited to the user defined current limit When in current limit the Model 2450 is acting as a constant current source until it reaches the programmed voltage level As the battery becomes fully charged the current decreases until it reaches zero or near zero To prevent safety hazards or damage to the battery be careful not to overcharge the battery Discharging When discharging a battery the Model 2450 operates as a sink because it is dissipating power rather than sourcing it The voltage source of the Model 2450 is set to a lower level than the battery voltage The current limit sets the discharge rate When the output is enabled the current from the battery flows into the HI terminal of the Model 2450 As a result the current readings are negative The discharge current should stay constant until the battery voltage decreases to the voltage source setting of the Model 2450 8 2 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements A CAUTION If you are using the current source to charge or discharge batteries the following precautions must be observed Failure to observe these precautions could result in instrument damage that is not covered by the warranty Make sure the external voltage never exceeds the voltage limit setting of the current source This will cause excessive current to be drawn from the e
53. esseeeeeeees 10 2 Why am getting a 5074 event code ee eeeeeeseteseeeenees 10 3 How do save the present state of the instrument 10 4 Why did my settings change icsc iccciiiteccacodeeierien 10 4 What are the Quick Setup OptionS cceceseseeeteteneeeees 10 5 About this section The purpose of this section is to help you find answer to the most common questions encountered with the Model 2450 For additional FAQs please see the Frequently Asked Questions FAQs section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual Where can find updated drivers For the latest drivers and additional support information see the Keithley Instruments support website To see what drivers are available for your instrument 1 Go to the Keithley Instruments support website http www keithley com support 2 Enter the model number of your instrument 3 Select Software Driver from the list For LabVIEW you can also go to National Instrument s website and search their instrument driver database Section 10 Troubleshooting FAQs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual How do I upgrade the firmware A CAUTION Do not turn off power or remove the USB flash drive until the upgrade process is complete From the front panel 1 2 ONDA w 9 Copy the firmware upgrade file to a USB flash drive Verify that the upgrade file is in the root subdirectory of the flash drive and that it is
54. etting up the Model 2450 for lower resistance measurements are in the following paragraphs Device connections To provide the best measurement accuracy use the four wire Kelvin measurement method for this test This method eliminates the effects of lead resistance on the measurement accuracy and is the preferred method when measuring low resistances Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manua To use the 4 wire connection method e Connect one set of test leads to the FORCE LO and FORCE HI terminals which force a current through the device under test e Connect the other set of test leads to the SENSE HI and SENSE LO terminals which measure the voltage drop across the DUT You can use either the front panel or rear panel terminals for this application A WARNING There is no internal connection between protective earth safety ground and the LO terminals of the Model 2450 Therefore hazardous voltages more than 30 V can appear on LO terminals This can occur when the instrument is operating in any mode To prevent hazardous voltage from appearing on the LO terminals connect the LO terminal to protective earth if your application allows it You can connect the LO terminal to the chassis ground terminal on the front panel or the chassis ground screw terminal on the rear panel Note that the front panel terminals are isolated from the rear panel terminals Therefore
55. faces Setting up the low resistance test using SCPI commands This example sequence of SCPI commands is designed to take 100 low resistance measurements by sourcing current and measuring resistance You must make the appropriate changes so that it will run in your programming environment Send the following commands for this example application Command Description SRST e Reset the Model 2450 TRIG LOAD LOOP SIMP 100 e Configure the Simple Loop trigger template to take 100 SOUR FUNC CURR readings SENS FUNC RES e Set the source to output current SENS RES MODE AUTO e Set to measure resistance SENS RES OCOM ON na 5 arnoa with autorange enabled SYST RSEN ON e ae eo oh i aaa DISP SCR PLOT et to use 4 wire sense mode e Show the Data Trend swipe screen OUTP ON e Turn on the output INI ie SAT e Initiate readings A A s e Wait until finished o k a 1 100 defbufferi READ REL Read the resistance and time values from debutfert UTP OFF e Turn off the output 5 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Setting up the low resistance test using TSP commands NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test Script Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can i
56. g leakage current or insulation resistance of a device involves applying a fixed voltage to the device and measuring the resulting current Depending on the device under test the measured current is typically very small usually less than 10 nA This application consists of two examples that demonstrate e How to use the Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument to perform leakage current measurements on a capacitor e Howto use the Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument to measure insulation resistance between the two conductors of a coaxial cable The only difference between these two tests is that in the measuring leakage current example the results are returned in units of amperes and for the insulation resistance test the results are returned in units of ohms In the leakage current application the voltage is applied for a specified time period because the device needs time to charge up In some cases the resulting current is measured the entire time the device is biased and in other cases only one reading is taken at the end of the desired soak period The following topics describe how to perform these tests from the front panel and over the remote interface using SCPI commands and Test Script Processor TSP commands Equipment required One Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument e Two triaxial cables e One capacitor for the leakage current application e One coaxial cable or other device for
57. h I vevcs Pg Auto Display prone st n Digits wa g VSource OV ILimit 0 000 To disable or enable a setting select the box next to the setting so that it shows an X disable or a check mark enable BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen The BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen contains information about the state of the active buffer and the readings in it You can also clear the active buffer by selecting Clear Figure 4 BUFFER STATISTICS swipe screen BUFFER STATISTICS Buffer Average Standard Dev Space Used VRange 20mV VSource OV ILimit 0 000105A USER DISPLAY swipe screen You can program custom text that will appear on the USER DISPLAY swipe screen For example you can program the Model 2450 to show statistics from a source measure test Figure 5 Example of user defined text on the USER DISPLAY screen GPIB t defbuffer1 Script None IDLE A 4A ma USER DISPLAY Pmax 0 3036W Isc 0 864A Voc 0 53V VRange 2V VSource 0 ILimit 1A 2 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 2 Using the front panel interface DATA TREND swipe screen The DATA TREND swipe screen shows a graphical representation of the readings in the presently selected buffer Figure 6 DATA TREND swipe screen 25m2_ 23mQ 21mQ_ 19M 17mQ mes 77s 78s 79s 80s 81s 82s LEH 84s LEH 86s 875s For a larger v
58. hat the front panel POWER switch is in the off O position 2 Connect the female end of the supplied power cord to the AC receptacle on the rear panel 3 Connect the other end of the power cord to a grounded AC outlet Figure 2 Model 2450 rear panel WARNING NO INTERNAL OPERATOR SERVICEABLE PARTS SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY pae E WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING jated with this product in be found at http inn jentlabel com keithley SENSE HI FORCE HI A LO ok LO GUARD FORCE LO oY oY oo A LINE FUSE SLOWBLOW 6 9 A 2 0A 250V p gemmo 1 5 ae DIGITAL VO DEIN Era a TSP Link IEEE 488 D oO 0 D N 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 2 3 Section 2 Using the front panel interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual To turn a Model 2450 on and off 1 Disconnect any devices under test DUTs from the Model 2450 before turning the instrument on 2 To turn your instrument on press the front panel POWER switch to place it in the on I position A status bar is displayed as the instrument powers up The Home screen is displayed when power up is complete 3 To turn your instrument off press the front panel POWER switch to place it in the off O position Turning the Model 2450 output on You can turn the Model 2450 output on from the front panel and by sending remote commands To turn the output on using the front panel Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch
59. he instrument is in the output on state when the switch is illuminated The instrument is in the output off state when the switch is not illuminated Using SCPI commands To turn the output on send the command OUTPut STATe ON To turn the output off send the command VOUTPUC STATS OFF 2 4 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 2 Using the front panel interface Using TSP commands To turn the output on send the command smu source output smu ON To turn the output off send the command smu source output smu OFF Using the touch screen interface The touch screen display gives you quick front panel access to source measure settings system configuration instrument and test status reading buffer information and other instrument functionality The display has multiple swipe screens and you can access additional interactive screens by pressing the front panel MENU QUICKSET and FUNCTION keys A CAUTION Do not use sharp metal objects such as tweezers screwdrivers or pointed objects such as pens or pencils to touch the LCD touch screen It is strongly recommended that you use only fingers to operate the instrument Use of clean room gloves to operate the touchscreen is supported Navigating the touch screen To select an item on the displayed screen do one of the following e Touch it with your finger e Turn the navigation control to highlight t
60. he item and then press the navigation control to select it NOTE Some of the interactive screens have additional information on them that is not visible until you scroll down on the screen These scrolling screens are identified by a scroll indicator on the right side of the screen To scroll down lightly swipe the screen not the scroll indicator in an upward motion To scroll back to the top lightly swipe in a downward motion You can control how far the screen scrolls by using a longer swiping motion to scroll in larger increments or by using a shorter swiping motion to scroll in smaller increments To access the additional swipe screens Touch the lower half of the screen and gently swipe to the left or right with your finger The following topics describe each of the Model 2450 screens in more detail Interactive swipe screens The Model 2450 touch screen display has multiple screens that you can access by gently swiping left or right on the lower half of the display The following topics describe each of these screens SETTINGS swipe screen The SETTINGS screen gives you front panel access to some instrument settings so that you can change enable or disable them quickly It also shows what the present settings are 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 2 5 Section 2 Using the front panel interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 3 SETTINGS swipe screen DCI SETTINGS Range citer FR Mac
61. iaia 2 5 Navigatmo the TOUGH SChOOM ccrsaccctsecedalavesi E Monsen daneeies ten estetemsecenee eee 2 5 Interactive swipe SCIEENS ccccccceeeeeneeeeceeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeesegaaaeeeeeeeeseqeaaeeeseeeeeeeneieeeeeeess 2 5 MIE MUOMGNWICW isoina nnr e EOE eE Er EE EEES AE 2 7 Storing measurements to a USB flash rive oo cece cece ese ceecceceeeeeeaaeeeeeeeseeeeeeaeeeeaeeeeeeeeees 2 8 Using remote ACG cases cc ccc acne rasa eects asarana 3 1 Remote COMMUNICATION MEM ACE Sanscrito anini aana ia naia aE ada 3 1 Supported remate INEM ACES asns aaa N E EN EEEN 3 1 GPIB TOmTUn a NONS e OA 3 1 Install the GPIB driver SOMWANE ecien eea E e E E EEEE EEE 3 2 Install the GPIB Cards in YOUR COMPUTE riesgosos ao 3 2 Connect GPIB cabl s to VYOUrIMSERUMENTE s rissen 3 2 Sethe GF AWC SS eni sedesie EA Ee E EESE EEE EEE EE EEE ESEESE 3 3 LA COM MIMIC ANONS ses veselacveedtevs saslecine tc aeeesd aana iarain aiaa aai anisa e ener Aaaa 3 4 Set up LAN communications on the instrument cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeees 3 4 Set up LAN communications on the COMPUTET ecceeececeteeeeeeteaeeeeaeeteaeeeeaeeteaeeeeaeeteaeeeeaeene 3 6 UGB COMMUNICATIONS sssrin aA A 3 7 Connecting a computer to the Model 2450 using USB ccccsscceeeeseeeeeeneeeeeseeeeeesneeeessneeees 3 7 Communicate with th instrument srie heme ARR Re 3 8 Using the web Merat E secs wisnesscien eaceic desalination ends 3 11 Connecti
62. iew of the graph and to access graph settings swipe the DATA TREND screen in an upward motion This opens up the Graph tab also accessible by pressing the MENU key and selecting Graph under Views Menu overview To access the main menu press the MENU key on the Model 2450 front panel The organization of the main menu is shown in the figure below Figure 7 Model 2450 main menu The main menu is organized into six submenus which are labeled in green across the top of the display The icons in each column open interactive screens For more detailed information about the menus see the Model 2450 Reference Manual 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 2 Using the front panel interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Storing measurements to a USB flash drive You can export the measurement data from the Model 2450 to a USB flash drive The information is saved in the csv file format To store measurement data Insert a flash drive into the front panel USB port Press the MENU key In the Measure column select Data Buffers Select the buffer that you want to save Select Save to USB Enter a name for the new file and then select the ENTER key on the displayed keyboard Select Yes to confirm saving the file Pe OV Be Wes 2 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 3 Using a remote interface In this section Remote communication interfaces cccccccsssscssseeestsesee
63. igger trigger model setblock 7 trigger trigger model setblock 8 trigger Www w ie 2 smu source configlist create stepVals node 2 smu source func node 2 smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE 2 smu source autorange node 2 smu ON Measurement settings node 2 smu measure func node 2 smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT node 2 smu measure autorange node 2 smu 0O node 2 smu measure terminals node 2 smu TERMINALS_REAR TSP link Settings node 2 tsplink line 2 mode node 2 tsplink MODE_TRIGGER_OUT node 2 tsplink line 1 mode node 2 tsplink MODE_TRIGGER_IN node 2 trigger tsplinkout 2 stimulus node 2 trigger EVENT_NOTIFY2 Populate the stepVals source config list with varying source levels ioe a 2 clo node 2 smu source level i node 2 smu source configlist store stepVals end SEIE WS Cline cicueejSsic uneclsil ioe SMUT node 2 trigger model setblock 1 node 2 trigger BLOCK_CONFIG_RECALL stepVals node 2 trigger model setblock 2 node 2 trigger BLOCK_SOURCE_OUTPUT smu ON node 2 trigger model setblock 3 node 2 trigger BLOCK_MEASURE node 2 trigger model setblock 4 node 2 trigger BLOCK_NOTIFY trigger EVENT_NOTIFY2 node 2 trigger model setblock 5 node 2 trigger BLOCK_WAIT trigger EVENT_TSPLINK1 node 2 trigger model setblock 6 nod
64. interface on page 3 1 Describes the basics of remote communications and using the instrument web interface Applications on page 1 3 Provides detailed examples of how to use the Model 2450 Troubleshooting FAQs on page 10 1 Provides answers to frequently asked questions to help you troubleshoot common problems encountered with the Model 2450 Next steps on page 11 1 Provides information about additional resources that can help you use the Model 2450 Bookmarks for each section are provided in the PDF version The manual sections are also listed in the Table of Contents located at the beginning of this manual For more information about bookmarks see Adobe Acrobat or Reader help Applications In addition to being a stand alone instrument the Keithley Instruments Model 2450 can be controlled from a remote interface This manual provides application examples that show you how to perform tests from the front panel and using a remote interface These applications are presented after the summary information about the Model 2450 and include Making basic front panel measurements on page 4 1 Demonstrates the basic measurement functionality using a single Model 2450 and a two terminal device under test DUT Measuring low resistance devices on page 5 1 Demonstrates making low resistance measurements on a 20 mQ resistor using 4 wire remote sense to force a current and measure resistance Leakage current and insulation
65. kaan iiai 5 4 Setting up the measurement from the front panel eeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeseaeeeeaeeseaeeseaeeee 5 4 Viewing the measurements on the front panel DATA TREND plot cceeeeeeseeeeeeeeteeeeneeee 5 4 Viewing the buffer statistics on the front panel es eeeeceeeseeeeeeneeeeeeeneeesenaeeeeeeneeeeeenneeerenaeeees 5 5 Storing measurements to a USB flash Olive scinsacuin nisin ie eA 5 5 SEL UO remote COMMUNICA ONS eosar E E PE EE EEEE EOE 5 6 Setting up the low resistance test using SCPI commands cesceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeteeeteneeeeaeere 5 6 Setting up the low resistance test using TSP commands ccceseeeeeeeeeeeeeesneeeeeseneeeesseeeees 5 7 Leakage current and insulation resistance sssssssennnnnnnnnrnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn mnnn 6 1 IMCOdUCHON csapasra a r rere errererr etree eterce rere 6 1 zetero diee ioe P terre E etree erre ererrerr cee rere terre re terre ere 6 1 Setup remote COMMUNIC ATOMS ies vasa vised ox doy ack devine se deae canada cdi aaeain 6 2 Device COMMECTIONS sic assscvastyeevastausainecyeevteasastsapetyedtacaveussdauaySerneanedisanuiyeesatieetananene 6 2 Measuring leakage CUNEN iasccsscssccedsssctetaissdecidveesnastasescenvensct EN 6 4 Setting up the leakage current example using the front panel eecceeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeneeeeteeeeneeees 6 4 Viewing the measurements on the front panel graph ccceseccceeeseneeeeeeeneneseneeeseseeenerseeeenes 6 5
66. l 2450 Reference Manual part number 2450 901 01 For related documentation software tools and drivers see the Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument Product Information CD ROM part number 24GDI 950 01 Also see the Keithley Instruments website www keithley com htto www keithley com support for support and additional information about the instrument From the website you can access e The Knowledge Center which contains the following handbooks e The Low Level Measurements Handbook Precision DC Current Voltage and Resistance Measurements e Switching Handbook A Guide to Signal Switching in Automated Test Systems e Application notes e Updated drivers e Information about related products Your local Field Applications Engineer can help you with product selection configuration and usage Check the website for contact information Specifications are subject to change without notice All Keithley trademarks and trade names are the property of Keithley Instruments Inc All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies Keithley Instruments Inc Corporate Headquarters 28775 Aurora Road Cleveland Ohio 44139 440 248 0400 Fax 440 248 6168 1 888 KEITHLEY www keithley com KEITHLEY A Tektr onix Company A Greater Measure of Confidence 6 13
67. ltage steps from 2 V to 6 V in 1 V steps the drain voltage sweeps from 0 Vto 5 Vin 51 steps and the drain current is measured Each of 51 readings and source values are retrieved from defbuffer1 and saved in the arrays vds and ids respectively Commands are sent to either the sweeper SMU 1 or the stepper SMU 2 Commands for the sweeper are shown with a light gray background and commands for the stepper are shown with a darker gray background Each bulleted item in the Description column describes a single line of code in the Commands column The light brown shaded code represents pseudocode that will vary depending on the programming environment you use Send the following commands for this example application 7 8 SMU 1 Commands Description SMU 2 or pseudocode SMU 2 RST Reset the instrument SENS FUNC CURR Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON Set to measure with autorange enabled ROUT TERM REAR Set to use rear terminals SOUR FU VOLT Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT RANG 20 Set to 20 V source range SMU 1 RST Reset the instrument SENS FU NeEURRE Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON Set to measure with autorange enabled ROUT TERM REAR Set to use the rear terminals SOUR FU VOLT Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT RANG 20 Set to the 20 V source range SOUR VOLT ILIM 1 Set the source limit to 1 A SOUR SWE VOLT LIN 0 5 51 0 01 Set up a
68. ltages Measurement Category II as referenced in IEC 60664 connections require protection for high transient overvoltages often associated with local AC mains connections Certain Keithley measuring instruments may be connected to mains These instruments will be marked as category II or higher Unless explicitly allowed in the specifications operating manual and instrument labels do not connect any instrument to mains Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures The American National Standards Institute ANSI states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30 V RMS 42 4 V peak or 60 VDC are present A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times The responsible body must ensure that operators are prevented access and or insulated from every connection point In some cases connections must be exposed to potential human contact Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock the circuit is capable of operating at or above 1000 V no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed f Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits They are intended to be used with impedance limited sources NEVER connect switching cards
69. mps 4 0E 10 4 2 0E 10 4 0 0E 00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time seconds Measuring insulation resistance The following examples demonstrate how to use the Model 2450 to measure insulator resistance using the front panel interface and using the remote interface SCPI commands and Test Script Processor TSP commands Insulation resistance measurements are made between traces on a printed circuit board and between conductors in cables and connectors This application sets the Model 2450 to source 20 V and makes 200 resistance readings with a 100 ms interval time Once the measurements are made the output turns off For this test you will perform the following steps e Reset the instrument e Set the instrument to read the rear terminals e Select the source voltage measure resistance function e Set the magnitude of the voltage output e Set the current limit e Turn on autoranging e Set the measure delay e Turn on the source output e Take readings e Turn off the source output 6 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Setting up the insulation resistance example using the front panel To set up the application from the front panel 1 Connect the device under test DUT to the rear panel of the Model 2450 as described in Device connections on page 6 2 2 Reset the Model 2450 a
70. n current The number of Model 2450 instruments required for testing depends on the number of FET terminals that must be biased and measured This example application shows you how to perform a drain family of curves Vds Id ona three terminal MOSFET The MOSFET is the most commonly used FET because it is the basis for digital integrated circuits Equipment required e Two Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instruments e Four triaxial cables Keithley part number 7078 TRX 10 e A metal shielded test fixture or probe station with female triaxial connectors e A triaxial tee connector Keithley part number 237 TRX T e Cabling for external hardware triggers is different depending on the command set you are using e For SCPI commands use a DB 9 male to male 9 pin cable to connect the digital I O ports on the back of the Model 2450 instruments to each other e For TSP commands you need a TSP Link crossover cable one Keithley Model CA 180 3A is included with your Model 2450 to connect the TSP Link ports on the rear panel of the Model 2450 instruments to each other Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual e Cabling from the computer to the Model 2450 instruments is different depending on the command set you are using e For SCPI commands use two GPIB cables two USB cables or two ethernet cables e For TSP commands use one GPIB cable one USB cable or one ethernet ca
71. n the front panel follow the figure Figure 1 Model 2450 front panel KEITHLEY GPIB defbuffert iona 210v sv 20v PEAK an PEA a PEAK SENSELo FORCELO POY F J AUTO 1 16250V 105 000mA O auto a a By R TERMINALS FRONTINEAT POWER switch oQ l Press the power switch so that it is in the on position to turn the Model 2450 on Press the power switch so that it is in the off position O to turn it off HOME key Press the HOME key to return the display to the home default screen MENU key Press the MENU key to open the main menu Press the icons on the main menu to open source measure views trigger scripts and system settings screens QUICKSET key Press the QUICKSET key to open a menu of preconfigured one touch setups including voltmeter ammeter ohmmeter and power supply setups Also allows you to choose test functions and quickly adjust performance for better resolution or speed HELP key Opens context sensitive help for the area that has focus on the display If there is no specific focus when you press the HELP key overview information for the screen you are viewing displays Section 2 Using the front panel interface 2 2 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manua USB port Supports flash drives that comply with USB 2 0 standards and USB 1 0 and 1 1 standards You can save data to the USB flash drive from the front panel or you
72. nected to the drain The source terminal of the MOSFET is connected to the Force LO terminals of both Model 2450 instruments A third Model 2450 is required if you want to source and measure from all three terminals An l V test configuration for a MOSFET using two Model 2450 instruments is shown in the following figure 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs Figure 31 Three terminal I V test configuration for a MOSFET MOSFET Drain Force HI Model 2450 1 Sweeps drain voltage Vp and measures drain current Ip Force HI Source Model 2450 2 Steps gate voltage Ve Force LO The connections from the rear panel terminals of both Model 2450 instruments to the MOSFET are shown in the following figure Figure 32 Two Model 2450s configured to test a three terminal MOSFET MOSFET 7078 TRX 10 triaxial to triaxial cables Triaxial tee Force HI Force LO Force HI Model 2450 2 Model 2450 1 For this example four triaxial cables Model 7078 TRX 10 are used to connect from the Model 2450 rear panel female triaxial connectors to the MOSFET device which is mounted in a metal shielded test fixture with female triaxial connectors The Force LO terminals of the both Model 2450 instruments are connected to the Source terminal of the MOSFET using a triaxial tee connector Model 237 TRX T
73. netic radiation use only shielded GPIB cables Contact Keithley Instruments for shielded cables 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface Figure 9 IEEE 488 connection example SH ETS Set the GPIB address The GPIB address value is set to 18 at the factory You can set the address to any address between 0 and 30 if it is unique in the system This address cannot conflict with an address that is assigned to another instrument or to the GPIB controller GPIB controllers are usually set to 0 or 21 To be safe do not configure any instrument to have an address of 0 or 21 To change the controller address see the documentation for the controller The address is saved in nonvolatile memory so it does not change when a reset command is sent or when the power is turned off and then turned on again To set the GPIB address from the front panel Press the MENU key Under System select Communication The SYSTEM COMMUNICATION window opens Select the GPIB tab Next to Address select the number The Set GPIB Address dialog box is displayed Enter the address Select OK GON GN 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 3 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual LAN communications You can communicate with the instrument using a local area network LAN When you connect using a L
74. ng to the instrament Web INletaCe sinasin aie a 3 12 Web INTSMaCe NOME PAGE seccecrsseriesccnsceeieenediussentexese noedieensebdee lebaaveneesehcieganbicieveddevie aviansies 3 12 lden ty the SUFI OM esisin r E ES I R 3 13 Reviewing LAN trigger events in the event lOQ csscceeceseceeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeseeeesenseeeneneeeeeeses 3 13 Determining the command set you Will USC ceeseeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeaeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeneeees 3 13 Table of Contents Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Making basic front panel measurements eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeneeeeeeeeeseeees 4 1 Wabio o they 001g Rrrcecretees rererrrccr errercr E rere een ererrrrr A rerrer err T err 4 1 Equipment sequired for this xa PlO iccecetsceseceieecendeeaditiereses need nr 4 2 DEVICE CONNECCION assan aa EREE ETA aa dA 4 2 Making front panel measurements seereis E 4 2 Procedure for making front panel measurements ceeececeseeeseeeteaeeeseeeteaeeeeaeeteaeeesatessaeeeaees 4 3 Measuring low resistance devices cccccccssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 1 igithole tie lol mprerearerener mre aa erie a etree rere Sprrrerre a rrr re 5 1 EQUIPIMGNE TEQUINGO csaa tienen dene 5 1 BIE fo sierolglateleli 0 oererrrece etree rerererrerr erate ererceer E rere mererrcrrre O 5 1 L w resistance MME ASUPEMGING iiss sei seuss taadicag santease i coteay sdbdoaue resdinay iaiia aa ania ai
75. ns from the Model 2450 to the device under test as described in Device connections on page 5 1 2 Reset the instrument a Press the MENU key b Under System select Manage c Select System Reset and select OK 3 Press the Function key In the Source Current and Measure column select Resistance 5 Change to Auto Resistance Mode a Press the MENU key b Under Measure select Settings c Select the button next to Resistance Model and select Manual Select the button next to Sense Mode and choose 4 Wire Sense Next to Offset Compensation select ON Press the Home key Press the OUTPUT ON OFF switch to enable the output and start taking measurements gt A OND The measurements are displayed in the top area of the Home screen Viewing the measurements on the front panel DATA TREND plot You can view the resistance measurements as a function of time on the front panel DATA TREND plot To access the DATA TREND swipe screen swipe the bottom part of the home screen to the right The plot in the figure below is displayed 5 4 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Figure 19 DATA TREND plot 25m2_ 23mQ 21mQ___ 19mQ 17mQ 15mQ S 77s 78s To view the measurements on the front panel graph 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under View select Graph Viewing the buffer statistics on the front panel You can
76. nstall and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes In this example the Model 2450 is configured to take 100 low resistance readings by sourcing current and measuring resistance The front panel display is changed using remote commands to show the DATA TREND swipe screen This allows you to view the data numerically at the top of the screen and graphically at the bottom of the screen After the code is executed the data appears in the Instrument Console of Test Script Builder 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 5 7 Section 5 Measuring low resistance devices Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Send the following commands for this example application Reset the instrument to the default settings reset Configure the Simple Loop trigger template to take 100 readings trigger model load SimpleLoop 100
77. nstrument User s Manual Setting up the leakage current example using SCPI commands The following example SCPI code makes leakage current measurements using the Duration Loop trigger template Specifically current readings are taken every 200 ms for 60 seconds The test voltage is 20 V Send the following commands for this example application Command Description SRST e Reset the Model 2450 SOUR FUNC VOLT e Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT 20 e Set the source voltage to 20 V 2 SOIR 9 WOW IIIA 5 al e Set the current limit to 10 mA SENSE FUNC CURR e Set the instrument to measure current ROUT TERM REAR e Select the rear panel terminals for the CURR RANG AUTO ON Measurement SENSE CURR NPLC 1 w ae oie to cues et the number of power line cycles to 1 EA TED OOE DYB eta ae e Load the duration ae to run i 60 s at SOUT ON 200 ms intervals 8 NLT e Turn on the output WAL e Trigger the measurement TRAC ACT defbuffer1 e Wait for the measurement to finish RAC DATA 1 lt number of readings gt e Query the number of readings in defbufferl READ REL defbufferl SOUR VOLT 0 e Return readings and time OUTP OFF e Discharge the capacitor to 0 V e Turn off the output Setting up the leakage current example using TSP commands NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test
78. of FETs Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual 7 10 Using TSP commands with the trigger model to set up the test Send the following commands for this example application FaN KK KK M s t S 5 S N S S N REK J Re ES pii rese node STET aie fs p p ig end martial KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KKK KKK KKK KKK KK KKKKKKKKKKKK OSFET Test This test steps the gate source voltage and weeps the drain source voltage at each step and measures he drain source current U 1 on drain is the sweeper and is the master node tarting step 0 V topping step 5 V umber of steps 51 U 2 on gate is the stepper and is node 2 ceuces 2 OW EOID2 5 W umber of steps 4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK set the instruments and the TSP Link connection and clear the buffers ink initialize TEO 2 reset the TSP Link state is not online print an error message and quit e tsplink state tate online then rint Error n Check that all SMUs have a different node number mime VSClaeelk cher all guus are Cominecicec Correctly yn STUS HHEHHEREEEREEEEEEREEEEEEESMU 1 drain setup ti Ait Ai HA eee tee HEHE HH Number of points in the sweep sweeppoints 51 Source settings smu source configlist create sweepVals smu
79. on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes The TSP code in this example sets the Model 2450 to the source voltage and measure current mode Specifically the voltage source is set to 1 V and the source limit is set to 460 mA The voltage current and relative timestamp are returned Measurements are taken until the voltage reaches the set level During the test these measurements are shown on the USER DISPLAY swipe screen at the bottom of the screen see the figure following the example code 8 8 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Send the following TSP commands for this example application Reset the instrument and clear the buffer reset Source se
80. or complete product specifications If the product is used in a manner not specified the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired The types of product users are Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment for ensuring that the equipment is operated within its specifications and operating limits and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained Operators use the product for its intended function They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly for example setting the line voltage or replacing consumable materials Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation The procedures explicitly state if the operator may perform them Otherwise they should be performed only by service personnel Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits perform safe installations and repair products Only properly trained service personnel may perform installation and service procedures Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are measurement control and data I O connections with low transient overvoltages and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient overvo
81. or this test you will perform the following steps e Reset the instrument e Set the instrument to read the rear terminals e Select the source voltage measure current function e Set the magnitude of the voltage output e Set the current limit e Turn on autoranging e Set the measure delay e Turn on the source output e Take readings for a specified period of time e Turn off the source output NOTE When using the Model 2450 to measure small current values ensure that the device under test is electrostatically shielded If the capacitor rating is greater than 20 nF enable the high capacitance mode for best results For more information about making optimized capacitor leakage measurements and minimizing noisy measurements see the Keithley Instruments Low Level Measurements Handbook available on the Keithley Instruments website htto www keithley com Setting up the leakage current example using the front panel To set up the application from the front panel 1 Use the test leads to make the connection from the capacitor to the rear panel of the Model 2450 as described in Device connections on page 6 2 2 Reset the Model 2450 a Press the MENU key b Under System select Manage c Select System Reset and then select OK 3 Press the TERMINAL FRONT REAR switch to set the instrument to use the rear panel terminals R should be displayed to the left of the switch 4 Press the HOME key Press the FUNCTION key 6 Unde
82. ow available using the SCPI command set In addition some Series 2400 code will work differently in the Model 2450 than it did in the earlier instrument See Model 2450 in a Model 2400 application in the Model 2450 Reference Manual for information about the differences 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 13 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Using the front panel 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set 4 Select the command set 5 Select HOME to return to the operating display Using SCPI commands Send the command LANG TSP Replace TSP with SCP12400 if you are using code from earlier Series 2400 products Using TSP commands Send the command ALANG SCPI Replace ScPI with SCP12400 if you are using code from earlier Series 2400 products 3 14 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 4 Making basic front panel measurements In this section WACKOCUCION cs lt cctseseceiidicict zeasetetaecoctiie suedoce sbesgatuawacocdusasioasenseads 4 1 Equipment required for this Cxample ccccceesceeeseeeseeteees 4 2 Device CONMECHONS wxice3 ceed Eo 4 2 Making front panel measureMent ccceeceeeteeeeeeeeeneeeneees 4 2 Introduction You can use the Model 2450 to source and make measurements from the front panel NOTE Because many parameters you set are related to a specific func
83. panel terminals are active a yellow R is visible to the left of the switch 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 2 Using the front panel interface Chassis connection Banana jack connector that provides a chassis connection Power the instrument on or off Follow the procedure below to connect the Model 2450 to line power and turn on the instrument The Model 2450 operates from a line voltage of 100 V to 240 V at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz Line voltage is automatically sensed Make sure the operating voltage in your area is compatible The Model 2450 must be turned on and allowed to warm up for at least one hour to achieve rated accuracies A CAUTION Operating the instrument on an incorrect line voltage may cause damage to the instrument possibly voiding the warranty A WARNING The power cord supplied with the Model 2450 contains a separate protective earth safety ground wire for use with grounded outlets When proper connections are made the instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground wire in the power cord In addition a redundant protective earth connection is provided through a screw on the rear panel In the event of a failure not using a properly grounded protective earth or grounded outlet may result in personal injury or death due to electric shock To connect the power cord 1 Make sure t
84. pment may be impaired Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories as defined in the specifications and operating information and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels or switching card When fuses are used in a product replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits NOT as protective earth safety ground connections If you are using a test fixture keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test Safe operation requires the use of a lid interlock lfa screw is present connect it to protective earth safety ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation The AN symbol on an instrument means caution risk of danger The user must refer to the operating instructions located in the user documentation in all cases where the symbol is marked on the instrument The A symbol on an instrument means caution risk of electric shock Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with these voltages The A symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot Avoid personal contact to prevent burns The 7 symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame If this symbol is on a product it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp Please note that the lamp must be properly disposed of according to federal
85. r local Keithley Instruments representative or call Keithley Instruments corporate headquarters toll free inside the U S and Canada only at 1 888 KEITHLEY 1 888 534 8453 or from outside the U S at 1 440 248 0400 For worldwide contact numbers visit the Keithley Instruments website http www keithley com CD ROM contents The following CD ROMs are shipped with each Model 2450 instrument e The Interactive SourceMeter SMU Instruments Product Information CD ROM Keithley Instruments part number 24GDI 950 01 e Test Script Builder Integrated Development Environment CD ROM Keithley Instruments part number KTS 850 e Keithley KickStart Startup Software CD Keithley Instruments part number KKS 850 01 The Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter SMU Instrument Product Information CD ROM contains e Quick Start Guide Provides unpacking instructions describes basic connections reviews basic operation information and provides a quick test procedure to ensure the instrument is operational e User s Manual Provides application examples that you can use as a starting point to create your own applications e Reference Manual Includes advanced operation topics maintenance information troubleshooting procedures optimization strategies and in depth descriptions of programming commands e KickStart Software Quick Start Guide Provides instructions to quickly make measurements and get results without having to program test scripts
86. r Source Voltage and Measure select Current a 6 4 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance 7 Select the button next to Source at the bottom of the screen 8 Enter 20 v and select OK 9 Press the MENU key 10 Under Trigger select Templates 11 Select the button next to Templates and select Duration Loop 12 Select the button next to Duration and enter 30s soak time and then select OK 13 Select the button next to Delay and enter 0 2s and then select OK 14 Press the HOME key to return to the home page 15 Press the TRIGGER key to turn on the output and take measurements Viewing the measurements on the front panel graph To view the leakage current measurements on the front panel Press the MENU key Under Views select Graph Select the Scale tab Under Y Axis select the button next to Scale Format and select Log Under X Axis select the button next to Auto Scale and select On Select the Graph tab to view the graph mom GN The following figure shows the front panel graph for this example Figure 26 Viewing the leakage current measurement on the front panel Graph Data Scale IDLE T T T T T T T T T T Os 4 0s 8 0s 12 0s 16 0s 20 0s 240s 28 05 320s 36 0s 40 0 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 6 5 Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter I
87. ractive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface 13 In the Keithley Communicator select File gt Open Instrument to open the instrument you just named Figure 13 Keithley Communicator Open Instrument File Edit Execution Command Tools Help mjeju a xele gt gt a Open an Instrument Instrument HyU SE Instrumenti Cancel Help OFEN AN INSTRUMENT 14 Click OK 15 Send a command to the instrument and see if it responds NOTE If you have a full version of NI VISA on your system you can run NI MAX or the VISA Interactive Control utility See the NI documentation for information If you have the Agilent IO Libraries on your system you can run Agilent Connection Expert to check your USB instruments See the Agilent documentation for information Using the web interface The Model 2450 web interface allows you to review basic information about the instrument change the IP configuration change the web interface password and view LXI errors 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 3 11 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Connecting to the instrument web interface When a connection between the LAN and the instrument has been established you can open a web page for the instrument To access the web interface 1 Open a web browser on the host computer 2 Enter the IP address of the instrument in the ad
88. rate network particularly if DHCP is disabled Be sure to return all settings to their original configuration before reconnecting the host computer to a corporate network Contact your system administrator for more information Wait for the LAN status indicator on the front panel to turn solid green When the LAN status indicator on the front panel of the instrument turns solid green it confirms that the instrument has been assigned an IP address Note that it may take several minutes for the computer and instrument to establish a connection Install LXI Discovery Browser software on your computer You can use the LXI Discovery Browser to identify the IP addresses of LXI certified instruments Once identified you can double click the IP address in the LXI Discovery Browser to open the web interface for the instrument The Keithley LXI Discovery Browser is available on the instrument CD It is also available on the Keithley Instruments website http Avww keithley com To locate the Keithley LXI Discovery Browser on the Keithley website 1 Select the Support tab 2 In the model number box type 2450 3 From the list select Software and click the search icon A list of software applications for the instrument is displayed 4 See the readme file included with the application for more information For more information about the LXI Consortium see the LXI Consortium website http www xistandard org 3 6 2450 900 01 Re
89. rce measure views trigger scripts and system settings screens After selecting your source and measure functions select buttons on the Model 2450 home page and additional swipe screens to change the settings You will use a combination of these methods to set up the measurement for this example Section 4 Making basic front panel measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Equipment required for this example Equipment required to perform this test e Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument e Two insulated banana cables you can use the set that is provided with the Model 2450 the Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set e One 10 kQ resistor to test Device connections Connect the Model 2450 to the resistor in a 2 wire local sense configuration In this configuration the device is connected between the FORCE HI and FORCE LO terminals The physical connections for the front panel are shown in the following figure NOTE Turn the power to the instrument off before attaching connections to the Model 2450 Figure 15 Model 2450 2 wire front panel connections FORCE HI Model 2450 Resistor SENSELO TROMNe FORCE LO Making front panel measurements For this example you will perform the following steps e Select the source and measure function e Select the measurement range e Select the source range e Set the source value e Set the so
90. rea j e Create block 7 to branch to block 3 3 times e Create block 8 to turn the output off 7 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs SMU 2 IRS TE e Reset the instrument SENS FUNC CURR e Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG AUTO ON e Set to measure with autorange enabled ROUT TERM REAR e Set to rear terminals SOUR FUNC VOLT e Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT RANG 20 e Set to 20 V source range SOUR VOLT ILIM 1 e Set the source limit to 1 A SOUR CONF LIST CRE sweepVals e Create the source config list sweepVals DIG LINE2 MOD RE Cw Set digital line 2 to trigger out DIG LINE1 MODE TRIG IN e Set digital line 1 to trigger in TRIG DIG2 OUT STIM NOT2 Set the stimulus for digital line 2 to the TRIG DIG1 IN CLE notty NENT iS e Clear digital line 1 RIG DIG1 IN EDGE RIS e Look for a rising edge on line 1 Pseudocode for i 0 5 0 1 do e Setup a for loop from 0 to 5 in 0 1 steps inclusive SMU 2 SOUR VOLT i e __ Set the voltage level to the iteration SOUR CONF LIST STORE sweepVals number e Store the source configuration to sweepVals Pseudocode end for e End the for loop SMU 2 TRIG BLOC CONF RECALL 1 e Create a block to load sweepVals at the sweepVals first index TRIG
91. reate an empty array for voltage uhile true dos measurements e Create an empty array for the time values e Starta while loop SMU current iteration READ e Append the current reading to the array command Joersut ierik current voltage iteration TRAC DATA Append the voltage reading to the array iteration iteration voltage defbufferl SOUR e Append the time reading to the array seconds iteration TRAC DATA seconds iteration iteration ne rpU Eer IERE 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 8 7 Section 8 Rechargeable battery measurements Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Pseudocode Inoiues ie ieaie tom e Calculate the hours taken at each iteration seconds iteration 3600 Print the measured values print voltage iteration e Compare the voltage reading from this current iteration iteration to the voltage limit If the hours iteration measured value is less than or equal to the if voltage iteration lt limit break out of the loop voltLimit then e End the if statement break e Increment the iteration count by 1 end if e Delay for 10 seconds iteration iteration i e End the while loop delay 10 end while SMU OUTP OFF e Turn the output off command Setting up the battery application using TSP commands NOTE The following example TSP code is designed to be run from Keithley Instruments Test Script Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included
92. resistance on page 6 1 Two examples that demonstrate how to use the Model 2450 to measure the leakage current of a capacitor and the insulation resistance between the two conductors of a coaxial cable Measuring l V characteristics of FETs on page 7 1 Two examples demonstrate how to use two Model 2450 instruments to perform a drain family of curves Vds ld on a three terminal MOSFET One example uses the Model 2450 trigger model the other uses linear sweep commands to make the measurements Rechargeable battery measurements on page 8 1 Demonstrates how to use a single Model 2450 to perform automated battery discharge and charge cycle testing Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells on page 9 1 Demonstrates using an l V sweep to characterize a solar cell from the Model 2450 front panel and remotely 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 1 3 In this section Section 2 Using the front panel interface Front panel OVervieW seinri onena 2 1 Power the instrument Of OF Off cecccccccesviceccercs etessscesesmecceaevecss 2 3 Turning the Model 2450 output O cceeeereeeeseeeeeeeereeeeees 2 4 Turning the Model 2450 output Off 2 2 eeeeseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeneeees 2 4 Using the touch screen interface ccccsesceeesseteeeeenteeeeeeees 2 5 Storing measurements to a USB flash drive csceeeee 2 8 Front panel overview The front panel of the Model 2450 is shown below Descriptions of the controls o
93. rscisteteecgetesresatee ets cealeete iets dese wpalunntadedetisialutinieteda 10 3 How do save the present state of the instrument ccecececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeesaeeteneeeeenees 10 4 Why diel my setings Change Tissemma a A 10 4 What are the Quick Setup ODUONS sicvedieces mer aiieriuss novia eriel aoa inte aan cond ees 10 5 NERT SIEDS snina ae eee nee ene rete ai 11 1 Additional Model 2450 information n c cccccccscccccccsceeeccceseeseeeeecesseueueeeesuueeueuaeeeeuauaeeeeuauaes 11 1 Section 1 Introduction In this section WV GIGOIMG cessas E E S 1 1 introductione this mantalaren 1 1 Extended Warranty iicccccncsissscohveeicsantdeensticiesanbicicasanbeieieietiaasseets 1 1 COMPACT imomat OMS emirs ceszattcossivsbadetnenederswrnaietetteeriets 1 2 CD ROMGOmbentss 55511505 ia ai eaae eo a eaae Ea 1 2 Organization of Manual SECTIONS eeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeteeteteeees 1 3 AD NIG ANON Ss seee ches cccaiactnencdecncetas Medians dees cere 1 3 Welcome Thank you for choosing a Keithley Instruments product The Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument is a precise low noise instrument that combines a stable DC power supply true current source electronic load and a high impedance multimeter The design of this instrument features intuitive setup and control enhanced signal quality and range and better resistivity and resistance capabilities than similar products on the market With 0 012 percent basic accurac
94. s green and the LAN status indicator on the instrument blinks Click P steady on again to return the button to its original color and return the LAN status indicator to Reviewing LAN trigger events in the event log The event log records all LXI events generated and received by the instrument You can view the event log using any command interface or the embedded web interface The following information shows in the log e The LXI event log displays the event identifier timestamp and text of the event log message e The EventID column shows the event identifier that generated the event e The System Timestamp column displays the seconds and nanoseconds when the event occurred e The Data column displays the text of the event message Determining the command set you will use You can change the command set that you use with the Model 2450 The remote command sets that are available include e SCPI An instrument specific language built on the SCPI standard e TSP A programming language that can be used to send individual commands or combine commands into scripts e SCPI 2400 Allows you to run code developed for earlier Series 2400 instruments You cannot combine the command sets As delivered from Keithley Instruments the Model 2450 is set to work with the Model 2450 SCPI command set NOTE If you choose the SCPI2400 command set you will not have access to some of the extended ranges and other features that are n
95. se index and the data into three columns wor w Si Cenowe neri im clo Demeli Vye clendloulittesel aj Syet cCleitlouieireuell weSilaie a were NS Se ino ab end SSW Oicie iclanS Owwlcjowue lt smu source output smu OFF 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 6 11 Section 7 Measuring I V characteristics of FETs In this section WACO CWGIO Ns iena saacocedsbesanduawacocassartouyesieads 7 1 Eguipmentregui GO gic caccice ces seeeeceiontie R 7 1 Set up remote COMMUNICATIONS ccccceeesceeeeeeteeeeesteeeeseees 7 2 Set up external hardware triggers ccsecessseeseeeeseeeeeeeeeees 7 2 Device connections sess scare cs tlacigsczsiezecadl duce onesdedeli ce heszeedoulesiaack 7 4 Remote control of FET testing using SCPI commands 7 5 Remote control of FET testing using TSP commands 7 9 Introduction This example application demonstrates how to use two Model 2450 instruments to perform I V characterization of field effect transistors FETs The Model 2450 is a good choice for semiconductor device testing because it can quickly and accurately source and measure both current and voltage Determining the I V parameters of FETs helps you ensure that they function properly in their intended applications and that they meet specifications There are many I V tests that you can perform with the Model 2450 including gate leakage breakdown voltage threshold voltage transfer characteristics and drai
96. sheet for graphing Send the following commands for this example application Reset the instrument and clear the buffer reset defbufferl clear Set up the source function smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAG smu source ilimit level 10e 3 Bt smu source level 20 Set up measure function smu measure func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT smu measure terminals smu TERMINALS REAR smu measure autorange smu O smu measure nplc 1 smu source highc smu OFF Turn on the output and initiate readings smu source output smu ON trigger model load DurationLoop 60 0 2 trigger model initiate Wait for complete waitcomplete Parse index and data into three columns josie Miele ail Wave iS We Sete EAN for i l defbufferl n do print i defbufferl relativetimestamps i defbufferl i end Discharge the capacitor to 0 V and turn off the output smu source level 0 delay 2 smu source output smu OFF The results of this example application are shown in the graph in the figure below Notice the exponential current response of the capacitor as it charges up to 20 V over time 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 6 7 Section 6 Leakage current and insulation resistance Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 27 Leakage current test results 1 6E 09 1 4E 09 4 1 2E 09 1 0E 09 8 0E 10 6 0E 10 4 Current a
97. sis ground terminal on the front panel or the chassis ground screw terminal on the rear panel Note that the front panel terminals are isolated from the rear panel terminals Therefore if you are using the front panel terminals ground to the front panel LO terminal If using the rear panel terminals ground to the rear panel LO terminal 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells The circuit diagram for the application is shown in the following figure Figure 42 Model 2450 connections to a solar cell Model 2450 I Force HI Sense HI wis Solar cell The physical connections for the front and rear panels are shown in the following figures Note that you must use either the front terminals or rear terminals you cannot mix connections The rear terminal connections are triaxial The front panel connections are safety banana jacks Turn the power to the instrument off before attaching connections to the Model 2450 The figure below shows the front panel connections You can make these connections with four insulated banana cables for example two sets of the Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set Figure 43 Model 2450 4 wire connections to the front panel Force HI The figure below shows the rear panel connections You can make these connections with four tria
98. source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE smu source autorange smu ON smu source ilimit level 100e 3 Measurement settings smu measure func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT smu measure autorange smu O smu measure terminals smu TERMINALS REAR TSP link Settings tsplink line 1 mode tsplink MODE_TRIGGER_OUT tsplink line 2 mode tsplink MODE_TRIGGER_IN trigger tsplinkout 1 stimulus trigger EVENT_NOTIFY1 Populate the sweepVals source config list with varying source levels ie See oes a Cry smu source level i smu source configlist store sweepVals end Set up the trigger model for SMU 1 trigger model setblock 1l trigger BLOCK_CONFIG_RECALL sweepVals trigger model setblock 2 trigger BLOCK_SOURCE_OUTPUT smu ON 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 7 Measuring l V characteristics of FETs LOCK_WAIT trigger EVENT_TSPLINK2 OCK_DELAY_CONSTANT 0 01 OCK_MEASURE LOCK_CONFIG_NEXT sweepVals LOCK_BRANCH_COUNTER num 4 LOCK_NOTIFY trigger EVENT_NOTIFY1 trigger model setblock 9 trigger BLOCK_BRANCH_COUNTER 4 3 trigger model setblock 10 trigger BLOCK_SOURCE_OUTPUT smu OFF H FEHEFEEEFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEESMU 2 gate setup AAHH HHHH te EEE HE HF ce settings trigger a IEIEALCIC SNE trigger model setblock trigger model setblock 3 4 trigger model setblock 5 trigger trigger model setblock 6 tr
99. t Bach Next gt Finish 4 Select USB 5 Click Next The Select Instrument Driver dialog box is displayed Figure 11 Select Instrument Driver dialog box Select the Instrument Driver Model of the physical instrument Select Auto detect Instrument Driver Model to have this Wizard choose an appropriate driver You must connect and power the physical instrument Press Next to continue Press Cancel to quit this operation Instrument Driver Model Auto detect Instrument Driver Model Cnel lt Back _ next gt Finish 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual 6 Select Auto detect Instrument Driver Model 7 Click Next The Configure USB Instrument dialog box is displayed with the detected instrument VISA resource string visible 8 Click Next The Name Virtual Instrument dialog box is displayed Figure 12 Name Virtual Instrument dialog box Enter a Virtual Instrument Name below The wizard will replace spaces with underscore _ characters Press Finish to save your changes Press Cancel to quit this operation 9 Inthe Virtual Instrument Name box enter a name that you want to use to refer to the instrument 10 Click Finish 11 Click Cancel to close the Wizard 12 Save the configuration From the Configuration Utility select File gt Save 3 10 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Inte
100. t Builder TSB TSB is a software tool included on one of the CD ROMs that came with your Model 2450 You can install and use TSB to write code and develop scripts for TSP enabled instruments Information about how to use TSB is in the online help for TSB and in the Introduction to TSP operation section of the Model 2450 Reference Manual To use other programming environments you may need to make changes to the example TSP code By default the Model 2450 is configured to use SCPI commands You must select the TSP command set before attempting to send TSP commands to the instrument To enable TSP commands 1 Press the MENU key 2 Under System select Settings 3 Select the button next to Command Set and select TSP 4 You are prompted to reboot Select Yes In this particular example a linear voltage sweep is configured to output voltage from 0 V to 0 55 V in 56 steps while measuring the resulting current from the solar cell 9 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells Send the following commands for this example application Define the number of points in the sweep num 56 Reset the instrument and clear the buffer reset Set the source and measure functions smu measure func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAGE Measurement settings smu m
101. te Sicessonhncdeiciee a sca hcuadateesetie secede 9 1 Equipment regii ed aioe R 9 1 Set up remote COMMUNICATIONS ceeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetees 9 2 Device COMMECION Sississctctavsasivaaisccersdisanieiinceendinabinadiemeciaaniiess 9 2 Solar Cell CHAPACHSTIZALOM esiisad costgnae eosegadecsndeatenacdesatoasden 9 4 Introduction This example application demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to measure the I V characteristics of a solar cell From the I V characteristics measured by the Model 2450 you can determine important parameters about the solar cell including e Maximum current Imax and voltage Vmax e Maximum power Pmax e Open circuit voltage Voc e Short circuit current lsc Because the Model 2450 has four quadrant source capability it can sink up to 1 A of cell current as a function of the applied voltage Equipment required e One Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument e If you are using the front panel connectors four insulated banana cables one Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set is provided with the Model 2450 you will need another set e f you are using the rear panel connections four triaxial cables e One solar cell Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Set up remote communications This application can be run from the front panel or any of the supported communication interfa
102. the only firmware file in that location Disconnect any input and output terminals that are attached to the instrument Turn on instrument power Insert the flash drive into the USB port on the front panel of the instrument From the instrument front panel press the MENU key Under System select Manage Select the type of upgrade you want to do e To upgrade to a newer version of firmware Select Upgrade to New e To return to a previous version of firmware Select Downgrade to Older If the instrument is controlled remotely a message is displayed Select Yes to continue 10 When the upgrade is complete reboot the instrument A message is displayed while the upgrade is in progress Upgrade files are available on the Keithley Instruments website http www keithley com Why can t the Model 2450 read my USB flash drive Verify that the drive is formatted with the FAT file system The Model 2450 only supports FAT drives In Windows you can check the file system by checking the properties of the flash drive How do I change the command set You can change the command set that you use with the Model 2450 The remote command sets that are available include SCPI An instrument specific language built on the SCPI standard TSP A programming language that can be used to send individual commands or combine commands into scripts SCPI 2400 Allows you to run code developed for earlier Series 2400 instruments 2450 900 0
103. til the battery voltage reaches the desired voltage level and stop the test To charge the battery program the Model 2450 to output a voltage that is equivalent to the voltage rating of the battery For example to charge a 10 V battery set the Model 2450 to source 10 V As the battery fully charges current decreases until it reaches zero or near zero battery charged To discharge the battery program the Model 2450 to output a voltage to a lower level than the battery voltage and set the output off state to high impedance In this configuration the Model 2450 operates as a sink to discharge the battery Current from the battery flows into the HI terminal of the Model 2450 resulting in negative current measurements As the battery discharges the current stays constant Set up remote communications This application can be run from any of the supported communication interfaces for the instrument GPIB USB or ethernet The rear panel connection locations for the remote communication interfaces are shown in the following figure For additional information about setting up remote communications see Remote communication interfaces on page 3 1 Figure 38 Model 2450 remote interface connections Model 2450 rear panel LAN USB GPIB Connect the computer to one of the remote interfaces 8 6 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 8 Rechargeable batter
104. tion make sure you select the source and measure functions before you make changes to other instrument settings The settings options you have depend upon the active source and measure functions that are selected when you make the changes If you make a change that is not compatible with the active source and measure functions you may get unexpected results or you may receive an event message The applications in this manual illustrate the order in which you should perform operations for best results In this example measurements are made on a 10 kQ resistor by sourcing voltage and measuring current Similar measurements can be made on any two terminal device under test DUT if appropriate source values are used There are several ways that you can quickly set up the Model 2450 to make measurements from the front panel e Use Quicksets Press the QUICKSET key to open a menu of preconfigured one touch setups including voltmeter ammeter ohmmeter and power supply setups Also allows you to choose test functions and quickly adjust performance for better resolution or speed e Use preset functions Press the FUNCTION key to display instrument functions To select one of the functions press the function on the touch screen Alternatively turn the navigation control to highlight a function and then press the control to select the function e Use menu options Press the MENU key to open the main menu Press the icons on the main menu to open sou
105. trument and device under test DUT as described in Device connections on page 9 2 2 Press the POWER button on the front panel to turn on the instrument 3 Reset the instrument a Press the MENU key b Under System select Manage c Select System Reset and select OK 4 Press the HOME key 5 Press the FUNCTION key 6 Under Source Voltage and Measure select Current 7 Press the MENU key 8 Under Measure select Settings 9 Select the button next to Sense Mode and select 4 Wire Sense 10 Press the MENU key 11 Under Source select Sweep 12 Set the Start level to 0 V 13 Set the Stop level to 0 55 V 14 Set the Step level to 10 mV 15 Swipe down on the SWEEP SETTINGS screen until you see Source Limit 16 Select the button next to Source limit and enter 1 A 17 Click OK 18 Select Generate 19 Press the MENU key 20 Under View select Graph 21 Press the TRIGGER key 22 To repeat the sweep on the graph press the TRIGGER key again An example of solar cell l V measurements on the front panel graph is shown in the following figure Note that the current is negative on the graph because the Model 2450 is sinking current Figure 45 Example of solar cell measurements on the front panel graph Graph Data Scale IDLE 0A 100mA 200mA 300mA 400mA_ 500mA 600mA 700mA 800mA 900mA gt l l 75mV ov 75mV 150mV 225mV 300mV 375mV 450mV 525mV 60
106. ttings smu source func smu FUNC_DC_VOLTAG smu source offmode smu OFFMODE_HIGHZ p3 smu source level 1 smu source range 2 smu source readback smu ON smu source ilimit level 460e 3 Measurement settings smu measure func smu FUNC_DC_CURRENT smu measure range 460e 3 smu measure sense smu SENSE_4WIRE Set the voltage limit at which the battery will stop discharging Set the variable for the number of iterations voltLimit 1 0 iteration 1 Turn on the source output smu source output smu ON Change the display to the USER DISPLAY screen display screen display SCREEN_USER_SWIPE Keep taking readings in the while loop until the measured voltage is equal to the voltage limit while true do Take a reading and get the current voltage and relative timestamp values curr smu measure read defbufferl volt defbufferl sourcevalues iteration time defbufferl relativetimestamps iteration hours time 3600 Print the number of completed cycles the voltage and the time for the iteration Display information on the front panel prine YCommoulleceo Cyclless VY aetereciom Wwolktacges YW wollte Time time A ny one eed SZ2ER display settext display TEXT1l string format Voltage display settext display TEXT2 string format Current Swe By Zitlshes ibe Iskeyutie s
107. uit board with no case or chassis e g a data acquisition board for installation into a computer should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions If the board becomes contaminated and operation is affected the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning servicing Safety precaution revision of January 2013 Table of Contents Introductio aaa aAa seis aNaiaies 1 1 WECOME osain aa a a aaa a e aaa iaai 1 1 iiroduction to this manalira aaa 1 1 Exiended WANTEINY cis ccees scar as ieceess dattis debs R ine 1 1 Contaci inioma Ute emeeeerem reer e ene tre sre ee A 1 2 GD ROM COMETS cass caer sniicias senuiea danas Vesakanhiseaanarbeeaaantiivaadnai AA 1 2 Organization OF manual SSC OMS aoa vas ises ceeds vosska veeseasd aaraa eee eee ead aS 1 3 PAINS LUVIN gh tage inde ong enn en pete ee EEAO 1 3 Using the front panel interface cccccccssssseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneneeeeeceeeeeeeeesnenenneeeeeeees 2 1 Front Panel OVGIVIEWisecctsscncteis cl cninstiniensineenivie mania ai deeeenstieeseaniean dn eeiteriantinesnavies 2 1 POWERING IMSIMU MEM Om Or Otli ciccanscisateantestannsenetardcugaveaadsteciacnisavqaniengeanecassuenaoetectnouiastostenies 2 3 Tumming the Model 2450 GUIDUT ON citci dent ved eddies aan dine 2 4 Turnmg the Model 2450 Outputionl siescctcttcctetsensivnrintes At calentrntednenielenr nde Ainelairndeinen 2 4 Usma the touch screen Merac 4 sata iscetecsesatetentnsel eavaatazceeace tent aatetccenaal a
108. urce limit e Turn on the source output e Observe the readings on the display e Turn off the source output 4 2 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 4 Making basic front panel measurements Procedure for making front panel measurements To make a measurement from the front panel 1 Press the POWER button on the front panel to turn on the instrument or cycle power if the instrument is already on 2 Select the source and measure function a On the front panel press the FUNCTION key b Under Source Voltage and Measure select Current 3 Select the source voltage range Under VSOURCE VIEW on the home screen select the button next to Range Select the appropriate setting which is 20 V for this example 4 Set the source voltage to 10 V In the VSOURCE VIEW area of the home screen select the button next to Source Use the displayed keypad to set the value Click OK 5 Set the limits for the source In the VSOURCE VIEW area of the home screen select the button next to Limit Set the source limit to 10 mA 6 Select the measurement range In the MEASURE area of the home screen select the button next to Range and select Auto 7 Turn on the output by pressing the OUTPUT ON OFF switch The OUTPUT indicator light turns on 8 Observe the readings on the display For the 10 kQ resistor typical display values are 1 00000 mA 10 0000 V 9 When you are finished turn the
109. ure 29 GPIB and DB 9 cable connections for the SCPI programming example Controller with GPIB interface GPIB cable 1 Model 2450 1 GPIB cable 2 DB 9 male to male 9 pin cable for triggering both instruments The figure above also shows the communication cabling if you are using the GPIB remote communication interface GPIB cable 1 connects the GPIB port on the computer controller to the IEEE 488 connector on the rear panel of Model 2450 1 GPIB cable 2 is connected between the IEEE 488 connectors of the two Model 2450s NOTE Each Model 2450 must have a different GPIB address You can set this up using the front panel For details see Set the GPIB address on page 3 3 If you are connecting the computer and Model 2450 instruments using USB cables each instrument must be connected to the computer with a separate USB cable If you are connecting the computer and Model 2450 instruments using an ethernet connection the instruments and computer must be connected using an ethernet switch or hub Connections for the TSP command set If you use the Test Script Processor TSP command set for remote programming use a Model CA 180 3A crossover cable one is included with the Model 2450 to connect the TSP LINK ports on the rear panels of the Model 2450 instruments to each other see figure below For more information about using TSP Link see TSP Link System Expansion Interface in the Model 2450
110. v A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 3 Using a remote interface Run the LXI Discovery Browser To run the LXI Discovery Browser software 1 From the Windows Start menu select Keithley Instruments 2 Select LXI Discovery Browser and then double click LXI Discovery Browser The Keithley LXI Discovery Browser window is displayed The Browser displays the instruments that are found on the network and their associated IP addresses Double click an IP address in the LXI Discovery Browser dialog box The instrument web page for that instrument opens For information about using the web page see Web interface This information is provided in the Reference Manual USB communications To use the rear panel USB connection you must have the Virtual Instrument Software Architecture VISA layer on the host computer See How to install the Keithley I O Layer in the Model 2450 Reference Manual for more information VISA contains a USB class driver for the USB Test and Measurement Class USBTMC protocol which once installed allows the Microsoft Windows operating system to recognize the instrument When a USB device that implements the USBTMC or USBTMC USB488 protocol is plugged into the computer the VISA driver automatically detects the device It is important to note that only USBTMC and USBTMC USB488 devices are automatically recognized by the VISA driver Other USB devices such as
111. www keithley com Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 I T 2450 900 01 A Greater Measure Of Confidence KEITH LEY A Tektronix Company Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual 2013 Keithley Instruments Inc Cleveland Ohio U S A All rights reserved Any unauthorized reproduction photocopy or use of the information herein in whole or in part without the prior written approval of Keithley Instruments Inc is strictly prohibited TSP TSP Link and TSP Net are trademarks of Keithley Instruments Inc All Keithley Instruments product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of Keithley Instruments Inc Other brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders Document number 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Safety precautions The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with nonhazardous voltages there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required to avoid possible injury Read and follow all installation operation and maintenance information carefully before using the product Refer to the user documentation f
112. xial cables 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 9 3 Section 9 Measuring I V characteristics of solar cells Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Figure 44 Model 2450 4 wire connections to the rear panel Force HI Solar cell characterization This example demonstrates how to use the Model 2450 to characterize a solar cell from the front panel using SCPI code over a remote interface and using TSP code over a remote interface For this test you will perform the following steps Reset the instrument Select the source voltage and measure current configuration Set the current limit Select four wire remote sense mode Set up and generate a voltage sweep Initiate the trigger model which will turn the output ON Receive the measurements After the voltage sweep is complete turn off the output Retrieve the measurements View the data on the front panel graph Setting up the solar cell l V sweep from the front panel This is an example of an l V test that sweeps voltage from 0 V to 0 55 V in 10 mV steps and measures the resulting current The data is then viewed on the graph screen NOTE You must control the light source for this application 2450 900 01 Rev A June 2013 Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Section 9 Measuring l V characteristics of solar cells To set up the application from the front panel 1 Make connections to the ins
113. xternal battery or source Be sure to set the output off state of the current source for high impedance This setting opens the output relay when the output is turned off With the normal output off state selected turning the output off sets the voltage limit to zero This 0 V source limit condition will cause excessive current to be drawn from the external battery or source A CAUTION Carefully consider and configure the output off state source and limits before connecting the Model 2450 to a device that can deliver energy Devices that can deliver energy include voltage sources batteries capacitors and solar cells Configure instrument settings before making connections to the device Failure to consider the output off state source and limits may result in damage to the instrument or to the device under test DUT When using the current source as a sink always set the voltage limit and configure overvoltage protection OVP to levels that are higher than the external voltage level Failure to do so could result in excessive current flow into the Model 2450 lt 105 mA and incorrect measurements Equipment required One Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter instrument If you are using the front panel connectors four insulated banana cables one Keithley Instruments Model 8608 High Performance Clip Lead Set comes with the Model 2450 you will need another set e If you are using the rear panel connectors four triaxial cables e
114. y Section 3 Using a remote interface Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual You can have up to 15 devices connected to a GPIB including the controller The maximum cable length is the lesser of either e The number of devices multiplied by 6 5 ft 2 m e 65 6 ft 20 m You may see erratic bus operation if you ignore these limits Install the GPIB driver software Check the documentation for your GPIB controller for information about where to acquire drivers Keithley Instruments also recommends that you check the vendor s website for the latest version of drivers or software It is important that you install the drivers before you connect the hardware to prevent associating the incorrect driver to the hardware Install the GPIB cards in your computer Refer to the manufacturer s documentation for information about installing the GPIB cards Connect GPIB cables to your instrument To connect an instrument to the GPIB use a cable equipped with standard GPIB connectors as shown below Figure 8 GPIB connector To allow many parallel connections to one instrument stack the connectors Each connector has two screws to ensure that connections remain secure The figure below shows a typical connection diagram for a test system with multiple instruments A CAUTION To avoid possible mechanical damage stack no more than three connectors on any one instrument To minimize interference caused by electromag
115. y at 612 digit resolution the Model 2450 delivers 59 readings per second over the IEEE 488 bus At 4 digit resolution it can read up to 1359 readings per second into its internal buffer Introduction to this manual This manual provides detailed applications to help you achieve success with your Keithley Instruments Model 2450 In addition this manual provides the basics of the front panel to familiarize you with the instrument Each application is presented with an overview of the application followed by instructions to complete the application using the front panel SCPI code and TSP code as appropriate for the application For more information about the commands that are used in these applications refer to the SCPI and TSP command reference sections of the Model 2450 Reference Manual located on the Product Information CD ROM that came with your instrument Extended warranty Additional years of warranty coverage are available on many products These valuable contracts protect you from unbudgeted service expenses and provide additional years of protection at a fraction of the price of a repair Extended warranties are available on new and existing products Contact your local Keithley Instruments representative for details Section 1 Introduction Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter Instrument User s Manual Contact information If you have any questions after you review the information in this documentation please contact you
116. y measurements Setting up the battery application using SCPI commands The SCPI code in this example sets the Model 2450 to the source voltage and measure current mode Specifically the voltage source is set to 1 V and the source limit is set to 460 mA The voltage current and relative timestamp are returned Measurements are taken until the voltage reaches the set level In the following example code notice that some of the code is labeled as Pseudocode The code you use for the pseudocode lines will vary based on the programming environment you use Send the following commands for this example application SMU Commands Description command or pseudocode SMU RST e Reset the instrument command OUTP SMOD HIMP e Turn on high impedance output mode SVS RSENEO e Set to 4 wire sense mode SOUR FUNC VOLT e Set to source voltage SOUR VOLT 1 e Set source level to 1 V SOUR VOLT READ BACK ON e Turn on source readback SOUR VOLT RANG 2 e Set source range to 2 V SOUR VOLT ILIM 460e 3 e Set the source limit to 460 mA SENS FUNC CURR e Set to measure current SENS CURR RANG 1 e Set current range to 1 A e Turn the output on OUTe ON Pseudocode iteration 1 e Create a variable called iteration and voltLimit 1 0 initialize to 1 current e Create a variable called volt Limit and voltage initialize to 1 seconds e Create an empty array for current measurements hours a e C

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Model 2450 Interactive SourceMeter® Instrument User`s Manual