Unit 6 Intro to Solar-PV
Contents
1. ERE a a EE r 1 uet a x r a ER wer lt x rare t er eT r er P e An ra are d ort Frer rev PV The Photovoltaic Effect Ihe Photovoltaic Effect gt What is it The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity When was it discovered When Abraham Lincoln was President of the U S A 1839 by Edmond Becquerel History 1839 Edmond Becquerel 19 year old discovered the photovoltaic effect 1873 Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductive effect selenium 1883 Charles Fritz made first solid state solar cell transparent gold layer over selenium 1954 Bell labs develop first practical solar cell 1965 Wilhelm spent all his paper route savings on a small single Bell Labs solar cell for his Jr High science fair What Are Solar Cells Thin wafers of silicon Similar to computer chips But much bigger and much cheaper N Silicon is abundant sand Non toxic safe N Light carries energy into cell L Q Cells convert sunlight energy into electric current they do not store energy Sunlight is the fuel How Solar Cells Change Sunlight Into Electricity photon Light knocks loose electrons from silicon atoms internal Freed electrons have extra ht field energy or voltage oe ft Interna2. phosphorus are added through P heating vapor process ollicon is very stable in pure crystal form Boron s Job Bottom of Cell Boron has 3 valence electrons 2221 P6 99 954 2 9 4 44 9 2 9 4 When boron 16 Introduced hole electron vacancy Is present This type of silicon is called gt The hole is like a positive due to its positive charge Acceptor dopant charge because it attracts electrons Phosphorus Job top of Cell Phosphorus has 5 valence 9444 4494 electrons 9 0 0 4 9 4 4 4 99 69 9909 electron 4 Phosphorus adds an extra The extra electron causes a negative charge This type of silicon 1s called N type due to its negative charge Donor dopant 5 valence electrons solar Cells Made How load current sunlight ur meo silicon junction 21 22 silicon Here is a model of the Typical solar cell Notice the split between the two types of silicon hole flow Source http static squidoo com resize squidoo images 250 draft lens9199701module81408401photo 1264529133photo cells png PV What can you do with only 0 5V Solar Cells connected in series strings to increase circuit voltage Cell bottoms can be sol
3. Current Hlowrate Analogy Volume flowrate im htersi irmn Electric current How 1n coulombs sec amperes sec m etc Just like water thru a pipe electric current flows thru wire q a d La m a 27 a d PL aci a i 2988 ee rc 7 e s aua 424 REPETI Nee EEE ELECTRON Conductors have loosely held or free electrons Insulators have tightly held electrons Source http www energyquest ca gov story images chap02_wire_2007 gif resistance of a constriction large 50 is great that Ib in essentially all the pressure drop will zs The resistance of a copper wire is so small that essentially all the voltage appear across the bin resistor an appliance resistance The thinner the pipe the greater the resistance and the less the water flow and vice versa The thinner the wire the greater the resistance and the less the current and vice versa vn oe ft 03 10 Volts Lost 110 Volts 120 Volts Its important to know the difference between electric power and electrical energy a PTT Eo a a MA E NE RN FU oe
4. Kankakee Lommunity College ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable Energy Technology Unit 6 Intro to Solar PV N HEARTLAND a COMMUNITY COLLEGE REEC 120 Sustainability and Renewable Energy Source Use Policy This material was developed by Timothy J Wilhelm Kankakee Community College with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No 0802786 Additional changes were Incorporated for REED 120 with funding from the Irade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training TAACCCT SGA DEA PY 10 03 All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use only They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes Source Author Editors Reviewers Author Timothy J Wilhelm P E Kankakee Community College Editors Modifier Chris Miller Heartland Community College Objectives gt Students will be able to describe in very simple terms the meaning of the photovoltaic effect gt Students will be able to list and briefly describe in very simple terms at least three different application modes for solar PV technology gt Students will be able to describe in very simple terms three different kinds of solat PV cell technology Objectives gt Students will be able to describe in very simple terms the general construction of a solar photovoltaic module and how its series string construction impa
5. ove4r Rawision 4 01 Input ampa AC Transformer Bet Clock minute FLT node gg aver bene H 00 00 00 F m m m m m m m m m red or 22nerator start C416 196ch gt HE Load tsink Bet Clock second button jerror Arlington WA amps oo cvartarnp H n ku um Em wm 00 E Generator syne 35 Battery actua High Battery Mee cursor tn error Ho rolts DC 12 5 voltage H F mZ m m m m m m m Barter OFF to ican max run tine Ph 350 435 8826 Battery TampConp Low Battery i etOverCurrent arror Ho Fax 360 435 2225 rolts DC 12 6 voltage Amp Ztart Inrertaer Inverter breaker Generator Tiner Read Ho Tolts tripped 7 Voltage Start Grid 1 AC source wired Stark Quiet Read Ho rolts ale Eo output Ho Tins hen 08 00 Exercise Start Generator ACA External arror End Juist Read Ho Tolts AC gg isEackadi H Tire hin 08 00 Move cursor to 2 Read Fraqusncy Generator start doesn t OFF to reset Hartz 50 error Ho 8 During guiat um EN EN UN m NM NEN HE fac wits 3 m um I Ganerator error i IAC ACZ volts 1 2enerator syne Itine unlass batt vali iv we rror ol 1 lm mel aniy im inm I z kum um um um um um um k um m ji H
6. Airport Approach Systems Offshore Oil Platforms Pas M at I mi i u 1 I LM M Well Heads Oil and Gas Pipelines Livestock Watering Irrigation Schools Rural Home Lighting System Hospitals and Clinics du 9 NN M N NAN SAN D Y m _ pum NAAN WANS N N RN Y Electric Vehicle Charging Station Commercial Farm DSM Individual Home Rooftop Facility System um Simple PV Power System Overview Considerations and Examples System Design Involves Tradeoffs Choices based on budget remoteness how critical is load Simplicity Efficiency and Reliability Initial Lifetime Cost Cost Centralized u Distributed Generation Generation Gather Information About the Application Load requirements Load profile Surges Power quality DC or AC Critical loads Ease of access to site Gather Information About the Climate Latitude longitude Insolation Temperature Variability of weather Harshness The Suns Wandering Path Solar Elevat on Coordinate Sun Map Lan
7. grid timer Gee menu 2 fee menu 2 After Flam restin at active set bulk enable LEX mode enable SEL mode Charge tie Smd 3 24 time after start Make sure LEX is Make surge LEX is SELL mode 1 5 12 under charge tie above LEDO volts above LEDO volts charges battery HECD in SLT don t FLT mode Lowbatiirasfer disable this timor It is the daily chg time charges battery After End Charge time sells ktery tp ACI PLT mde drops acl and Timer on wien start lt end timer cff kien start em Sell and ficat use timer ELI and LE mock ignore timer used in LEY FLT Modes only back to battery at LOREA EUTIN iaka Por LEX mie set changer won t cycle batteries UD and dom and below See User Manual Page 35 Inverter Set Points The following set points have been programmed into your inverter different from the factory default settings To access menus 9 through 20 you must push the red and green control buttons simultaneously Menu 9 Inverter Setup Low battety cut out 46 4V Low battery cut in 51 0V High battery cut out 60 0V search watts 16 Menu 10 Battery Charging Bulk voltage 56 6V Float voltage 53 2V Max AC charge amps 25 Menu 11 AC Inputs Input lower limit 105V Input upper limit 136V Menu 17 Battery Selling Battery sell volta
8. F Ril 14 Bat Folay 9 volts DC 14 5 Hrztarsziz 50 raltz 01 0 Sat LECO delay Set Float Bat Input lower Set Load Set Pra Crank Sat Ealar 10 minutes 10 Tolts 13 4 limit 108 delar nin 5 0 seconds 10 volts 14 8 Sat Low battsrr Set Equallze Bat Input upper Set 24 hr start Set Max Cranking Hyztarssis cut in YOZ 13 4 roltz 14 4 limit 122 Tolts 12 3 10 volts 01 0 Sat High battery Set Equallze Set 2 hr stark Sat Post Crank Sat Ealar 11 cut out TEC 15 0 bins h m 02 00 Tolts DC 11 3 zaccodz i tolts DO 15 0 zat zat ar qe zat 15 min star watts 18 Ds AC 20 tolts 11 3 Bat zaarch Sat Comp Road LEDO 30 zac spacing 59 Laadicid HiCad start 11 0 Bat days 30 m QHelays 2 i second delay Sgt Max Fun time Close 0 1 ser to 0 to defeat delay on gen Get Exercise 0 to defeat Sew menr 3 to set Charge patter yr Battery ng rid Weaga nec nitcrmat ion a nd Manu Trigger Timer 15 Transfer 15 17 18 15 40 Zst Start Bulk Set Low Batterr Sat Battery Fall Start Charge tt temp com Lina 10 00 Transfert 11 3 roltz 13 4 Lina 21 00 changes battery To disable timer battery Sat Max Fall End Charge voltage reading 00 00 DC 13 0 ps AC 30 Eins 11 00 from actual If
9. a Solar zone 8 sT 111841 2122 BEE XX ass NN MM VIZ V IV WAAA LN V L VAS 90 120 1509 1809 2109 240 2700 East lt Solar Azimuth 2 West L k Lal kala kal I ul BM K T w W 8 LA VAAN io Source http www mysundial ca tsp images sun chart sundials jpg Solar Irradiance W m 1000 Wim Sunrise peak sun hours Solar irradiance Solar insalatian Sunset Time of Day hrs Seasonal Load Profiles 70 60 50 40 30 Winter peak profile 20 10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Design the System Array sizing Battery bank sizing Wiring Safety components User feedback DC or AC or Hybrid Mounting Accomodate future growth Types of Solar PV Systems System Modes Direct Power of DC Loads gt Simple Utility tied gt Simple battery based Stand Alone Stand Alone Utility Tied Hybrid Hybrid System Inputs PV with Wind PV with GenSet Direct PV Powered Loads Source http www rise org au info Applic Solarpump image002 jpg Simple Utility Tied System Photovoltaic To Household Loads Tor A Utility Grid Array DC Disconnect AC Breaker Panel Source http www rhoduselectric com images 10 14 08 Solar_ Electric Systems jpg Simple Stand Alone System Photovol
10. cts the requirements for properly positioning locating mounting the module Students will be able to discuss and describe very simple terms how a solar photovoltaic module reacts to temperature extremes how extreme heat and cold affect its output Source A Brief Introduction to Electricity Solar PV is an Electrical Technology Electricity flows thru wires just like water Water in a Hose DC in a Wire Electrical Units flows thru pipes current D resistance R Analogy between a Hose and Electricity in Wire charge _ urrent S8ulombs flowrate second ampara Basic Electrical Definitions Voltage E Electrical pressure measured volts V Pressure required to push one ampere of current through one ohm of resistance E x Current 1 Electrical flow rate measured in amperes or amps Flow rate amp 6x10 electrons per second l E R Resistance R Resists the flow of current measured in ohms 03 Resistance necessary to produce one volt of voltage drop with one amp of current flowing E l Power P Delivers energy and does work measured in watts VV 1W of power is consumed by one volt of drop and one amp of current P E x 1 Voltage 15 the pressure that pushes electric current thru wire just hydraulic pressure forces water to flow thru a pipe 1
11. d to the millimeter from a large single crystal ingot Very expensive but the silicon is much purer and therefore more efficient Source http www rise org au info T ech pv image001 jpg Solar Cell Types Cont d Polycrystalline Waters made by a casting process in which molten silicon is poured into a mould It is allowed to set and then cut into wafers Not as energy efficient About half the silicon 16 lost to dust in the cutting process Thin Film Technology amorphous silicon made by depositing silicon onto substrate from a reactive gas Substrates are normally glass or plastic Thin film has ease of deposition low cost is mass producible and suitable for large applications Cell Technology Comparison Chart Module Area Efficiency Best Cell Cell Type Efficiency Silicon CdTe Cds Amorphous Silicon 13 2 CulnSe2 Single Junction Concentrator Multijunction Concentrator Advantages Well understood Receiving renewed attention Low cost High deposition rates possible Low cost 23 potential Low cost Hybrid PV thermal central power generation Hybrid PV thermal Space Weaknesses Indirect band gap limits efficiency How thin Cd liability Needs more development Looses power over time Low efficiency Manufacturing yields are low Needs more development Lacks production economy of scale Complex BOS Lacks production economy of scale Compl
12. e controller The battery bank consists of eight Concorde PVX 258 sealed AGM batteries The batteries are housed a cabinet made by Outback Power The system inverter is a Xantrex SW5548 The inverter the charge controllers the PV ground fault protection the main DC disconnect and OCP the AC bypass switch and other necessary disconnects and metering are all mounted and assembled on OutbackPower powet panel 240 VAC is provided for the well pump via a Xantrex T240 autotransformer Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 System Photos PV mounting rack All mounting feet are lag screwed into roof trusses and are thoroughly sealed with polyurethane roof sealant All rails are carefully spaced and aligned to allow proper mounting of the PV modules Wilhelm Engineering June 2005 System Photos PV Array J SEREN feed NI NI RI System Photos PV array details Se series strings penetrate into the attic through flashed and sealed outdoor rated boxes All PV module frames are bonded together with tinned and braided grounding straps attached with stainless steel tek screws The entire frame and rack system is tied into the house lightning protection system with 4AWG stranded copper ground wire Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 System Photos PV combiner box The PV series string combiner is located in the attic above the garage and directly below the PV array The str
13. eries will be drained of stored energy and their voltage will drop As the voltage drops toward 48 volts energy conservation will be necessary to extend inverter operating time Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details Charge Controllers The function of the charge controllers is to prevent the PV array from over charging the batteries It has been programmed to match your specific batteries and system requirements Bulk voltage 56 8V Float voltage 53 4V If it needs to be re programmed you will need to enter the password 141 You should read the owners manual carefully before attempting to re program the charge controller Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details Inverter Controls The inverter 1s actually a microprocessor controlled invertet charger The operating parameters of the inverter are ELT programmed via the control pad on the face of the inverter r 5 E The Inverter has been Tm programmed to match your m system requirements If it Power Conversion Center N looses power reverts to Source factory defaults 1t will need to be http www magnet4less com images sw_image jpg re programmed with the proper values Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Inverter Control Details 29 v EN 117 six black buttons the control pa
14. es our customers the ability ta quickly generate SalarMaunt quotes matter what the day or hour ee Is UniRac open on Sunday Doesn t matter Download our SalarMaunt Estimator an Excel spreadsheet that Immediately provides quotes for Solarount configurations Quickly experiment with variations forthe best system and price to meet your a UniRac Inc gt round amp Roof System 3201 University Boulevard SE needs Suite 110 TRACI Albuquerque NM 87108 5535 RACKER ZOO c USA Prone 505 242 6411 Fax 505 242 6412 Solarllount rails improve small pole mounts Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Your Charge Controllers Power Center Battery Cabinet 4 Home Cat Sack Company Products Prices Contact Distributors Power Systems Technical Contact At OutBack Power Systems our goal is to support our customers and their applications with an exceptional level of technical support and customer service Your issue or question will promptly be addressed either by a design or an application engineer Click here to use the contact form or contact us at endgineering outbackpower com or feel free to call or fax Tel 360 435 6030 Fax 360 435 6019 OutBack Power Systems 19009 8274 Ave Arlington 99223 DutBack Power Systems Inc 5 2002 360 435 6019 Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Next Week Re visit solar P V A little review A little more d
15. etail Electrical Generator Technology Converting mechanical energy into electrical energy Finis Source http www cosmiclight com imagegalleries images space sun sumer jpg
16. ex BOS Reliability of Solar Cells Most solar PV modules carry a manufacturer s warranty of 20 years or more Solar cells are very durable Hardware Module Hight shows the decreasing cost of solar revolution 1994 USS Wp gt 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 http www acre murdoch edu aur refiles pv text html Future Prospects Solar cell manufacturing has become growing industry Demand for cells is increasing Much Japanese Australian Chinese Indian development PV Solar PV Applications Applications Corrosion Protection Electric Fences Remote Lighting Telecommunications Solar powered water pumping gt Water treatment Source http www mercadolibre com ve jm img s MLV amp f 6934475_8041 jpg amp v P Ditterent PV applications have different circumstances and different requirements Near Utility Power or Remote Daytime Only or Anytime Photovoltaic Only or Hybrid Generation Centralized or Decentralized Batteries Stand Alone or Utility Tied No Batteries Roadside Flashers 0 x t N m N Garden Lights Portable Lanterns Microwave Telemetry Stations Radio Repeaters Radio Telephones Railroad Signals
17. ge 53 2V Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Manufacturer Warranty Information Allof the major components of your system are warranted by their manufacturers Manufacturer warranty and contact information can be found in the equipment user manuals For your convenience contact information is also on the following pages Your system was sold and installed by Wilhelm Engineering 149 Sun Street Stelle IL 60919 815 256 2284 Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 xantrex Smart choice for power Distibuted Power Mobile Power C O nta ct Programmable Power Facilities Facilities arkar Xantrex Technology Inc Corporate Contacts MGC eee Contact a Sales Group or Customer Support directly We regret that any products shipped to any of these addresses without prior authorization may be refused and returned to sender Please contact customer service to obtain a return authorization number prior to shipment Your Inverter and Transformer For general questions customer support product support or dealer Inquiries please call the Xantrex customer call center at 1 800 670 0707 or 1 800 446 6180 If calling from outside the US or Canada please dial 1 604 422 2777 Email customerservice xantrex com Main switchboard numbers to various antrex facilities are below Headquarters 8999 Nelson Way Burnaby BC Canada 5 485 General Tel 604 422 8595 Gene
18. id opaque Cell tops have to balance connectivity and light X transmission 4 ZEN GM F CZ cell Interconnecting copper ribbons Connect Cells Modules One silicon solar cell produces 5 volt 36 cells connected together have enough voltage to charge 12 volt batteries and run pumps and motors Module is the basic building block of systems Can connect modules together to get even more power ee ee 2100000 COCOCOCX 0 ee 000 Terms Used CELL basic building block in factory MODULE smallest unit that can do real world work building block in the field PANEL physically connected modules structure ARRAY all solar generators one installation Definitions PV Module Module group ot cells connected in series and or parallel and encapsulated in an environmentally protective aminate Siemens SP75 Solarex 5 60 75 watt single crystal 60 watt polycrystalline Definitions PV Panel Panel A group of modules that is the basic building block of a PV array Detinitions PV Array Array group of panels that comprises the complete PV generating unit Solar cells are made as single crystal wafers lypes of Solar Cells silicon based poly crystalline waters or thin film technology Single Wafer slice
19. ing combiner includes over current protection and disconnect means for each of the 12 series strings of PV modules Six series strings of PV modules are combined into a single sub array There are two sub arrays of 24 x modules each Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 System Photos Power Control Center B ullis 77 mul Ma Power m o Panel contains I the charge 1 amm ai inverter grid tie interface disconnects etc The sealed batteries are housed in the vented steel cabinet below the Power Panel Wilhelm Engineering 4 4 June 2003 m Note the DC lightning surge arrestors hidden behind the charge controllers Power Center Details Inverter Control Panel Battery E Meter By pass switch A mr used to switch pem Charge Controller loads from inverter pall yuka 1 power to utility m Inverter m power Disconnect Pw switches between charge controllers M E NN a Charge Controller F 2 P a T PV array ground fault protection and disconnect Main DC disconnect switch between PV sub arrays and charge between inverter and controllers battery bank Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details The By Pass Switch This is the emergency switch In its normal position the loads in the sub panel are po
20. l electric field pushes electrons to front of cell Electric current flows on to other cells or to the load Cells never run out of electrons al P N junction Current Changes with Irradiation Current and voltage output ofa single solar cell under varying light levels 2 suns 2000 501111 1 sun 1000 5 05 suns S00 Wsq m 25 suns 250 V sq m gt in e Voltage Volts e e Voltage Changes with Temperature PV How are Solar Cells Made How Solar Cells Made Manufacturing Flow Crystaland Cell Manufacturing Module Manufacturing Wafer Fabrication Change quartz Diffuse with Solder cells into pure silicon phosphorus together Coat with anti 2 an Laminate reflective coating Crop slab and arint contact Attach frame saw into wafers j box diodes Etch surface Electrical test Melt and grow into single crystal p meta Doping Process Adding an impurity to silicon in order to change its internal properties Because the production of energy depends on the separation of positive and negative charges silicon must be modified The charge carrying behavior of the crystal silicon is changed Silicon has 4 valence electrons electrons on the outer shell To 9 create impurity between the e silicon bonds boron
21. m um um Eum Em um um um gg If no start in 5 inverter synced 1 zen run tima po LBCO volts m then error to thet input for 20 zeconds um um m um um um um um NE m m m m m m starts volt 2 I undaer cvar dofast timers u C l mms for 5 min i lis used for i speed Beet start end a NH E E GN E EF m HE E E NEN NM oU HR UM E UM Um 1 then stone 12800 RCD IBN 1 Inverter braakar e exercise cay m Inva ter FF 1 IB T mall i Erippad H set to 1 than not attempt and gen starting gen will always restart until start andgulat gen auto start Batt volt tern ceonditinmns sra amin sstisfilad If Gan runs for More then Bun tins than Error speed Hill a Sync armor 10 minutes corp is used for float bulk eg sux rulays End User Hari 8 SW31I nN3W gt Invartar Batup Battery Charging Inputs j 10 Set Crid Wrage Sat Bulk Sat Grid 3219 FLT ZELL SLT LEX tolts 14 4 ps AC Sat Low battsrr cut out THe 11 0 Set Abzorptlon Gan ACD Eins h m 02 00 pz MENU HEADINGS Sat EY Function Eat Lead Etart B k Zst Load Start 3 delay nir 5 20 Run Sat Can V Ruxlllarz Relars
22. nel divided into three pairs pair of black buttons on the right next to the green button are used to move from menu heading to menu heading There are 20 total menus as shown in the following two pages Once a menu heading has been selected the pair of black buttons on the far left are used to scroll down thru the items contained within that specific menu see the menu map on the following two pages After a menu item has been selected the center pair of black buttons labeled set points are used to change the values assigned to that item These programmable options include such things as Bulk Charge Voltage Float Voltage Maximum Charging Current etc Pressing the green button takes you to the generator control menu In your system this menu Will not be used Pressing the red button takes you to the main on off menu Within this menu the set point buttons will be used to turn the inverter off and on Please read the owner s manual before attempting to program the inverter Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 See User Manual Page 34 Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Inverter 1 Bet Inverter OFF BECH On CHE Bak Congerator Generator Mods 2 Prass reset now tor 426 1 MENU HEADINGS Engineering Tins of Day Error Causes 5 00 00 00 Beat Clock hour 00 00 00 Inrartar charger Over Currant n m um um um um um umm avail Only ja
23. ral Fax 604 420 15981 United States 5816 195th Street NE Wilhelm Engineering Arlington Washington USA 98223 June 2003 General Tel 360 435 8826 General Fax 360 425 5144 Your Photovoltaic Modules Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Keyword Search In This Site Contact 115 For General inquiries please use one of the four contact details below For Sales inquiries please contact one of our Global Sales addresses Metherlands Shell Solar B V Box 38000 1050 BN Amsterdam The Metherlands Tel 31 20 630 3000 Fawn 31 20 630 2211 Email solarservices shell com Germany Shell Solar Gmbh Domagkstr 11 80807 Munich Germany Tel 49 89 636 50620 49 89 636 50622 Email sol ar nfo shell com USA Shell Solar Industries 4650 Adahr Lane Camarillo 93011 United States Tel 1 505 452 6500 Fawn 1 505 355 6395 Email solarsalesusa shell com me THE S STANDARD IN PV MODULE RACKS Your PV array Contact Us ee Welcome Roof Rack U Series A Frame and Pole Mounted Products UniRac Inc manufactures photovoltaic P module racks for every type of array and all makes and models af modules series D amp Series F Small Pole Mounts On site product photos Distributor List PDF Lead Times Packing Generate SolarMount and Shipping configurations and quotes 24 7 Installation Instructions We need more SolarMounts A new worksheet giv
24. taic Charge System Meter Array Controller w Battery Bank s 9 AC Breaker Panel Source http homepower com images basics Basics SolarElect OffGridFlow jpg Grid Tied with Batteries 3 0 Sum e L4 AC Breaker Panel To household loads Source http homepower com images basics Basics SolarElect GridBBFlow jpg System Electrical Design Common Problem Areas Insufficient conductor ampacity and insulation Excessive vo age drop Unsafe witing methods Lack of or improper placement of overcurrent protection and disconnect devices Use of unlisted ot improper application of listed equipment e g ac in dc use Lack of or improper equipment or system grounding Unsafe installation and use of batteries PV An Example Solar PV System Report to Client Final Project Report Alan and Susan Your 5KW Solar Photovoltaic Power System Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 General System Description PV array consists of 48 She Solar SM 110 110 watt photovoltaic modules array roof mounting rack is the UrzRace SolarMount system The PV series string combiner is from OutbackPower The string combiner 18 located in the attic above the garage The entire PV array is divided into two sub arrays Each sub array is controlled by an OutbackPower MX60 charg
25. wered by the inverter If for any reason the inverter shuts down or malfunctions flipping the positions of the ganged switch will allow the sub panel loads to be powered by the main utility panel Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details Disconnect This switch should not be turned off unless necessary for safety reasons If this switch is opened the battery will be disconnected p 48 J ee EN ow from the inverter the inverter will completely power down and all of the inverter s set points will revert to their factory default values Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details Charge Controller Disconnects The switch with the green label on the right is positioned between the PV sub arrays and the charge controllers It can be used as a manual switch or it may en trip open if there is a ground fault in the PV array The two black switches on the left are positioned between the charge controllers and the batteries If these are turned the charge controllers may lose their programmed set points reverting to factory defaults Wilhelm Engineering June 2003 Power Center Details The Battery E Meter This is the main battery monitoring meter It defaults to reading the battery voltage When full the batteries will read near 56 5 volts During a power 9 outage the batt
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