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Handbook Part I: Software

1. Software Description 35 meteonorm Monthly values for Abseteluba BR s i Gh Dh Ta RH RR Rd FF Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax Januar Februar Marz y Mai jon he E Juli J A Y EB L E g L u August September J ll Oktober November L JL D J LL DL j EE ASA Dezember B ums A E ee ET ES AENA Download current data Inert from file Radiation units Time Beginning of the penod Date Wall be imparted exported a W m with tflicurrently selected units 2 Mim Year 2009 Year 2009 E kWh m month O KWh m day Month January x yd 2 snc Temperature units lation va a nen fle a y Temperature n a Downend ncn There is an example file located in C ProgramFiles METEOTEST meteonorm7 Resources Examples Sample_monthly_values_for_Bern Liebefeld 2011 csv 2 4 1 1 Manual import Another method to import your monthly values is to fill out the table from the Monthly values dialog by hand Be aware to select the correct units of your radiation and temperature data In the time field select the start year of your data You can save your data by clicking the button Save to file The file name will consist of the location name and the year entered in the time field E Monthly values for Abaeteluba 3 E Gh Dh Ta RH RR Rd FF Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax Ns o GNE UE ae os mI IL 1 l1 l1 a ee l1 l1 LN E
2. Movember Dezember Download current data Beginning of the period Import from file Data will be imported exported with the currently selected units D kWh m month kWh m day Year 2009 January gt Manth Radiation Temperature Temperature units n a ama le 4 Save to file n a Osme cancel Software Description 36 meteonorm 2 4 2 Hourly values With version 7 0 hourly values can be imported for every location The software will change the type of site automatically to User hour First the import file has to be chosen in the register Modifications with the button Select hourly files for import Hourly data must be defined according to a predefined format There are three different types of files which can be read e italian weather station format e Free format with tabulators as column separator and given header structure e Energy Plus Weather format EPW Italian weather station format The Italian weather station format includes 11 header lines and the following parameters Year month day day of year hour global radiation temperature relative humidity precipitation pressure wind direction wind speed and longwave incoming radiation All radiation parameters must be in W m temperatures in C pressure in hPa and wind speed in m s Free format The parameters of the free format are specified in Table 2 4 2 Missing val
3. C e m s PVSYST hour 6 G Gh G Dh Ta FF Blank W m C m s PVS hour 6 G Gh Blank W m Meteo Matrix hour 1 G Gh Ta classified in form of Tab W m C matrix Pvscout hour 12 G Gh Tmoaue distribution in minute Semi W m time resolution colon Solinvest hour m d h hy G Gh G Dh G Bn Ta Semi W m C colon Tab 2 3 5 Definition of output formats for solar thermal simulation software Format time Header Parameters Deli Units step lines miter Polysun hour 4 hy G Gh G Dh Ta G Lin FF Semi W m C m s HH TSOL hour 4 G Gh Ta RH FF Tab IW m C 9e m s Solar Ripp hour G Gh Ta RH FF G Lin plus Blank W m C m s 96 binary format Tab 2 3 6 Definition of generally used output formats Format time Header Parameters Deli Units step lines miter TMY2 hour 1 m d h G_Gex GO G Gh G Bn Blank W m C m s G Dh LG LD Lz N N1 Ta Td cm h hPa RH p DD FF Vis Hc Wc w Aod Sn Ds TRY DWD hour 24 Any Number dm m h N DD FF Blank m s mm hPa FFv Wc RR p Ta RH G Bh C 96 W m lux G Dh LG G Lin G_Lup TMY3 hour 2 m d h Gao Gex Gen Gen Gon Le Tab W m C m s Len Lp Lz N N1 Ta Td RH Dp cm h hPa DD FF Vis Hc Wc w Aod albe do Iprec js For a horizontal surface Hek Hpk and Hg are replaced by Han and Gek Gpk Grax by Gen di Special
4. 2 4 Import of your own data meteonorm allows the user to import their own monthly and hourly data 2 4 1 Monthly values 2 4 1 1 CSV import In meteonorm version 7 monthly values are imported as a CSV Character Separated Values file The delimiter can be a semicolon or a tabulator One header line is needed specifying the parameters abbreviations followed by 12 lines one for each month containing the data The first column is re served for the month The columns with the meteorological parameters are optional and do not have a specified order Fill out missing values for single months with 999 Missing parameters will be filled with the climatological mean Tab 2 4 1 Parameters for monthly data import The timestamp Month is mandatory all other pa rameters are optional Abbreviation Parameter Unit Month Month Gh Global radiation horizontal kKWh m month Dh Diffuse radiation horizontal KWh m2 month Ta Temperature C RH Relative humidity 96 RR Precipitation mm Rd Days with rain days FF Wind speed m s Tadmin Mean daily minimum of tem C perature Tadmax Mean daily maximum of temper C ature Tamin Minimum hourly temperature C Tamax Maximum hourly temperature C To import the CSV file go to register modification click on Import monthly values and then on Open file Select your data file and it will be read into meteonorm Import monthly values
5. Interpolated city Press the Next button on the bottom right to move to the next page 2 Modifications form Enter the plane orientation by typing 45 in the inclination box and leave the azimuth at 0 due south to set the right orientation Modifications General Correction of global radiation measurements San Diego US 32 8 M 117 2 F O m a x Interpolated city cy i Only applicable for weather stations with high horizons Location specific Plane orientation Azimuth 1 enter plane orientation Inclination W Pa 30 e Automatic 0 15 Custom Horizon Atmospheric turbidity a Hone a Interpolated Automatic topographic Nearest Aeronet station Custom Custom O Edit horizon Edit turbidity Data import 4 Import monthly values Select hourly values file Press Next on the bottom right to move to the next page meteonorm Software Description 9 3 Data form Leave it as is to use the default selections Data Dataset Timeperiod temperature Use meteonorm 7 climate data 2000 2009 Use yearly imported data 1961 1990 Future Timeperiod radiation o 1986 2005 1981 1990 Future Back Advanced settings Press Nextto move to the next page IPCC Scenario for future time periods SL 2010 PL e Reset Next gt Output Format form Choose output format Standard The meteonorm standard output file con tains the global radiation diffuse radia
6. 2 1 Delivery license agreement The meteonorm software can be downloaded at http meteonorm com download software The pur chaser is entitled to use the software and data supplied for his own purposes The licensing conditions to be adhered to are published on http meteonorm com products software license They are dis played when meteonorm is installed and are available in the software in the menu Help About me teonorm 7 2 2 Installation The installation package for the software can be downloaded from the internet at www meteonorm com download software The file downloaded is an easy to use installation package Run the downloaded file and follow the instructions given To install and run the program a personal computer with Windows XP Vista 7 is required 800 MB of storage space is required on the hard disk At least 512 MB RAM is needed If not present the NET framework 4 0 freely available from microsoft com will be installed automatically A screen resolution of at least 1024x800 pixels is recommended An internet connection is required for license checking The license conditions must be read prior to installation See chapter 2 1 where to find them The program is by default installed to the mn7 directory C Program Files Meteotest meteonorm 7 If required the directory can be changed Additionally software specific as well as personal configura tion files are stored in the user s configuration directory e g c
7. UVB UVE UVAincl UVindex H Gh H Dh H Gk optimum incli nation Ta Deli miter Tab Blank Tab Blank Blank Blank Blank Units W m C C 76 W m h day mm days m s deg W m C W m C hPa mm W m C e m s W m C W m C Software Description Tab 2 3 3 Format TRNSYS CH METEO HELIOS PC DOE SUNCODE MATCH sia 380 1 LESOSAI ENERGY PLUS epw files DYNBIL PHPP WaVE Pleiades Comfie sia 2028 WUFI WAC PHLuft IDA ICE IBK CCM Definition of output formats for Building simulation software time step hour hour hour hour hour hour mon mon hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour hour Header lines 2 11 12 28 Parameters dm m h G_Bh G_Dh Ta FF RH Any Number y dy h FFE FFN Ta RH p RR G_Gh Sd FF Td Tp N y dy dm m h G_Gh G_GvE G GvS G_GvW G GvN G Dh G Lin G Lv Ta RH FF FFaS FFaW FFaN FFaE G Bn Any Number Ta Tp Td DD FF p We N N1a N1 G Gh G Bn G_Dh y m dm h G_Bn G_Gh Ta Td FF Ta Td G_Gh G_Dh G_Bn N FF Ta H_GvS H_GvE H GvW H GvN HD1o HDD1 0 HD1e HDD2o72 HDia HDDo 4 snow and wind loads Ta H_GvS H_GvE H_GvwW H_GvN HD o HDD48 10 HD12 HDDo0 12 HD14 HDD20 14 FF RH m dm h Ta Td RH p G_Gex GO G_
8. http wiki naturalfrequency com wiki Converting EnergyPlus Weather Data Designbuilder from DesignBuilder Software Ltd EnergyPlus epw or TMY2 data format can be imported into Designbuilder eQuest For data import into the software eQuest use binary files generate in the DOE data format As a second option you can generate an EnergyPlus epw file and use the tool eQ WthProc http doe2 com index_wth html from DOE to convert it to a DOE binary file If you receive the error message invalid floating point it is related to the regional and language options from the Windows operating system Go to System settings Change date time number currency value settings Click the Customize this format button Set the decimal symbol to dot and the digit grouping symbol to comma Trane Trace This software can import weather files in the TMY2 and TMY3 data format SMA Sunny Design This software accepts the meteonorm standard output format and the EnergyPlus epw format IES Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw format EDSL Tas This software accepts the EnergyPlus epw and TMY2 format Software Description 33 meteonorm 2 3 2 6 Step 5 Output On the right hand side of the output window graphs of the calculated results are shown Monthly val ues of radiation temperature precipitation and sunshine duration are shown as well as the curves for
9. 3 2 3 Step 2 Modifications This part describes the site specific settings for a selected location Modifications Modifications General y Correction of global radiation measurements Aarau 47 4 N amp O E 385 m dx Use global radiation data with correction of horizon effects Interpolated city l k Use onginal global radiation data including horizon effects Only applicable for weather stations with high horizons Plane orientation Azimuth Inclination Albedo Automatic 9 Custom Horizon Atmospheric turbidity w None Interpolated Automatic topographic Nearest Aeronet station Use custom Custom 2 Edit horizon Edit turbidity Data import Import monthly values Select hourly values file Back General Corrections of global radiation measurements This point affects only a few stations in deep valleys in the Swiss Alps where measurements are highly influenced by high horizons The data is corrected as if there is no horizon line This setting is only available if one of these stations is selected Location specific Plane orientation Here you can set the orientation and inclination of your solar panel for the calculations of the radiation components on the inclined plane Azimuth angle Inclination angle Software Description 18 meteonorm e The azimuth is the angle between the horizontal projection of the normal to the surface and
10. 7 Uncertainty variability and trend information ccccoonnnnncccconcnncononnnnncnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnononnnnnnonannrnnnnnnns 33 2 0 2 0 o 34 IM DOM OL VOU Meo Vial AAt e TEE 34 MODIY VAISS aii Tm t 34 mieu illis PR RC CLIE ae 36 e o E Um 37 DATABASIS iS 38 Climatological Databases ssssesessssssesseeeeeeeeenn nennen nennen nenne nan n nnns nnns nnns 38 AON ST AU 9 EIER TORRE EMT 38 SO Us ER RR NETTE TONER OR MM MER MO PENDET AT 39 Climate change data tido cess 40 CI VU eA SIN I E A AT TE AAE T E N AE E N E 43 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS eeeeeeeeeeeeeen nnn ana e neun 44 PARAMETERS AND UNITS eeeeeeeieeeeeeeeener enhn h nennen nnn anas 46 Denton OR Aral EE E con EE 46 CONverSiOn FaciorS incienso ardido 48 PART Il THEORY See the theory manual Short Review 1 meteonorm Short Review What is meteonorm meteonorm is a comprehensive climatological database for solar energy applications mefteonorm is a meteorological database containing comprehensive climatological data for solar engineering applications at every location on the globe The results are stochastically generated typical years from interpolated long term monthly means They represent a mean year of the selected climatological time period based on the user s settings As such the re sults do not represent a real historic year but a hypothetical year which sta
11. GP pooldat flocc ES projekte flocci Cal cnkrates flores Dateiname sydnhimp_mn tet Data import D Import monthly values B Select hourly values file 1 4 Selection of output format All output formats can be chosen In this example the standard format is ok 5 Click on Next or the Output register to run the calculation 6 Save the results as PDF show preview for this location or ASCII files monthly daily or hourly data Data Basis 38 meteonorm software 3 Data Basis In this chapter the data basis of meteonorm is presented the sites to which the models were adapted and validated are listed and the climatic classification system used for the generation of hourly values is defined 3 1 Climatological Databases 3 1 1 Ground stations In meteonorm several databases have been thoroughly checked to ensure reliability and were cou pled to form a single comprehensive database permitting worldwide simulation of solar energy sys tems buildings and environmental simulations The database contains all necessary parameters for further processing global radiation temperature wind humidity and precipitation The Swiss database already used in the 1995 version 2 has been retained partly This was compiled by the MeteoSwiss and contains 10 year mean data for Gh Ta FF DD and Sd for 64 weather sta tions for the period 1983 1992 These values can be accessed for these sites for radiatio
12. METEONORM Tab 5 2 Definition of the radiation parameters Boo Direct normal radiation clear sky Bh Direct radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation A 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle 6 aperture centered around the sun s disk impinging on a horizontal surface Bk Direct radiation inclined i e shortwave radiation A lt 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle centered around the sun s disk 6 aperture and impinging on an inclined surface Bn Beam i e direct normal radiation DNI Shortwave radiation A lt 3 um arising from a narrow solid angle 5 aperture centered around the sun s disk and impinging on a surface normal to the direction of the radiation Diffuse radiation horizontal clear sky Diffuse radiation horizontal i e shortwave isotropic radiation A lt 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by the direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 6 aperture Diffuse radiation horizontal with raised horizon i e shortwave isotropic radiation A lt 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by the direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 6 aperture taking raised horizon into account Diffuse radiation horizontal minimum Minimum diffuse radiation on horizontal surface on clear cloudless days clear sky conditions Diffuse radiation inclined i e shortwave isotropic radiation A 3 um arising from the upper hemisphere reduced by th
13. a location the data basis can be different since the sites and the databases are intimately coupled Basically there are seven different site types for locations defined Interpolated cities weather sta tions weather stations without global radiation measurement that means global radiation is interpo lated for them design reference years DRYs user defined sites sites with imported monthly values User month and sites with imported hourly values User hour Worldwide cities with more than 100 000 habitants and for Switzerland all 3 020 municipalities are included To have meteonorm calculate meteorological data the question of which data basis to use arises Do you have your own data should one of meteonorm s built in sites be used or should an interpolation based on the nearest meteonorm sites be used The fixed database in meteonorm 7 contains approx 6 200 cities 8 800 weather stations and 1 200 DRY Design Reference Year sites For weather stations monthly average values are stored Should you require hourly values these are generated accordingly For cities the monthly average values long term averages are interpolated and then the hourly values generated For other sites the monthly values are likewise interpolated and hourly values generated If you choose a DRY site the stored hourly data will automatically be read in and used in the calculations If your project is near a weather station this station can
14. be used directly The distance between your location and the nearest weather station should not be more than 20 km and the altitudes should not differ by more than 100 m When a weather station is selected its data is used in the calculations Software Description 12 meteonorm If your project lies far from the next city or weather station included in meteonorm it is recommended to define a user defined site form Available Locations Tab User defined button Add new so that data from nearby weather stations are interpolated Locations Selected locations Available locations bzh Locations User defined aor 1 of 1 locations selected i Aarwangen 47 2 N 7 8 E 438 m al Aarau 4 4 N 90 t 300 m a Ae nterpolated city I Interpolated city 10 i Aarberg 47 0 N 7 3 E 456m B Interpolated city Dla Aarburg 47 3 N 7 9 E 402 m l Interpolated city Aarwangen 47 2 N 7 8 E 438 m le Interpolated city io Baar 47 2 N 8 5 E 445 m a Interpolated city grn Buchs Aarau 47 4 N 8 1 E 387 m REA Weather station a 1 Ola The Location selection window is divided into two parts To the left you can see the list of your select ed locations and to the right the list of selectable locations divided into three tabs e The Favorites tab is a list of the locations you marked as your personal favorites This is shown per default on starting up if it is not empty e The Locations tab lists a
15. daily global radiation and temperature Output Aadorf Aadort 47 5 N amp 9 E 528 m f Tr Daily global radiation i Daily temperature Data table Interpolated city Radiation Temperature Precipitation M Sunshine duration 160 opens preview tool PDF store data to disk Radiation kwh m co e Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec B Diffuse radiation kWh m C Global radiation KWh m On the left hand side of the window you can store your results by clicking the appropriate icons of the selection toolbox The magnifier icon will open the preview sheet which can be stored as a PDF file The graphs presented in the output part as well as a table with the monthly values are in BS cluded in the PDF Additionally the nearest sites up to three sites with the distance to each ll one of them or the WMO number for weather stations which were used for the interpolation are shown Furthermore information on the uncertainty of the yearly value for radiation and temperature as well as the trend and the year to year variability of the global radiation is provided The floppy disk icon lets you store the data as ASCII files You will be prompted for the time resolution to store the data The data is stored according to the data format selected in the format window The icons on the left hand side green globe and information show information e g coordinates about the selected location E Y T
16. for mat This is demonstrated in the image above The tool tip first shows the time step the data is stored in in brackets h hourly min minutely mon monthly and then the list of the parameter abbrevia tions Parameters and their abbreviations are described in detail in chapter 5 If you choose the standard or the user defined output you are free to choose any desired surface orientation If you select a fixed format for a particular simulation software the surface orientation and also the units may be disabled as these settings will be applied in the simulation software itself Tab 2 3 2 Definition of designated meteonorm output formats Number and sequence of parame ters Symbols y year m month dm day in month dy day in year h hour hy hour in year The remaining symbols are defined in chapter 5 Format time step Standard hour Meteo mon Standard min minute Humidity hour Science hour Spectral UV hour Standard opt mon Header lines Parameters m dm h hy G_Gh G_Dh G_Gk G Dk G Bn Ta Ta Tamin l aamin Tagmax Tamax RH H Gh SD SDastr RR RD FF DD snow and wind loads m dm dy h min G_Gh hs G_Gex G_Gh hour G_Dh G_Gk G_Bn Ta FF m dm h hy G_Gh Ta Td RH Tp mx PP Enthalpy RR m dm dy h Ta G_Gh Td RH G_Dh FF DD G_Lin RR Sd N hs TL G Bn G Gc G Dc G ex G Gh profile PAR snow G Lup m dm h hy G Gh G Dh Ta UVAc UVBc UVEc UVA
17. of mouse position azimuth elevation Close editor The horizon editor allows modifying the horizon line according to the local neighborhood The green area at the bottom shows the horizon of the surrounding landscape retrieved from the horizon server The topographical horizon can be calculated for all regions of the world between 60 N and 60 S using a 90 m digital terrain model This normally gives quite a good approximation of the horizon line If the horizon is very near e g the site is on a slope the horizon is shown as blocks The thick red line shows the final horizon line which is a mixture of the topographical horizon and the custom horizon The topographical horizon is used as a base horizon line With left mouse clicks you can add the cus tom horizon line from additional nearby objects like buildings or trees Points are marked as black squares Remove points with right mouse clicks or by dragging the points out of the window In the example above a skyscraper in the neighborhood is added to the topographical horizon Horizon editor functions e Background image If you have a 360 image of the surrounding of your location e g made with meteonorm horicatcher geological compass theodolite or fish eye camera you can load this image into the editor as a background image for more precise digitizing of the horizon line The image can be imported in jpg or png format The image must stretch from N to W S E to N again azimuth fro
18. tilted plane Global luminance Beam i Diffuse luminance Temperature Global radiation tracked e r Direct radiation horizontal Wind A In nr Dic presa UVA radiation Wind speed Photosynthetically active radiation Wind direction Aur pressure Units Monthly values Temperature Wind 9 Wm 2 C 9 m s MJ m 1 10 C 1 10 m s kWh m monthly F km h kWh m daily kt Hourly values Air pressure 9 Wm hPa btu ft inch hg Formatting Hyphen Headers Tab Include header lines 9 No header lines Free entry X Delete Cancel Save Delete To delete a user defined format select it from the drop down list click Edit and then click the Delete button delete at the bottom Additional information for some data formats When using the DOE format an additional file for ground temperatures is written The additional DOE file has the same name as the output file but the extension DOE With version 7 0 the packing of the data into a binary file is not possible any more Read in the following paragraph Software without data exchange formats with meteonorm under the point eQuest howto produce a binary file for DOE Meteo provides an overview of the meteorological parameters of a site as monthly values Standard opt calculates the optimal angle of panel inclination for the site meteonorm evaluates the optimal azimuth and inclination angle with the highest radiation income in steps of 5 PHPP WaVE calculates the heating a
19. Gh G_Bn G_Dh LG LD Lz DD FF N N1 Vis Hc WC w Aod Sn Ds m d h min Ta RH Ts FF DD G Lin G Dk G DirX G DirY G DirZ Ta H GvN H GvE H GvS H GvW H Gh Td Tsky FF Any Number Ta H Gh H Dh H Bn Sd RH FF m dm h Nr y m d h Ta p RH RR FF FX DD Tground N G Gh G Dh G Bn G GvE G GvS G_GvW G GvN rho G Lin G LvS eh Td enthalpy mx Tp Gan Gon N Ta Rh FF DD RR GLin Ta Ta Rh FFE FFN G Bn G Dh Ta Rh G Bh G Dh G Lup G Lin n DD FF RR one file per parameter Deli miter Blank Tab Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Blank Tab Tab Blank Tab Blank meteonorm Units W m C m s W m C m s cm h hPa W m C e m s btu ft h F 1 100 inch Hg KkJ m h 1 10 C 1 10 m s W m 1 10 C kt MJ m C MJ m C m s 2e W m C m s cm h hPa C IW m m s W m C m s 1 10 C J cm min 1 10 m s 9 m s mm hPa C 9e W m W m C m s mm 96 C C m s W m C m s W m Software Description 29 Tab 2 3 4 Definition of output formats for PV simulation software meteonorm Format time Header Parameters Deli Units step lines miter PVSOL hour 4 G Gh Ta RH FF Tab IW m
20. Users lt username gt AppData Roaming Meteotest meteonorm7 The meteonorm7 exe file and several files are contained in the mn7 directory The program is started with the meteonorm7 exe file or with an entry in the start list provided by the installation program The operating language of the program is English default but this can be changed during program operation see 2 2 3 Help is only available in English After installation the software runs in demo mode which has restrictions in saving data files For full usage of the software a license key is required See also online installation instructions http meteonorm com register guide 2 2 1 Software activation With your license key which you receive after buying a license you can activate the full functionality of the software The license runs only on 1 computer at the same time The license cannot be activated a second time when it is already activated First revoke the license registration in order to register it on another computer Software Description 5 meteonorm 2 2 1 1 Activate your license 1 Inthe Help item in the menu bar select the entry Register An internet connection is needed 4 meeonom i ce e File Locations Tools Locations amp x View Help meteonorm theory Selected Example files Show error log About Meteonorm 7 2 Enter your license key 16 character long string to register and obtain full soft
21. ance of the basis data sets must be considered The following criteria should be applied Measured and interpolated monthly values are of similar precision Although measured data reflect the specific characteristics of a local site they are always subject to measurement errors and these tend to be compensated by the interpolation process Interpolated data should there fore be used at sites with no weather station in the vicinity approx 20 km distance Dependent parameters such as diffuse radiation celestial radiation dew point temperature etc which are determined from calculated as opposed to measured data are subject to greater inaccuracy owing to error propagation Design reference year DRY data for Switzerland and USA should preferably be used in situations for which they were generated and tested i e for building simulations This is be cause like generated data they are produced from original data via a data transformation pro cedure What has changed since the last edition Compared to version 6 1 version 7 is completely redesigned and modernized Version 7 0 includes more data and many additional features Database Update of the time periods for temperature humidity precipitation and wind speed periods 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 for radiation parameters 1981 1990 and 1986 2005 Update of the satellite database Inclusion of completely new high resolution satellite map for Europe produced by Mete
22. ation button on the bottom left a window with location specific information will pop up The greyed star on the bottom right adds the location to your favorites The color of the star will change to yellow when the location is included in your favorite list ZA In addition to the lists all sites may also be chosen on a World Map This is accessed vm with the Map icon on top right of the Locations window To zoom in and out you can either use the buttons at the bottom of the window or using the mouse wheel Pan the map by clicking and dragging Locations are marked as colored dots on the map They can be switched on and off with the check boxes on the left side under location types Software Description 13 meteonorm Map ui ud A ee ol x 0 Location types Greenland 0 V Weatherstations O Weatherstations w o global radiation O O Design Reference Year locations e Cities 0 7 User defined locations Zoom to region 30000 Nlat 5 909 Elon d Zoom In Zoom Outa if Create new location X Close L7 bip Map data 2012 Od More information about a location is displayed when clicking on a location dot in the map You will see the same type of location bar as in the list of available locations You can then directly select a location for your calculation or view details with the available buttons Select for calculation Zoom to point St Peter
23. ations Help Local Map Sele Import custom output format A popup window opens for the settings 5 Options User options Application language German Default output directory CAUsersism MT Documents 7 If checked will download OpenStreetMap tiles when possible Tiles Courtesy of MapQuest Use online maps Application options Proxy server 9 None Use following server settings Address e User options o Application language Language settings of the software o Default output directory Directory where per default the results are written to o Use online maps Select to use higher resolved MapQuest tiles from the internet whenever possible e Application options o Proxy server Set your proxy server settings if a proxy server is used in your local ar ea network Software Description 7 meteonorm 2 2 4 Error Log In case of software crashes errors are written to an error log file You can access this file over the menu Help Show error log File Locations Tools Help Locations amp View meteonorm help View meteonorm theory Selected Show example files Show error log Register Revoke registration About meteonorm 7 A text editor opens showing the errors Software Description 8 meteonorm 2 3 Software usage meteonorm supplies meteorological data at any desired location in the world as monthly daily hourly or minute values in various output forma
24. d without warranty and is subject to alteration without notice The program developers cannot accept any liability The computer program de scribed in this handbook is licensed for use on one location com puter only under the condition that it shall not be further distributed No liability on the part of the developers shall arise from this The user shall be responsible for checking the correctness and plausi bility of the results by applying state of the art control procedures Contents meteonorm Contents PART I REVIEW AND SOFTWARE 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 0 9 2 2 4 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 4 1 2 4 2 2 4 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 5 1 9 2 SHOR REVIEW aE 1 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION eeeeeeeeeeeeeennn nnnm nnne nnn nnne n ener 4 Delivery license agreement e eod til A UE e eA Er uu Ed Ro 4 Tatchell Te TL 4 SOMW ANS ACTIV AUIO p ETE NITET Tuum 4 Ee ni ES Aol e PT A A A ee tee en Oe eee ee tee ee ee eee 6 Basi Setas ed mt 6 EOI A O AA A a a 7 nn deal usa uit Mem elatio tak tauet 8 ANTRO AU adus densos o darin ea eee ete Seance tee ieee i aaa 8 Detailed program ovelVIGW o leas 10 PAS TAN MER SS LER KLIEEEE 11 2322 Palle elec n Oe e dl te lod cd 11 2023 Pare MIO CIC ATOMS a A E E EU ME 16 LA PA IRR E T QT TREE 23 2323 dE4 ONMal assis EEE E EEE EEE E EAEAP riis d eas Enni atat D acp dase APENE eir 27 2 9 2 D Part 5 OUIDUb essen ait rhatta Dem cra A 33 2 3 2
25. due south The azimuth angle is defined as follows 0 South 90 West 90 East 180 North e The inclination angle is the angle between the surface and the horizontal plane and ranges from 0 to 90 0 horizontal 90 vertical Albedo The albedo can be set to a user defined value Custom The albedo is the part of the shortwave ra diation that is reflected by the ground It normally lies between 0 1 and 0 8 mean values of grass are 0 15 0 2 Use the slider or enter the value directly in the input field If the albedo is not set by the user selection Automatic it is calculated using a temperature depend ent model see meteonorm Theory Manual 6 7 2 This model takes the snow coverage into account This will cause the albedo value to be variable between winter if there is snow and summer Horizon Horizon Atmospheric turbidity None Interpolated Automatic topographic Nearest Aeronet station Use custom Custom Edit horizon gt Edit turbidity In meteonorm the influence of the horizon profile on the monthly and hourly values is taken into ac count Should the horizon for the Northern Hemisphere be raised above 10 in the directions NE through S to NW a noticeable reduction in average monthly radiation occurs For hourly values a relatively little elevated horizon may already have a strong influence on individual values For these reasons it is impo
26. e direct solar radiation from the sun s disk and its surroundings 6 aperture on inclined surface Global radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation A lt 3 um received by a horizontal surface from the solid angle 2x Global radiation horizontal with raised horizon i e shortwave radiation A 3 um received by a horizontal surface from the solid angle 27 taking raised horizon into account Global radiation horizontal maximum i e maximum global radiation on horizontal surface on clear cloud less days clear sky conditions Global radiation inclined i e shortwave radiation A 3 um received by an inclined surface from the solid angle 2x Global radiation tracked 2 axis tracking plane normal to the direction of the sun Extraterrestrial radiation horizontal i e shortwave radiation A 3 um arising from the sky upper hemi sphere on a horizontal surface at the upper edge of the atmosphere Longwave thermal infrared radiation on horizontal surface arising from the sky upper hemisphere longwave incoming wavelength 3 um Longwave thermal infrared radiation on horizontal surface emitted from the earth s surface longwave outgoing wavelength gt 3 um Longwave thermal infrared radiation on vertical surface wavelength 3 um Photosynthetically active radiation always in W m Radiation balance i e balance of total incident and emitted radiation short and longwave UVA radiation clear sky
27. e passed through the meteonorm processor Additional parameters will be added by meteonorm if needed depending on the output format This is described in more detail in chapter 2 4 The import of monthly values is useful e g to e make a simulation of the weather for your own monthly values e add additional monthly values to the database These monthly values can also be used for in terpolation if the location has been defined as a User month site Software Description 22 meteonorm In case of importing hourly values this is useful e g to e transform data files from one data format to another e do calculations on inclined planes if you only have global radiation horizontal values Import of current values from the meteonorm server Current monthly data can be imported automatically By pressing the button Current data the period can be entered 1 12 months and the data radiation and temperature for Switzerland also tempera ture distributions is downloaded automatically from a server operated by METEOTEST Data is always interpolated The data exists from 1998 onwards Data will be available approx 2 weeks after the end of each month The quality of the data is specified in 4 levels e High Near station with current data available or interpolation within Switzerland from 2001 onwards In Switzerland data with corrections for horizon and location influences are available since 2001 e Middle More than 3 stations available fo
28. ed The sun paths show us that we have shading from object 1 in the early morning hours in summer and shading from object 2 at noon in winter In spring and autumn we will have reflections from the panel at object 1 in the afternoon Atmospheric turbidity The part of the solar radiation reaching the ground is influenced by the turbidity of the atmosphere meteonorm uses the concept of the Linke turbidity factor Turbidity information in meteonorm is based on a mixture of satellite data from the satellite experiments MISR and MODIS and ground station measurements from Aeronet More theoretical details about the turbidity are described in the mete onorm Theory Manual in chapter 6 5 3 Horizon Atmospheric turbidity None D Interpolated Automatic topographic Nearest Aeronet station P LS Use custom Custom 5 Edit horizon Edit turbidity The selection can be made whether to use the interpolated satellite data default from meteonorm from the nearest Aeronet station ground data or to use user modified values Software Description 21 meteonorm The button Edit turbidity opens the turbidity editor which allows enter ing your own turbidity values Edit turbidity F z E bx Atmospheric turbidity for Adelboden a Monthly values Interpolated default Inter i polated Aeronet Custom Nearest Aeronet station Custom Jan
29. en tral European Time CET it is 1 The sign of the time zone matches the general standards Daylight saving time is ignored The time reference in minutes specifies the difference between the center of the interval and the full hour The default value is 30 This means that the current full hour designates the end of the interval For example 14 00 hours designates the time interval 13 00 14 00 hours The time reference is ex plained in detail in the meteonorm Theory Manual in chapter 6 The default value for the location situation i e the surrounding terrain is open situation In the section Situation this can be changed The specification of the situation is central to the interpolation and generation procedure and must be very carefully considered There are 14 types of situations from which to choose Tab 2 3 1 They are classified according to the local surroundings as shown in Fig ure 2 3 1 and Tab 2 3 1 Tab 2 3 1 Definition of location situations Terrain Open Open site open terrain north facing incline no raised skyline Applies to most sites Depression Depression or very flat valley floor in which cold air collects e g in Switzerland particularly in the Jura and the Alps Cold hollow Extensively cold hollows Sea lake Shore of sea or larger lake up to 1 km from the shore City Centre of larger city over 100 000 inhabitants S incline South facing incline above approx 10 inclination facing betwee
30. ent up to some percent The differ ences between the three scenarios are also relatively small Table 3 2 1 and Figure 3 2 1 In average the global radiation will slightly decrease However in the Mediterranean region the trend is positive 2 4 96 until 2100 The changes of the last 25 years go in the same direction but are already bigger than the forecasted anomalies for the period until 2030 However it has to be noted that the variations in the past 50 years global dimming and brightening have been underestimated by the climate mod els in the past Tab 3 2 1 Change of mean global radiation values in scenario A2 Yearly means 1981 2000 ac cording to meteonorm 6 1 Site longitude latitude Yearly mean Anomalies Anomalies Anomalies meteonorm 2011 2030 2046 2056 2080 2099 6 1 kKWh m2 kWh m kWh m kWh m Germany 10 50 1087 7 0 6 4 1 3 38 3 5 South Spain 5 37 1796 8 1 096 8 1 696 1 2 896 Turkey 30 37 1952 15 0 896 4 1 7 69 3 5 Sahara 0 30 2163 9 0 4 11 0 5 14 0 6 World 1500 10 0 7 21 1 4 29 1 9 Data Basis 41 meteonorm software ET Fig 3 2 1 Anomalies of global radiation in kWh m compared to 1961 1990 for the period 2080 2099 with IPCC scenario A2 It is important to be aware that predictions from climate models are always subject to uncertainty be cause of limitations on our knowledge on the climate system and the development of emissions and o
31. erenzjahre of DWD and 45 additional sites of sia Merkblatt 2028 www energycodes ch are included in meteonorm The sia datasets correspond to the period 1984 2003 and are based on EN ISO 15927 4 They can only be accessed with a special license Add on sia Merkblatt 2028 see www meteonorm com order 25 TMY3 datasets are included in the soft ware The rest can be downloaded from www meteonorm com download tmy3 3 1 2 Satellite data In version 7 0 satellite data is used for radiation interpolation in remote areas Fig 3 1 1 Where no radiation measurement is available nearer than 300 km from the selected location satellite information is used If the nearest site is more than 30 km Europe 10 km away a mixture of ground and satellite information is used The method used for processing the satellite images is an approximation of methods like Heliosat II Lef vre et al 2002 The 3 hourly pictures of the visible channel of the 5 geostationary satellites have been used period 2003 2005 The satellite pictures are processed to daily means of global radiation and summed up to monthly values These monthly values are interpolated with mean ground meas urements mainly GEBA data The difference between the ground measurements and satellite infor mation is interpolated spatially with the inverse distance method see Chapter 6 2 1 This provides a result which includes the values at the ground stations and the variation of the satelli
32. esults on disk button you can store the values In the opening dialog box select the time format of the data Month for monthly values Day for daily values or Hour for Hourly values 2 3 2 Detailed software overview The software basically works in two steps In a first step surrounding weather stations are searched and their long term monthly means are interpolated to the specified location Data derived from satel lite imagery help to improve radiation parameters in regions with a low density of available ground based data In a second step a stochastic weather generator runs on the interpolated monthly data to generate a typical mean year of data in hourly resolution 8 760 values per parameter for most of the output for mats Some of the output formats even require a minute by minute time resolution willis Software Description 11 meteonorm 2 3 2 1 Introduction To obtain a result a user has to consecutively go through the following five steps af meteonorm 7 File Locations Tools Help v Locations v Modifications v Data v Format v Output 1 Locations Select the locations for which you want to run meteonorm 2 Modifications Modify the location specific settings 3 Data Adjust data settings 4 Format Set the output format 5 Output Calculate and store the results 2 3 2 2 Step 1 Locations It is important to choose the location that suits your needs best Based on the selection of
33. formats defined by meteonorm or generalized data formats like the Typical Meteorological Year TMY there are a lot of data formats designated for data exchange with specific software packages for building simulations or solar energy applications In Tables 2 3 2 to 2 3 6 the parameters and units calculated for the respective formats are given The naming of the data format is given by the name of the external software e g the data format for the software PVSOL is named PVSOL The data exchange formats for the external simulation software have been specified and tested together with the developers of the corresponding software Addition ally you can define your own output format with the User defined data format see subsection User defined data format below Software Description Output Format Meteonorm Standard Meteo Lari Hum ih H Gh S ciel H f m mM 27 Building simulation PV Gk Ta spera Ur Standard opt Solar thermal Polysun TSOL Solar Ripp Back General use TMY2 TRNSYS CH v HELIOS PC DOE Suncode Match PVSOL PVSyst PVS leteo Solinvest sia 380 1 LESOSAI EnergyPlus epw DYNBIL PHPP WaVE Pleiades Comfie sia 2028 WUFI WAC PHLuft IDA ICE IBK CCM Custom User defined TRY DWD TMY3 a Edit P New Meteo matrix TISO meteonorm Next gt Moving the mouse over a data format will activate a tool tip showing the parameters stored in this
34. g for the data and the models applied to the data Basic Settings mm Data Dataset Timeperiod temperature IPCC Scenario for future time periods Use meteonorm 7 climate data 2000 2009 Bl 2010 Use yearly imported data 1961 1990 A1B Future A2 Timeperiod radiation Q 1986 2005 1981 1990 Future Back Advanced settings je Reset Next In the basic settings you can define which data basis and which time period will be used for the calcu lations Dataset The dataset field in orange specifies whether to use the meteonorm 7 climate database or to use the imported data from the data import in the modification part in the step before When selecting Use imported data neither the provided time periods nor a future scenario can be chosen Software Description 24 meteonorm Time period for temperature radiation The time period can be chosen on one hand for the radiation parameters radiation and on the other hand for temperature and all the other parameters Two climatological time periods are available for both groups as well as a future time period for a climate change scenario e Temperature and all other parameters except for radiation 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 e Radiation 1981 1990 1986 2005 e Future By selecting Future the field IPCC Scenario for future time periods is activated There you can choose between different scenario types which affect the climate differently More details about this topic are
35. given in chapter 3 2 Climate change data The 2000 2009 period for temperature and the 1986 2005 period for radiation depict the periods most commonly used At some stations the periods can differ from these standard periods By opening the information window of a weather station in the Locations part you can see which data is available and from which period it is For Cities or User defined sites the radiation period of cannot be chosen The radiation values are pre interpolated for these sites For this interpolation a database including global radiation measurements of all time periods is used Advanced settings Advanced settings are intended for more experienced users as they allow changing the standard setting by selecting different radiation models or other specific settings By changing the defaults the green dot on the button Advanced settings changes to yellow By pushing the Reset button all set tings in the Data step are reset to their default Radiation model e Default hour Hourly values for one typical year are generated The chain of algorithms from Remund 2008 is used See chapter 6 8 1 in the theory manual for details e Minute Aguiar amp Collares Pereira Minute values for one year are generated according the TAG model See chapter 6 8 1 in the theory manual for details e Minute Skartveith amp Olseth Minute values for one year are generated according Skartveith and Olseth 1991 See chapter 6 8 1 in the theo
36. he hourly files may contain very different parameters depending on the selected output format The parameters and the parameter order are shown in Tab 2 3 2 Hourly files consist of 8 760 lines Each line contains the values for one hour The monthly files contain a table with the values and information about the setting used as well as information about the nearest three stations used for the interpolation procedure and uncertainty in formation for radiation and temperature 2 3 2 6 Uncertainty variability and trend information The uncertainty model of meteonorm 7 is described in chapter 7 3 of the theory handbook The measurement uncertainty as part of the uncertainty model the variability and trend information is taken from the 6 nearest stations with long term measurements subset of GEBA database with approximately 800 stations The same interpolation method as for the other meteorological parame ters is used see chapter 6 2 1 Only results are given if the nearest GEBA station is closer than 1500 km Software Description 34 meteonorm 2 3 2 Interpretation of the results Do not interpret the 1 of January as THE mean 1 of January but as a day in January Values within a month are realistic values for that month based on the statistics and variations of the data of nearby measurement stations for that month meteonorm is tuned to the parameters global radiation and temperature Do not make wind assess ments with meteonorm
37. he interpolated 6 nearest sites with such measurements For the maximum values the standard deviations multiplied by the factor 1 28 are added to the mean for the minimum values the standard deviations are subtract ed The annual mean resulting this way does not correspond to any realistic value because 12 ten year extreme months are not probable to follow each other Output format specific settings For the output format PHPP WaVE the parameters for calculating the heating and cooling degree days can be modified Heating loads e Number of cold days equals the number of days in which a building cools down or is heated up e Critical temperature Inside Aspired room temperature inside the building e Critical temperature Outside Above this outside daily mean temperature heating is not needed any more e Average hours above Number of hours to calculate minimum temperature to satisfy the comfort criteria e g 12 2 12 hours minimum is calculated Cooling loads e Number of hot days Equals the number of days in which a building heats up in summer e Critical temperature outside Above this outside daily mean temperature cooling is needed e Night ventilation limits Limitations of temperature and humidity to use night time cooling based on ventilation 2 3 2 5 Step 4 Format The Format window defines which final data will be stored to a file and the output data format 36 pre defined data formats are available Beside some data
38. iation and temperature data was subjected to extensive tests The root mean square error in interpolating monthly radiation values was found to be 7 and for temperature 1 2 C Climatic variations The meteonorm radiation data base is based on 20 year measurement periods the other meteoro logical parameters mainly on 1961 1990 and 2000 2009 means Comparisons with longer term measurements show that the discrepancy in average total radiation due to choice of time period is less than 2 3 rmse for all weather stations Computational models The models used in meteonorm are designed to calculate radiation on inclined surfaces and addi tional meteorological parameters One or more models are used depending on data basis If the results are to be passed on to another software the data basis and models used should be speci fied to ensure that the results are correctly interpreted In general the hourly model tends to slightly overestimate the total radiation on inclined surfaces by 0 3 depending on the model The discrepancy compared to measured values is 10 for individual months and 6 for yearly sums It is important for users of meteonorm to be aware that the data basis and computational models only approximate the real situation Notwithstanding this the mean variation in measured total radiation between one year and another is greater than the inaccuracy in the models Software Description 4 meteonorm 2 Software Description
39. ime which means that the highest sun elevation angle is always at noon 10 year monthly extreme values for temperature and radiation For the analysis of radiation and temperature extremes at the selected location there is the possibility to simulate rare climate events The option allows displaying the variations at a certain location e Averages default Per default an average year is generated e Monthly minima maxima will take the lowest highest monthly values for a decade Attention This is not equal to a P90 P10 extreme year These are even a much rarer events e Yearly minima maxima will produce a yearly value with a statistical probability of happening once in a decade minima P10 maxima P90 This allows evaluating a P10 or P90 year P10 means that there is 10 chance to have such a year or such a year occurs once in 10 years P90 will oc cur 9 times in a decade Software Description 26 meteonorm e Summer Winter allows selecting summer and winter periods specifically With this function you can produce e g a cold winter together with a hot summer which is a worst case scenario for heat ing and cooling simulations Extremes can be simulated for temperature and global radiation only For radiation the 10 year extreme monthly values of the 6 nearest measurement stations are interpo lated to obtain the extreme conditions for each location For temperature the extreme values are calculated using the standard deviation of t
40. itions For Switzerland standardized data design reference years for building simulation purposes are available for a number of locations Short Review 2 meteonorm Tab 1 1 Sequence in which the computational models are coupled in generating hourly radiation data on an arbitrarily orientated surface at a site for which no measurements are availa ble Interpolation with monthly average value model Space dependent interpolation of horizontal radiation and Gn Ta temperature based on weather data taking altitude topogra phy region etc into account Hourly value generator Gh Ta Stochastic generation of time dependent global horizontal radiation and temperature data having a quasi natural distri bution and an average monthly value equal to the average value over 10 years Radiation resolution Gh gt Dn Bn Resolution of global radiation into diffuse and direct compo nents Radiation on inclined surface with skyline effect Calculation of hemispherical radiation on arbitrarily orientated hourly value model Gx surfaces taking the reduction due to skyline profile into ac count Which data for what purpose Depending on his specific requirements the user must choose the most suitable method from among the numerous procedures available in meteonorm To provide the user with the best possible service a whole series of dependent parameters in addition to the measured data are available In choosing the data the quality and relev
41. l surfaces Relative humidity Precipitation Air temperature Dew point temperature Wet bulb temperature psychrometer temperature Surface temperature Water content of Atmosphere precipitable water Latitude Latitude of equivalent horizontal area Longitude Surface inclination Surface azimuth orientation of surface Incident angle of radiation on inclined surface Isotropic diffuse view factor Isotropic reflex view factor Optical air mass Declination Solar azimuth Solar altitude Solar constant Radiation at the upper edge of the atmosphere Solar constant adjusted to distance earth sun Extraterrestrial solar radiation horizontal Clearness index month Clearness index day Clearness index hour Astronomical day sunshine duration Effective sunshine duration Hourly solar angle Hourly angles at sunrise and sunset Day of month 1 28 29 30 31 Day of year 1 365 366 Time equation Greenwich mean time UTC Hour of day Hour of year Internal reference time in min Month Central European Time True solar time Local time time of day Time difference between local time and zonal time Time difference between zonal time and universal time Universal time coordinated Parameters and Units 46 METEONORM 5 Parameters and Units 5 1 Definition of Parameters The following tables show the definitions and abbreviations of the parameters Table 5 1 shows all the different meteorological parameters
42. ll the pre defined locations Weather stations as well as interpolated cities and Design Reference Years are mixed You can search over the search bar for certain location names With the filter button you can filter the list by station types and continent For each location a short description of the location is displayed The name and the site type on the left side the coordinates and weather parameters available for either the old and the newer period as green and red squares in the center move your mouse over the colored squares to see the tool tip for an explanation and on the right side the selection toolbox Learmonth Airp 22 2 N 114 1 E 6m eT Weather station BEBE Oja e he User defined tab lists your own added stations You can add new locations by clicking the Add new button Details for defining a new site are given in the section Defining a user de fined site below The selection toolbox contains four buttons The globe sign on top left opens the map tool and a map centered to the coordinates of the location is displayed With the green plus sign 9 on the top right you can select the location for your calculations The location will be added to the list of selected locations on the left side of the window where the green plus sign is turned into a red cross for removing the station out of the selected location list You can also select and deselect locations by double clicking When pressing the inform
43. m 180 to 180 and from 0 to 90 elevation e Display A legend of the different colored lines in the image is given Checkboxes are used to switch on off the topographical horizon to display the sun paths for winter solstice spring autumn and summer solstice and to display the reflections of a solar panel according to the plane orientation e Horizon You can load a horizon line from a previously stored hor file You can save the horizon line as a hor file The data are stored with a 1 resolution The button Remove cus tom horizon will delete the custom set points The topographical horizon remains e he opacity slider changes the transparency of the green topography layer see http www meteonorm com products meteonorm horicatcher Software Description 20 meteonorm For fixed hourly output formats DOE TMY2 TRY etc the global radiation is corrected for the hori zon profile e g the selected raised horizon is included in the calculation and written to the output For standard and user defined output formats radiation on inclined planes Gk and Dk is corrected for horizon profile but not radiation on the horizontal plane Gh and Dh Gh and Dh are calculated with an astronomical horizon and written unmodified to the output Horizon Example In the example below we have drawn the topographical horizon plus two objects in the nearby neigh borhood We have a setup of a solar panel oriented 40 azimuthal and 20 inclin
44. meteonorm Global Meteorological Database Software and Data for Engineers Planners and Education The Meteorological Reference for Solar Energy Applications Building Design bec be Cooling Systems Education Renewable Energy System Design ture and Foresiry Environmental Research Agricu MEUN Y BU y Ni NV y 1 A T9 V RC Ne A IA Rt Ho x A i i L 1 y 3 r n A EI A Ead gt uri iy M L un I a Wd Mea Ea i pr A qe T P MM Mas 241 j hary way TUN O TI ET LIE i si a Rh inii sl ly T c o WI x Ss j Pa E AE AS d TM s y bel E 7 E V NF Handbook Part I Software Version 7 0 0 May 2012 Imprint meteonorm Imprint Publisher Authors Version Computer program Copyright Liability METEOTEST Fabrikstrasse 14 CH 3012 Bern Switzerland sales meteonorm com www meteotest com www meteonorm com Tel 41 0 31 307 26 26 Fax 41 0 31 307 26 10 METEOTEST Jan Remund Stefan M ller Stefan Kunz Christoph Schilter Version 7 software version 7 0 0 of May 2012 meteonorm Version 7 x for personal computer under Windows XP Vista 7 METEOTEST Fabrikstrasse 14 CH 3012 Bern Switzerland Swiss Federal Office of Energy CH 3003 Bern May 2007 Reproductions of portions of this document are permitted citing the source document The information contained in this handbook is provide
45. n SE S SW At least 200 m above valley floor W E incline West or east facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing between SW W NW or NE E SE At least 200 m above valley floor Valley Valley floor in mountainous valley at higher altitudes Valley floor inclined flat valleys are often treated as depressions Valley Central Floor of large central Alpine valley e g Alpine regions of Valais Switzerland Alps F hn valley Valley floor of Fohn valley regions with warm descending air currents Valley Alpine Valley floor in northern Alpine foothills foothills S valley side South facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing between SE S SW up to 200 m above valley W E valley side West or east facing incline exceeding approx 10 inclination facing between SW W NW or NE E SE up to 200 m above valley floor Summit Open summit above 500 m Overlooking surroundings in all directions Software Description 16 meteonorm W E incline 1000 Fig 2 3 1 Classification of the 14 types of terrain situations Exporting and importing the list of user defined locations The list of your own user defined locations can be exported and imported To do so go to Locations in the menu bar on top and select the appropriate function if meteonorm 7 File Tools Help Import user defined locations Export user defined locations Clear Favorites Software Description 17 meteonorm 2
46. n parame ters For worldwide applications several different international databases are included Global radiation data was taken from the GEBA Global Energy Balance Archive WMO World Climate Program Wa ter Gilgen et al 1998 The data was quality controlled using six separate procedures checking of physical probability time series analysis and comparison of cloud data Temperature humidity wind data sunshine duration and days with rain were taken from WMO Climatological Normals 1961 1990 WMO 1998 To replace missing data and ensure a homogeneous distribution of weather stations other databases such as the data summary of international weather stations compiled by the National Climatic Data Center USA NCDC 1995 2002 were added For some stations in the USA monthly mean values 1961 1990 of global radiation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL database The Solar Radiation Data Manual For Buildings were used For version 7 0 six data sources were updated e Swiss database based on Swissmetnet of MeteoSwiss The main period for radiation was ex tended to 1986 2005 for radiation and to 2000 2009 for temperature wind and precipitation e Globalsod data NCDC 2002 The parameters temperature wind speed 10 m above ground and precipitation were processed to 2000 2009 means e GEBA The main period was extended to 1986 2005 e Turkish State Meteorological Service 9 stations with global radiation fr
47. n the computing resources available Data Basis 42 meteonorm software 3 3 Climatic zones In table 3 3 1 the climatic zones defined by Troll and Paffen 1980 are listed Tab 3 3 1 The climatic zones defined by Troll and Paffen 1980 Polar and subpolar zones l 1 High polar ice climates polar ice deserts 2 Polar climates with low summer temperatures 6 C l 3 Subarctic tundra climates with cool summers 4 Subpolar maritime climates Cold temperate boreal zone Maritime boreal climates Continental boreal climates High continental boreal climates with severe winters 25 C Cool temperate zones Wooded climates HI 1 Elevated maritime climates with very mild winters Ill 2 Maritime climates with mild winters Ill 3 Submaritime climates IIl 4 Subcontinental climates IIl 5 Continental climates IIl 6 Elevated continental climates Ill 7 Warm summer and humid summer and winter climates Ill 8 Warm and humid summer climates Steppe climates IIl 9 Humid steppe climates with cold or mild winters IIl O Steppe climates with cold or mild winters and dry summers Il 1 Steppe climates with cold and dry winters and humid summers 11 2 Desert or semi arid climates with cold or mild winters Warm temperate zones Subtropical climates Mediterranean climates with humid winters and dry summers Humid winter and very dry summer climates Short humid winter and dry winter climates Long humid summer and dry winte
48. nd cooling loads Five different stochastic runs are carried out The calculation of design temperatures for cold and cloudy situations is based on the cloudiest period The design temperatures can be adopted statistically in order to correct the bias which is recom mended as it reduces uncertainty Beside a calculation based on long term monthly means a worst case calculation is also carried out This calculation is based on 10 year extremes cloudy cold win ters and sunny hot summers TMY3 includes aerosol information shown is based on the meteonorm turbidity information also for original DRY TMYS sites Columns with uncertainties in this data format are reported for all sites identically 1096 for global irradiation and 2096 for beam irradiation For the meteorological parameters the flag E and the uncertainty level 8 is set Software Description 32 meteonorm Software without data exchange formats with meteonorm LightTools from Optical Research Associates This software delivers its format specifications in form of a User defined format muf file included in its software package distribution This file needs to be imported for correct data output Please follow the instructions given by the user manual of LightTools Ecotect Analysis from Autodesk Inc For this software WEA weather data files files are required There is a possibility to convert Ener gyPlus epw files into WEA files Follow the instructions given by
49. oSwiss Access to climate change forecasts IPCC scenarios B1 A1B A2 Wind load zones for Germany and Switzerland onow load zones for Germany Switzerland Austria and France Short Review 3 meteonorm Models Enhanced interpolation models to calculate mean values for any site in the world Additional models for calculation of diffuse and direct radiation Enhanced temperature and humidity generation for building simulation including extreme events Uncertainty variability and trend information of yearly values of radiation and temperature for any site Software Total redesign of software and graphical user interface e g new high resolution map tool easi er activation of the software with a license key Update of the data import interface for user defined data including current data by internet Effects of high horizon considered in radiation calculations High horizon calculated automatical ly for all regions worldwide Calculation of panel reflections Update of the English user manual maps and illustrations included New output formats added IBK CCM Solinvest How accurate is meteonorm Owing to the comprehensive framework chosen for the present edition certain inconsistencies could not be avoided However it is always possible to establish which data basis and algorithms were used Differences between the various data bases and algorithms may be summarized as follows Quality of the data basis The rad
50. om 2004 2010 were add ed e NREL Monthly means of selected TMY3 sites those within the lowest uncertainty class were added The monthly average radiation values were calculated for periods of at least 10 years Although the 10 year periods differ between the stations a uniform period was used for each continent Tab 3 1 1 For some stations the data was extended with data from neighboring stations using a differential pro cedure The database contains a total of 8 275 weather stations Table 3 1 1 gives an overview of the global distribution and the type of the weather stations Data Basis 39 meteonorm software For most primary stations outside the USA average values of temperature humidity wind and rainfall are available for the measurement period 1961 1990 In the USA average values of these parame ters are available for most weather stations for the period 1961 1990 All sites of type station weather stations without global radiation measurements now have average values for the period 2000 2009 in version 5 x 1961 1990 6 x 1996 2005 Tab 3 1 1 Distribution and number of available stations Available parame Global radiation Temperature Only temperature Total ters and temperature additional pa or radiation rameters Europe North America wawa amp Siro es In addition to the monthly data 1 020 DRY within the USA tmy3 datasets based on 1991 2005 of NREL the 15 German Testref
51. ontal surface Direct radiation on inclined surface Direct normal radiation beam Wind direction Diffuse radiation horizontal Diffuse radiation horizontal with raised horizon Diffuse radiation on clear days Diffuse radiation on inclined surface Emissivity horizontal Emissivity vertical Wind speed 10 m above ground Wind speed in E direction Wind speed in N direction Wind fraction E N W S in 96 Average radiation intensity Global radiation horizontal global radiation horizontal with raised horizon Maximum global radiation on clear days horizontal Global radiation on inclined surface Global radiation on vertical surface in E N W and S directions Radiation time integral radiation energy Heating degree days with critical temperatures 12 C outside 20 C in side Longwave horizontal radiation impinging longwave incoming Longwave horizontal radiation emitted longwave outgoing Longwave radiation on vertical surface Global illuminance Diffuse illuminance Mixing ratio Total cloud cover Atmospheric pressure Photosynthetically active radiation Data Basis Earth Surface Sun Time 45 meteonorm software R Faktor RH dm dy ET h hy IZRM m CET MEZ Albedo reflection coefficient Radiation balance Ratio of direct radiation integral on inclined and horizontal surfaces Days with precipitation 0 1 mm Ratio of global radiation integral on inclined and horizonta
52. parameters for TMY2 3 and Energy Plus not calculated Lz Zenith Luminance N1 opaque sky cover calculated with linear regression from N Vis Visibility Hc Ceiling Height Wc Current Weather Aod Aerosol Optical Depth Sn Snow Depth Ds Days since last snow fall lprec liquid precipitation depth KKKK www solarschmiede de www energycodes ch eh ground emissivity Software Description 30 meteonorm User defined data format You can define a data format yourself You choose the parameters units and the delimiter symbol yourself The user defined format is stored for later usage The single format definition files are stored as files with the extension muf in the folder c Users lt username gt AppData Roaming Meteotest meteonorm 7 CustomFormats In meteonorm version 6 the user defined formats were stored in files with the extension muf These muf files can be imported for usage in version 7 The default units for radiation are KWh m for monthly values and W m for hourly values The de fault unit for the temperature is C If you subsequently select a fixed output format the units will be reverted to their fixed values A header with four lines can be activated The first line contains the name of the site the second line the latitude and longitude height above sea level time zone and elevation and azimuth of the plane if elevation is greater than 0 The third line is blank and the fourth line contains
53. put val ues for the same site change the type to User defined site for clear sky radiation with different time zones and time references and compare them to the measured time series e g in Excel Software Description 37 meteonorm 2 4 3 Examples Example hourly values import For a project in Sidney Australia hourly values for a complete year are to be imported The measured data are from the Sydney weather station and were stored with normal time reference Chap 6 1 i e the IZRM 30 and the time refers to the end of the measurement interval Using the measured glob al radiation data in W m the radiation on a vertical north facing surface is to be calculated 1 Selection of site The first step is to select the site within Sydney nterpolated city Specification of surface azimuth 180 inclination 90 3 Select the hourly import file in the register Modifications with the button Select hourly values file e The hourly example file to import can be found under Help Example files sydnhimp_mn7 txt 38 meteonorm 7 A coli es i lg d Ul oo o rr a File Locations Tools Help Locations w ffnen Modifications G j e System C Aarau Organisieren Never Ordner Interpolated city Ww Favoriten Name Anderungsdatum sydnhimp mn7 txt 02 05 2012 15 49 J Bibliotheken JE Computer E System C ca DATA D GS sm floccus M 54 adm floccus
54. r climates Desert and semi arid climates without severe winters but with frost Perpetually humid grassland climates in southern hemisphere Perpetually humid hot summer climates Tropical zones IV 1 Tropical rain climates IV 2 Tropical humid summer climates IV 3 Tropical humid winter climates IV 4 Tropical dry climates IV 5 Tropical desert or semi arid climates Data Basis 43 meteonorm software 3 4 Additional data For the Alpine countries wind and snow load zones have been added Countries and the availability of load zones are listed in Table 3 4 1 Tab 3 4 1 Wind and snow load zones available in meteonorm Country Wind load Snow load Switzerland Germany Austria x France x The load zones are shown in the monthly output of the two output formats Meteo and sia 380 1 Data Basis 4 44 meteonorm software Abbreviations and Symbols Tab 4 1 Alphabetic index of abbreviations and symbols General Parameter G Gh Gh hor Gh max Gc Gk GvE N W S H HDD12 20 Lin Lup Lv LG LD Automatic Network of the SMA Swiss Federal Office of Energy Design Reference Year Deutscher Wetterdienst Eidgen ssische Materialpr fungs und Forschungsanstalt Generated mean biased error meteonorm Nationales Beobachtungsnetz f r Luftfremdstoffe Photovoltaics root mean square error World Meteorological Organisation Swiss Meteorological Institute MeteoSwiss Direct radiation on horiz
55. r interpolation normally nearer than 500 km Satellite data available from October 2006 onwards e low Less than or equal to 3 stations for interpolation e Not available No station nearer than 2000 km no other data source Example 1 Push the button mport monthly values Y Import monthly values 2 Select the start of your desired year In the example April 2011 is selected which will retrieve the values from April 2011 to March 2012 3 Push the button Download amp Download 4 The table will be filled with values On the right you will see information about the data quality 5 To continue with meteonorm push the Save button Software Description 23 meteonorm L Monthly values for Bern Month Gh RI F Tadmin Tadmax Tamin Tamax Januar 41 2 1 03 45 739 Februar 100 5 M rz 178 3 April 236 9 Mai 263 3 Juni 226 9 Juli 242 7 August 2416 195 52 September 176 8 Oktober _ 1127 laz ua 2 amp zs November 60 3 83 a4 s2 A A A Dezember 32 6 32 15 23 los 6 33 113 Radiation units Wim MJ m kWh m month kWh m day Temperature units ge F Fig 2 Import of current monthly values for one whole year by internet Set the starting month and push the button Download 2 3 2 4 Step 3 Data In the Data window you can modify the settin
56. radiation UVB radiation clear sky radiation UVE UVEc Erythemal UV radiation clear sky radiation UV Index Mean daily maximum of UV index at clear sky conditions UV index 40 x Erythemal UV Note As most computer programs do not provide for subscripts there are two modes of representa tion for each variable In the meteonorm program and most of the figures the subscripts are repre sented by a suffix preceded by an underscore Example of variable representation G Gh Designates average hourly radiation intensity for global horizontal radiation H Gh Designates time integral of horizontal global radiation which corresponds to the en ergy absorbed Parameters and Units 48 METEONORM 5 2 Conversion Factors The conversion factors used for converting units are provided in Table 5 3 Tab 5 3 Conversion factors for conversion of units Krist 1976 Radiation H KWh m MJ m 2 3 6 1 lt G gt W m kJ m h 2 3 6 1 btu ft2 h 2 0 317 1 MJ m h 2 0 0036 1 MJ m mon Month with 28 days 2 2 30 days 2 2 31 days 2 2 Year 2 31 54 KWh m h 2 0 001 1 kWh m day 2 0 024 1 KWh m mon Month with 28 days 2 0 67 1 30 days 2 0 72 1 31 days 2 0 74 1 Year p 8 v Wind Er E 1 94 1 km h 2 3 6 Pressure fp hPa 100 N me 1 100 inch Hg 2 2 95 btu British thermal unit
57. reme hour This model for hourly temperature values produces hourly extremes which correspond to 10 year hourly extreme values This option will spread the distribution of val ues while the climatological mean remains the same It is suited for simulations in which also ex tremely warm or cold values have to be considered e g building simulations e Clear sky temperature This model is selected automatically when the clear sky radiation model is chosen and cannot be selected by the user himself Tilt radiation model The Perez model is the default model Three further models are optionally available for the calculation of radiation on tilted planes e Perez 1986 This is the default model It delivers the most robust and best results for generated time series e Hay s model 1979 This delivers slightly better results for vertical surfaces than the Perez mod el e Skartveit and Olseth model 1986 e Gueymard s model 1987 See chapter 6 7 2 for test results First random seed 10 different first random numbers of the generation algorithm of hourly radiation can be chosen By changing this number different time series of all meteorological parameters are generated due to a different initialization of the stochastic process The monthly means remain the same Time system Definition of the time system in which the data is saved e Legal The data is saved in local winter time e Solar The data is saved in true solar t
58. rtant to consider the effects of a raised horizon The selection can be made whether to use e None Do not use a horizon line at all The terrain is assumed to be flat and no shading is tak en into consideration e Automatic topographic Use the topographic horizon line from the meteonorm server This requires a working internet connection The software searches for the horizon line served by an internet horizon server provided by METEOTEST This online horizon information is provid ed for all regions of the world between 60 N and 60 S using a 90 m digital terrain model The coverage is visualized on http meteonorm com download horizon e Use custom Use a horizon line edited with the horizon editor The button Edit horizon will open the horizon editor which allows Edit horizon drawing your personal horizon line Software Description 19 meteonorm 5 Horizon for Adelboden cle 2 n reflectian line B white skyscraper in the neighbourhood produces shadow in winter spring and autumn in the early afternoon 16 sun path yellow i Background image Display Opacity Y Use topographical horizon Final horizon select background image id Cle I al da a A E coca Topographical horizon F Show sun paths Custom horizon Horizon EJ Show reflection a Load Wa Save Sun paths MM Remove custom horizon Reflection coordinates
59. ry manual for details e Clear sky radiation Calculation of maximum global radiation and corresponding diffuse radiation for clear days cloudless sky at hourly intervals This affects the automatic selection of the clear day temperature model warmest possible temperature e Monthly variation This will produce a more variable year instead of a typical mean year The monthly values are not the mean of the selected climatological period but are varied between the climatological extreme boundaries e 10 years This will generate 10 single years of the monthly variation type 10 files are written to the output 10 x 8760 values For minute data only the special output format Standard Minute and PVScout will be available in the settings of the Output step Only the radiation parameters are generated in minute resolution The other parameters will be generated in hourly resolution Diffuse radiation model You have the choice between two models for the calculations of the diffuse and direct part of the ra diation See the theory manual for further details e Perez default This is the standard model which was already used in meteonorm version 6 Perez 1991 e Boland Ridley Lauret BRL Added in version 7 0 Ridley 2010 Software Description 25 meteonorm Temperature model e Standard hour The default model for hourly temperature values produces hourly extremes which correspond to mean extreme values e 10 year ext
60. sburg 60 0 N 30 3 E 72 m ENEE HREN gt El Weather station SEE Ol eme CONDE EO XN M 3 gt 4 Detailed information Add to favorites 4 wm a rm mm In the center of the map you can see a red cross To define a new User reate new location defined location click on the Create new location button The coordinates for the new location will be taken from the position of the red cross In the window opening enter a name for the location the altitude and time zone See the subsection Defin ing a User defined site below for further instructions Software Description 14 meteonorm 0 Y Weatherstations Weatherstations w o global radiation Design Reference Year locations e Cities F User defined locations Defining a user defined site If your project site is not in the vicinity of a predefined city or weather station it is recommended to specify a user defined site Software Description 15 meteonorm To specify a user defined site the following parameters must be available e name of site e coordinates as longitude latitude in decimal degrees e altitude If altitude is left empty meteonorm will retrieve the information from its digital terrain model Specifica tion of time zone terrain situation and time reference are optional Default values are used if omitted The default value for the time zone is that of the corresponding country defined in a 1 grid For C
61. te pictures For Europe a high resolution 2 3 km satellite map has been compiled by MeteoSwiss based on im ages from 2004 2010 of the visible and the infrared channel of Meteosat Second Generation satellite This data is included in meteonorm version 7 0 Data Basis 40 meteonorm software Yearly sum of global irradiation gt 2 800 kWh m2 2 2 800 2601 2700 2 501 2 600 2 401 2 500 2 301 2 400 2 201 2 300 2 101 2 200 2 001 2 100 1 901 2 000 1 801 1 900 1 701 1 800 1 601 1 700 1 501 1 600 1 401 1 500 1 301 1 400 1 201 1 300 1 101 1 200 1 001 1 100 MZ Source Meteonorm 7 0 www meteonorm com uncertainty 896 F Period 1986 2005 grid cell size 0 5 December 2011 PRELA Fig 3 1 1 Map of yearly sum of global irradiation in kWh m based on satellite and ground infor mation Means adapted mainly to the period 1986 2005 3 2 Climate change data From the IPCC report 2007 Meehl et al 2007 the average of all 18 models has been included in meteonorm Three different scenarios B1 low A1B mid and A2 high are available The anomalies of temperature precipitation global radiation of the periods 2011 2030 2046 2065 2080 2099 were used for the calculation of future time periods The forecast changes of global radiation until 2100 with all scenarios are relatively small compared to temperature changes They are in the range of one tenth of a perc
62. the parameter headings Custom Select From the drop down list you can select one of your previously 9 User defined defined data formats Once you have selected a data format a from the list you can edit it by clicking on the Edit button Create Edit To create a new data format click on the New button A dia log window asks you to enter a name for your format This New will become the filename and the name shown in the dropdown list A new window will open You can select a parameter by double clicking on it or select and push the green plus button This moves the parameter to the output box highlighted with an orange border on the right hand side To remove a parameter double click on it in the output box or select and click the red cross button Software Description 31 meteonorm Parameters Time Radiation Temperature Humidity Output variables Day of year Height of sun Dew point temperature Year Hour of year Longwave radiation incoming Wet bulb temperature Month Local time Longwave radiation vertical plane Relative humidity Day of month Longwave radiation outgoing Cloud cover fraction Hour Global radiation reflected Surface temperature Global radiation horizontal Precipitation Radiation balance Mixing ratio Diffuse radiation horizontal rar i 1 m 1 10 T il i 1 Precipitation Extraterrestrial radiation Global radiation tilted plane i Driving rain Solar azimuth Diffuse radiation
63. tion global radiation inclined diffuse radiation inclined di 4 rect normal radiation and air temperature Output Format Meteonorm Building simulation O Standard TRNSYS Meteo CH Meteo Standard Minute HELIOS PC Humidity DOE Science Suncode Spectral UV Match Standard opt sia 380 1 LESOSAI EnergyPlus epw DYNBIL 1 Select output format PHPE WaVE Pleiades Comfie sia 2028 WUFI WAC PHLuft IDA ICE IBK CCM Press Next to run the calculations o PVSOL PVSyst PVS Meteo matnx TISO PVScout at as Noa e Solinvest Output The calculation takes about 2 to 10 seconds The monthly values are first interpolated then the hourly global horizontal radiation values and the temperature are calculated and finally the radiation on the inclined surface is calculated The results are shown in the display The monthly average values of the resulting parameters can be displayed with the View results from all locations button and saved as a PDF document Software Description 10 meteonorm Output San Diego US ISan Diego US 328 N 117 2 E Om A Lii Dey global radiation Daily temperature Datatable Radiation Temperature Precipitation s Sunshine duration Interpolated city pl fp s Radiation Ewh m z 8 lan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec A Diffuse radiation kWh m LL Global radiation KWh m 6 By pressing the Save all r
64. tistically represents a typical year at the selected location mefteonorm is a computer program for climatological calculations melteonorm is a data source for engineering design programs in the passive active and photovoltaic application of solar energy with comprehensive data interfaces meteonorm is a standardization tool permitting developers and users of engineering design programs access to a comprehensive uniform meteorological data basis melteonorm is a meteorological reference for environmental research agriculture forestry and anyone else interested in meteorology and solar energy What is it based on meteonorm s orderly facade conceals not only numerous databases from all parts of the world but also a large number of computational models developed in international research programs meteonorm is primarily a method for the calculation of solar radiation on arbitrarily orientated surfaces at any desired location The method is based on databases and algorithms coupled ac cording to a predetermined scheme It commences with the user specifying a particular location for which meteorological data are required and terminates with the delivery of data of the desired struc ture and in the required format Depending on user requirements the calculation procedure employs between one and four computa tion models Tab 1 1 In addition to the monthly values meteonorm provides maximum radiation values under clear sky cond
65. ts The example in chapter 2 3 1 provides a quick initial intro duction to the main features of the program for a basic usage of the software In chapter 2 3 2 a more detailed description of the software features is given 2 3 1 An introductory example Example For a design project in San Diego CA USA hourly values of global radiation on a south facing surface inclined at 45 and of the temperature are required The user has no data of his own Proceed according to the steps shown below 1 Locations form Select San Diego from the Available locations list in the Locations tab on the right side of the application window You can search the list by typing San Diego in the search bar above the station list Add the location to the list of selected locations on the left side of the window by clicking on the green plus sign on the right of the station name or by double clicking the entry Selected locations Available locations Favorites Locations User defined san diego A GZ Lof 1 locations selected San Diego US 32 8 M FUE Om Ar ran Diego Airp CA 32 7 W 117 2E 9 m alt Interpolated city 0 Weather station BEES 8 LI SAN DIEGO LINDBERGH HELD CA 32 77N 117 27E 4m lolo Design Reference Year i i SAN DIEGO MIRAMAR NAS CA 32 9 N 117 1 E 140m ue 1 Search for San Diego Design Reference Year iD E i SAN DIEGO NORTH ISLAND NAS C 32 7N 117 27E 15m B E 5an Diego US d Na iara
66. uary 2 36 2 99 2 36 February 3 28 3 70 3 28 Daily values aily values March 404 242 Variable default Constant April 441 3 00 May 3 22 4 44 3 22 june 3 07 4 62 3 07 3 00 4 14 3 00 Mugust 2 85 3 97 2 85 september 2 69 4 23 2 69 October 2 69 4 19 2 69 November 2 36 2 91 2 36 Nearest Aeronet station December 277 273 277 Ispra 45 8 N 8 6 E 235 mass Veer 2 89 3 89 2 89 Distance to location 112 km Fig 2 Set custom atmospheric turbidity values Turbidity editor functions e Monthly values Choose between three datasets of monthly values The selected one will be marked in orange in the value table on the right side nterpolated interpolates the values from the meteonorm turbidity climatology Aeronet is from a ground station network The nearest site is shown by following the red arrow in the image above Custom lets you enter your per sonal values e Daily values Select Variable default for variable values on a daily basis To hold them con stant throughout the month select Constant Data import There are different types of data imports e Import of current monthly values for a specific year through the meteonorm data web service Hourly values will be generated from these by meteonorm e You can enter your own monthly values and make a simulation with them This is described in more detail in chapter 2 4 e Import of your own hourly values You can import your hourly values They will b
67. ues are permitted and are to be coded as 999 Data series covering less than a full year are also permitted A two line header is mandatory Tab 2 4 2 Parameters for data import The timestamp m dy or dm h is mandatory all other pa rameters are optional The parameters must be separated with tabulators The abbrevia tions must be in the second line Abbreviation Parameter Unit m Month dy or dm Day of year or day of month h Hour gh Global radiation W m ta Temperature C dh Diffuse radiation W m bn Beam radiation W m td Dew point temperature C rr Precipitation mm ff Wind speed m s In the first header line the text mn7 import file must be written with no additional tabulators In the second line the different parameter abbreviations have to be listed The order of the parameters can be chosen freely make sure that header lines and values columns match The time definition used in the measurements have to be used in the definition of the site The time is defined with the two parameters time zone and time reference see chapter 6 1 in the Theory Manual If the definitions do not match meteonorm tries to correct time definition in order to let the data be imported If too many hours with global radiation at negative sun elevations or no global radiation with positive sun elevations occur the import is stopped The easiest way to examine the time definition of the measured values is to save standard out
68. ware usage En ter your personal information for a quicker identification in case you have support questions and click ok of Register your copy of meteonorm 7 Please enter your registration information First name Mame eMail Serial Enter serialnumber here 3 You will be informed by a popup window on the success of the activation process Push the Start button for working with meteonorm In case the license is already activated on another machine the license has to be revoked there first 2 2 1 2 Revoke your registration 1 In the Help item in the menu bar select the entry Revoke registration An internet connection is needed meteonorm 7 Y o I 0 85 File Locations Tools Locations amp View Help meteonorm theory Selected Example files Show error log Revoke registration About Meteonorm 7 Software Description 6 meteonorm Your license will be deactivated and meteonorm will restart in demo mode 2 2 2 License transfer To transfer a license to another computer 1 Revoke your license registration on the old computer 2 Install meteonorm on the new computer and activate your license there In case your license cannot be revoked due to a computer crash contact support meteonorm com to deactivate your license manually 2 2 3 Basic settings Use the Tools menu item options to set your specific options af meteonorm 7 File Loc
69. while table 5 2 shows the different radiation parameters Tab 5 1 Definition of meteorological parameters Parameter Desi Beisum porns FF Wind speed FFE FFN longitudinal and latitudinal part of the m s 1 10 m s kt km h wind speed Gust peak speed format sia 2028 only 1 m s LEEREN Time integrated radiation Index refers to radiation type KWh m MJ m H G Average hourly radiation intensity H At Index refers to radia W m btu ft h kJ m h tion type C V Average radiation intensity H At Index refers to radiation W m btu ft h KJ m h type For daily monthly and yearly averages Solar altitude i e the angle between the line joining the center rad of the sun with the site and the horizontal plane at the site KTm Ktd kt Clearness index Ratio of global radiation on earth s surface and extraterrestrial radiation Gh GO KT refers to monthly values Kt to daily values and kt to hourly values T 3 Ikg octal units 0 UJ E ses E 2 taf re hPa 1 100 inch Hg o JJ ale Q LS Cli U A 2 Precipitable water Enthalpy Enthalpy kJ kg bo d o fo o a o 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F 1 10 C F Ta min max Lowest highest hourly temperature per month Relative humidity Linke turbidity factor Precipitation jo Parameters and Units 47

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