Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System
Contents
1. a Yes filming on location almost always looks better than sets b Big budget does not always bring you big talent i Goldie Hawn vs Meryl Streep ii Patrick Swayze vs Dustin Hoffman c Commerce of pretty faces and fast rewrites for the lowest common denominator 3 The Advantages of Theater a Theater aspires to art i Long rehearsals to master the material ii Classic plays survive because of their high quality b Power of watching people portray characters in the flesh i Energy between audience and actors on a stage ii Actors respond to a live audience you only need to enter this set of nested enumerate environments begin enumerate item I am not against movies begin enumerate item They can evoke entire worlds begin enumerate item Deep Space Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 17 Chapters and Sections item Vietnam item Camelot item And so on end enumerate item Big Hollywood money buys big production values and big talent end enumerate item Well maybe not always talent begin enumerate item Yes filming on location almost always looks better than sets item Big budget does not always bring you big talent begin enumerate item Goldie Hawn vs Meryl Streep item Patrick Swayze vs Dustin Hoffman end enumerate item Commerce of pretty faces and fast rewrites for the lowest common denomina tor end enume2. You must place the item control word before each entry in any of the list environments and no text may precede the first item control word in a list environment Enumerate The enumerate environment creates a numbered list which differs from an itemized list only in that LaTeX puts a number instead of a bullet in front of each item If you substituted the word enumer ate for itemize in the example lines that appear in the preceding paragraph you could print that list to look like this 1 itemized lists 2 numbered lists 3 description lists Description The description environment simplifies printing definition lists You can label each item in a description environment with a different optional parameter which writes whatever you type as the parameter just before the text You must surround these optional parameters with square brackets instead of curly ones for LaTeX to recognize them With lines of text like these begin description item Houston a perfect demonstration of what results when a city populated by automo bile drivers has no zoning laws item New York City the most only cosmopolitan most densely populated and most expensive city in the United States item San Francisco a city of people so odd or tolerant of oddness that they build more skyscrapers while waiting for the next major earthquake end description you can print a list that looks like this Houston a perfect demonstration of w
3. Contents If you make the effort to break your document into sections and chapters you will probably also want a table of contents at the front of your paper to help you find them all LaTeX makes it easy by automati cally printing one where you enter the tableofcontents control word Note If you are using article style and do not want the rest of your document s text to begin right under your table of contents place the newpage control word after it The newpage control word is also use ful if you would like to begin your chapters or sections at the top of a new page Simply place the new page control word on the line preceding the chapter control line Footnotes If you are writing a research or technical paper you may need to cite other sources LaTeX makes foot notes as simple as tables of contents You can insert a footnote in your text right after the word you want to note with the footnote control word On the screen an example looks like this consolation for one s failures footnote from Walter Kaufmann s it From Shakespeare to Existentialism Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press 1980 p 3 LaTeX numbers all your footnotes automatically and adjusts the order if you decide to delete or add one Note With LaTeX you can also generate an index For information on this function see any of the ref erences listed at the end of this document Comments While typing your document on the s
4. LaTeX since pronunciation is best determined by usage not fiat TeX is usually pronounced teck making lah teck lah teck and lay teck the logical choices but language is not always logical so lay tecks is also possible Normal One of hardest things about using LaTeX is deciding how to pronounce it This is also one of the few things I m not going to tell you about LaTeX since pronunciation is best determined by usage not fiat TeX is usually pronounced teck making ah teck lah teck and lay teck the logical choices but language is not always logical so lay tecks is also possible Environments for Creating Lists If you need to put a list into what you write LaTeX makes your task simple by providing three special environments for e itemized lists e numbered lists 1 From Leslie Lamport s LaTeX User s Guide and Reference Manual Reading Mass Addison Wesley 1986 p 5 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 15 Environments for Creating Lists e description lists All of these list environments automatically indent an item s text if it runs longer than a single line and a single item can contain several paragraphs Itemize With the itemize environment you can make itemized lists that look like the one in the last para graph Lines to create the list above would look like this begin itemize item itemized lists item numbered lists item description lists end itemize
5. environment If the boundaries of these different environments cross LaTeX sends you an error message LaTeX will not accept a set of envi ronments like these begin quote begin verbatim end quote end verbatim The principle at work here resembles that behind nested loops in computer programming in both loops and environments boundaries may not overlap Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 11 Environments used to Produce Examples Environments used to Produce Examples Quote Having seen how environments work you probably now want to know what the different environ ments have to offer The quote environment places its text within smaller margins and puts a small blank space between paragraphs instead of indenting them If you type a quote environment like this one begin quote small Lieutenant Dunbar wasn t really swallowed But that was the first word that stuck in his head Everything was immense The great cloudless sky The rolling ocean of grass Nothing else no matter where he put his eyes No road No trace of ruts for the big wagon to follow Just sheer empty space He was adrift It made his heart jump in a strange and profound way end quote this will appear on your printed page Lieutenant Dunbar wasn t really swallowed But that was the first word that stuck in his head Everything was immense The great cloudless sky The rolling ocean of
6. space He was adrift It made his heart jump in a strange and profound way Verse You will find the verse environment helpful if you need to print poetry Like the quote and quotation environments a verse environment contains its text within smaller margins but indents any part of a line that stretches beyond the right margin If for example you typed the following portion of Lewis Carroll s poem Jabberwocky in your file begin verse large Jabberwocky Twas brillig and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogoves And the mome raths outgrabe Beware the Jaberwock my son The jaws that bite the claws that catch Beware the Jubjub bird and shun The frumious Bandersnatch end verse you would get a printed result that looks like this Jabberwocky Twas brillig and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borogoves And the mome raths outgrabe Beware the Jaberwock my son The jaws that bite the claws that catch Beware the Jubjub bird and shun The frumious Bandersnatch Verbatim Within a verbatim environment all of the text prints in typewriter type all line breaks and blanks appear just as you have typed them and all LaTeX control sequences print like regular text You can not place an end verbatim command inside the verbatim environment however since this command closes the environment If you
7. 21 SUPCLSCLIPIS irrena E E EE dade EE eE N eae iea 22 DUDS CHIPES cissie ae ea EEE EEE EE E EES 22 Fractions iieiea ie aae a a e Ee EES Ea 22 ROOIS eeen n E E EE O ae 22 Processing and Printing with LaTeX coccsccidescsesescscenssacceuessedacaeeniescgesseceeys 22 UND SYSUCINS creiere nte ne i O E AE EEEE EEEO iE EERE 22 Pro esSinp ienna oin E E EE E E REEE Na 22 Previewing sywmunie tini e e A E R ETE 23 Pining seek vcs odesbiider Neve aagsthetssters A E ENE 23 LaTeX Filetypes oneone uenen iaa a athessceceece hsceasee sinc esesensceracestes acnsaaceacwanes 24 For Mor Information cuissin a 24 Problems or Questions 0 0 0 ccccecccccecesssceccecsesscececesessecececessseeeececeseaeececeessueeeeeeenes 24 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System What is LaTeX Overview What is LaTeX LaTeX is a document preparation system You create a file using the text editor on your system that contains your text and the appropriate LaTeX commands to format the text This file can then be processed by the LaTeX software application to produce a file that can be printed or a file that can be viewed at your workstation if your computer has this ability LaTeX was developed on UNIX systems but it is available for a variety of computing platforms including microcomputers How the file is processed through LaTeX varies from system to system However the basic LaTeX formatting commands are the same At Rice several computer sys
8. 3 Environments for Aligning Text c cccccesecscceseceeceseeeeceseeeeceseeeeceseeeeeeaeeeseeneeaeenes 14 CENE eee E E E A E ES 14 Flushleft and Flushright cccssssscsssscssssssssssnsssssssssessssessscensessnsvenssesneess 14 Environments for Creating Lists ccccesccscceseceeceseeeeceeeeeecesceeeceseeeeeeaeeeseeneeeeeaes 15 MRS TMZ coon close cenanetact ts scvezeca tere E E E E I 16 En rat s saencan n caveecbund chases enacted du aealacedeuetsteasckeseeine 16 MD SSC HIPC Otisa oa ao re AE A E A AE EENE EEE EEEn 16 Nested Lists eniron einni e EEE O E E E EE aS 17 Special PeAUUeS ycsciisiccedescnaidevssnccedsnseseadsiowiuad e EEEa E R a aS 18 Chapters and Sections senesine enei E E EE EEEa 18 dables OF Contents oean E S EAEE ESN EEE E e ee 19 Footnote Saen a se E etnies hare ad 19 Comme M Sen Tenera see ae etn cee ah e EE aut roay tet cun tastes 19 Advanced POBLUE CS cs eecainds Aveta becaiscieaudunsdanuileddacketndg E aa 20 GraphiCS peiie ie iea e ae AE E Mabe till EEEREN EEE TE Gallas 20 Leaving Space to Manually Paste in Graphics seesessesessereersrrererrereereerereeen 20 Merging in Postscript Graphics Files sssesseseseeseeessereresreerrrrererrerrsresrerssreens 20 Tables and MANUS seccssnetses censsecccetene catciaeces cnevascessecenatiatecanneeuineesneesteuate cqethaastnseeatocsas 20 Mathematical Formulas 0 eccceccecsceenccesecesseceeecaeeenceceeeecaeceeeeeneeesaeceeeeenaeeeneees
9. Information Technology Document UNIX 8 Rice University June 8 1998 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System This document will teach you the fundamentals of LaTeX and help you start creating documents Rice University 1998 All Rights Reserved Document may not be resold to used by nor licensed to third parties without written permission from User Services Rice University Table of Contents OVErViEW recs sce acetone esc stay EEEE wee ientvees 4 Whatis LaTeX I iri Gaia ueiwhs E E ent aie Relea 4 Why would Tuse LaTeX i sic aces ancescseneshcvsssibs sapedatbschad civil es aE ees EEEE EEEIEE EEES 4 Howto Get Started gcse secsieivhsstcsistescatiesqunscbeci saci ter sveesdndaces E EEO E TERRES 4 Accessing the Software oo csescsscssssssecsecsseecesecseeeceecsaeeesseceecsaeeeseceecaeeaeesesaeeneeaes 4 Oe VN E E eens tec a 5 How to Give LaTeX Commands 0 eee ceceesecsceeseceeceseceeceseeeeeseeeeceeeeeeseseseeeeneeees 5 The Backslash Character ccccscccscsssescscssessecescebeessocssbocsseesserentsoetessesbevscuvenss 5 WGTOUPS pore erien O EE E R RE EO O ERTE 5 Minimum Requirements sss sssissosssssescssseseeresiesesoeseioerisoeesessossursossesossssisoissesses esinsin 5 Spaces Line Breaks and Paragraphs seseeeseeeessererrsrrersrrersrrererrnsrerssrerrsrrererreree 6 Controlling Line Breaks sccic ssecesvisssusieotan beste secvacuscesve sier ress Ee bybevnedsuestbuastey 6 Special Characters vce ici
10. X Document Preparation System 9 Example of the Report Document Style Example of the Report Document Style The report document style works well for longer more complex documents A title page contains the title author and date fields The next page contains the abstract and is followed by the page s containing the table of contents In this example below we put in the newpage command after the table of contents to force the beginning of the main text to be on a separate page documentstyle report title Impressionism the Fleeting Moment author Cole Buchanan date January 15 1995 begin document maketitle begin center bf Abstract end center This paper examines the brief period of Impressionism and whether it affected later styles tableofcontents newpage section In the Beginning subsection Critics Reaction In its day impressionism was not well received The critics section Artistic Principles subsection Monet Monet s treatment of light subsection Renoir The essence of light and color combined subsection Cassette Carrying a new subject matter one step further Cassette end document Example of the Letter Document Style The letter document style was designed to make the creation of letters easy documentstyle letter begin document address 1 Outgoing Address Houston TX 77005 begin letter Janet Baxter 11 Receiving Ad
11. aachavecesteiess doles db EEEE EE EROE svonnaies E 7 Quotation Mark Sverres r eE rea EEEE E la etek ences eee 7 Hyphens and Dash Ssnrrssarsr y oriy ioen e o Groce eE eer a ENa ANE EE 7 Using the Characters amp ccesssssssesseseseseseeecseeecseeecseeecaseecaeeaeaeeaeaeeaeens 7 Accent Marks ic tckasid idea ail lenin daha ois 7 Type Styles Ald SIZES csetecdecestaise Basra inni ected ied E 8 Type Style Sainn a RA SL ei eee 8 Type SIZES seinri a E el An edie aniest alike 8 PPADS A Document ereere iarr a 9 Example of the Article Document Style ssessseseesessresiesersresrsrseerrsrrrererereerersenrees 9 Example of the Report Document Style ssssseeessessereeesesseereersrrerssrsrsreserererersreee 10 Example of the Letter Document Style eee eeceecseeseesecseceeeseeaeeeeeeceaeeereeteeens 10 LaTeX Environments tet cee tecaps acts stated cuankdaebsaccebatapndnteketedegonedcetime 11 How Nested Environments Work cece cesesceseeeecesceeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeecsaesaecsaeaecaeenaes 11 Environments used to Produce Examples esccesceceseeceseeeceeceeeeeseceeeeeneeeneeens 12 QUOTE EEEE E E wok Has ce SRST aN we ST Renee 12 QUOTATION 0 0 cece cccccesssseecececesececcecsessseceeceessseeeeeseseaueececeseueaeccecesseaeseeceensaeees 12 METSC Sites sts osc aveetedssbavivesisusegiccgunses E A E E Hesetere 13 2 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Verbatim cou seceebetenacdoutetisecdoleea sin ysesavs E E O aNG 1
12. back into roman letter ing If you want to print something huge in boldface you should type the bf after the huge like this huge bf something small in italics instead of the opposite order Starting a Document Perhaps the best way to quickly create a LaTeX document is to work from a template Once you have created one or two documents you can alter them to suit other needs of a similar style The section Min imum Requirements explained the two elements you must have in a document a documentstyle com mand a begin document and an end document command To help you choose a document style and to give you some examples to look at samples of the article report and letter document styles are below Example of the Article Document Style The article document style works well for short simple documents The title author and date appear on the same page as the main text of the document documentstyle article title The Benefits of Playing Video Games author Cody Walden Darren Mihelick date December 22 1994 begin document maketitle Much has been written on the evil effects of children being allowed to play video games unsu pervised This article looks at the reverse viewpoint and examines the beneficial consequences of video game playing Although cost was once a factor against game playing the advent of home video games has reduced the cost end document Introduction to the LaTe
13. creen you may want to leave yourself or someone else editing notes or reminders You do not have to bother with scratch paper however because LaTeX lets you put comments which will not appear on the final printed page just in your file Any text you place after a percent sign up to the end of that input line will not appear in your printed file Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 19 Graphics Advanced Features Graphics Leaving Space to Manually Paste in Graphics If you need to reserve an area of white space so that you can paste a graphic into the final product you should follow the example below This example places 3 5 inches of vertical space and prints the caption Imaginary Part of log Z begin figure vspace 3 5in caption Imaginary Part of log Z end figure Note You can use other units of measurement besides inches with the wspace command You can use mm millimeters cm centimeters pt point size pc picas and ex height of letter x in cur rent font Merging in Postscript Graphics Files To merge graphics directly into a LaTeX document the graphics should be in a postscript file The macro package epsffile can be used to include PostScript graphics Near the beginning of a doc ument after begin document you must tell LaTeX to include the epsf package by putting it in the square brackets in the documentstyle command By default epsf wil
14. dress Peabody SD 99777 opening Dear Aunt Jan Thank you for the snowshoes that you sent for Christmas I am looking forward to using them but I think I will need to leave the state of Texas Plan to use them during our ski trip in March 10 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System How Nested Environments Work closing Regards signature Ben Baxter Your favorite nephew cc Mom Baxter Grandma Baxter encl Christmas photos ps P S Tell Uncle Josh hello end letter end document LaTeX Environments How Nested Environments Work In the section LaTeX Basics you learned that the begin document and end document control words must surround the body of a document LaTeX also allows you to place more sets of begin and end statements within these outer boundaries Each pair of these control words establishes a separate environment different from the surrounding text All of the example statements in this document lie within begin and end environments and most of them sit inside two nested environments To produce this output Isak Dinesen opened her novel with I had a farm in Africa at the foot of the Ngong Hills The LaTeX code is begin quote begin verbatim Isak Dinesen opened her novel with I had a farm in Africa at the foot of the Ngong Hills end verbatim end quote You can see that the verbatim environment lies within the quote
15. e following code begin tabular 1 Ip 4 25in 1 hline multicolumn 2 Icl bf Software Summary hline bf Name amp SAS bf Version amp 6 06 bf Brief description amp data management statistical analysis and report generation bf System amp mainframe bf Level of support amp Information Technology provides program maintenance and consult ing bf Other references amp See the bibliography If you have just begun learning SAS you should consult the SAS Introductory Guides available in the Computing Reference Area Other SAS manuals are also available hline end tabular Mathematical Formulas LaTeX can produce quite complicated mathematical formulas This document only covers some very basic features To learn about the advanced features refer to one of the books listed in the For More Information section To produce mathematical formulas in LaTeX you need to be in math mode How you enter math mode depends on how your formula will be displayed A formula can appear in a sentence called an in text formula or by itself called a display formula In text formulas are produced by the math environment which you can evoke in 3 ways as the following example illustrates x y z can be produced by x y z or x y z or begin math x y z end math Display formulas are produced by the displaymath and equation environments with the difference being that equation nu
16. es For instance to rename paper to paper tex enter mv paper paper tex To process your file with LaTeX enter the command 22 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System UNIX Systems latex filename As it processes the file LaTeX will display messages on your screen This process creates several new files See the section on LaTeX filetypes below Error messages can be intimidating due to the com plexity of the messages However knowing which part to look at and which part to ignore helps Gener ally the first two lines of a LaTeX error are LaTeX error See LaTeX manual for explanation Type H lt return gt for immediate help The next line that begins with a is important This explains the problem such as an environment vari able is not understood due to a typo or an environment is not closed with an end After these lines are some messages that explain where the problem is in terms of the typesetting commands You can ignore these lines Finally if LaTeX wants a response from you it will type a and wait for your input You can respond in various ways e enter command if a typo is encountered you can enter the correct command and LaTeX will con tinue to process your file e RETURN press the RETURN key and LaTeX will continue to run e T stop entering this sequence of a capital I and stop will try to exit you from the process e x if I stop fails to exit you from LaTeX x should always wo
17. etypes LaTeX creates several new files during the processing For instance in running the file george tex which has a table of contents four more files will be created george log george dvi george aux and george toc tex the source file with the text and LaTeX commands log the transcript of the LaTeX session contains all the error messages etc dvi the formatted output this is the file you send to the printer aux the auxiliary reference file for page breaks titles index entries etc toc contains the table of contents information description For More Information Though you now know how to write and print a document with LaTeX you have only seen a frac tion of LaTeX s capabilities To learn how to make tables print complex math functions or just use the multitude of other LaTeX control words refer to one of the books in the following list You can find all of them in the Computing Reference Collection B40 Fondren Library and some of them in the labs David J Buerger LaTeX for Scientists and Engineers A guide to LaTeX s more sophisticated features especially those helpful in preparing scientific papers Leslie Lamport LaTeX A Document Preparation System The best LaTeX general reference by the creator of LaTeX Michael Urban An Introduction to LaTeX An excellent introduction to the LaTeX system Problems or Questions If you have problems or questions you can contact t
18. grass Nothing else no matter where he put his eyes No road No trace of ruts for the big wagon to follow Just sheer empty space He was adrift It made his heart jump in a strange and profound way If you like the look of having your quoted passages printed small use the small within the quote environment as in the example above You should also put a blank line after your last paragraph in a quote environment especially if you have changed the type size to prevent LaTeX from becom ing confused about the proper paragraph spacing The small type size only functions inside the quote environment so you do not need to insert a normalsize command to make the rest of your text print at full size again Quotation The quotation environment works much like the quote environment except that it indents each paragraph instead of placing a space between them If you sent the passage just quoted to LaTeX as a quotation it would look like this on your page Lieutenant Dunbar wasn t really swallowed But that was the first word that stuck in his head 1 from Michael Blake s Dances with Wolves New York Fawcett Gold Medal 1988 p 1 12 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Environments used to Produce Examples Everything was immense The great cloudless sky The rolling ocean of grass Nothing else no matter where he put his eyes No road No trace of ruts for the big wagon to follow Just sheer empty
19. hat results when a city populated by automobile drivers has no zoning laws 16 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Environments for Creating Lists New York City the most only cosmopolitan most densely populated and most expensive city in the United States San Francisco a city of people so odd or tolerant of oddness that they build more skyscrapers while waiting for the next major earthquake LaTeX prints the words of each optional parameter in bold face type but you can change the type style or size by putting a control word inside the brackets If you want Houston to appear in italics in this list for example you could change the optional parameter to read item it Houston If you place no optional parameters in your description list LaTeX will print it like the other sorts of lists but without any kind of marker before each new item Nested Lists Should you ever need to print a more complex list with many subheadings you can nest lists inside one another just like any other environment LaTeX automatically indents each deeper level and gives it a different marking system so your list will be clear and easy to read For example to print an outline for a speech like this one 1 Iam not against movies a They can evoke entire worlds i Deep Space ii Vietnam iii Camelot iv And so on b Big Hollywood money buys big production values and big talent 2 Well maybe not always talent
20. he Consulting Center 103 Mudd Lab or at 527 4983 You can also submit it on the Web at http problem rice edu or you can send e mail to problem rice edu 24 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System
21. hes Your terminal probably has only one kind of dash or hyphen key but LaTeX allows you to print dashes of three different lengths which professional publishers use in different circumstances You can put the shortest dash which appears in compound words like user friendly onto your printed page with the regular hyphen or dash key on your keyboard Publishers place what they call an en dash so named because it is about as wide as the letter N in number ranges like chapters 12 24 You can have LaTeX print this en dash by typing two regular dashes together on your screen For the longest dash called the em dash it s about as wide as an M type three regular dashes together This last kind of dash usually sets apart phrases in published prose You can see all three dashes at work in this sentence The near sighted professor read sections 3 1 3 9 of his new paper in the seminar we all fell asleep To print this sentence you would enter these lines The near sighted professor read sections 3 1 3 9 of his new paper in the seminar we all fell asleep Using the Characters amp Besides the backslash character LaTeX also has these characters in its special notation amp Because people commonly use these characters when they write the designers of LaTeX made circum venting the LaTeX functions of these characters easy To produce one of these characters you need only to precede the character wi
22. l use the natural size of the PostScript but you can specify a different width and height For example to merge the postscript file myfile ps which requires 3 5 inches of vertical space and add the caption Imaginary Part of log Z the LaTeX commands look like this input psfig begin figure centerline psfig myfile ps height 3 5in caption Imaginary Part of log Z begin center This line was merged using em epsffile end center end figure Tables and Charts LaTeX has the capacity to do tables and charts however these abilities extend beyond the scope of this document Check one of the manuals listed in the For More Information section for more infor 20 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Mathematical Formulas mation on the tabular and array environment An example of a table and the LaTeX code that produced it is given below to give you an indication of how the process works Software Summary Name SAS Version 6 06 Brief description data management statistical analysis and report generation System mainframe Level of support Information Technology provides program maintenance and consulting Other references See the bibliography If you have just begun learning SAS you should consult the SAS Introductory Guides available in the Computing Reference Area Other SAS manuals are also avail able This table would be produced with th
23. le to another as often as you like but when you switch from slanted words to unslanted you should put the control symbol before the control word that makes the text normal The control symbol adds just a tiny amount of extra space between adjoining letters of these different styles so that you get semisweet instead of semisweet You can print semisweet by typing it semi rmVsweet or it semi Vsweet Type Sizes LaTeX not only lets you change the style of your printed text it also allows you to make your let ters large or small Printers measure type sizes in points a point is 1 72 of an inch so 72 point text would print letters one inch high Most of the words in this document for example are in ten point type All of the control words that alter the type size gauge their changes against the normal type size which in most papers and in the case of this list is ten points normalsize normal type size ten points large twelve point type Large fourteen point type LARGE seventeen point type huge twenty point type 8 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Example of the Article Document Style Huge twenty five point type small nine point type footnotesize same size as a footnote eight point type scriptsize same size as mathematical subscripts seven point type tiny five point type When you change from one type size to another LaTeX automatically switches
24. mbers the formulas The displaymath environment can be called in two ways with or begin displaymath end displaymath The equation environment must be called with begin equation end equation Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 21 UNIX Systems Superscripts Superscripts are produced using the command For example 4x3 is produced by 4x 3y Subscripts Subscripts are produced by using the _ command For example x3 is produced by x_ 3y Fractions To produce fractions in running text use the command and for displayed formulas use the frac command Examples of fractions in text are x 3 and a b c which are produced by the commands x 3 and a b c To produce a displayed formula use the frac command with the numerator and the denominator delimited by brackets b c 4 a d 1 is produced by the code a frac b c 4 d 2 1 Roots To display a square root or other root use the sqrt command For example a b and 3 4x are produced by the commands sqrt a b and sqrt 3 4x Processing and Printing with LaTeX UNIX Systems If you are working on Owlnet you can process your file with LaTeX and then either preview it on your screen or print it Processing LaTeX can recognize any text file containing its command words though it is helpful to designate LaTeX files by adding the suffix tex You can use the mv command to rename your fil
25. o indicate the body of the text you must enclose it within two more control words begin docu ment and end document so one of the smallest possible documents you can process with the LaTeX command would look something like this documentstyle article begin document The text of the document end document All of the words sentences and paragraphs that you want in your document must lie between these begin and end control words Spaces Line Breaks and Paragraphs When you are entering your text your right margin can be ragged LaTeX will print your text as pages of neatly spaced sentences and paragraphs This is because LaTeX has its own rules regard ing the use of spaces As you might expect LaTeX recognizes a word as a group of characters separated from others by a blank space The number of times you hit the space bar between words has no effect on how much space actually appears between them it will only be one space LaTeX identifies the ends of sen tences by their punctuation and again separates them by its own system regardless of how many spaces you type This is also true of the extra spaces at the end of your lines Once your document has been processed by LaTeX it will justify the right margin To tell LaTeX that you have reached the end of a paragraph enter a blank line after the paragraph s last line Controlling Line Breaks If you want to prevent LaTeX from ending a line within a certain set of word
26. r centers text on a line it puts words in italics and rm puts words in roman type LaTeX will not print the blank space or spaces you type after a control word unlike control symbols because it understands that a blank space or number or punctuation mark signals the end of a control word Groups Groups make working with control words much easier Whenever you enclose text in your file within curly braces you create a separate environment for those words Any control words you invoke inside a pair of these braces have no effect on the outside text Instead of typing Words in it italics rm look better than those in bf bold rm to get the sentence Words in italics look better than those in bold you can just enter Words in it italics look better than those in bf bold and receive the exact same sentence on the printed page Minimum Requirements The two standard requirements for every LaTeX document are e defining the style e indicating the beginning and ending of the text Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 5 Spaces Line Breaks and Paragraphs Every LaTeX document that you create with your text editor must begin with a line like this one documentstyle article The documentstyle command calls a document template that determines document characteristics such as headers margins and so on Other valid document styles besides article include report let ter and book T
27. rate item The Advantages of Theater begin enumerate item Theater aspires to art begin enumerate item Long rehearsals to master the material item Classic plays survived because of their high quality end enumerate item Power of watching people portray characters in the flesh begin enumerate item Energy between audience and actors on a stage item Actors respond to a live audience end enumerate end enumerate end enumerate Special Features Chapters and Sections LaTeX breaks a document into different kinds of sections that depend on the documentstyle you define In the report style you can have Chapters Sections Subsections Subsubsections Para graphs and Subparagraphs Though much like the report style the article style does not have chap ters 18 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Tables of Contents To set one of these breaks in your document just enter the appropriate control word The following example would have to appear in a document using the report style since it contains the chapter com mand chapter Investigations of a Dog section Following my Nose subsection The Cat subsection The Fire Hydrant LaTeX numbers all of these divisions for you automatically If this example was the first section of the document it would be numbered 1 Investigations of a Dog 1 1 Following my Nose 1 1 1 The Cat 1 1 2 The Fire Hydrant Tables of
28. rk Write down any error messages during this process and then go back into the file to fix any problems then repeat the process again Occasionally you will receive the message Please type a command or say end Enter the command stop If this command does not have an effect you will have to type Z then kill latex Previewing If you are working in an X environment you can preview your dvi file on the screen by entering xdvi filename Your cursor will be attached to the upper left corner of a new window frame just click the cursor where you want the upper left hand corner of the window to be placed You can use the buttons on the right side of the window to control the size of the page and the page that is being examined With your cursor 66 in the window you can also type an n to move to the next page or a p to move to the previous page Printing The process of printing your file actually involves converting the dvi file to postscript which is what the utility dvips does The command Ipr sends the file to be printed and so it needs to know the filename and the printer where you want your file to go To send the file document dvi to the printer ryonps for example you would enter the following line dvips document lpr Pryonps and your file should come out of the printer in crisp black and white Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 23 Problems or Questions LaTeX Fil
29. s such as Dr Samuel Johnson you can place a tilde character between these words instead of a space and LaTeX will keep those words together To have LaTeX treat the doctor s whole name as one entity you would type it like this Dr Samuel Johnson On the other hand you may want to end a line before LaTeX breaks it at a margin and in these cases you can use the special control symbol To break a line of text here you would type this line in your file To break a line of text here you would type this line 6 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Special Characters Special Characters Quotation Marks You have probably noticed that the single and double quotation marks in books go in both directions as in this example Character is simply habit long continued Most terminals have only one kind of dou ble quote mark key but most let you type two different kinds of single quote marks the standard apos trophe the on your keyboard and the accent grave the key If you place these left and right single quote marks around a word or phrase LaTeX prints them as typeset quality quotes If you want double quote marks just type two of these single quote marks together For example to print To be or not to be and That is the question your text on the screen must look like this To be or not to be That is the question Hyphens and Das
30. t editors on Owlnet can be obtained in the Consulting Center 103 Mudd Lab You also need to make sure that you have access to the software Access methods vary from system to system so read the appropriate section below UNIX Note Initially accounts on Owlnet are set up to have the correct path to access the LaTeX software Note If you changed your path you will need to make sure that 1 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT amp T Bell Laboratories 4 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System How to Give LaTeX Commands usr local bin is in it to use LaTeX Using the editor of your choice create a file that has the extension tex For example your file might be named paper tex LaTeX Basics How to Give LaTeX Commands The Backslash Character LaTeX commands are preceded by the backslash character LaTeX recognizes two varieties of con trol sequences e control symbols which consist of a backslash character preceding a single character that is not a let ter of the alphabet The control symbol for example tells LaTeX to print a percent sign Without the backslash the character would be interpreted by LaTeX as a comment e control words which are a backslash character preceding one or more letters of the alphabet When LaTeX reads a character after the backslash that is not a letter of the alphabet it knows that it has reached the end of the control word Examples of control words are cente
31. tems have LaTeX installed including Owlnet Rice University s educational network Why would I use LaTeX If you want to create a document with any type of formatting which includes selecting a font cen tering lines creating a table of contents or including complex mathematical formulas you need to use some type of formatting software LaTeX can suit a wide variety of formatting needs from the very simple to the extremely complex How to Get Started To learn enough LaTeX commands to create a very simple document read the sections LaTeX Basics and Starting a Document When you decide you would like to take advantage of some more of LaTeX s formatting capabilities read the remaining sections of this document Examples of a letter resume and report can be found in the section Starting a Document to aid you as well Addi tional information about some of the more complex features of LaTeX can be found in the books listed in the For More Information section You will also need to read the appropriate section on System Specifics so that you learn how to pro cess your files with LaTeX on the computer you are using If the computer platform you are using is not covered in this document you will need to check the documentation that came with the soft ware Accessing the Software In order to use LaTeX you need to be familiar with creating a file with a text editor on your system Documents explaining how to use certain tex
32. th a backslash To produce a sign enter and to produce a sign enter and so on Accent Marks Other simple control words allow you to put accents on letters If you want to print the Spanish word for bathtub Ba o you can type it as Ba no You can have LaTeX print the French verb criv by typ ing ecrive e To put an accent mark over an i or j however you must tell LaTeX to print these letters without their dots by typing i or j If for example you want to write Leia un libro ma ana I am going to read a book tomorrow you would type it on your screen like this Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 7 Type Styles Le i a un libro ma nana While you are thinking about printing Spanish prose you should know that and will give you the characters and See the LaTeX Class Notes for more symbols Type Styles and Sizes Type Styles You will occasionally wish to put a word or phrase in a different type style for special emphasis With the use of control words you can make words come out in italics and bold or the words can appear typewritten rm Roman normal type bf bold face it italics sl slanted text sc small caps tt typewriter type sf sans serif type em emphatic style if the style around it is Roman it changes the style to italic but in any other case changes the print style to plain Roman You can change from one type sty
33. this one on your printed page Why Being is Nothing Though Perhaps It Isn t An Analysis of Hegel s Theory of Being Flushleft and Flushright If you need a portion of text aligned with the left or right margin use the flushleft or flushright envi ronments The flushright environment lets you put a header on a letter with ease Each line of text runs against the right margin in the flushright environment so if you wanted to send a letter to J L a talk show host you could type these lines begin flushright Typical Rice Student Rice University 6100 South Main St Houston Texas 77005 14 Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System Environments for Creating Lists end flushright J LA c o The Tonight Show NBC Studios Burbank California at the top of your page When it prints it will appear as Typical Rice Student Rice University 6100 South Main St Houston Texas 77005 J L c o The Tonight Show NBC Studios Burbank California The flushleft environment aligns the lines of text against the left margin letting the lines run ragged on the right side instead of spreading the words to fill each one If you do not want your lines to be justified then use the flushleft environment Compare the two styles With the Flushleft Environment One of hardest things about using LaTeX is deciding how to pronounce it This is also one of the few things I m not going to tell you about
34. want to indent the lines in your verbatim environment a common need since most people use this environment to print examples remember to nest it within a quote environment Introduction to the LaTeX Document Preparation System 13 Environments for Aligning Text At other times you need the text to be printed with the words positioned as you typed them For instance the following excerpt from A A Milne s Winnie the Pooh would be produced by enclos ing it in a verbatim environment this take If is shall really to flyingI never its If you only need part of a line in the verbatim environment you can use the verb command For instance to produce this is an example you would type verb this is an example Note Do not use curly braces to designate the argument use other characters such as the plus sign Also the verbatim environment or the verb command can not be arguments for other commands However they can be inside other environments Environments for Aligning Text Center If you need to center a title or other information use the center environment Instead of spreading the words across each line LaTeX centers the words on each line If you type some short lines bro ken with the control symbol like these begin center large bf Why Being is Nothing bf Though Perhaps It Isn t small it An Analysis of Hegel s Theory of Being end center you can get a high quality title like
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