CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual
Contents
1. Proc dure FUNCTION HEXNIBBLE VAR H INTEGER BOOLEAN in ActCh out H value HEXNIBBLE true or false VAR RESULT INTEGER HEX BOOLEAN BEGIN RESULT ORD UpCase ActCh NLINE 3A RESULT MOVE RESULT A 01 00 5 00 MOVE 0 BC C FALSE 20 B VALUE SD6 30 X SUB 0 A e 38 5 10 JUMP LO R8 END SFE 0A COMP 9 1 A 38 0A Dr JUMP LO R8 OK D6 07 SUB A 0 10 A SFE SOA COMP 10 A 38 506 JUMP LO R8 ENDS SFE 10 COMP 15 1 A 30 02 CR JUMP HS R8 END S S47 OKS MOVE A B nibble value SOC INC C TRUE 1 x 78 ENDS MOVE B A 32 RESULT MOVE A RESULT 79 MOVE C A 32 HEX MOVE A HEX HEXNIBBLE HEX H RESULT END 13 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Generating EXE programs with the CALM assembler The PC MS DOS operating system uses two types of programs COM and EXE The COM programs are residues from CP M 80 Program data andstack segments reside in a total memory space of 64K Programexecution starts at 16 100 Therefore all four segment registers ofthe iAPX86 CS DS ES and SS have the same value and they all pointto the beginning of a 64 K segment However when a COM program isstarted all the free memory is used not only the 64K The EXE programs are more complicated They have a header whichcontains information on2. CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual only B 10_PART ASM fichier L LST generate a listing IR Read source files will not be modified fichier S REF contains all used symbols as assignments fichier SA REF as S but add are with also lists TRUE etc fichier Si REF do not write some symbols in the REF file without values i20 addresses 1 2 or SYSCALL 3 IN Verify generates no binary inhibit B AN Wait waits for every error line fichier X XRF generates the cross ref file appended to the listing If you do not use a switch the assembler generates only a binary file The switch B is only necessary when the binary MUF should have another name or be located on another drive The source file is any file generated by PFED or any similar editor Each line should not exceed 128 characters in length and is terminated by lt CR gt lt LF gt Let us test the assembler and its module by assembling the corresponding test file generating a listing and a binary ASCALM TZ80 L This command will take the source file TZ80 ASM and generate the binary TZ80 MUF and the listing TZ80 LST To assemble a file in drive B and to copy the binary and the listing on drive A enter ASCALM B TZ80 A TZ80 L B ou ASCALM B TZ80 A TZ80 L A TZ80 B CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Theory of operation The assembler is started by the command ASCALM lt source gt L with
3. you MUST initialize thedata segment Before execution the system initializes the segments CS code and SS stack The segments DS and ES data point to the PSP program segment prefix The program code always starts in theassembler source file with LOC 0 In addition you can specify anystart address with START You can assemble the source file andconvert the generated object with MUFBIN file i E to the specific EXE binary file However the stack and data sizes are not known andthe user must enter these values MUFBIN supports actually three EXEmemory structures These three possibilities depends on yourprogramming choice You will find three corresponding examples TESTEXE1 2 3 ASM joined to the module iAPX86 In these examples youwill also find more explanations The command line to start MUFBIN is MUFBIN input file MUF VE stack size S data size D Text within braces are optional i chooses one of the three EXEmemory structures S and D fix the stack and data sizes ifrequired Example case 2 MUFBIN TESTEXE2 2 E 80 S 104 D 14 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Using local labels Local labels for example LOOP are not really different fromglobal labels for example START However local labels can not befound in the cross reference list because their significance is onlylocal In addition local labels are valid may be used only betweentwo global labels For these reasons local labels
4. are preferably usedin subroutines where they are the marker points for loops conditionsand exit Example TEXTHL PRINTCS 2 local assignment PUSH HL I HL ASCIZ LOOPS MOVE HL A OR A A JUMP EQ R8 ENDS lt NULL gt reached PUSH HL MOVE A E MOVE PRINTCS C show character on the screen PUSH HL CALL BDOS POP L INC L JUMP LOOPS ENDS POP HL RET LOOP and END may also be used in other subroutines Therefore one must not always invent new names like LOOP1 LOOP2 etc Inaddition only TEXTHL the name and the entry point of the subroutine appears in the cross reference list JUMP instructions optimally coded There exist two addressing possibilities for jump instructions inmany 8 bit microprocessors instructions optimally coded There exist two addressing possibilities for jump instructions inmany 8 bit microprocessors 1 JUMP R8 tiquette adr relatif APC 128 APC 127 2 octets 2 JUMP 16 tiquette adr absolu 0 16 FFFF 3 octets If the address specifiers R8 and 16 are not present the CALMassembler chooses automatically either case 1 or 2 But when is case 1 generated Case 1 has two advantages compared with case 2 relative addressing address independent and shorter machine code 2instead of 3 bytes Let us consider the following situation BEFORE JUMP BEFORE a JUMP AFTER b AFTER 15 CALM Common Assembly Language for Micropr
5. exactly the internal representation of thedifferent data types Knowing this you can significantly improve theassembler version speed code size For example the boolean valuehere is 1 for TRUE and 0 for FALSE Also you must know how to accessthe different variables The correspondent Pascal user manuals giveyou more information To test the Pascal Assembler performance the following smallprogram has been used 10 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual PROGRAM THEX VAR teste la version en assembleur et en Pascal de HEXNIBBLE ACTCH CHAR RESULT BOOLEAN I VALUE NTEGER SI P HEX P HEX Pascal A HEX assembleur EGIN WRITELN START FOR I 1 TO 1000 DO 1000 x BEGIN FOR ACTCH TO DO 95 caract res RESULT HEXNIBBLE VALUE END WRITELN END END The following results have been obtained code size seconds for THEX Pascal version 192 octets 26 3 Assembler version 80 octets 20 6 Difference 58 96 22 96 XT compatible clock 4 77 MHz TurboPascal 3 0 for PC DOS These numbers should give you a general idea Very often theassembler version is significantly faster 2 4 than the Pascalversion In addition the code size reduction is always impressive The iAPX86 PC MS DOS version Listing Version iAPX86 PC MS DOS Lis
6. the program length the starting values of theprogram counter CS IP and the stack pointer SS SP etc A EXEprogram may have separate program data and stack segments So thelimit of 64 K is no longer valid An EXE program only occupies thememory space needed It is possible to generate EXE programs with the CALM assembler To do this the programmer must know where the segments program data stack are and how to initialize and access them However thecode segment length is limited to 64 K without tricks The stack anddata segments may also have 64 K each but any length with somemanipulations Writing EXE programs with the CALM assembler needs some care Itis not possible to load a segment register DS or ES with a constant for example with a label via AX because the program would belocated at another unknown address Relocation is done by the user He correctly initializes the segment registers and uses them as basepointers Note that this programming style is possible with anyassembler Many EXE files in the PC MS DOS system do not needrelocation before starting up because they have no relocation entriesin their EXE header To generate EXE programs you need the CALM assembler ASCALM andMUFBIN and the processor module iAPX86 or iAPX186 iAPX286 TheCALM assembler is also used to generate COM programs In COMprograms you will never modify the segment registers The programwill start with LOC 16 100 In EXE programs
7. 6 comp processor 256 KByte 1 floppy drive PC MS DOS only set in CONFIG SYS in minimum FILES 16 DOS TOS ASCALMER TXT PRO and REF actual PATH is used with SET CALM path one can define another path Command line Ligne de commande To assemble a CALM file enter on your system ASCALM source file switch The switches are optional The following switches are available Apath1 path2 ASCALM defines additional paths for ASCALM for the files ASCALMER TXT PRO and REF Example DOS TOS PATH C ASCALM C BIN command line AA PRODEF instruction PROC Z80 tries to open 1 Z80 PRO 2 A PRODEF Z80 PRO 3 C ASCALM Z80 PRO 4 C BIN Z80 PRO Same for ASCALMER TXT and all REF Limit length for all paths is 80 characters With PROC A Z80 ASCALM tries only A Z80 PRO fichier B MUF generates a binary MUFOM format fichier C ASC generates file ASC all macros and IF ELSE ENDIF are replaced Not possible if E is used Dnom valeur def a symbol with name and value or decimal fichier E ERR copies all error messages also in this file IF does not remove unused symboles loaded by REF Ipath1 path2 Insert defines additional paths for INS Example command line IA SOURCE B DEF C PROJET instruction INS IO PART tries to open 1 ANSOURCEVO PART ASM 2 B DEF IO_PART ASM 3 C PROJET IO_PART ASM 4 IO PART ASM Limit length for all paths 80 characters With INS B 10 PART ASCALM tries
8. CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual c Copyright Mai 1994 Patrick Fah La Colombi re CH 1783 Pensier Suisse CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Contents CALM TCS re ne A ren een et 3 igne d Commande ur V 4 FheGryOf OperatiON ss5 sean Pr 6 Cross reference TE eee ea eet A eee n Se 6 lu ne cine RUE 7 Pseudo insIr ctions he eec eei auae eege Ee 9 Differences assembler CALM standard 10 Assembler Cli E 11 Inline with the CALM assembler 12 Generating EXE programs with the CALM assembler 16 Using local labels Re ee iaces eroe ent 17 instructions optimally coded ss 17 Extensions of the CALM assembler eene 18 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual CALM files You should have the following files on your system assuming thatyou have an assembler for the Z80 processor ASCALM CALM assembler MUFBIN converts generated binary format MUFOM Z80 PRO processor module for the microprocessor Z800 TZ80 ASM test file with Z80 instructions ASCALMER TXT file with errors used by the assembler Minimal configuration Atari ST 680x0 256 KByte free 1 floppy drive PC MS DOS gt 2 x iAPX8
9. NLINE S8A 86 RESULT MOVE 8 SS BP RESULT AL 31 C9 X XOR 16 CX CX CL FALSE 0 CH VALUE 2C 30 SUB 8 0 AL 72 11 3 JUMP LO END 3C 09 COMP 8 49 AL 76 S0A p JUMP LS OK 2C 07 SUB 8 d A 0 10 AL 3C 50A COMP 8 10 AL 72 07 JUMP LO ENDS 3C 0F COMP 8 15 AL 77 03 JUMP HI ENDS 88 C5 OKS MOVE 8 AL CH nibble 41 INC 16 CX CL TRUE 1 S88 SAE RESULT ENDS MOVE 8 CH SS BP RESULT 88 S8E HEX on MOVE 8 CL SS BP HEX HEXNIBBLE HEX H RESULT END Version Z80 CP M 80 Listing 0000 TITLE HEXNIBBLE 0000 PROC 280 2710 00002710 LOC 10000 2710 RESULT 2710 HEX 0000 00000000 LOC 0 0000 HEXNIBBLE 0000 3A1027 MOVE RESULT A 0003 010000 MOVE 0 BC C FALSE 0 0006 D630 SUB O A B VALUE 0008 3810 JUMP LO R8 END 000A FEOA COMP 9 1 A 000C 380A JUMP LO R8 OK 000E D607 SUB a 0 10 A 0010 FEOA COMP 10 A 0012 3806 JUMP LO R8 END 0014 FE10 COMP 15 1 A 0016 3002 JUMP HS R8 END 0018 47 OKS MOVE A B nibble value 0019 OC INC C TRUE 1 001A 78 ENDS MOVE B A 001B 321027 MOVE A RESULT OO1E 79 MOVE C LA 001F 321027 MOVE A HEX 12 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual
10. an integer if the character is a valid hex number O 9 A Eier f FUNCTION HEXNIBBLE VAR H INTEGER BOOLEAN in ActCh out H value HEXNIBBLE true or false VAR C CHAR B Il oz EG C UpCase ActCh HEXNIBBLE TRUE IF C gt 0 AND C lt 9 THEN BEGIN H ORD C ORD 0 END ELSE IF C gt A AND C lt F THEN BEGIN ORD C ORD A 10 H END ELSE BEGIN H D 0 HEXNIBBLE FALSE EN END Ne Now you must convert the Pascal procedure to assembler Thefollowing two pages show the iAPX86 and Z80 versions of the functionHEXNIBBLE For this firstly you write the assembler instructions innormal assembler form in an assembler source file and assemble thisfile with a listing Then you delete the Pascal source lines betweenBEGIN and END in the function HEXNIBBLE You insert the assemblerlisting file after BEGIN You delete all dummy assembler listing linesand also the addresses 4 characters in front of each line Now youput the generated listing bytes in the INLINE form begin withINLINE add and between the listing bytes etc Put theinstructions in Pascal comment form with and Finally youmust replace all variable references by their correct name RESULT HEX It is important to know
11. d 16 F000 to 16 FFFF have to be placed in one physical 8 KByte EPROM The command MUFBIN input B N 1FFF F will gen an 8 KByte output bin file which can be used directly to prog the EPROM Else the output file would be 64 KByte long shift the object by the specified value MUFBIN input I 200 A If the file has been ass with a LOC 16 0 MUFBIN will gen An Intel hex comp output file which starts with 16 200 The object code itself is not mod If also F has been spec the filter operation is performed first Pseudo instructions Only the following pseudo instructions are supported by the CALM Assembler ALIGN APC ASCII ASCIZ ASCIZE BASE BLK n CHAP DATA n ELSE END ENDIF ENDLIST ENDMACRO ERROR EVEN EXITMACRO FILL n IF INS LAYOUT LAYOUTMACRO LIST LISTIF LOC LOCALMACRO MACRO MESSAGE ODD PAGE PROC PROCSET PROCVAL RANGE REF START STRING SYSCALL TITLE 8 16 und 32 Remarks to some pseudo instructions se also UPDATESE ASCIZE corresponds to ASCIZ followed by EVEN generates 0 JF ELSE ENDIF IF expression is true when expression lt gt zero IF ENDIF may be nested up to 32 times IF and the correspondant ENDIF must be in the same file IF ELSE ELSE ENDIF is possible INS with INS file READONLY the inserted file is only read Error messages will not appear in this file They are reported in the main file if possible or the error
12. ed files INS Characters in the file names OLA A Zu ts KEE EK Cross reference list To obtain the cross reference list of a program you must use the switch X ASCALM TZ80 B TZ80 X The assembler generates the file B TZ80 XRF Be careful of the size of this file if you use a lot of symbols in your program The cross reference list is written added if L to the listing TZ80 LST The temporary file TZ80 XRF is deleted CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Object format The CALM assembler always generates object files with the extension MUF This binary format is an ASCII format Only absolute formats are generated To convert the MUFOM format to for example COM you must use the program MUFBIN MUFBIN objet MUF options MUFBIN limits the binary output length to actually 64 Kbytes exception no limitation with B N IH N I U M U N when data is consecutive he following options determine the output format no default IB BIN binary also N or Y must be indicated VE EXE for PC MS DOS i 1 3 defines the memory structure IH BIN hexad cimal ASCII il faut aussi indiquer N ou Y N HEX flntel s hex format M ou i M FRS Motorola s S format default SO S3 and S7 1 M SO S1 and S9 2 M SO S2 and S8 3 M SO S3 and S7 T TOS for Atari ST With the options B and H you can add a header in the front These files are composed of a header of 256 bytes followed by t
13. f your file 107 cannot reset source The assembler resets the source before the second pass Check your system 108 bad PROC version Your file PRO has a bad version and can t work correctly with the assembler 109 command line is empty You must give the file to assemble directly on the command line 110 new symbol in 2nd pass A new symbol appeared in the 2nd pass if you are working in a network environnement try again localise the line with the D switch 111 over underflow in PRO Something wrong with the interpretation of the PRO file 112 symbol table overflow 113 end of file missing ENDMACRO 114 macro buffer overflow 115 too many nested INS 116 stopped The assembler has been stopped by the key S 117 PROC REF must precede code generation Put PROC and REF in the beginning of the source after TITLE CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Inline with the CALM assembler TurboPascal and Pascal MT feature the INLINE statements as a very convenient way of inserting machine code instructions directly into the program text Refer to the corresponding Pascal user manuals for more details about INLINE syntax and limitations The CALM assembler can be used to generate the corresponding machine code The following example shows the steps to generate INLINE statements for the iAPX86 PC MS DOS and the Z80 CP M 80 The function HEXNIBBLE tests and converts any character to
14. file if E default file extension ASM only one nested level is allowed LAYOUT With LAYOUT the following parameters are possible HEX addresses and data in hexadecimal representation LENGTHn n lines per listing page n 0 infinite Example LAYOUT HEX LENGTH 60 values of the assembler Following values are always fixed HEX OCT is not possible WIDTH 127 line length TAB 8 one tabulator corresponds to 8 spaces CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual LIST ENDLIST LIST lt expression gt is true when lt expression gt lt gt zero LIST ENDLIST may be nested up to 255 times LIST and the correspondant ENDLIST must be in the same file LISTIF expression LISTIF shows all IF ELSE ENDIF pseudo instr in the listing LISTIF is active when expression is zero or expression is not present REF fichier file REF is a text file and may contain assignments SYSCALLs and comments The file is read once and is never modified the PATH is respected SYSCALL n nom n 8 16 ou 32 defines a special macro MACRO name n name 1 ENDMACRO The SYSCALLs are allowed in REF files Example INTDOS 16 CD21 SYSCALL 16 INT call INT DOS generates 16 INTDOS The following pseudo instructions are not supported ENDTEXT EXPORT IMPORT TEST Differences assembler CALM standard The CALM Assembler does not support the full CALM Standard The diffe
15. he image of the binary The header contains the following information offset content determined by 0 load address lowest LOC with generated code 2 length code 4 start address START start The byte order for the three 16 bit numbers is low high If you don t want to add the header enter N The generated binary file is compatible to the COM file if the start and the load address is hexadecimal 100 With Y you can automatically add the header A shifts the object by the specified value hexadecimal value A ID data size used with E hexadecimal value D IF performs an AND operation between the indicated filter value and the addresses hexadecimal value F J hh J val for undef byt per def 00 J Use FF J for EPROM IL fixes the number of data bytes in a line with H l and M range 1 to 250 default values 39 32 32 value L The command H O L will generate no lt CR gt lt LF gt JO changes the name of the output file filename O IS stack size used with E hexadecimal value S U undefined areas are not filled used with I or M IV shows all inform except data contained in the MUFOM file CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual AN word swap exchanges LSB and MSB in a 16 bit word Examples change the output file name generating Intel format MUFBIN input l output O I O files like CON AUX are possible for output the 2 add ranges 16 0 to 16 FFF an
16. ocessors user manual We see that JUMP BEFORE a jumps to a label which is definedbefore the jump instruction and that JUMP AFTER b jumps to alabel which is defined after the jump instruction In the case of a the CALM assembler may generate the relativeaddressing For this to happen the offset from the APC of the JUMPBEFORE instruction to the label BEFORE must be less than 129 If theoffset is greater the CALM assembler will choose the absoluteaddressing The CALM assembler chooses in b always the absolute addressing even when AFTER is less than 127 Bytes from b away This is becauseof the following reason The assembler reads a source program twice two passes to generate the machine program In the first pass theCALM assembler meets in b the unknown label AFTER As the CALMassembler does not know the value the worst case is taken that meansthe label AFTER is far away and the CALM assembler generates anabsolute jump instruction 3 bytes The first pass is only used toevaluate the correct addresses In the second pass the CALM assemblermeets in b again the label AFTER now known In some cases theoffset is really less than 128 or in other words a relative 8 bitaddressing would have been possible But now this is impossible Ifthe CALM assembler were to choose here a relative jump instruction 2bytes then all the following addresses would be moved by one byte Therefore the CALM assembler must choose in b the same instruc
17. rences symbole name 32 local labels 29 signs are significant characters A Z a z 2 and 0 9 lt gt 1 position Accent letters are converted to upper case letters value 32 bit with sign expression word length 32 bit with sign the maximum number of open operations is 15 shift amplitude SR GL und ASR shift amplitude is limited to 8 bits 256 255 A negative amplitude inverts the shift direction g n ral maximum length of a input assembly line is 127 the APC has a length of 32 bits some pseudo instructions are not supported the commands are not supported PROC only one times allowed CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Assembler errors Refer to ASCALMER TXT ASCALMEE TXT contains the error messages in english You may copy this file in ASCALMER TXT Quelques remarques concernant les erreurs fatales 101 PROC error Something in the file PRO is not correct Try again with the D switch to localise the instr which causes this error 102 PROC too long Not enough memory 103 cannot load file The assembler can t find the specified file in PROC or INS 104 cannot open source The assembler can t find the source file 105 error to create file The assembler can t create the MUF or and LST file 106 no PROC The assembler tries to assemble an instruction but no PROC has been loaded put PROC in the front o
18. the request of a listing The assembler opens the source file and creates the binary MUF and listing LST file If any errors are found in the program the error line with the error indication is given in the listing in the error file if E on the screen and in the source file if not R MOVE B ALPHA Source line of Z80 program pen When the assembler starts he looks for the file ASCALMER TXT If this file is not found the errors are shown with numbers Otherwise the errors are shown in text form MOVE B ALPHA Source line of Z80 program symbol value undefined The following keys may be entered if a error message appears at the screen D don t wait after an error S stop the assembly always possible W wait after an error If any fatal error occurs file does not exist disk full etc the assembler halts and shows some information on the screen ASCALM returns 4 to the system else 0 Do the necessary corrections and restart the assembler again The I O files like CON AUX etc are supported To show the listing on the screen and without binary you must enter ASCALM TZ80 CON L V Important The assembler makes a copy of the source file to insert the error messages Therefore make sure there is enough disk space This copy AST with the error messages will then replace the original file With the option R the assembler will not modify the source file s This copy is also done for insert
19. ting 0000 TITLE HEXNIBBLE 0000 PROC IAPX86 2710 00002710 LOC 10000 2710 RESULT address gt 8 bit 2710 HEX assembler gets 16 bit 0000 00000000 LOC 0 0000 HEXNIBBLE 0000 8A861027 MOVE 8 SS c BP RESULT AL 0004 31C9 XOR 16 CX CX CL FALSE 20 0006 2C30 SUB 8 0 AL CH VALUE 0008 TA JUMP LO ENDS 000A 3C09 COMP 8 9 AL 000C 760A JUMP LS OKS 000E 2C07 SUB 8 A 0 10 AL 0010 3C0A COMP 8 10 AL 0012 7207 JUMP LO ENDS 0014 3COF COMP 8 15 AL 0016 7703 JUMP HI ENDS 0018 88C5 OKS MOVE 8 AL CH nibble 001A 41 INC 16 CX CL TRUE 1 001B 88AE1027 ENDS MOVE 8 CH SS BP RESULT 001F 888E1027 MOVE 8 CL SS BP HEX 11 CALM Common Assembly Language for Microprocessors user manual Proc dure FUNCTION HEXNIBBLE VAR H INTEGER BOOLEAN in ActCh out H value HEXNIBBLE true or false VAR RESULT INTEGER HEX BOOLEAN BEGIN RESULT ORD UpCase ActCh
20. tionas in the first pass that means an absolute jump instruction To force case 1 or case 2 one must insert the address specifierR8 or 16 The same thing is also valid for other instructionsoptimally coded Extensions of the CALM assembler Extensions of the CALM assembler The CALM assembler is a macro assembler that is also macros aretreated Multiple definitions in assignments and labels are allowed if thesymbols have the same name and the same value CR 13 CR 16 D Local assignments A 10 are allowed and have the samepossibilities as the local symbols A Multiple assignments A 10 are possible and the value may bemodified A 20 Corresponds to SET on other assemblers Usualassignments A 10 can not be mixed with multiple assignments A 20 The base number may be indicated by letters 16 nnnn H nnnn X nnnn H AF 10 nnnn D nnnn D 100 8 nnnn O nnnn Q nnnn Q 377 2 nnnn B nnnn B 110 End of document 16
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search