Home

User`s manual FLIR Exx series

Contents

1. Aluminum roughened 27 3 um 0 28 Aluminum roughened 27 1Oum 0 18 Aluminum rough surface 20 50 T 0 06 0 07 Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 LW 0 03 0 06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet 4 samples 70 SW 0 05 0 08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 20 T 0 04 Aluminum weathered heavily 17 SW 0 83 0 94 Aluminum bronze 20 T 0 60 Aluminum hydrox powder T 0 28 ide Aluminum oxide activated powder T 0 46 Aluminum oxide pure powder alu 3H 0 16 mina Asbestos board 20 T 0 96 Asbestos fabric T 0 78 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0 94 Asbestos paper 40 400 T 0 93 0 95 Asbestos powder T 0 40 0 60 Asbestos slate 20 T 0 96 Asphalt paving 4 LLW 0 967 Brass dull tarnished 20 350 T 0 22 Brass oxidized 70 SW 0 04 0 09 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0 03 0 07 Brass oxidized 100 T 0 61 Brass oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 59 0 61 Brass polished 200 T 0 03 Brass polished highly 100 T 0 03 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN Decem ber 10 2010 177 32 Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80 20 T 0 20 2 grit emery Brass sheet rolled 20 1 0 06 1 Brass sheet worked with 20 T 0 2 1 emery Brick alumina 17 Sw 0 68 5 Brick common 17 Sw 0 86 0 81 5 Brick Dinas silica 1100 T 0 85 1 glazed rough Brick Dinas silica refrac 1000 T 0 66 1 tory Brick Dinas silica 1000 T 0 80 1 unglazed rough Brick firebrick 17 SW
2. Titanium oxidized at 540 C 200 T 0 40 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 500 T 0 50 1 Titanium oxidized at 540 C 1000 T 0 60 1 Titanium polished 200 T 0 15 1 Titanium polished 500 T 0 20 1 Titanium polished 1000 T 0 36 1 Tungsten 200 T 0 05 1 Tungsten 600 1000 p 0 1 0 16 1 Tungsten 1500 2200 T 0 24 0 31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 a 0 39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0 93 6 Varnish on oak parquet 70 LW 0 90 0 93 9 floor Varnish on oak parquet 70 SW 0 90 9 floor Wallpaper slight pattern light 20 SW 0 85 6 gray Wallpaper slight pattern red 20 SW 0 90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0 96 2 Water frost crystals 10 T 0 98 2 Water ice covered with 0 T 0 98 1 heavy frost Water ice smooth 10 T 0 96 2 Water ice smooth 0 T 0 97 1 Water layer 20 1 mm 0 100 T 0 95 0 98 1 thick Water snow T 0 8 1 Water snow 10 T 0 85 2 Wood 17 Sw 0 98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0 962 8 Wood ground T 0 5 0 7 1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 189 32 Emissivity tables pine 4 different 0 81 0 89 samples pine 4 different 70 0 67 0 75 samples planed 20 0 8 0 9 planed oak 20 0 90 planed oak 70 0 88 planed oak 70 0 77 plywood smooth 36 0 82 dry plywood untreat 20 0 83 ed white damp 20 0 7 0 8 oxidized at 400 C 400 0 11 oxidized surface 1000 1200 0 50 0 60 polished 200 300 0 04 0 05 sheet 50 0 20 190 Publ No T559597 Rev
3. ssssssseseeeeeneeeeneene enema 55 22 2 Camera dimensions front view 2 ssssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeee eene 56 22 3 Camera dimensions side view 1 22 4 Camera dimensions side view 2 22 5 Camera dimensions side view 3 59 22 6 Infrared lens 30 mm 15 cde ini eie ia rore e reda es HA REEL Re 60 224 Infrared lens 10 mm 45 iscie ciii ie in rete redo nh de ended 61 22 8 Battery 1 ei age ede RUOLI HR LU CURE ee acid HL Ce id 62 22 9 Battery 2 nn deed egi eee e ri eH ee pde none P exec da dite uel 63 22 10 Battery 3 64 22 11 Battery charger 1 65 22 12 Battery charger 2 we 66 22 13 Battery charger 3 2 4 3 ecd end esse cde tei e ere ede tont 67 22 14 Battery charger A ine ede e et ed eed d ed e ege d 68 Application examples 5 eie deeper eno pene aere eco Prage eek d c i EA P eR Pee ence s 69 23 1 Moisture amp walter damage orte enero nene a Hp a gn na gea yes 69 23 2 Faulty contactin SOCKel 2 eee degens e e expe Rea 70 23 3 Oxidized SOCKGU erroe teo reve cete reor agite e e a den Mey cu Veg deve dese 71 23 4 Insulatiori deficiencies 2 5 re pte ende eee den ente te deser deni deseri 72 Ly EDI IC E setae toast aaa EE AK A E mvonudesuee da N 73 Introduction to building thermography ssssssen enn 74 24 Disclamer TL M 74 24 1 14 Copyright notice 74 24 1
4. It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in frared camera This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image For example heating and cooling of these parts takes place at different rates depend ing on the material and the time of day For this reason it is important that other methods are used as well to check for moisture or water damage The image below shows extensive water damage on an external wall where the water has penetrated the outer facing because of an incorrectly installed window ledge 10739503 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 69 23 Application examples 23 2 General NOTE Figure 70 Faulty contact in socket Depending on the type of connection a socket has an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the Socket and can result in an electrical fire A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image L
5. 10552803 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern The white area to the left is a radiator 10552903 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern 92 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 8 Insulation deficiencies 24 3 8 1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed the air pockets can be detected during a building ther mography inspection As a rule of thumb areas with insulation deficiencies typically have higher temperatures than where there is only an air infiltration When carrying out building thermography inspections aimed at detecting insulation deficiencies be aware of the following parts in a building structure which may look like insulation deficiencies on the infrared image Wooden joists studs rafter beams Steel girders and steel beams Water piping inside walls ceilings floors Electrical installations inside walls ceilings floors such as trunking piping etc Concrete columns inside timber framed walls Ventilation ducts amp air ducts 24 3 8 2 Commented
6. 19 20 21 22 23 24 viii 15 3 Creating and setting up a difference calculation ssssssseene 39 15 4 Changing object parameters sssesseeeeeeeeenenreenennnnnt retener tnit te tnnt tt anna 40 Fetching data from external Extech meters sssssssssssee eee 42 16 1 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure esee 44 Working with alarims eerte ane torte de noie treo ade reiner ea vetta sad 45 IZA Building Alarms corr etna eene aee ino eager per eee Pet NEEE 45 Annotating images i oo eR e et redo ect de qe im ed iex eee pape 46 18 1 Taking digital photo rete ht teat He eter diodes 47 18 2 Creating a text annotation 00 eens ee nese nesensne tiene ener trennen trenta 48 Changing settings eene IN TE E Tre THE He aut AU HR 49 Cleaning the camera n ec iet ian ee deci aee dear ie i d a a dca dd suits 50 20 1 Camera housing cables and other items sssssseeenenenneene 50 20 2 Infrared Oris un ete e t E ae weir a toe pee v a EDO uve e Eo pue etapa ed 51 20 3 Infrared detector ctt tiec dee tct qr Y v YS TM S Ee 52 TO CHIMIC Al rnowe 53 214 Additional Cates rct OP PP ep EOD e tenir er ien e die Te 54 Dimensional drawings sse eene nnne nennen nnne 55 22 1 Camera dimensions front view 1
7. 60 Figure 25 8 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 1 126 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The two left phases are considered as normal whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature Actually the operating temperature of the left phase is 68 C 154 F that is quite a substantial temperature whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of 86 C 187 F This means an excess temper ature of 18 C 33 F that is a fault that has to be attended to quickly For practical reasons the normal expected operating temperature of a component is taken as the temperature of the components in at least two out of three phases provided that you consider them to be working normally The most normal case is of course that all three phases have the same or at least almost the same temperature The operating temperature of outdoor components in substations or power lines is usually only 1 C or 2 C above the air temperature 1 8 F or 3 6 F In indoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the image below as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating temperature taken from the two cold phases is 66 C 151 F The faulty phase shows a temperature of 127 C 261 F
8. The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection which is certainly of great impor tance but also the possibility to normalize the over temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions An over temperature of 30 C 86 F is certainly a significant fault But if that over temperature is valid for one component working at 100 load and for another at 5096 load it is obvious that the latter will reach a much higher temperature should its load increase from 5096 to 10096 Such a standard can be chosen by the plant s circum stances Very often however temperatures are predicted for 100 load A standard makes it easier to compare the faults over time and thus to make a more complete classification 25 2 5 Priority Based on the classification of the defects the maintenance manager gives the defects a repair priority Very often the information gathered during the infrared survey is put together with complementary information on the equipment collected by other means such as vibration monitoring ultrasound or the preventive maintenance scheduled Even if the IR inspection is quickly becoming the most used method of collecting in formation about electrical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider Th
9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 Warnings amp Cautloris 52 ois ater ata atiende eee De ie Dried re de HAUS 1 Notice t0 User sx cr acd a t se Let e tV e Pre eye ru e ne eue 3 Mil ual ie eE teaa rA iee NaNe EAEE EIE EEEN 4 Documentation updates lt iiini iaaeaie nna 5 Important note about this manual sssssssseeeeeenennennennen nnne 6 CUcmMI CR 7 6 1 SCOPE GOI OM een RR 7 6 2 List of accessories and services sssssssssssseeeseeeenenenntnntnr tete tn ate tn atn etate an tnata 8 QuickStart Guide viure neni e a eh E TR TH HM TRE WIRT CA RATS used 9 Camera parts siiras annin E et a nest Ard Pee ene oi dates 8 1 View fromthe Filis sc ecrit eee rte riy tenet cr ipii v p ye dva det iden 8 2 View from the left inii eee io ere pot e te ve c S arri Vei neg doi Ve vd otv de 8 3 Keypad em cot ce nt titii era t veter eec Dre onan red sve Drs DU DoD DEDE ud 8 4 View fromthe DORON 3 sic eie pet enint vn ee erede eer en aaa De ee tu a ROI re ELE 8 5 Battery condition LED indicator 8 6 Power EED indicator eoe eve rade pe ires ve e ED ne resin 8 7 dctoIMM nc vse vio hewn pocclot ie iva anne niente UKE E AA EEE AE a ECCE Lc 19 Navigating the menu system ssssssssssseeeenenenenee en enne nnne ener enne nnns 20 Connecting external devices and storage media esses 21 Palring Bluetooth devlce
10. Applies only to cameras with an automatic shutter that can be disabled Do not disable the automatic shutter in the camera for a prolonged time period typically max 30 minutes Disabling the shutter for a longer time period may harm or ir reparably damage the detector The encapsulation rating is valid only when all openings on the camera are sealed with their designated covers hatches or caps This includes but is not limited to compartments for data storage batteries and connectors Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 2 Typographical conventions User to user forums Calibration Accuracy Disposal of electronic waste Training Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Notice to user This manual uses the following typographical conventions Semibold is used for menu names menu commands and labels and buttons in dialog boxes Italic is used for important information Monospace is used for code samples UPPER CASE is used for names on keys and buttons Exchange ideas problems and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user to user forums To go to the forums visit http www infraredtraining com community boards This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year Contact your local sales office for instructions on wh
11. GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE This EULA grants you the following license You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE NOT FAULT TOLERANT THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE THE SOFTWARE is provided AS IS and with all faults THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO SAT ISFACTORY QUALITY PERFORMANCE ACCURACY AND EFFORT INCLUDING LACK OF NEGLIGENCE IS WITH YOU ALSO THERE IS NO WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR AGAINST INFRINGEMENT IF YOU HAVE RECEIVED ANY WARRANTIES REGARDING THE DEVICE OR THE SOFTWARE THOSE WARRANTIES DO NOT ORIGINATE FROM AND ARE NOT BINDING ON MS No Liability for Certain Damages EXCEPT AS PROHIBITED BY LAW MS SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFOR MANCE OF THE SOFTWARE THIS LIMITATION SHALL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY FAILS OF ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE IN NO EVENT SHALL MS BE LIABLE FOR ANY AMOUNT IN EXCESS OF U S TWO HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS U S 250 00 Limitations on Reverse Engineering Decompilation and Disassembly You may not reverse engineer decompile or disassemble the SOFTWARE except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by ap
12. Push The alarm is now set and an isotherm will be displayed when the alarm is triggered For this alarm to be meaningful the parameters must be set with some care Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 45 18 Annotating images General This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using annotations The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image such as conditions photos information about where an image is taken and so on You can set the camera to automatically add an annotation to your images 46 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 18 Annotating images 18 1 Taking a digital photo General When you save an infrared image you can also take a digital photo of the object of interest This digital photo will automatically be grouped together with the infrared image which will simplify post processing and reporting NOTE This procedure assumes that you have not set the camera to automatically add a digital photo Procedure Follow this procedure to take a digital photo To preview an infrared image briefly pull and release the trigger Use the navigation pad to select Add photo Push to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to select Add digital camera photo Push to take the digital photo The digital
13. 10713303 a4 Figure 25 7 A profile line in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 25 3 4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot it is necessary to know its operating temperature that is its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment As the direct measurement will give the absolute temperature which must be con sidered as well as most components have an upper limit to their absolute tempera tures it is necessary to calculate the expected operating temperature given the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambient temperature It is always higher than the am bient temperature Excess temperature overheating the temperature difference between a properly working component and a faulty one The excess temperature is found as the difference between the temperature of a normal component and the temperature of its neighbor It is important to compare the same points on the different phases with each other As an example see the following image taken from indoor equipment 10713403 a4 81 7 C 80 r 70
14. F 84 8 C 184 6 F and 84 3 C 183 7 F from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F The ther mograms are taken with a 12 lens The distances are 1 2 3 4 5 and 10 meters 3 7 10 13 16 and 33 ft The correction for the distance has been meticulously set and works because the object is big enough for correct measurement 25 6 4 Object size The second series of images below shows the same but with the normal 24 lens Here the measured average temperatures of the blackbody at 85 C 185 F are 84 2 C 183 6 F 83 7 C 182 7 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 3 C 181 9 F 83 4 C 181 1 F and 78 4 C 173 1 F The last value 78 4 C 173 1 F is the maximum temperature as it was not possible to place a circle inside the now very small blackbody image Obviously it is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 Boe B 8 L o 780 C o amp 54 633 C Figure 25 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 24 lens The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size which gives correct temperature measurement This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys tems cameras The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695 The spot meter has an opening in its middle more easily seen in the
15. emissivity emissivity factor emittance environment estimated atmospheric transmission 146 Convection is a heat transfer mode where a fluid is brought into motion either by gravity or another force thereby transferring heat from one place to another An isotherm with two color bands instead of one The amount of radiation coming from an object compared to that of a blackbody A number between 0 and 1 Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area W m Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured Atransmission value supplied by a user replacing a calculated one Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 27 Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses filters heat shields etc that can be put between the camera and the object being measured filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths FOV Field of view The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens FPA Focal plane array A type of IR detector graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength IFOV Instantaneous field of view A measure of the geometrical reso image correction internal or external infrared IR isotherm isothermal cavity Laser LocatlR lution of an IR camera A way of compensating for sensitivity differen
16. 0 68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0 85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 iT 0 75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 i 0 59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0 94 7 Brick masonry plas 20 T 0 94 1 tered Brick red common 20 T 0 93 2 Brick red rough 20 T 0 88 0 93 1 Brick refractory corun 1000 T 0 46 1 dum Brick refractory magne 1000 1300 T 0 38 1 site Brick refractory strongly 500 1000 T 0 8 0 9 1 radiating Brick refractory weakly 500 1000 1 0 65 0 75 1 radiating Brick silica 95 SiO 1230 T 0 66 1 Brick sillimanite 33 1500 T 0 29 1 SiO 64 Al Os 178 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 17 SW 0 87 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 LW 0 06 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0 08 Bronze polished 50 T 0 1 Bronze porous rough 50 150 F 0 55 Bronze powder XE 0 76 0 80 Carbon candle soot 20 T 0 95 Carbon charcoal powder T 0 96 Carbon graphite filed sur 20 T 0 98 face Carbon graphite powder T 0 97 Carbon lampblack 20 400 T 0 95 0 97 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0 90 Chromium polished 50 T 0 10 Chromium polished 500 1000 T 0 28 0 38 Clay fired 70 T 0 91 Cloth black 20 T 0 98 Concrete 20 T 0 92 Concrete dry 36 SW 0 95 Concrete rough 17 SW 0 97 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0 974 Copper commercial bur 20 T 0 07 nished Copper electrolytic careful 80 T 0 018 ly polished Copper electrolytic pol 34 T
17. 1000 T 0 95 1 Iron cast liquid 1300 T 0 28 1 Iron cast machined 800 1000 T 0 60 0 70 1 Iron cast oxidized 38 Ji 0 63 4 Iron cast oxidized 100 T 0 64 2 Iron cast oxidized 260 T 0 66 4 Iron cast oxidized 538 T 0 76 4 Iron cast oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 64 0 78 1 Iron cast polished 38 T 0 21 4 Iron cast polished 40 T 0 21 2 Iron cast polished 200 T 0 21 1 Iron cast unworked 900 1100 T 0 87 0 95 1 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0 09 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0 20 9 Iron and steel covered with red 20 T 0 61 0 85 1 rust Iron and steel electrolytic 22 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 100 T 0 05 4 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0 07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic careful 175 225 T 0 05 0 06 1 ly polished Iron and steel freshly worked 20 T 0 24 1 with emery Iron and steel ground sheet 950 1100 Ji 0 55 0 61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted 20 jT 0 69 2 sheet Publ No 1559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 181 32 Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0 77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0 60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0 74 4 Iron and steel oxidized 125 525 T 0 78 0 82 1 Iron and steel oxidized 200 RD 0 79 2 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 T 0 89 4 Iron and steel oxidized 200 600 T 0 80 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 50 T 0 88 1 Iron and steel oxidized strongly 500 P
18. Contact your sales office if one or more of these problems occurs a Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is 0 C to 45 C 32 F to 113 F unless specified otherwise in the user documenta tion If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range it can cause the battery to become hot or to break It can also decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery The temperature range through which you can discharge the battery is 15 C to 50 C 5 F to 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documen tation Use of the battery out of this temperature range can decrease the per formance or the life cycle of the battery a When the battery is worn apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or similar materials before you discard it Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cables or other items This can cause damage Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating In furnace and other high temperature applications you must mount a heatshield on the camera Using the camera in furnace and other high temperature applica tions without a heatshield can cause damage to the camera
19. December 10 2010 12 Pairing Bluetooth devices General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera you need to pair the devices Procedure Follow this procedure Go to Ju Go to the Connectivity tab Activate Bluetooth Select Add Bluetooth device Select Scan for Bluetooth device and wait until a list of available devices is displayed When a Bluetooth device is found select the device to add it Now the device is ready to be used NOTE You can add several devices You can remove an added device by selecting it and then selecting Remove After adding a MeterLink device such as the Extech MO297 or EX845 the result from the meter will be visible in the measurement result table a After adding a Bluetooth enabled headset it is ready to be used in camera preview mode Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 23 13 13 1 Procedure 13 2 Procedure 24 Handling the camera Turning on the camera To turn on the camera push and release the D button Turning off the camera To turn on the camera push and hold the button for more than 0 2 second Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 13 Handling the camera 13 3 NOTE Figure Procedure Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually Donottouch the lens surface when you adjust the infrared camera focus manually If this happens clean the lens accor
20. EN December 10 2010 161 30 Theory of thermography The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt m um Planck s formula when plotted graphically for various temperatures produces a family of curves Following any particular Planck curve the spectral emittance is zero at A 0 then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength max and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths The higher the temperature the shorter the wavelength at which maximum occurs 10327103 a4 Figure 30 4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck s law plotted for various absolute temperatures 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm x 109 um 2 Wavelength um 30 3 2 Wien s displacement law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to A and finding the maximum we have 2898 Aus 3 T u m This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases The wavelength of the color is the same as the wavelength calculated for Ajax A good approximation of the value of Ajax for a given blackbody temperature is obtained by applying the rule of thumb 3 000 T 162 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 Theory of thermography um Thus a very hot star such as Sir
21. Gs DS A Figure 26 2 LEFT Thermovision amp Model 661 from 1969 The camera weighed approximately 25 kg 55 Ib the oscilloscope 20 kg 44 Ib and the tripod 15 kg 33 Ib The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set and a 10 L 2 6 US gallon jar with liquid nitrogen To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment 6 kg 13 Ib can be seen RIGHT FLIR i7 from 2009 Weight 0 34 kg 0 75 Ib including the battery FLIR Systems manufactures all vital mechanical and electronic components of the camera systems itself From detector design and manufacturing to lenses and system electronics to final testing and calibration all production steps are carried out and supervised by our own engineers The in depth expertise of these infrared specialists ensures the accuracy and reliability of all vital components that are assembled into your infrared camera 26 1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 143 26 About FLIR Systems camera software combination Especially tailored software for predictive maintenance R amp D and process monitoring is developed in house Most software is available in a wid
22. It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica tion of defects If a defect shows a high temperature and is in a critical situation it is very common that the repair personnel expect to find a highly corroded component It should also come as no surprise to the repair crew that a connection which is usually healthy can give the same high temperatures as a corroded one if it has come loose These misinterpretations are quite common and risk putting in doubt the relia bility of the infrared survey 25 2 7 Control A repaired component should be controlled as soon as possible after the repair It is not efficientto wait for the next scheduled IR survey in order to combine a new inspec tion with the control of the repaired defects The statistics on the effect of the repair show that up to a third of the repaired defects still show overheating That is the same as saying that those defects present a potential risk of failure To wait until the next scheduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the repair work brings other advan tages to the performance of the repair crew itself When a defect still shows overheating after the repair the determination of the cause of overheating improves the repair procedure helps choose the best component suppliers
23. SW 0 84 6 Paper 4 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 Paper 4 different colors 70 SW 0 68 0 74 9 Paper black io 0 90 1 Paper black dull T 0 94 1 Paper black dull 70 LW 0 89 9 Paper black dull 70 SW 0 86 9 Paper blue dark T 0 84 1 Paper coated with black T 0 93 1 lacquer Paper green T 0 85 1 Paper red T 0 76 1 Paper white 20 T 0 7 0 9 1 Paper white 3 different 70 LW 0 88 0 90 9 glosses Paper white 3 different 70 SW 0 76 0 78 9 glosses Paper white bond 20 T 0 93 2 Paper yellow 1 0 72 1 Plaster 17 SW 0 86 5 Plaster plasterboard un 20 SW 0 90 6 treated Plaster rough coat 20 T 0 91 2 Plastic glass fibre lami 70 LW 0 91 9 nate printed circ board Plastic glass fibre lami 70 SW 0 94 9 nate printed circ board 186 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola 70 LW 0 55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola 70 SW 0 29 tion board Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 LW 0 93 dull structured Plastic PVC plastic floor 70 SW 0 94 dull structured Platinum 17 T 0 016 Platinum 22 T 0 03 Platinum 100 T 0 05 Platinum 260 T 0 06 Platinum 538 T 0 10 Platinum 1000 1500 T 0 14 0 18 Platinum 1094 T 0 18 Platinum pure polished 200 600 F 0 05 0 10 Platinum ribbon 900 1100 T 0 12 0 17 Platinum wire 50 200 T 0 06 0 07 Platinum wire 500 1000 T 0 10 0 16 Platinum wire 1400 T 0 18 Porcela
24. T638370 a1 HIGH INT REL MOIST cond ZERO A Histo erii perat ca STORE ALARM OL ea csl Meter ink Bluetooth M0297 Extech Moisture Meter MO297 Extech Clamp Meter EX845 support extech com This support is for Extech meters only For technical support for infrared cameras go to http support flir com This procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices For more information about products from Extech Instruments go to http www extech com instruments Follow this procedure 1 Turn on the camera 2 Turn on the Extech meter Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 16 Fetching data from external Extech meters 3 On the meter enable Bluetooth mode Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this 4 Onthe meter choose the quantity that you want to use voltage current resistance etc Refer to the user documentation for the meter for informa tion on how to do this Results from the meter will now automatically be displayed in the result table in the top left corner of the infrared camera screen 5 Doone of the following To preview an image push the Preview Save button At this stage you can add additional values To do so take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen To save an im
25. a RIO Ra te OR DE Ute e dE 144 26 4 A few images from our facilities seseseeeeeeeeteentne tenente tetnn tnt tnnnan 144 GIOSS ANY E 146 Thermographic measurement techniques 28 1 Introduction sssssss 150 28 2 Emissivity 28 2 4 Finding the emissivity of a sample sse 151 28 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature 151 28 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity 0 0 0 0 eee eens 153 28 3 Reflected apparent temperature s 154 28 4 Distance 154 28 5 Relative humidity 154 28 6 QUINCE Daratmeters eroe IRR RE 154 History of infrared technology ssssssssenn eene nnns 155 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 31 32 Theory of thermogr phy nineee eg teen RE a OR REPE A RO Hs 159 OKs ANMOCUCHOM ERAN HEURE 159 30 2 The electromagnetic spectrum ssssssssseeeneeeeen eene nnne 159 30 3 Blackbody radiation 160 30 3 1 Planck s law 161 30 3 2 Wien s displacement law 162 30 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law ssssssseeneeeeeneneeneennenenee eren rennen 164 30 3 4 Non blackbody emitters sssssssssseeeenee enn nnns 165 30 4 Infrared semi transparent materials eesssseeeeeeneeeeenneneenennne 167 The measurement
26. a1 61 1 mm 2 40 38 1 mm 1 5 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 59 22 Dimensional drawings 22 6 Infrared lens 30 mm 15 Figure 10762503 a1 lt 24 3 mm 0 96 58 mm 2 28 60 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 7 Infrared lens 10 mm 45 Figure 10762403 a1 38 4 mm 1 51 47 mm 1 85 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 61 22 Dimensional drawings 22 8 Battery 1 Figure T638782 a1 is e bh e EL B a NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it 62 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 9 Battery 2 Figure T638783 a1 KR e e E E R NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 63 22 Dimensional drawings 22 10 Battery 3 Figure T638784 a1 o N 9 E E 5 20 4 mm 0 80 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it 64 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 11 Battery charg
27. a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML the eXtensible Markup Language For more information about XML please visit http www w3 org XML A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721 which is Bitstream s pan European version of the Helvetica typeface Helvetica was designed by Max Miedinger 1910 1980 List of effective files 20235103 xml a24 20235203 xml a21 20235303 xml a18 20236703 xml a54 20237103 xml a10 20238503 xml a9 20238703 xml b8 20250403 xml a21 20254903 xml a65 20257003 xml a40 20257103 xml a17 20257303 xml a32 20273203 xml a13 20275203 xml a14 20279803 xml a7 20281003 xml a1 20287303 xml a9 20292403 xml a5 20295003 xml a12 20295703 xml a4 20295803 xml a5 20295903 xml a5 20296103 xml a6 20296203 xml a6 20296303 xml a6 20296403 xml a6 20296503 xml a5 20296603 xml a6 20296803 xml a6 20296903 xml a6 20297003 xml a6 20297303 xml a4 20297403 xml a6 20297503 xml a3 20297603 xml a2 R133 rcp a3 config xml a5 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 191 192 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010
28. and detect design shortcomings on the electrical installation The crew rapidly sees the effect of the work and can learn quickly both from successful repairs and from mistakes Another reason to provide the repair crew with an IR instrument is that many of the defects detected during the IR survey are of low gravity Instead of repairing them which consumes maintenance and production time it can be decided to keep these defects under control Therefore the maintenance personnel should have access to their own IR equipment It is common to note on the report form the type of fault observed during the repair as well as the action taken These observations make an important source of experi ence that can be used to reduce stock choose the best suppliers or to train new maintenance personnel 122 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 25 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations 10712803 a4 31 8 C 30 26 24 2 C Figure 25 2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of 61 C 142 F whereas the one to the left is maximum 32 C 90 F and the one in the middle somewhere in between The three images are different inasmuch as
29. and will be visible in the infrared camera see photos below The technique is partic ularly effective on roofs having absorbent insulation such as wood fiber fiberglass and perlite where thermal patterns correlate almost perfectly with moisture 80 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations common in many single ply systems are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Infrared image Comment Moisture detection on a roof recorded during the evening Since the building material affected by moisture has a higher thermal mass its temperature decreas es slower than surrounding areas Marisa Water damaged roofing components and insula tion identified from infrared scan from the under side of the built up roof on a structural concrete tee deck Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding sound areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect ME Daytime survey of built up low slope commercial roof Affected areas are cooler than the surrounding dry areas due to conductive and or thermal capacitive effect Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 81 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 4 Moisture detection
30. avoided This check is of benefit both to manufacturers and to users For the developer and the property manager it is essential that buildings are checked with reference to heat economy maintenance damage from moisture or moisture infiltration and comfort for the occupants e g cooled surfaces and air movements in occupied zones 98 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised requirements in terms of the building s thermal insulation and airtightness For the individual buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems The effects of testing and checking a building s insulation and airtightness are partly physiological and partly financial The physiological experience of an indoor climatic environment is very subjective varying according to the particular human body s heat balance and the way the indi vidual experiences temperature The experience of climate depends on both the indoor air temperature and that of the surrounding surfaces The speed of movement and moisture content of indoor air are also of some significance Physiologically a draft produces the sensation of local cooling of the body s surface caused
31. building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures with in sulation deficiencies Structural drawing Comment 10553203 a2 Insulation deficiencies and air infiltration due to improper installation of insulation batts around an electrical mains supply This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 93 24 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing 10553103 a2 Comment Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in side of the ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image 94 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts creating an air pocket on the outside of an inclined ceiling This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 8 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies Infrared image Comment 10553303 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be
32. buildings relies on certain prerequisites in terms of temperature and pressure conditions across the structure Details shapes and contrasts in the thermal image can vary quite clearly with changes in any of these parameters The in depth analysis and interpretation of thermal images therefore requires thorough knowledge of such aspects as material and structural properties the effects of climate and the latest measuring techniques For assessing Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 97 24 Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements e g by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body 24 4 2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work There are certain factors involved in assembling the various components and building elements that can have a considerable impact on the final result The effects of transport handling and storage at the site and the way the work is done cannot be calculated in advance To ensure that the intended function is actually achieved verification by testing and checking the completed building is required Modern insulation technology has reduced the theoretical heat requirement This does mean however that defects that are
33. chamber RIGHT Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 145 27 Term or expression Glossary Explanation absorption absorption factor The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera normally air autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc tion autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors display ing cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time blackbody Totally non reflective object All its radiation is due to its own temperature blackbody radiator calculated atmospheric transmission cavity radiator color temperature An IR radiating equipment with blackbody properties used to calibrate IR cameras Atransmission value computed from the temperature the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object A bottle shaped radiator with an absorbing inside viewed through the bottleneck The temperature for which the color of a blackbody matches a specific color conduction continuous adjust The process that makes heat diffuse into a material A function that adjusts the image The function works all the time continuously adjusting brightness and contrast according to the image content convection dual isotherm
34. deficiencies Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu lation and or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building When you are inspecting a building the temperature difference between the inside and outside should be at least 10 C 18 F Studs water pipes concrete columns and similar components may resemble an insulation deficiency in an infrared image Minor differences may also occur naturally In the image below insulation in the roof framing is lacking Due to the absence of insulation air has forced its way into the roof structure which thus takes on a different characteristic appearance in the infrared image 10739803 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 23 Application examples 23 5 General NOTE Figure Draft Draft can be found under baseboards around door and window casings and above ceiling trim This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface When you are investigating draft in a house there should be sub atmospheric pressure in the house Close all doors windows and venti
35. due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 10553403 a1 Improperly installed fiberglass batts in a suspend ed ceiling Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 95 24 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503 a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in sulations batts air pockets 96 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 4 Theory of building science 24 4 1 General information The demand for energy efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times Developments in the field of energy together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments have resulted in ever greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems Defective insulation and tightness in highly insulated and airtight structures can have a great impact on energy losses Defects in a building s thermal insulation and airtight ness do not merely entail risk of excessive heating and maintenance costs they also create the conditions for a poor indoor climate A building s degree of insulation is often s
36. first case Should also the object emittance be low the situation would be still more difficult We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point what we call extrapolation Imagine that we in a certain case measure Uo 4 5 volts The highest calibration point for the camera was in the order of 4 1 volts a value unknown to the operator Thus even if the object happened to be a blackbody i e Uopj Ui we are actually performing extrapolation of the calibration curve when converting 4 5 volts into tem perature Let us now assume that the object is not black it has an emittance of 0 75 and the transmittance is 0 92 We also assume that the two second terms of Equation 4 amount to 0 5 volts together Computation of Uopj by means of Equation 4 then results in Uopj 4 5 0 75 0 92 0 5 6 0 This is a rather extreme extrapolation particularly when considering that the video amplifier might limit the output to 5 volts Note though that the application of the calibration curve is a theoretical procedure where no elec tronic or other limitations exist We trust that if there had been no signal limitations in the camera and if it had been calibrated far beyond 5 volts the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4 1 volts pro vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics like the FLIR S
37. intended for use as comparison infrared images then the structure s composition the way it was built and the measurement conditions at the time the infrared image was taken must be known in detail and documented In order during thermography to be able to comment on the causes of deviations from the expected results the physical metrological and structural engineering pre requisites must be known The interpretation of infrared images taken during field measurements may be de scribed in brief as follows A comparison infrared image for a defect free structure is selected on the basis of the wall structure under investigation and the conditions under which the field mea surement was taken An infrared image of the building element under investigation is then compared with the selected infrared image Any deviation that cannot be ex plained by the design of the structure or the measurement conditions is noted as a suspected insulation defect The nature and extent of the defect is normally determined using comparison infrared images showing various defects If no suitable comparison infrared image is available evaluation and assessment are done on the basis of experience This requires more precise reasoning during the analysis When assessing an infrared image the following should be looked at Uniformity of brightness in infrared images of surface areas where there are no thermal bridges Regularity and occurrence of cooled
38. is heated the structure s warm surfaces are exam ined Outdoor thermography is only used to obtain reference measurements of larger facade surfaces In certain cases e g where the thermal insulation is very bad or where there is an internal positive pressure outdoor measurements may be useful Even when investigating the effects of installations located within the building s climatic envelope there may be justification for thermographic imaging from outside the building The following conditions are recommended The air temperature difference within the relevant part of the building must be at least 10 C 18 F for a number of hours before thermographic imaging and for as long as the procedure takes For the same period the ambient temperature difference must not vary by more than 30 of the difference when the thermo graphic imaging starts During the thermographic imaging the indoor ambient temperature should not change by more than 2 C 3 6 F For a number of hours prior before thermographic imaging and as long as it con tinues no influencing sunlight may fall upon the relevant part of the building Negative pressure within the structure 10 50 Pa When conducting thermographic imaging in order to locate only air leaks in the building s enclosing sections the requirements in terms of measuring conditions may be lower A difference of 5 C 9 F between the inside and outside ambient temperatures ought to be suf
39. measurement techniques 28 1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature However the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object The radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption of the atmosphere To measure temperature accurately it is therefore necessary to compensate for the effects of a number of different radiation sources This is done on line automatically by the camera The following object parameters must however be supplied for the camera The emissivity of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 28 2 Emissivity The most important object parameter to set correctly is the emissivity which in short is ameasure of how much radiation is emitted from the object compared to that from a perfect blackbody of the same temperature Normally object materials and surface treatments exhibit emissivity ranging from approximately 0 1 to 0 95 A highly polished mirror surface falls below 0 1 while an oxidi
40. photo will now be added to the IR image to what is called an infrared inspection group and will be grouped together in the image archive and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the computer Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 47 18 Annotating images 18 2 General NOTE Procedure 48 Creating a text annotation A text annotation is grouped with an image file Using this feature you can annotate images This text can be revised later This feature is very efficient when saving information on an image when you are in specting a large number of similar objects The idea behind using text annotations is to avoid filling out forms or inspection protocols manually This procedure assumes that you have not set the camera to automatically add a text annotation Follow this procedure to create a text annotation To preview an image pull the trigger sp Use the navigation pad to select E Push to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to select Text annotation Push to display a dialog box In this dialog box you can do one of the following a Use an existing text annotation template Create a new field The text annotation will now be added to the IR image to what is called an infrared inspection group and will be grouped together in the image archive and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the
41. relatively minor but at important locations e g leaking joints or incorrectly installed insulation can have considerable conse quences in terms both of heat and comfort Verification tests e g by means of ther mography have proved their value from the point of view both of the designer and the contractor and of the developer the property manager and the user For the designer the important thing is to find out about the function of various types of structures so that they can be designed to take into account both working methods and functional requirements The designer must also know how different materials and combinations of materials function in practice Effective testing and checking as well as experiential feedback can be used to achieve the required development in this area The contractor is keen on more testing and inspection in order to ensure that the structures keep to an expected function that corresponds to established require ments in the regulations issued by authorities and in contractual documents The contractor wants to know at an early stage of construction about any changes that may be necessary so that systematic defects can be prevented During construction a check should therefore be carried out on the first apartments completed in a mass production project Similar checking then follows as production continues In this way systematic defects can be prevented and unnecessary costs and future problems can be
42. side the internal pressure increases somewhat In the opposite case with most of the leaks on the leeward side the internal pressure falls Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 1038 24 Introduction to building thermography 10551903 a1 v 2047 0 01 2 V 90 ne 0 65 0 47 4 0 65 0 43 0 77 0 50 0 60 T 0 72 M v 30 0 18 0 63 0 45 0 45 0 39 0 11 Figure 24 4 Stress concentration factor C distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities v relative to a building Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ ated locations In thermography such variations can have a clear effect on the mea surement results It has been demonstrated experimentally that the differential pressure on a facade exposed to an average wind force of about 5 m s 16 3 ft s will be about 10 Pa Mechanical ventilation results in a constant internal negative or positive pressure depending on the direction of the ventilation Research has showed that the negative pressure caused by mechanical extraction kitchen fans in small houses is usually between 5 and 10 Pa Where there is mechanical extraction of ventilation air e g in multi dwelling blocks the negative pressure is somewhat greater 10 50 Pa Where there is so called balanced ventilation mechanically controlled supply and extract air this is normally adjusted to p
43. the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature 1 Neutral zone 2 Positive pressure 3 Negative pressure h Distance from the neutral zone in meters The position of the neutral zone may vary depending on any leaks in the building If the leaks are evenly distributed vertically this zone will be about halfway up the building If more of the leaks are in the lower part of the building the neutral zone will move downwards If more of the leaks are in the upper part it will move upwards Where a chimney opens above the roof this has a considerable effect on the position of the neutral zone and the result may be a negative pressure throughout the building This situation most commonly occurs in small buildings In a larger building such as a tall industrial building with leaks at doors and any windows in the lower part of the building the neutral zone is about one third of the way up the building 106 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 4 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible The imaging process is therefore carried out indoors i e where a building
44. the tem perature scale enhances only one fuse in each image However it is the same image and all the information about all three fuses is there It is only a matter of setting the temperature scale values 25 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 10712903 a3 TEL 60 7 C De 60 SP01 62 2 C T 40 22 0 C Figure 25 3 An infrared image of a fusebox where the maximum temperature is displayed The maximum temperature in the area is 62 2 C 144 0 F The spot meter shows the exact location of the hot spot The image can easily be stored in the camera memory The correct temperature measurement depends however not only on the function of the evaluation software or the camera It may happen that the actual fault is for example a connection which is hidden from the camera in the position it happens Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 123 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment It might be so that you measure heat which has been con ducted over some distance whereas the real hot spot is hidden from you An example is shown in the image below 10717603 a3 TLAC E 70 E L o E a 33 6 C Figure 25 4 A hidden hot spot inside a box Try to choose different angles and make sure that the hot
45. to the power input power linear camera We can then write Equation 1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 169 31 The measurement formula U CW source Tara or with simplified notation U ource CW source source where C is a constant Should the source be a graybody with emittance the received radiation would consequently be W ource We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms 1 Emission from the object TWop where is the emittance of the object and T is the transmittance of the atmosphere The object temperature is Topj 2 Reflected emission from ambient sources 1 TW ef where 1 is the re flectance of the object The ambient sources have the temperature T efl It has here been assumed that the temperature T is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation It is however a necessary simplification in order to derive a workable formula and T _ can at least theoretically be given a value that represents an efficient temperature of a complex surrounding Note also that we have assumed that the emittance for the surroundings 1 This is correct in accordance with Kirchhoff s law All radiation impinging on the surrounding surfaces will eventually be absorbed by the same surfaces Thus the em
46. unpolished 184 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 11 4 iron unpolished Nickel oxidized 200 T 0 37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0 37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0 85 4 Nickel oxidized at 600 C 200 600 T 0 37 0 48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0 045 4 Nickel wire 200 1000 J 0 1 0 2 1 Nickel oxide 500 650 T 0 52 0 59 1 Nickel oxide 1000 1250 T 0 75 0 86 1 Oil lubricating 0 025 mm film 20 T 0 27 2 Oil lubricating 0 050 mm film 20 T 0 46 2 Oil lubricating 0 125 mm film 20 T 0 72 2 Oil lubricating film on Ni base Ni 20 T 0 05 2 base only Oil lubricating thick coating 20 T 0 82 2 Paint 8 different colors 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 70 SW 0 88 0 96 9 and qualities Paint Aluminum various 50 100 T 0 27 0 67 1 ages Paint cadmium yellow T 0 28 0 33 1 Paint chrome green T 0 65 0 70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0 7 0 8 1 Paint oi 17 SW 0 87 5 Paint oil black flat 20 SW 0 94 6 Paint oil black gloss 20 SW 0 92 6 Paint oil gray flat 20 SW 0 97 6 Paint oil gray gloss 20 SW 0 96 6 Paint oil various colors 100 T 0 92 0 96 1 Publ No 1559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 185 32 Emissivity tables Paint oil based average 100 T 0 94 2 of 16 colors Paint plastic black 20 SW 0 95 6 Paint plastic white 20
47. varying load and operating conditions 25 2 2 General equipment data The equipment to be inspected has a certain temperature behavior that should be known to the thermographer before the inspection takes place In the case of electrical equipment the physical principle of why faults show a different temperature pattern because of increased resistance or increased electrical current is well known However it is useful to remember that in some cases for example solenoids over heating is natural and does not correspond to a developing defect In other cases like the connections in electrical motors the overheating might depend on the fact that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 25 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 134 Defective parts of electrical equipment can therefore both indicate overheating and be cooler than the normal healthy components It is necessary to be aware of what to expect by getting as much information as possible about the equipment before it is inspected The general rule is however that a hot spot is caused by a probable defect The temperature and the load of that specific component at the moment of inspection will give an indication of how serious the fault is and can become in other conditions Correct assessment in each specific case demands detailed information about the thermal be
48. 0 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 37 15 Working with measurement tools 15 2 General NOTE Procedure 38 Moving or resizing a measurement tool You can move and resize a measurement tool This procedure assumes that you have previously laid out a measurement tool on the screen Follow this procedure to move or resize a measurement tool Push 88 to display the menu system qp Use the navigation pad to go to Tools Push to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to go to av Adjust tools Push and select the measurement tool that you want to move or resize Use the navigation pad to move or resize the measurement tool Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 15 Working with measurement tools 15 3 Creating and setting up a difference calculation General A difference calculation gives the difference between the values of two known mea surement results NOTE This procedure assumes that you have previously laid out at least two measurement tools on the screen Procedure Follow this procedure to create and set up a difference calculation Push 88 to display the menu system PE Use the navigation pad to go to Tools Push d ox to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to select AA Add difference ox Push This will display a dialog box where you can select the measurement tool
49. 0 006 ished Copper molten 1100 1300 T 0 13 0 15 Copper oxidized 50 T 0 6 0 7 Copper oxidized black 27 1 0 78 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 179 32 Emissivity tables Copper oxidized heavily 20 T 0 78 Copper oxidized to black T 0 88 ness Copper polished 50 100 T 0 02 Copper polished 100 T 0 03 Copper polished commer 27 T 0 08 cial Copper polished mechan 22 T 0 015 ical Copper pure carefully 22 T 0 008 prepared surface Copper scraped 27 T 0 07 Copper dioxide powder T 0 84 Copper oxide red powder T 0 70 Ebonite T 0 89 Emery coarse 80 F 0 85 Enamel 20 T 0 9 Enamel lacquer 20 T 0 85 0 95 Fiber board hard untreated 20 SW 0 85 Fiber board masonite 70 LW 0 88 Fiber board masonite 70 SW 0 75 Fiber board particle board 70 LW 0 89 Fiber board particle board 70 SW 0 77 Fiber board porous untreated 20 SW 0 85 Gold polished 130 i 0 018 Gold polished carefully 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Gold polished highly 100 T 0 02 Granite polished 20 LLW 0 849 Granite rough 21 LLW 0 879 Granite rough 4 different 70 LW 0 77 0 87 samples 180 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables Granite rough 4 different 70 SW 0 95 0 97 9 samples Gypsum 20 T 0 8 0 9 1 Ice See Water Iron cast casting 50 T 0 81 1 Iron cast ingots
50. 0 98 1 Iron and steel polished 100 T 0 07 2 Iron and steel polished 400 1000 T 0 14 0 38 1 Iron and steel polished sheet 750 1050 JT 0 52 0 56 1 Iron and steel rolled freshly 20 T 0 24 1 Iron and steel rolled sheet 50 T 0 56 1 Iron and steel rough plane sur 50 T 0 95 0 98 1 face Iron and steel rusted heavily 17 SW 0 96 5 Iron and steel rusted red sheet 22 T 0 69 4 Iron and steel rusty red 20 T 0 69 1 Iron and steel shiny etched 150 T 0 16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer 20 T 0 82 1 sheet Iron and steel wrought carefully 40 250 T 0 28 1 polished Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0 85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0 64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0 07 4 Iron galvanized sheet burnished 30 T 0 23 1 Iron galvanized sheet oxidized 20 3h 0 28 1 182 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0 064 4 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature LW Ca 0 96 12 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra flat Flat black Roomtemperature MW Ca 0 97 12 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 LW 0 92 0 94 9 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 70 SW 0 50 0 53 9 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on 20 T 0 4 1 rough surface Lacquer bakelite 80 T 0 83 1 Lacquer black dull 40 100 T 0 96 0 98 1 Lacquer black matte 100 T 0 97 2 Lacquer black shiny 20 T 0 87 1 sprayed on iron Lacquer heat resistant 100 T 0 92 1
51. 0018812 0 200830143636 7 2106017 235308 3006596 3006597 466540 483782 484155 518836 60004227 8 60122153 2 60200401 1681 5 08 6707044 68657 7034300 7110035 7154093 7157705 7237946 7312822 7332716 7336823 7544944 75530 7667198 7809258 7826736 D540838 D549758 D579475 D584755 D599 392 DI6702302 9 DI6703574 4 DI6803572 1 DI6803853 4 DM 057692 DM 061609 ZL00809178 1 ZL01823221 3 ZL01823226 4 ZL02331553 9 ZL02331554 7 ZL200480034894 0 ZL200530120994 2 ZL2006301301 14 4 ZL200730151141 4 ZL200730339504 7 ZL200830128581 2 EULA Terms m You have acquired a device INFRARED CAMERA that includes software licensed by FLIR Systems AB from Microsoft Licensing GP or its affiliates MS Those installed software products of MS origin as well as associated media printed materials and online or electronic documentation SOFTWARE are protected by international intellectual property laws and treaties The SOFTWARE is licensed not sold All rights reserved iv Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 ta IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT EULA DO NOT USE THE DEVICE OR COPY THE SOFTWARE INSTEAD PROMPTLY CONTACT FLIR Systems AB FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON RETURN OF THE UNUSED DEVICE S FOR A REFUND ANY USE OF THE SOFTWARE INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO USE ON THE DEVICE WILL CONSTITUTE YOUR AGREEMENT TO THIS EULA OR RATIFICATION OF ANY PREVIOUS CONSENT
52. 10 9 Screen elements Figure T638713 a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above Measurement result table Measurement tools e g area and spotmeter Status and mode icons Tooltip for the currently selected menu item Temperature scale Setup Video clips recording Camera mode live image mode Object parameters Measurement tools Color palettes Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 19 10 Navigating the menu system T638777 a1 T638780 a1 Figure Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera a Using the index finger to navigate the menu system left Using the navigation pad to navigate the menu system right 20 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 11 Connecting external devices and storage media T638789 a4 Figure UE on TIONS A Explanation This table explains the figure above Indicator showing that the memory card is busy Note Do not remove the memory card when this indicator glows Memory card Headset cable 21 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 11 Connecting external devices and storage media Figure T638788 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Power cable USB mini B cable USB A cable 22 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN
53. 17 01 It also shows the deterioration in thermal insulation that is necessary to cause this Example for lightweight built up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in C 0 0 Inside surface temperature in C 19 1 15 0 112 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside surface temperature in C Surface factor from IP 17 01 Critical external surface temperature factor after IP17 01 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance mm Local U value W m K UKTA TN1 surface factor UKTA TN1 surface factor outside Notes to the table 1 Values of surface resistances taken from ADL2 2001 are Inside surface 0 13 m2K W Outside surface 0 04 m K W These originate from BS EN ISO 6946 BN EN ISO 6946 1997 Building components and building elements Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance Calculation method 2 Thermal insulation used here is assumed to have a conductivity of 0 03 W m K 3 The difference in temperature between an anomaly and the good areas is 1 2 de grees on the outside and 4 1 degrees on the inside 4 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for internal surveys is Fsi Tsia Ts0 Tsi Tso where Tia internal surface temperature at anomaly Tso exter
54. 2 Commercial amp residential facades 24 3 4 1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential facades Being able to provide a physical illustration ofthe moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost effective than large intrusive test cuts 24 3 4 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on commercial and residential facades Structural drawing Comment Pelting rain penetrates the facade due to badly executed bed joints Moisture builds up in the masonry above the window Pelting rain hits the window at an angle Most of the rain runs off the window edge flashing but some finds its way into the masonry where the plaster meets the underside of the flashing 82 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Rain hits the facade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Rain splashes on the facade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption which eventu ally leads to frost erosion 83 24 Introduction to building thermogra
55. 2 Training amp certification 74 24 1 3 National or regional building codes 74 24 2 Impottant OTS vos reete ee EN RIA E IE AE RA UR Rx 74 24 3 Typical field investigations essent nennen nntnnnr trennen 75 24 3 41 Guidelines 24 3 1 1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 3 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of Water damages eret ertet iem tite ds 75 24 3 4 8 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies 76 24 3 2 About moisture detection iy KA 24 3 8 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs ssssssss 77 24 3 3 1 General information epe ertt adn 77 24 3 8 2 Safety precautions eet rrt tte nt 78 24 3 3 3 Commented building structures sse 79 24 3 3 4 Commented infrared images 80 24 3 4 Moisture detection 2 Commercial amp residential fa ades 82 24 3 4 1 General information sss 82 24 3 4 2 Commented building structures sse 82 24 3 4 3 Commented infrared images sssssssee 84 24 3 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies ss 84 24 3 5 1 Goneral information eet Renier 84 24 3 5 2 Commented building structures 85 24 3 5 3 Commented infrared images en OF 24 3 6 Moisture d
56. 3 8 C 40 27 9 C 20 0 C Figure 25 14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other The one in the middle is colder than the others Unless two phases are faulty and overheated this is a typical example of a very unsymmetrical load The temperature spreads evenly along the cables which indicates a load dependent temperature increase rather than a faulty connection The image to the right shows two bundles with very different loads In fact the bundle to the right carries next to no load Those which carry a considerable current load are about 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 25 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 38 8 C 30 5 C Figure 25 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a number of cables are bundled together it can happen that the resulting poor cooling of the cables in the middle can lead to them reaching very high temperatures See the image above The cables to the right in the image do not show any overheating close to the bolts In the vertical part of the bundle however the cables are held together very tightly the cooling of the cables is poor the convection can not take the heat away and the cables are notably hotter actually about 5 C 9 F above the temperature of the better co
57. 4 8 2 IntrodlCctlOn tret ee tecet d 110 24 4 8 3 Background information 110 24 4 8 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies 111 24 4 8 5 Conditions and equipment 4114 24 4 8 6 Survey and analysis ettet itta 115 24 4 8 7 RepONING ss 116 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 118 25 1 Important NOTE air sente e e eere tente e e AUR ee S 118 25 2 General informatiori 2 etn ctii eoe deed eed ld dt 118 2522 1 Introd ction Longe tee em e eb araa erit ese s 118 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 ix 26 27 28 29 25 3 25 4 25 5 25 2 2 General equipment data aeneon poredana a a Aa ape Taoa SEPEN EA PAALA Eaa tete nna 119 25 2 8 Inspection 25 2 4 Classification amp reporting 120 25 2 5 Priority ieres 121 25 22 08 Hepall oreet Ere eO M Ext a Seccion rece dena tere irr ince 121 ipM erum rn 122 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 123 25 3 1 How to correctly set the equipment ssessssenn enne 123 25 3 2 Temperature measurement 123 25 8 8 Comparative measurement 125 25 8 4 Normal operating temperature 126 25 3 5 Classification
58. 88 to display the menu system Use the navigation pad to select i Select Delete all Push and confirm that you want to delete the images Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 35 14 Working with images 14 8 General Procedure 36 Creating a PDF report in the camera You can create a PDF report in the camera You can then move the PDF report to a computer using a USB memory stick or via Bluetooth and send the report to a customer Follow this procedure to create a PDF report in the camera Push i Use the navigation pad to select Push to open a submenu On the submenu select Create report A PDF report is now being created and will be displayed on the screen You can zoom into the report by using the controls in the top right corner of the screen Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 15 Working with measurement tools 15 1 Laying out a measurement tool General To measure a temperature you use one or several measurement tools such as a spotmeter a box etc Procedure Follow this procedure to lay out a measurement tool oo Push 88 js display the menu system qp Use the navigation pad to go to Push d to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to go to a measurement tool J ok Push d This will display the measurement tool on the screen Publ No T559597 Rev a50
59. C 0 036 F and later models were able to be read to 0 05 C 0 09 F Then a breakthrough occurred Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile The new device was at least 40 times as sensitive as the best thermometer of the day for detecting heat radiation capable of detecting the heat from a person standing three meters away The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous astronomer in his own right Based upon the differential evaporation of a thin film of oil when exposed to a heat pattern focused upon it the thermal image could be seen by reflected light where the interference effects of the oil film made the image visible to the eye Sir John also managed to obtain a primitive record of the thermal image on paper which he called a thermograph 10399003 a2 Figure 29 4 Samuel P Langley 1834 1906 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 157 29 History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared detector sensitivity progressed slowly Another major breakthrough made by Langley in 1880 was the invention of the bolometer This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded This instrument is said t
60. HANISM FOR ELECTRO Cone efe Ple Fab 1 1967 cove Gp I8 1 057 624 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Scanning Mechanism ly on through Figure 26 1 Patent documents from the early 1960s The company has sold more than 128 298 infrared cameras worldwide for applications such as predictive maintenance R amp D non destructive testing process control and automation and machine vision among many others FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States Portland OR Boston MA Santa Barbara CA and one in Sweden Stockholm Since 2007 there is also a manufacturing plant in Tallinn Estonia Direct sales offices in Belgium Brazil 142 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 26 About FLIR Systems China France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy Japan Korea Sweden and the USA together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors support our international customer base FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry We an ticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery operated portable camera for industrial inspec tions and the first uncooled infrared camera to mention just two innovations 10722703 a2 752 SLT 25 Les ume SZ SX SA
61. Lacquer white 40 100 T 0 8 0 95 1 Lacquer white 100 T 0 92 2 Lead oxidized gray 20 T 0 28 1 Lead oxidized gray 22 T 0 28 4 Lead oxidized at 200 C 200 T 0 63 1 Lead shiny 250 T 0 08 1 Lead unoxidized pol 100 T 0 05 4 ished Lead red 100 T 0 93 4 Lead red powder 100 T 0 93 1 Leather tanned T 0 75 0 80 1 Lime T 0 3 0 4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0 07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0 13 4 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN Decem ber 10 2010 183 32 Emissivity tables Magnesium 538 T 0 18 4 Magnesium polished 20 T 0 07 2 Magnesium pow T 0 86 1 der Molybdenum 600 1000 T 0 08 0 13 1 Molybdenum 1500 2200 T 0 19 0 26 1 Molybdenum filament 700 2500 T 0 1 0 3 1 Mortar 17 SW 0 87 5 Mortar dry 36 SW 0 94 7 Nextel Velvet 811 Flat black 60 150 LW gt 0 97 10 and 21 Black 11 Nichrome rolled 700 T 0 25 1 Nichrome sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Nichrome wire clean 50 T 0 65 1 Nichrome wire clean 500 1000 T 0 71 0 79 1 Nichrome wire oxidized 50 500 T 0 95 0 98 1 Nickel bright matte 122 T 0 041 4 Nickel commercially 100 T 0 045 1 pure polished Nickel commercially 200 400 T 0 07 0 09 1 pure polished Nickel electrolytic 22 T 0 04 4 Nickel electrolytic 38 y 0 06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 iT 0 07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0 10 4 Nickel electroplated pol 20 d 0 05 2 ished Nickel electroplated on 22 T 0 045 4 iron polished Nickel electroplated on 20 T 0 11 0 40 1 iron
62. OV 0 53 1 07 10 66 26 66 53 31 106 62 VFOV 0 40 0 80 8 00 19 99 39 98 79 97 ft IFOV 0 02 0 04 0 40 1 00 2 00 4 00 in Legend D Distance to target in meters amp feet HFOV Horizontal field of view in meters amp feet VFOV Vertical field of view in meters amp feet IFOV Instantaneous field of view size of one detector element in millimeters amp inches 54 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 1 Camera dimensions front view 1 Figure 96 5 mm 3 80 61 2 mm 2 41 184 7 mm 7 27 22 Dimensional drawings 22 2 Figure 56 Camera dimensions front view 2 T638766 a1 145 9 mm 9 68 96 2 mm 3 79 20 mm 0 79 20 mm 0 79 40 5 mm 1 59 67 5 mm 2 66 51 6 mm 2 03 38 1 mm 1 50 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 3 Camera dimensions side view 1 Figure T638772 a1 183 3 mm 7 22 245 9 mm 9 68 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 57 22 Dimensional drawings 22 4 Figure 58 Camera dimensions side view 2 T638773 a1 61 1 mm 2 41 245 9 mm 9 68 184 7 mm 7 27 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 5 Camera dimensions side view 3 Figure T638774
63. Office version Full name publication number and revision number of the manual On the customer help site you can also download the following Firmware updates for your infrared camera Program updates for your PC software User documentation Application stories Technical publications Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 4 Documentation updates General Our manuals are updated several times per year and we also issue product critical notifications of changes on a regular basis To access the latest manuals and notifications go to the Download tab at http support flir com It only takes a few minutes to register online In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 5 5 General NOTE Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models software parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications and or functionality at any time without prior notice Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 6 Parts lists 6 1 Scope of deli
64. User s manual FLIR EXx series Publ No T559597 Revision a500 Language English EN Issue date December 10 2010 User s manual FLIR Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 TERTE e Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the delivery date of the original purchase provided such products have been under normal storage use and service and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction Products which are not manufactured by FLIR Systems but included in systems delivered by FLIR Systems to the original purchaser carry the warranty if any of the particular supplier only FLIR Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products The warranty extends only to the original purchaser and is not transferable It is not applicable to any product which has been subjected to misuse neglect accident or abnormal conditions of operation Expendable parts are excluded from the warranty In the case of a defect in a product covered by this warranty the product must not be further used in order to prevent additional damage The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply FLIR Systems will at its option repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if upon inspection it proves to be defective in
65. adiation intensity using one of the following two methods 10589003 a2 Figure 28 3 1 Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom mended for two important reasons A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 28 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector method 1 Crumble up a large piece of aluminum foil 2 Uncrumble the aluminum foil and attach it to a piece of cardboard of the same size 3 Put the piece of cardboard in front of the object you want to measure Make sure that the side with aluminum foil points to the camera 4 Set the emissivity to 1 0 152 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 28 Thermographic measurement techniques 5 Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down 10727003 a2 4 NM Figure 28 4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 28 2 1 2 Step 2 Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature Heating must be reasonably even Focus and auto adjust the camera a
66. age capacity This table gives information on the approximate number of infrared IR and digital camera DC images that can be saved on memory cards Card size IR DC 30 seconds voice annotation Naming The naming convention for images is IR xxxx jpg where xxxx is a unique counter convention Procedure To save an image directly pull and hold down the trigger for more than 1 second 28 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 14 Working with images 14 3 Opening an image General When you save an image the image is stored on a memory card To display the image again open it from the memory card Procedure Follow this procedure to open an image Push i Push the navigation pad up down or left right to select the image you want to view Push G This will display the image at full size Optional step Push again to go to edit mode Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 29 14 Working with images 14 4 General Example 1 30 Adjusting an image An image can be adjusted automatically or manually You use the button to switch between these two modes Note that this only works in live mode and not in preview archive mode This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points In the left image a correct analysis of the left cable is difficult to do if you only auto adjust the image You can analyze
67. age without previewing push and hold down the Pre view Save button To add a value to a recalled image turn on the meter after you have re called the image then select Add on the infrared camera screen A maximum of eight values can be added but note that some values are broken into two lines Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 43 16 Fetching data from external Extech meters 16 1 General Procedure 44 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure Thefollowing procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters and infrared cameras Follow this procedure Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and ceilings Use the moisture meter to measure the moisture levels at various suspect locations that may have been found When a spot of particular interest is located store the moisture reading in the moisture meter s memory and identify the measurement spot with a handprint or other thermal identifying marker Recall the reading from the meter memory The moisture meter will now continuously transmit this reading to the infrared camera Use the camera to take a thermal image of the area with the identifying marker The stored data from the moisture meter will also be saved on the image Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 17 17 1 General About the Humidity alar
68. ain temperature while absolute humidity is expressed in percent water by weight of material The latter way to express humidity is common when measuring humidity in wood and other building materials The higher the temperature of air the larger the amount of water this certain volume of air can hold 24 4 7 2 Definition of dew point Dew point is the temperature at which the humidity in a certain volume of air will condense as liquid water 24 4 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity UK example 24 4 8 1 Credits This Technical Note was produced by a working group including expert thermogra phers and research consultants Additional consultation with other persons and or ganisations results in this document being widely accepted by all sides of industries The contents of this Technical Note is reproduced with kind permission from and fully copyrighted to United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA UK Thermography Association c o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel 44 0 1604 630124 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 109 24 Introduction to building thermography Fax 44 0 1604 231489 24 4 8 2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment applications software and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate As the
69. area below the threshold temperature for internal surveys or above the threshold temperature for external surveys This is the defect area Some anomalies that appeared to be defects at the time of the survey may not show defect areas at this stage Add the defect areas from all the images A Calculate the total area of exposed building fabric This is the surface area of all the walls and roof It is conventional to use the external surface area For a simple shape building this is calculated from overall width length and height A 2h L w Lw Identify the critical defect area A Provisionally this is set at one thousandth or 0 1 of the total surface area A A 1000 If A4 lt A the building as a whole can be considered to have reasonably contin uous insulation 24 4 8 7 Reporting Reports should certificate a pass fail result comply with customers requirements and as a minimum include the information required by BSEN 13187 The following data is normally required so that survey can be repeated following remedial action Background to the objective and principles of the test Location orientation date and time of survey A unique identifying reference Thermographer s name and qualifications Type of construction Weather conditions wind speed and direction last precipitation sunshine degree of cloud cover Ambient temperatures inside and outside before at the beginning of survey and the
70. area is seen in its full size that is that it is not disappearing behind something that might hide the hottest spot In this image the hottest spot of what the camera can see is 83 C 181 F where the operating temperature on the cables below the box is 60 C 140 F However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is probably essentially hotter Another reason for underestimating the temperature of an object is bad focusing It is very important that the hot spot found is in focus See the example below 10717403 a2 61 4 C 61 4 C 60 60 40 40 20 20 18 4 C 18 4 C Figure 25 5 LEFT A hot spot in focus RIGHT A hot spot out of focus In the left image the lamp is in focus Its average temperature is 64 C 147 F In the right image the lamp is out of focus which will result in only 51 C 124 F as the average temperature 124 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 3 3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used which is based on comparison of different objects so called measurement with a reference This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other This method needs systemat
71. arent body let us say in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material When the plate is heated radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed Moreover when it arrives at the surface some of it is reflected back into the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 167 30 Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought When the resulting geometrical series is summed the effective emissivity of a semi transparent plate is obtained as t 0 7 10 7 Eo When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula amp 1 p This last relation is a particularly convenient one because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly 168 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 31 The measurement formula As already mentioned when viewing an object the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some ext
72. below the Planck curve for a particular temperature It can be shown that the radiant emittance in the interval A 0 to Amax is only 25 ofthe total which represents about the amount of the sun s radiation which lies inside the visible light spectrum 164 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 Theory of thermography 10399303 a1 Figure 30 7 Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 Using the Stefan Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of radiation from surrounding surfaces at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body or of course the addition of clothing 30 3 4 Non blackbody emitters So far only blackbody radiators and blackbody radiation have been discussed However real objects almost never comply with these laws over an extended wave length region although they may approach the blackbody behavior in certain spectral intervals For example a certain type of white paint may appear perfectly white in the visible light spectrum but becomes distinctly gray at about 2 um and beyond 3 um it is almost black There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody a fraction of the incident
73. building structure can originate from several different sources e g External leaks such as floods leaking fire hydrants etc Internal leaks such as freshwater piping waste water piping etc Condensation which is humidity in the air falling out as liquid water due to conden sation on cold surfaces Building moisture which is any moisture in the building material prior to erecting the building structure Water remaining from firefighting As a non destructive detection method using an infrared camera has a number of advantages over other methods and a few disadvantages Advantage Disadvantage The method is quick The method only detects surface temperature The method is a non intrusive means of investi differentials and can not see through walls gation The method can not detect subsurface damage The method does not require relocation of the i e mold or structural damage occupants The method features an illustrative visual pre sentation of findings The method confirms failure points and mois ture migration paths 24 3 3 Moisture detection 1 Low slope commercial roofs 24 3 3 1 General information Low slope commercial roofing is one of the most common roof types for industrial building such as warehouses industrial plants machinery shops etc Its major ad vantages over a pitched roof is the lower cost in material and building However due to its design where snow and ice will not fall of
74. by a excessive air movements in the occupied zone with normal air temperature normal air movements in the occupied zone but a room temperature that is too low substantial radiated heat exchange with a cold surface It is difficult to assess the quantitative effects of testing and checking a building s thermal insulation Investigations have shown that defects found in the thermal insulation and airtightness of buildings cause heat losses that are about 20 30 more than was expected Monitoring energy consumption before and after remedial measures in relatively large complexes of small houses and in multi dwelling blocks has also demonstrated this The figures quoted are probably not representative of buildings in general since the investigation data cannot be said to be significant for the entire building stock A cautious assessment however would be that effectively testing and checking a building s thermal insulation and airtightness can result in a reduction in energy consumption of about 1096 Research has also shown that increased energy consumption associated with defects is often caused by occupants increasing the indoor temperature by one or a few de grees above normal to compensate for the effect of annoying thermal radiation towards cooled surfaces or a sensation of disturbing air movements in a room 24 4 3 Sources of disruption in thermography During a thermographic survey the risk of confusing temperature variations cau
75. c survey in cluding Internal temperature in the region of the anomaly External temperature in the region of the anomaly Emissivity of the surface Background temperature Distance from the surface By interpolation determine the threshold temperature to be used For internal surveys the threshold surface temperature Tgiq is Tsia fgi T si Tso Tso The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature below this threshold For external surveys the threshold temperature Tsoa is Tsoa fao Tao Ts Tsi The thermographer will be looking for evidence of surface temperature above this threshold Images of anomalies must be captured in such a way that they are suitable for analysis The image is square to any features of the wall or roof The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged Interfering sources of infrared radiation such as lights heat emitters electric conductors re flective elements are minimised The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used but the key stages are as follows Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 115 24 Introduction to building thermography Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies Use a software analysis tool to enclose the anomalous area within the image taking care not to include construction details that are to be excluded Calculate the
76. ces in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera Non visible radiation having a wavelength from about 2 13 um infrared A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above below or between one or more temperature intervals A bottle shaped radiator with a uniform temperature viewed through the bottleneck An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera laser pointer level manual adjust An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera The center value of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Away to adjust the image by manually changing certain param eters NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters object signal Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made and the object itself such as emissivity reflected apparent temperature distance etc A non calibrated value related to the amount of radiation re ceived by the camera from the object 147 27 Gl
77. ck Sometimes you can not paint the object that you are measuring In this case you can use a tape A thin tape for which you have previously determined the emissivity will work in most cases and you can remove it afterwards without damaging the object of your study Pay attention to the fact that some tapes are semi transparent and thus are not very good for this purpose One of the best tapes for this purpose is Scotch electrical tape for outdoor and sub zero conditions 140 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction Do it in this way set the emissivity to 1 0 Adjust the camera lens to near focus and looking in the opposite direction away from the object save one image With the area or the isotherm determine the most probable value of the average of the image and use that value for your input of reflected apparent temperature 25 7 5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the object seen by one single elemen
78. computer Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 19 Changing settings General You can change a variety of settings for the camera Camera settings such as the display intensity power management touch screen calibration default settings etc Preferences such as settings for annotations overlay etc Connectivity such as settings for Wi Fi Bluetooth etc Regional settings such as the language date and time date and time format temperature and distance units etc This area also contains uneditable camera information such as the serial number firmware version battery level etc Procedure Follow this procedure to change settings Push 88 to display the menu system Use the navigation pad to go to P uu l Push G This will display a dialog box Do the following Use the navigation pad to go between tabs and up down on tabs Use the button to confirm choices Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 49 20 20 1 Liquids Equipment Procedure CAUTION 50 Cleaning the camera Camera housing cables and other items Use one of these liquids a Warm water a A weak detergent solution A soft cloth Follow this procedure Soak the cloth in the liquid Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid Clean the part with the cloth Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera the cable
79. ction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 4 Reporting Nowadays thermographic inspections of electrical installations are probably without exception documented and reported by the use of a report program These programs which differ from one manufacturer to another are usually directly adapted to the cameras and will thus make reporting very quick and easy The program which has been used for creating the report page shown below is called FLIR Reporter It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems A professional report is often divided into two sections Front pages with facts about the inspection such as Who the client is for example customer s company name and contact person Location of the inspection site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents Inspection pages containing IR images to document and analyze thermal properties or anomalies Identification of the inspected object a What is the object designation name number and so on a Photo a IR image When collecting IR images there are some details to consider Optical focus Thermal adjustment of the scene or the problem level amp span Composition proper observation distance and viewing angle Comment a Is there an anomaly or not a Is there a reflection or not a Use a measuremen
80. curate camera measurements take measurements of the temperature and enter this value in the camera tis recommended that there is a difference in pressure between the outside and the inside of the building structure This facilitates the analysis of the infrared images and reveals deficiencies that would not be visible otherwise Although a negative pressure of between 10 and 50 Pa is recommended carrying out the inspection at a lower negative pressure may be acceptable To do this close all windows doors and ventilation ducts and then run the kitchen exhaust fan for some time to reach a negative pressure of 5 10 Pa applies to residential houses only Adifference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10 15 C 18 27 F is recommended Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure e g a facade that is to be inspected from the inside The sunlight will heat the fa ade which will equalize the temperature differences on the inside and mask deficiencies in the building structure Spring seasons with low nighttime temperatures 0 C 32 F and high daytime temperatures 14 C 57 F are especially risky 76 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 2 About moisture detection Moisture in a
81. d for fault diagnostics in the industry as a part of the preventive maintenance program The great advantage with these methods is that it is not only possible to carry out the inspection on installations in operation normal working condition is in fact a prerequisite for a correct measurement result so the ongoing production process is not disturbed Thermographic inspection of electrical installations are used in three main areas Power generation Power transmission Power distribution that is industrial use of electrical energy The fact that these controls are carried out under normal operation conditions has created a natural division between these groups The power generation companies measure during the periods of high load These periods vary from country to country 118 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected whether they are hydroelectric nuclear coal based or oil based plants In the industry the inspections are at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper ation Thus repairs are made when the operation is stopped anyway However this seems to be the rule less and less which has led to inspections of the plants under
82. d to external air movement However missing or defective insulation near the external surface can often be more readily indentified externally Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 117 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration Electrical regulations differ from country to country For that reason the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country Also in many countries carrying out electrical inspections requires formal qualification Always consult national or regional electrical regulations 25 2 General information 25 2 1 Introduction Today thermography is a well established technique for the inspection of electrical installations This was the first and still is the largest the largest application of ther mography The infrared camera itself has gone through an explosive development and we can say that today the 8th generation of thermographic systems is available It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Thermography in conjunction with vibration analysis has over the latest decades been the main metho
83. detail to the right The size of the object has to be bigger than that opening or some radiation from its closest neighbors which are much colder will come into the measurement 138 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well strongly lowering the reading In the above case where we have a point shaped object which is much hotter than the surroundings the temperature reading will be too low 1071470323 g J0511 04 BIHP Figure 25 21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 139 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera you will discover small things that make your job easier Here are five of them to start with 25 7 1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at 5 C 41 F To continue your work you now have to perform the inspection indoors If you wear glasses you are used to having to wipe off condensed water or you will not be able to see anything The same thing happens with the camera To measure correctly you should wait until the camera has become warm en
84. ding to the instructions in section 20 2 In frared lens on page 51 The focus ring can be rotated infinitely but only a certain amount of rotation is needed when focusing T638779 a1 Do one of the following a For far focus rotate the focus ring counter clockwise looking at the touch screen LCD side For near focus rotate the focus ring clockwise looking at the touch screen LCD side Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 13 Handling the camera 13 4 Operating the laser pointer Figure T638778 a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer To turn on the laser pointer push and hold the laser button To turn off the laser pointer release the laser button 26 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 14 Working with images 14 1 Previewing an image General You can preview an infrared image or digital photo before you save it to a memory card This enables you to see if the image or photo contains the information you want before you save it In preview mode you can also manipulate the image before you save it and add annotations Procedure To preview an image briefly pull and release the trigger Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 27 14 Working with images 14 2 Saving an image General You can save an image directly without previewing the image first Im
85. e battery and the fluid gets into your eyes do not rub your eyes Flush well with water and immediately get medical care The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this a Do not continue to charge the battery if it does not become charged in the specified charging time If you continue to charge the battery it can become hot and cause an explosion or ignition Only use the correct equipment to discharge the battery If you do not use the correct equipment you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery If you do not use the correct equipment an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur This can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion and injury to persons Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Do not point the infrared camera with or without the lens cover at intensive energy Sources for example devices that emit laser radiation or the sun This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera Do not use the camera in a temperature higher than 50 C 122 F unless specified otherwise in the user documentation High temperatures can cause damage to the camera Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you do not operate
86. e priority of repair should therefore not be a task for the IR camera operator in the normal case If a critical situation is detected during the inspection or during the classification of the defects the attention of the maintenance manager should of course be drawn to it but the responsibility for determining the urgency of the repair should be his 25 2 6 Repair To repair the known defects is the most important function of preventive maintenance However to assure production at the right time or at the right cost can also be impor tant goals for a maintenance group The information provided by the infrared survey can be used to improve the repair efficiency as well as to reach the other goals with a calculated risk To monitor the temperature of a known defect that can not be repaired immediately for instance because spare parts are not available can often pay for the cost of in spection a thousandfold and sometimes even for the IR camera To decide not to repair known defects to save on maintenance costs and avoid unnecessary downtime is also another way of using the information from the IR survey in a productive way Publ No 559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 121 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as itis practically possible
87. e variety of languages We support all our infrared cameras with a wide variety of accessories to adapt your equipment to the most demanding infrared applications 26 2 Sharing our knowledge Although our cameras are designed to be very user friendly there is a lot more to thermography than just knowing how to handle a camera Therefore FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center ITC a separate business unit that provides certified training courses Attending one of the ITC courses will give you a truly hands on learning experience The staff of the ITC are also there to provide you with any application support you may need in putting infrared theory into practice 26 3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times If you discover a problem with your camera local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time Therefore there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language 26 4 A few images from our facilities 10401303 a1 Figure 26 3 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 144 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 26 About FLIR Systems B 10401403 a1 Figure 26 4 LEFT 10401503 a1 Figure 26 5 LEFT Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic
88. ect distance Dopj the effective temperature of the object surroundings or the reflected ambient temperature Taf and the temperature of the atmosphere Tatm This task could sometimes be a heavy burden for the operator since there are normally no easy ways to find accurate values of emittance and atmospheric transmittance for the actual case The two temperatures are normally less of a problem provided the surroundings do not contain large and intense radiation sources A natural question in this connection is How important is it to know the right values of these parameters It could though be of interest to get a feeling for this problem already here by looking into some different measurement cases and compare the relative magnitudes of the three radiation terms This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures two emittances and two spectral ranges SW and LW Remaining parameters have the following fixed values T 0 88 Tre 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 171 31 The measurement formula It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the disturbing radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the
89. el 1 Thermography Course group of 10 persons ITC CER 5201 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course attendance 1 person ITC CER 5209 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course group of 10 persons T197453 FLIR ResearchlR 1 2 T197453L10 FLIR ResearchiR 1 2 10 user licenses T197453L5 FLIR ResearchlR 1 2 5 user licenses T197454 FLIR QuickPlot 1 2 T197454L10 FLIR QuickPlot 1 2 10 user licenses T197454L5 FLIR QuickPlot 1 2 5 user licenses T197717 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP2 Professional T197717L10 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP2 Professional 10 user licenses T197717L5 FLIR Reporter 8 5 SP2 Professional 5 user licenses T197771 Bluetooth headset T197778 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 T197778L10 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 10 user licenses T197778L5 FLIR BuildIR 2 1 5 user licenses T910737 Memory card micro SD with adapters T910972 EX845 Clamp meter IR therm TRMS 1000A AC DC T910973 MO297 Moisture meter pinless with memory FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 7 Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away Put a battery into the battery compartment Charge the battery for 4 hours before starting the camera for the first time or until the green battery condition LED glows continuously Insert a memory card into a card slot Push the O button to turn
90. ent by the atmosphere in the measurement path To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself This description of the measurement situation as illustrated in the figure below is so far a fairly true description of the real conditions What has been neglected could for instance be sun light scattering in the atmosphere or stray radiation from intense ra diation sources outside the field of view Such disturbances are difficult to quantify however in most cases they are fortunately small enough to be neglected In case they are not negligible the measurement configuration is likely to be such that the risk for disturbance is obvious at least to a trained operator It is then his responsibil ity to modify the measurement situation to avoid the disturbance e g by changing the viewing direction shielding off intense radiation sources etc Accepting the description above we can use the figure below to derive a formula for the calculation of the object temperature from the calibrated camera output 10400503 a1 1 Wien 1 T Wien 1 1 Watm 1 Tam Tren fre 1 o Figure 31 1 A schematic representation of the general thermographic measurement situation 1 Surround ings 2 Object 3 Atmosphere 4 Camera Assume thatthe received radiation power W from a blackbody source of temperature T source ON short distance generates a camera output signal Us ource that is proportional
91. er 1 Figure T638767 a1 55 mm 2 17 93 4 mm 3 68 E 133 2 mm 5 25 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 65 22 Dimensional drawings 22 12 Battery charger 2 Figure T638768 a1 40 mm 1 57 86 4 mm 3 40 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger 66 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 22 Dimensional drawings 22 13 Battery charger 3 Figure T638769 a1 26 51 mm 1 04 93 4 mm 3 68 51 2 mm 2 02 NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 67 22 Dimensional drawings 22 14 Battery charger 4 Figure T638770 a1 133 2 mm 5 25 55 mm 2 17 E o ro E e E E lt oo NOTE Use a clean dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you put it in the battery charger 68 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 23 23 1 General NOTE Figure Application examples Moisture amp water damage
92. ere to send the camera This notice only applies to cameras with measurement capabilities For very accurate results we recommend that you wait 5 minutes after you have started the camera before measuring a temperature For cameras where the detector is cooled by a mechanical cooler this time period excludes the time it takes to cool down the detector 10742803 a1 As with most electronic products this equipment must be disposed of in an environ mentally friendly way and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details To read about infrared training visit http www infraredtraining com http www irtraining com a http www irtraining eu 3 General Submitting a question Downloads Customer help For customer help visit http support flir com To submit a question to the customer help team you must be a registered user It only takes a few minutes to register online If you only want to search the knowledge base for existing questions and answers you do not need to be a registered user When you want to submit a question make sure that you have the following informa tion to hand The camera model The camera serial number The communication protocol or method between the camera and your PC for example HDMI Ethernet USB or FireWire Operating system on your PC Microsoft
93. es should be regarded as recommendations only and used with caution Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 175 32 Emissivity tables 32 3 Figure 32 1 T Total spectrum SW 2 5 um LW 8 14 um LLW 6 5 20 um 1 Material 2 Specification 3 Temperature in C 4 Spectrum 5 Emissivity 6 Reference Tables 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 tape several col ors 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri 105 LW Ca 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type 88 Black vinyl electri lt 105 MW lt 0 96 13 cal tape 3M type Super Black vinyl electri lt 80 LW Ca 0 96 13 33 cal tape Aluminum anodized black 70 LW 0 95 9 dull Aluminum anodized black 70 SW 0 67 9 dull Aluminum anodized light 70 LW 0 97 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized light 70 SW 0 61 9 gray dull Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0 55 2 Aluminum as received plate 100 T 0 09 4 Aluminum as received sheet 100 T 0 09 2 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 LW 0 46 9 Aluminum cast blast cleaned 70 SW 0 47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO 100 T 0 05 4 plate Aluminum foil 27 3 um 0 09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 um 0 04 3 Aluminum oxidized strongly 50 500 T 0 2 0 3 1 Aluminum polished 50 100 iT 0 04 0 06 1 Aluminum polished sheet 100 T 0 05 2 Aluminum polished plate 100 idi 0 05 4 176 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables
94. ess obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800 10398703 a1 Figure 29 1 Sir William Herschel 1738 1822 The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material Sir William Herschel Royal Astronomer to King George III of England and already famous for his discovery of the planet Uranus was searching for an optical filter material to reduce the brightness of the sun s image in telescopes during solar obser vations While testing different samples of colored glass which gave similar reductions in brightness he was intrigued to find that some of the samples passed very little of the sun s heat while others passed so much heat that he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that would give the desired reduction in brightness as well as the maximum reduction in heat He began the experiment by actually repeating Newton s prism experiment but looking for the heating effect rather than the visual distribution of intensity in the spectrum He first blackened the bulb of a sensitive mercury in glass thermometer with ink and with this as his radiation de tector he proceeded to test the heating effect of the various colors of the spectrum formed on the top of a table by passing sunlight through a glass prism Other ther mometers placed out
95. etection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 87 24 3 6 1 General information 2t pte tnter 87 24 3 0 Commented infrared images sse 88 24 3 7 Air infiltration t aeaaea EEK NEEE dence ea sno 90 24 3 7 1 General information eter etie 90 24 3 7 2 Commented building structures 90 24 3 7 8 Commented infrared images 92 24 3 8 Insulation deficiencies 93 24 3 8 1 Gerieral information eicere te tein 93 24 3 8 2 Commented building structures see 93 24 3 8 8 Commented infrared images sse 95 244 Theory of building SCIence tette eet 97 24 4 41 General information 97 24 4 2 The effects of testing and checking 98 24 4 8 Sources of disruption in thermography we 99 24 4 4 Surface temperature and air leaks ssssssssseseeeenenn 101 24 4 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building eees 101 24 4 5 Measuring conditions amp measuring season oo eee eee eee tenet eee 107 24 4 6 Interpretation of infrared images oe eee eee ene cee tnee tenner taeeeeae 107 24 4 7 Humidity amp dew point 109 24 4 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity 24 4 7 2 Definition of dew point 24 4 8 Excerpt from Technical Note Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity UK example rte eee tte tenente ceases 109 24 4 8 1 ence PEE 109 24
96. every thing saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed The interval of the temperature scale usually expressed as a signal value Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and wavelength W m um A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temper ature values The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration temperature scale thermogram The way in which an IR image currently is displayed Expressed as two temperature values limiting the colors infrared image 148 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 27 Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission or transmittance factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent Transmis sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them A number between 0 and 1 transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors instead of cover ing the highlighted parts of the image visual Refers to the video mode of a IR camera as opposed to the normal thermographic mode When a camera is in video mode it captures ordinary video images while thermographic images are captured when the camera is in IR mode Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 149 28 Thermographic
97. f by itself as is the case for the major ity of pitched roofs it must be strongly built to support the accumulated weight of both roof structure and any snow ice and rain Although a basic understanding of the construction of low slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection expert knowledge is not necessary There is a large number of different design principles for low slope com mercial roofs both when it comes to material and design and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all If additional information about a certain roof is needed the architect or contractor of the building can usually supply the relevant information Common causes of roof failure are outlined in the table below from SPIE Thermosense Proceedings Vol 371 1982 p 177 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 7T 24 Introduction to building thermography Poor workmanship Roof traffic Poor design Trapped moisture Materials Age amp weathering Potential leak locations include the following Flashing Drains Penetrations Seams Blisters 24 3 3 2 Safety precautions Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof preferably three or more Inspect the underside of the roof for structural integrity prior to walking on it Avoid stepping on blisters that are common on built up bitumen and gravel roofs Have a cell
98. ficient for detecting such defects To be able to detect air leaks certain requirements must however be made with regard to the differential pressure about 10 Pa should be sufficient 24 4 6 Interpretation of infrared images The main purpose of thermography is to locate faults and defects in thermal insulation in exterior walls and floor structures and to determine their nature and extent The measuring task can also be formulated in such a way that the aim of the thermography is to confirm whether or not the wall examined has the promised insulation and air tightness characteristics The promised thermal insulation characteristics for the wall according to the design can be converted into an expected surface temperature dis tribution for the surface under investigation if the measuring conditions at the time when the measurements are taken are known Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 107 24 Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures com prising both defect free structures and structures with in built defects Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 24 3 Typical field investi gations on page 75 If infrared images of structural sections taken during field measurements are
99. formulan ssia eao enda in enne nenne nnne nennen 169 Emissivity tables zud45 32 4 References DER s 175 32 2 Important note about the emissivity tables ssssseee ene 175 xr c PE 176 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Xi xii Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 WARNING CAUTION Warnings amp Cautions This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause in terference to radio communications It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interfer ence when operated in a commercial environment Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause interference in which case the user at his own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference Applies only to cameras with laser pointer Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation Applies only to cameras with battery Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery The battery contains safety and protection devices which if they become damaged can cause the battery to become hot or cause an explosion or an ignition a f there is a leak from th
100. haracteristics of which are determined solely by the temperature of the cavity Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo graphic instruments such as a FLIR Systems camera for example 160 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 C 977 F the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further In fact the definition of the so called color temperature of an object is the temperature to which a blackbody would have to be heated to have the same appearance Now consider three expressions that describe the radiation emitted from a blackbody 30 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 30 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula 2nhc x 10 Watt m um Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength A Velocity of light 2 3 x 108 m s Planck s constant 6 6 x 1034 Joule sec Boltzmann s constant 1 4 x 10 23 Joule K Absolute temperature K of a blackbody Wavelength um Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH
101. havior of the components that is we need to know the maximum allowed temperature of the materials involved and the role the component plays in the system Cable insulations for example lose their insulation properties above a certain tem perature which increases the risk of fire In the case of breakers where the temperature is too high parts can melt and make it impossible to open the breaker thereby destroying its functionality Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 119 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect the higher the quality of the inspection But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled It is therefore common practice that a person responsible for the equipment is present during the inspection 25 2 3 Inspection The preparation ofthe inspection should include the choice of the right type of report Itis often necessary to use complementary equipment such as ampere meters in order to measure the current in the circuits where defects were found An anemometer is necessary if you want to measure the wind speed at inspection of outdoor equipment Automatic functions help the IR operator to visualize an IR image of the components with the right contrast to allow easy iden
102. he shape of the surface and its angle to the wind direction The portion of the dynamic pressure that becomes a static pressure on the surface Pstat is determined by what is known as a stress concentration factor G Pitat pv 2 If p is 1 23 kg m density of air at 15 C 59 F this gives the following local pressures in the wind flow 2 2 pu U a Cx Cx Patat 2 1 63 Pa 102 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 10551803 a1 1 TT Figure 24 3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects ventilation and internal external temperature difference 1 Wind direction T Thermodynamic air temper ature outdoors in K T Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K If the whole of the dynamic pressure becomes static pressure then C 1 Examples of stress concentration factor distributions for a building with various wind directions are shown in the figure on page 104 The wind therefore causes an internal negative pressure on the windward side and an internal positive pressure on the leeward side The air pressure indoors depends on the wind conditions leaks in the building and how these are distributed in relation to the wind direction If the leaks in the building are evenly distributed the internal pressure may vary by 0 2 para If most of the leaks are on the windward
103. hould be taken into account An overheating measured at a wind velocity of 5 m s 10 knots will be approximately twice as high at 1 m s 2 knots An excess temperature measured at 8 m s 16 knots will be 2 5 times as high at 1 m s 2 knots This correction factor which is based on empirical measurements is usually applicable up to 8 m s 16 knots There are however cases when you have to inspect even if the wind is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably higher temperature at a lower wind speed The empirical cor rection factor can be listed Wind speed m s Wind speed knots Correction factor The measured overheating multiplied by the correction factor gives the excess tem perature with no wind that is at 1 m s 2 knots 25 6 2 Rain and snow Rain and snow also have a cooling effect on electrical equipment Thermographic measurement can still be conducted with satisfactory results during light snowfall with dry snow and light drizzle respectively The image quality will deteriorate in heavy 136 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as hea
104. hts Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals this has in some cases caused serious fires This type of heating occurs in magnetic material around the current path such as metallic bottom plates for bushing insulators In the image above there are stabilizing weights through which a high current is running These metal weights which are made of a slightly magnetic material will not conduct any current but are exposed to the alter nating magnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 25 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are the norm in electric utilities When looking for overheated places it is easy to compare the three phases directly with each other for example cables breakers insulators An even load per phase should result in a uniform temperature pattern for all three phases A fault may be suspected in cases where the temperature of one phase differs considerably from the remaining two However you should always make sure that the load is indeed evenly distributed Looking at fixed ampere meters or using a clip on ampere meter up to 600 A will tell you 132 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003 a3 57 2 C 3
105. ic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern A normal temperature pattern means that current carrying components have a given operation temperature shown in a certain color or gray tone on the display which is usually identical for all three phases under symmetrical load Minor differences in the color might occur in the current path for example at the junction of two different materials at increasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each other The inserted isotherm actually shows less than 2 C 3 6 F temperature difference between the phases Different colors are usually the result if the phases are carrying an unsymmetrical load This difference in colors does not represent any overheating since this does not occur locally but is spread along the whole phase 10713203 a3 Figure 25 6 An isotherm in an infrared image of a fusebox A real hot spot on the other hand shows a rising temperature as you look closer to the source of the heat See the image below where the profile line shows a steadily increasing temperature up to about 93 C 199 F at the hot spot Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 125 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations
106. ilding defects or problems typically moisture problems that only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun For more information about moisture detection see section 24 3 2 About moisture detection on page 77 A hot radiator appears as a bright light surface in an infrared image The surface temperature of a wall next to a radiator is raised which may conceal any defects present For maximum prevention of disruptive effects from hot radiators these may be shut off a short while before the measurement is taken However depending on the con struction of the building low or high mass these may need to be shut off several hours before a thermographic survey The room air temperature must not fall so much as to affect the surface temperature distribution on the structure s surfaces There is little timelag with electric radiators so they cool down relatively quickly once they have been switched off 20 30 minutes Lights placed against walls should be switched off when the infrared image is taken During a thermographic survey there should not be any disruptive air flows e g open windows open valves fans directed at the surface being measured that could affect the surfaces being thermographed 100 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces e g as a result of surface condensation have a definite effect on heat
107. in glazed 20 T 0 92 Porcelain white shiny T 0 70 0 75 Rubber hard 20 T 0 95 Rubber soft gray rough 20 iT 0 95 Sand T 0 60 Sand 20 T 0 90 Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0 909 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0 935 Silver polished 100 T 0 03 Silver pure polished 200 600 T 0 02 0 03 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN Decem ber 10 2010 187 32 Emissivity tables Skin human 32 T 0 98 2 Slag boiler 0 100 T 0 97 0 93 1 Slag boiler 200 500 T 0 89 0 78 1 Slag boiler 600 1200 T 0 76 0 70 1 Slag boiler 1400 1800 T 0 69 0 67 1 Snow See Water Soil dry 20 T 0 92 2 Soil saturated with wa 20 T 0 95 2 ter Stainless steel alloy 8 Ni 18 500 T 0 35 1 Cr Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0 45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0 70 1 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 LW 0 14 9 Stainless steel sheet polished 70 SW 0 18 9 Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 LW 0 28 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet untreated 70 SW 0 30 9 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18 8 buffed 20 T 0 16 2 Stainless steel type 18 8 oxi 60 T 0 85 2 dized at 800 C Stucco rough lime 10 90 T 0 91 1 Styrofoam insulation 37 SW 0 60 7 Tar T 0 79 0 84 1 Tar paper 20 T 0 91 0 93 1 Tile glazed 17 SW 0 94 5 Tin burnished 20 50 T 0 04 0 06 1 Tin tin plated sheet 100 T 0 07 2 iron 188 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables
108. in the wall resulting in locally warm surface areas around the locations of the leaks The amount of leakage depends partly on gaps and partly on the differential pressure across the structure 24 4 4 1 Pressure conditions in a building The most important causes of differential pressure across a structural element in a building are wind conditions around the building the effects of the ventilation system temperature differences between air inside and outside thermal differential pres sure The actual pressure conditions inside a building are usually caused by a combination of these factors The resultant pressure gradient across the various structural elements can be illustrated by the figure on page 103 The irregular effects of wind on a building means that in practice the pressure conditions may be relatively variable and complicated Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 101 24 Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow Bernoulli s Law applies pv E p constant where Air density in kg m Wind velocity in m s Static pressure in Pa and where pur 2 denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure The total of these pressures gives the total pressure Wind load against a surface makes the dynamic pressure become a static pressure against the surface The magnitude of this static pressure is determined by amongst other things t
109. internal air temperature T external air temperature A value for f psi of 0 75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper end usage is not a factor considered in testing for Continuity of Insulation or Thermal Bridging However when considering refurbished or extended buildings for example swimming pools internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 111 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 4 8 4 2 Alternative method using only surface temperatures There are strong arguments for basing thermographic surveys on surface temperatures alone with no need to measure air temperature Stratification inside the building makes reference to air internal temperatures very difficult Is it mean air temperature low level high level or temperature at the level of the anomaly and how far from the wall should it be measured Radiation effects such as radiation to the night sky make use of of external air temperature difficult It is not unusual for the outside surface of building fabric to be below air temperature because of radiation to the sky which may be as low as 50 C 58 F This can be seen with the naked eye by the fact that dew and frost often appear on building surfaces even when the air temperature does not drop below the dewpoint tshould be noted that the concept of U values is based on environmental tempe
110. istance between the object and the front lens of the camera This parameter is used to compensate for the following two facts That radiation from the target is absorbed by the athmosphere between the object and the camera That radiation from the atmosphere itself is detected by the camera 28 5 Relative humidity The camera can also compensate for the fact that the transmittance is also dependent on the relative humidity of the atmosphere To do this set the relative humidity to the correct value For short distances and normal humidity the relative humidity can nor mally be left at a default value of 5096 28 6 Other parameters In addition some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target External optics temperature i e the temperature of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera External optics transmittance i e the transmission of any external lenses or win dows used in front of the camera 154 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 29 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800 the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn t even suspected The original significance of the infrared spectrum or simply the infrared as it is often called as a form of heat radiation is perhaps l
111. ittance 1 Note though that the latest discussion requires the complete sphere around the object to be considered 3 Emission from the atmosphere 1 T TW atm where 1 T is the emittance of the atmosphere The temperature of the atmosphere is Tq The total received radiation power can now be written Equation 2 Wa ETW Se TW Lr W atm We multiply each term by the constant C of Equation 1 and replace the CW products by the corresponding U according to the same equation and get Equation 3 Uo ETU gb E TU na r U atm Solve Equation 3 for Uopj Equation 4 170 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 81 The measurement formula Usu nece Le X obj atm ET io eT This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment The voltages of the formula are Figure 31 2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T pj i e a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature Measured camera output voltage for the actual case Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tes according to the calibration Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tatm according to the calibration The operator has to supply a number of parameter values for the calculation the object emittance the relative humidity Tatm obj
112. ius 11 000 K emitting bluish white light radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum at wavelength 0 27 um 10399403 a1 Figure 30 5 Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 The sun approx 6 000 K emits yellow light peaking at about 0 5 um in the middle of the visible light spectrum At room temperature 300 K the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9 7 um in the far infrared while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 um in the extreme infrared wavelengths Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 163 30 Theory of thermography 10327203 a4 10 104 10 Figure 30 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales from 100 K to 1000 K The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien s displacement law 1 Spectral radiant emittance W cm um 2 Wavelength um 30 3 3 Stefan Boltzmann s law By integrating Planck s formula from A 0 to A we obtain the total radiant emittance W of a blackbody W oT Watt m This is the Stefan Boltzmann formula after Josef Stefan 1835 1893 and Ludwig Boltzmann 1844 1906 which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature Graphically W represents the area
113. lation ducts and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images An infrared image of draft often shows a typical stream pattern You can see this stream pattern clearly in the picture below Also keep in mind that drafts can be concealed by heat from floor heating circuits The image below shows a ceiling hatch where faulty installation has resulted in a strong draft 10739903 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 73 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 1 Disclaimer 24 1 1 Copyright notice Some sections and or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow ing organizations and companies FORMAS The Swedish Research Council for Environment Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning Stockholm Sweden ITC Infrared Training Center Boston MA United States Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services Inc Randleman NC United States Professional Investigative Engineers Westminster CO United States United Kingdom Thermography Association UKTA 24 1 2 Training amp certification Carrying out building thermography inspections requires substantial training and experience and may require certification from a national or regional stan dardization body This section is provided only as an introduction to building thermography The user is strongly recommended to attend relevant training courses For more information about infra
114. ly have a lower detected temperature than areas where there is only an insulation deficiency This is due to the chill factor of the air flow 24 3 7 2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of details of building structures where air infiltration may occur Structural drawing Comment 10552503 a2 Insulation deficiencies at the eaves of a brickwall y house due to improperly installed fiberglass insu 4 lation batts y p The air infiltration enters the room from behind the P cornice 90 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Air infiltration in a concrete floor over crawl space due to cracks in the brick wall facade The air infiltration enters the room beneath the skirting strip 91 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 7 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred Infrared image Comment 10552703 a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip Note the typical ray pattern
115. m About the Insulation alarm Alarm signals Procedure NOTE Working with alarms Building alarms The camera features alarm types that are specific to the building trade You can make the camera trigger the following types of alarms Humidity alarm Triggers when a measurement tool detects a surface where the relative humidity exceeds a preset value a Insulation alarm Triggers when there is an insulation deficiency in a wall To detect areas where the relative humidity is less than 100 you can use the Hu midity alarm where you can set the relative humidity above which the alarm will trigger The Insulation alarm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in the building It will trigger when the insulation level falls below a preset value of the energy leakage through the wall Different building codes recommend different values but typical values for the insu lation level are 0 6 0 8 for new buildings Refer to your national building code for recommendations When an alarm is triggered an isotherm will be displayed Follow this procedure to set up an alarm OD Push 8G to display the menu system 2 Use the navigation pad to go to Push to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to go to Ha Push This will display a submenu In the submenu select Humidity or Insulation This will display a dialog box where you can set the necessary parameters
116. m and ngstr m A The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is 10 000 1 000 nm 1 u 1 pm 30 3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength The apparent misnomer black relating to an object emitting radia tion is explained by Kirchhoff s Law after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 which states that a body capable of absorbing all radiation at any wavelength is equally capable in the emission of radiation 10398803 a1 Figure 30 2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824 1887 The construction of a blackbody source is in principle very simple The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application ofthe principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides Any radiation which then enters the hole is scattered and absorbed by repeated reflections so only an infinites imal fraction can possibly escape The blackness which is obtained at the aperture is nearly equal to a blackbody and almost perfect for all wavelengths By providing such an isothermal cavity with a suitable heater it becomes what is termed a cavity radiator An isothermal cavity heated to a uniform temperature gener ates blackbody radiation the c
117. material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one year period FLIR Systems has no other obligation or liability for defects than those set forth above No other warranty is expressed or implied FLIR Systems specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose FLIR Systems shall not be liable for any direct indirect special incidental or consequential loss or damage whether based on contract tort or any other legal theory This warranty shall be governed by Swedish law Any dispute controversy or claim arising out of or in connection with this warranty shall be finally settled by arbitration in accordance with the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce The place of arbitration shall be Stockholm The language to be used in the arbitral proceedings shall be English U S Government Regulations m The products described in the user documentation may require government authorization for export re export or transfer Contact FLIR Systems for details Depending on license and export procedures lenses may be permanently fixed to cameras shipped to customers outside United States Interchangeable lenses fall under U S Department of State jurisdiction Copyright 2010 FLIR Systems All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or tra
118. nal surface temperature good area Ti internal surface temperature good area 5 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for external surveys is Fso Tsoa Tsi Ts0 Tsi where Toa external surface temperature at anomaly 24 4 8 4 3 Selecting maximum acceptable defect area The allowable area of defect is a quality control issue It can be argued that there should be no area on which condensation mould growth or defective insulation will occur and any such anomalies should be included in the report However a commonly used value of 0 196 of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations This represents one square metre in every thousand Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 113 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 4 8 4 4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system The trained thermographer will recognise account for and report on the variation of emissivity and reflectivity of the surfaces under consideration 24 4 8 4 5 Measuring area of the defects Measurement of defect area can be performed by pixel counting in the thermal anal ysis software or most spreadhseet packages provided that the distance from camera to object is accurately measured probably using a laser measurement system the target distance should
119. nd freeze the image Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 Measure the temperature of the tape using one of the following measurement functions a Isotherm helps you to determine both the temperature and how evenly you have heated the sample Spot simpler Box Avg good for surfaces with varying emissivity Write down the temperature Move your measurement function to the sample surface Change the emissivity setting until you read the same temperature as your previous measure ment Write down the emissivity Note Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 153 28 Thermographic measurement techniques Avoid forced convection Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent and has a high emissivity you are certain of This method assumes that the temperature of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 28 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature cor rectly 28 4 Distance The distance is the d
120. nslated into any language or computer language in any form or by any means electronic magnetic optical manual or otherwise without the prior written permission of FLIR Systems This documentation must not in whole or part be copied photocopied reproduced translated or transmitted to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent in writing from FLIR Systems Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of FLIR Systems and or its subsidiaries All other trademarks trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development therefore we reserve the right to make changes and improvements on any of the products described in this manual without prior notice Patents One or several of the following patents or design patents apply to the products and or features described in this manual 0002258 2 000279476 0001 000439161 000499579 0001 000653423 000726344 000859020 000889290 001106306 0001 0101577 5 0102150 0 0200629 4 0300911 5 0302837 0 1144833 1182246 1182620 1188086 1263438 1285345 1287138 1299699 1325808 1336775 1365299 1678485 1732314 20053
121. o have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters An English scientist Sir James Dewar first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of 196 C 320 8 F in low temperature research In 1892 he invented a unique vacuum insulating container in which it is possible to store liquefied gases for entire days The common thermos bottle used for storing hot and cold drinks is based upon his invention Between the years 1900 and 1920 the inventors of the world discovered the infrared Many patents were issued for devices to detect personnel artillery aircraft ships and even icebergs The first operating systems in the modern sense began to be developed during the 1914 18 war when both sides had research programs devoted to the military exploitation of the infrared These programs included experimental systems for enemy intrusion detection remote temperature sensing secure commu nications and flying torpedo guidance An infrared search system tested during this period was able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the bolometer idea but the period between the two wars saw the development of two revolutionary new infrared detectors the image converter and the photon detector At fir
122. ocal temperature increase can also result from improper contact between wire and socket or from difference in load The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase 10739603 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 23 Application examples 23 3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed oxides may occur on the sockets contact surfaces These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase NOTE A socket s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another For this reason different faults in a socket can lead to the same typical appearance in an infrared image Local temperature increase can also result from improper contact between a wire and socket or from difference in load Figure The image below shows a series of fuses where one fuse has a raised temperature on the contact surfaces against the fuse holder Because of the fuse holder s blank metal the temperature increase is not visible there while it is visible on the fuse s ceramic material 10739703 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 71 23 Application examples 23 4 General NOTE Figure 72 Insulation
123. of faulls 5 eerte mre eene te Beni dica 127 ais 129 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations seseee 131 25 5 1 yReflectioris deire eei cec TAA nea dete o tune de curd Det t 131 25 5 2 Solar heating 25 5 3 Inductive heating 131 132 25 5 4 Load variations Er 132 25 5 5 Varying cooling conditions sssssssnn enn 133 25 5 6 Hesistarice variatiohs tem tien tee ree tee rider 134 25 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another ou eee 134 25 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations 136 Zi MER IDEA 25 6 2 Rain and snow 25 6 3 Distance to object 25 6 4 Object SIZe ik acs cons ie sende enint dp teet ie apad ea ee ae depu 138 25 7 Practical advice for the thermographer ssssssssssseennnenennnreenenenenna 140 QOL A From cold to Bot eee tenete 140 25 1 2 gt RAM OI c 140 25 7 3 Emissivity sess 140 25 7 4 Reflected apparent temperature 141 25 75 Objecttoo far AWAY foi eerte ete na eee iR nea 141 About FLIR Systems 142 26 1 More than just an infrared camera 143 26 2 Sharing our knowledge eite anette rte ente nte nitent ded 144 26 3 Supporting our CUStOFTIerS 2i
124. oled part of the cables Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 133 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 5 6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins Some common reasons are described below Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint or through wear of the mate rial for example decreasing spring tension worn threads in nuts and bolts even too much force applied at mounting With increasing loads and temperatures the yield point of the material is exceeded and the tension weakens The image to the left below shows a bad contact due to a loose bolt Since the bad contact is of very limited dimensions it causes overheating only in a very small spot from which the heat is spread evenly along the connecting cable Note the lower emissivity of the screw itself which makes it look slightly colder than the insulated and thereby it has a high emissivity cable insulation The image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect ofthe wind and it is likely that the overheating would have shown a higher temperature if mounted indoors 1071420323 5 0 C 34 5 C 37 1 C 19 5 C Figure 25 16 LEFT An infrared image showing bad contact due to a loose bolt RIGHT A loose outdoor connection exposed to the wind cooling effec
125. on the camera Aim the camera towards the object of interest Focus the camera by rotating the focus ring Pull and hold the trigger for more than 1 second to save an image directly Move the image to a computer by doing one of the following Remove the memory card and insert it in a card reader connected to a computer Connect a computer to the camera using a USB mini B cable Move the image from the card or camera using a drag and drop operation NOTE You can also move the images to the computer using FLIR Tools which comes with your camera Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 8 Camera parts 8 1 View from the right Figure T638786 a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above Cover for the right hand connectors compartment USB A USB mini B a Power Trigger to preview save images Tripod mount Requires an adapter extra accessory Focus ring Infrared lens 10 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 8 Camera parts 8 2 View from the left Figure T638790 a1 RE 2 3 Explanation This table explains the figure above Laser pointer Lamp for the digital camera Digital camera Cover for connectors and storage media a Memory card Video out Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 11 8 Camera pa
126. ossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image pixel Stands for picture element One single spot in an image radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m sr radiant power Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy is emitted by an object or a gas radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration reference temperature reflection relative humidity A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with The amount of radiation reflected by an object relative to the received radiation A number between 0 and 1 Relative humidity represents the ratio between the current water vapour mass in the air and the maximum it may contain in satu ration conditions saturation color span spectral radiant emittance temperature difference or difference of temperature temperature range The areas that contain temperatures outside the present lev el span settings are colored with the saturation colors The sat uration colors contain an overflow color and an underflow color There is also a third red saturation color that marks
127. ot obvious to the eye Bare metal parts are particularly shiny whereas painted plastic or rubber insulated parts are mostly not In the image below you can clearly see a reflection from the thermo grapher This is of course not a hot spot on the object A good way to find out if what you see is a reflection or not is for you to move Look at the target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you Qo it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details is not possible The object in the images below has painted areas which are well suited for temperature measurement The material is copper which is a very good heat conductor This means that temperature variation over the surface is small 10717503 a2 ase 2350 2 2 2 18 18 ise 165e Figure 25 11 Reflections in an object 25 5 2 Solar heating The surface of a component with a high emissivity for example a breaker can on a hot summer day be heated up to quite considerable temperatures by irradiation from the sun The image shows a circuit breaker which has been heated by the sun Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 131 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803 a3 12 5 C 10 7 6 C Figure 25 12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 25 5 3 Inductive heating 13 7 C 1 8 C Figure 25 13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weig
128. ough for the condensation to evaporate This will also allow for the internal temperature compensation system to adjust to the changed condition 25 7 2 Rain showers If it starts raining you should not perform the inspection because the water will drasti cally change the surface temperature of the object that you are measuring Neverthe less sometimes you need to use the camera even under rain showers or splashes Protect your camera with a simple transparent polyethylene plastic bag Correction for the attenuation which is caused by the plastic bag can be made by adjusting the object distance until the temperature reading is the same as without the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External optics transmission entry 25 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will not find the value in tables Use optical black paint that is Nextel Black Velvet Paint a small piece of the material you are working with The emissivity of the optical paint is normally 0 94 Remember that the object has to have a temper ature which is different usually higher than the ambient temperature The larger the difference the better the accuracy in the emissivity calculation The difference should be at least 20 C 36 F Remember that there are other paints that support very high temperatures up to 800 C 1472 F The emissivity may however be lower than that of optical bla
129. phone or radio available in case of emergency a Inform local police and plant security prior to doing nighttime roof survey 78 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 3 3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low slope commercial roofs Structural drawing Comment Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct 10553703 a2 Roof membrane inadequately sealed around roof access hatch Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 79 24 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain which may lead to local leakage around the channel Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof outlet 24 3 3 4 Commented infrared images How do you find wet insulation below the surface of the roof When the surface itself is dry including any gravel or ballast a sunny day will warm the entire roof Early in the evening if the sky is clear the roof will begin to cool down by radiation Because of its higher thermal capacity the wet insulation will stay warmer longer than the dry
130. phy 24 3 4 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial amp residential facades Infrared image Comment 10554703 a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte rior living space 10554803 a1 Moisture migration into drywall from capillary drive and interior finish components from inadequate clearance and slope of grade from vinyl siding facade on an apartment complex 24 3 5 Moisture detection 3 Decks amp balconies 24 3 5 1 General information Although there are differences in design materials and construction decks plaza decks courtyard decks etc suffer from the same moisture and leaking problems as low slope commercial roofs Improper flashing inadequately sealed membranes and insufficient drainage may lead to substantial damage in the building structures below Balconies although smaller in size require the same care in design choice of mate rial and workmanship as any other building structure Since balconies are usually supported on one side only moisture leading to corrosion of struts and concrete re inforcement can cause problems and lead to hazardous situations 84 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 5 2 Commented building str
131. plicable law notwithstanding this limitation SOFTWARE TRANSFER ALLOWED BUT WITH RESTRICTIONS You may permanently transfer rights under this EULA only as part of a permanent sale or transfer of the Device and only if the recipient agrees to this EULA If the SOFTWARE is an upgrade any transfer must also include all prior versions of the SOFTWARE EXPORT RESTRICTIONS You acknowledge that SOFTWARE is subject to U S export jurisdiction You agree to comply with all applicable international and national laws that apply to the SOFTWARE including the U S Export Administration Regulations as well as end user end use and destination restrictions issued by U S and other governments For additional information see http www microsoft com exporting TAT The Astonishing Tribe powers the user interface of this FLIR product TAT Cascades UI Framework is recognized for its graphics capabilities time to market savings resource efficiency and platform independence providing a more dynamic faster and richer user experience TAT The Astonishing Tribe the TAT logo TAT Cascades TAT Motion Lab TAT Kastor the Design Technology tagline and the TAT product logos are either registered trademarks or trademarks of TAT The Astonishing Tribe AB in Sweden and or other countries or Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 vi Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Table of contents
132. protective window or protective shield is used this value is irrelevant and should be left in active If you are unsure about the values the following are recommended Atmospheric temperature 20 C 69 F Emissivity 0 95 Object distance 1 0 m 3 3 ft Reflected apparent temperature 20 C 69 F Relative humidity 50 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 15 Working with measurement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object parameters Push 88 to display the menu system Use the navigation pad to go to E Push to display a dialog box Use the navigation pad to select and change an object parameter Push 4 This will close the dialog box NOTE Of the parameters above emissivity and reflected apparent temperature are the two most important to set correctly in the camera Related topics For in depth information about parameters and how to correctly set the emissivity and reflected apparent temperature see section 28 Thermographic measurement techniques on page 150 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 41 16 General Figure Supported Extech meters Technical support for Extech meters NOTE Procedure 42 Fetching data from external Extech meters You can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result table in the infrared image
133. r atures on each side of the structure This is neglected by many inexperienced analysts The two temperatures that are firmly related to the transfer of heat through building fabric and any solid are the surface temperatures on each side Therefore by referring to surface temperatures the survey is more repeatable The surface temperatures used are the averages of surface temperatures on the same material in an area near the anomaly on the inside and the outside of the fabric Together with the temperature of the anomaly a threshold level can be set dependent on these temperatures using the critical surface temperature factor These arguments do not obviate the need for the thermographer to beware of re flections of objects at unusual temperatures in the background facing the building fabric surfaces The thermographer should also use a comparison between external faces facing different directions to determine whether there is residual heat from solar gain af fecting the external surfaces External surveys should not be conducted on a surface where Tsi Tso on the face is more than 10 greater than Tsi Tso on the north or nearest to north face For a defect that causes a failure under the 0 75 condition of IP17 01 the critical surface factors are 0 78 on the inside surface and 0 93 on the outside surface The table below shows the internal and external surface temperatures at an anomaly which would lead to failure under IP
134. r acceptable or unacceptable variation in temperature The current Standard for thermal iamging of building fabric in the UK is BS EN 13187 1999 BS EN 13187 1999 Thermal Performance of Buildings Qualitative de tection of thermal properties in building envelopes Infrared method ISO 6781 1983 modified However this leaves interpretation of the thermal image to the professional expertise of of the thermographer and provides little guidance on the demarcation between acceptable and unacceptable variations Guidance on the appearance of a range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging Infrared Thermography Handbook Volume 1 Principles and Practise Norman Walker ISBN 0903132338 Volume 2 Applications A N Nowicki ISBN 090313232X BINDT 2005 24 4 8 3 1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation areas of thermal bridging and compliance with Building Regulations should include the following 110 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Thermal anomalies Differentiate between real thermal anomalies where temperature differences are caused by deficiencies in thermal insulation and those that occur through con founding factors such as localised differences in air movement reflection and emissivity Quantify affected areas in relation to the total insulated areas State whether the anomalie
135. radiation a may be absorbed a fraction p may be reflected and a fraction v may be transmitted Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent the subscript A is used to imply the spectral depen dence of their definitions Thus The spectral absorptance a the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by an object to that incident upon it The spectral reflectance p the ratio of the spectral radiant power reflected by an object to that incident upon it The spectral transmittance T the ratio of the spectral radiant power transmitted through an object to that incident upon it The sum of these three factors must always add up to the whole at any wavelength so we have the relation a p 7 1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 165 30 Theory of thermography For opaque materials T 0 and the relation simplifies to a py 1 Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction e of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definition The spectral emissivity the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength Expressed mathematically this can be written as the ratio of the spectral emittance of the object to that of a blackbody as follows e Wy Generally speaking there are three types of radiation so
136. rect solar radiation and the residual effects of past solar radiation This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey Ensure all building surfaces to be inspected are dry 114 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Wind speed to be less than 10 metres second 19 5 kn As well as temperature there are other environmental conditions that should also be taken into account when planning a thermographic building survey External inspec tions for example may be influenced by radiation emissions and reflections from adjacent buildings or a cold clear sky and even more significantly the heating effect that the sun may have on surface Additionally where background temperatures differ from air temperatures either inter nally or externally by more than 5 K then background temperatures should be mea sured on all effected surfaces to allow surface temperature to be measured with suf ficient accuracy 24 4 8 6 Survey and analysis The following provides some operational guidance to the thermographic operator The survey must collect sufficient thermographic information to demonstrate that all surfaces have been inspected in order that all thermal anomalies are reported and evaluated Initially environmental data must be collected as with any thermographi
137. red training visit the following website http www infraredtraining com 24 1 3 National or regional building codes The commented building structures in this chapter may differ in construction from country to country For more information about construction details and standards of procedure always consult national or regional building codes 24 2 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup ported by your particular camera configuration 74 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 Typical field investigations 24 3 1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection This section gives a summary of these guidelines 24 3 1 1 General guidelines The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0 85 and 0 95 Setting the emissivity value in the camera to 0 90 can be regarded as a good starting point An infrared inspection alone should never be used as a decision point for further actions Always verify suspicions and findings using other methods such as con struction drawings moisture meters humidity amp temperature datalogging tracer gas testing etc Change level and span to thermally tune the infrared image and reveal more details The figure below sho
138. roduce a slight negative pressure inside 3 5 Pa The differential pressure caused by temperature differences the so called chimney effect airtightness differences of air at different temperatures means that there is a negative pressure in the building s lower part and a positive pressure in the upper 104 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography part At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same see the figure on page 106 This differential pressure may be described by the relationship Ap 9xp Xh 1 2 Pa 1 Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa 9 81 m s Air density in kg m Thermodynamic air temperature outdoors in K Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K Distance from the neutral zone in meters If p 1 29 kg m density of air at a temperature of 273 K and 100 kPa this pro duces T Ap x 13x h 1 E T a With a difference of 25 C 77 F between the ambient internal and external tem peratures the result is a differential pressure difference within the structure of about 1 Pa m difference in height 3 28 Pa ft Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 105 24 Introduction to building thermography 10552003 a1 Figure 24 5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where
139. rts 8 3 Keypad Figure T638787 a1 ES eo e Explanation This explains the figure above 1 Touch screen LCD 2 Navigation pad 3 Button to confirm choice Button to go between automatic and manual adjustment modes 4 Image archive 5 Button to operate the laser pointer 6 Power indicator 7 On off button 12 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 8 Camera parts 8 Button to display the menu system a Back button Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 13 8 Camera parts 8 4 View from the bottom Figure T638785 a3 Explanation This table explains the figure above Latch to open the cover for the battery compartment Push to open 14 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 8 Camera parts 8 5 Battery condition LED indicator Figure T638791 a1 Explanation This table explains the battery condition LED indicator Type of signal Explanation The green LED flashes two times per The battery is being charged second The green LED glows continuously The battery is fully charged Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 15 8 Camera parts 8 6 Power LED indicator Figure T638781 a1 Explanation This table e
140. s eor ee et Rt Ra tie e cerea e panah 23 Handling the camera neta ee tenen ette ten eee ede ete ec e M EE EEE AS 24 194 Turning on the Camera eee eee erede ie ce inet nie nin re 24 13 2 Turning off the Camera citet ee eerte e et t ete dn nein e eid 24 13 3 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually sssssseeeenn 25 13 4 Operating the laser pointer ict ener terne ete e eee te het ede eats 26 Working With images 2 mn metere icc e mice e e ie dr vii dd 27 14 Previewing an image yet eed eet ret tirage tame cec ure eov es eec AE 27 14 2 5Saving an image 5 ned ontara tares EA eria sor diode det lewd ave sou tea can niente a Ue 28 14 3 Openirig anm imagE siniseen etae pecie ee edet ded e etu Pee More rtis e 29 14 4 Adjusting an image es 30 14 5 Changing the palette nec eve ie n ee e pe Rte eec EATA da 33 146 Deleting an mage iini ei erroe eee ee nte D Ede e E Pe eec 34 147 Beleting all imag6es ce reed ee vede eyed Dg id e eoe ee eee is 35 14 8 Creating a PDF report in the camera sese 36 Working with measurement tools sssssss eene nnne 37 15 1 Laying out a measurement tool seeeeeeeneneennennenrennn enne nnne nnne enne nnn 37 15 2 Moving or resizing a measurement tool ssssssssseeeeeeenen nenne 38 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 vii 16 17 18
141. s or other items This can cause damage Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 20 Cleaning the camera 20 2 Liquids Equipment Procedure WARNING CAUTION Infrared lens Use one of these liquids 96 isopropyl alcohol a A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30 isopropyl alcohol Cotton wool Follow this procedure Soak the cotton wool in the liquid Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid Clean the lens one time only and discard the cotton wool Make sure that you read all applicable MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets and warning labels on containers before you use a liquid the liquids can be dangerous Be careful when you clean the infrared lens The lens has a delicate anti reflective coating Donotclean the infrared lens too vigorously This can damage the anti reflective coating Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 51 20 Cleaning the camera 20 3 General NOTE CAUTION Procedure 52 Infrared detector Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image To remove any dust from the detector follow the procedure below a This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared detector In some cases the dust cannot be removed by following this procedure the infrared detector must be cleaned mechanicall
142. s and the building thermal insulation as a whole are acceptable 24 4 8 4 Quantitative appraisal of thermal anomalies A thermographic survey will show differences in apparent temperature of areas within the field of view To be useful however it must systematically detect all the apparent defects assess them against a predetermined set of criteria reliably discount those anomalies that are not real defects evaluate those that are real defects and report the results to the client 24 4 8 4 1 Selection of critical temperature parameter The BRE information Paper IP17 01 Information Paper IP17 01 Assessing the Effects of Thermal Bridging at Junctions and Around Openings Tim Ward BRE 2001 pro vides useful guidance on minimum acceptable internal surface temperatures and appropriate values of Critical Surface Temperature Factor for The use of a surface temperature factor allows surveys under any thermal conditions to show areas that are at risk of condensation or mould growth under design conditions The actual surface temperature will depend greatly on the temperatures inside and outside at the time of the survey but a Surface Temperature Factor fn has been devised that is independent of the absolute conditions It is a ratio of temperature drop across the building fabric to the total temperature drop between inside and outside air For internal surveys fps Ts T9 T Te T internal surface temperature T
143. s procedure to change the temperature scale span eld Use the navigation pad to select EI Manual To change the scale span push the navigation pad left right Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 14 Working with images 14 5 Changing the palette General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera tures A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image Procedure Follow this procedure to change the palette oo Push 88 le display the menu system C Use the navigation pad to go to Push 4 to display a submenu Use the navigation pad to select a different palette mnl 95 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 33 14 Working with images 14 6 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images in a folder Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image Push i Push the navigation pad up down or left right to select the image you want to delete Push 88 to display the menu system B Push and confirm that you want to delete the image Use the navigation pad to select 34 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 14 Working with images 14 7 Deleting all images General You can delete all images in a folder Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images Push i Push
144. s that you want to use in the difference calculation J ok a Push d ox The result of the difference calculation is now displayed in the result table Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 39 15 Working with measurement tools 15 4 General Types of parameters Recommended values 40 Changing object parameters For accurate measurements you must set the object parameters The camera can use these object parameters Emissivity i e how much radiation an object emits compared with the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature called a blackbody The opposite of emissivity is reflectivity The emissivity determines how much of the radiation originates from the object as opposed to being reflected by it Reflected apparent temperature which is used when compensating for the radi ation from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera This property of the object is called reflectivity Object distance i e the distance between the camera and the object of interest Atmospheric temperature i e the temperature of the air between the camera and the object of interest Relative humidity i e the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the object of interest External IR window compensation i e the temperature of any protective windows etc that are set up between the camera and the object of interest If no
145. s the originator Herschel s use of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting to confirm his work used various types of glass indiscriminately having different transparencies in the infrared Through his later experiments Herschel was aware of the limited transparency of glass to the newly discovered thermal radiation and he was forced to conclude that optics for the infrared would probably be doomed to the use of reflective elements exclusively i e plane and curved mirrors Fortunately this proved to be true only until 1830 when the Italian investigator Melloni made his great discovery that naturally occurring rock salt NaCl which was available in large enough natural crystals to be made into lenses and prisms is remarkably transparent to the infrared The result was that rock salt became the principal infrared optical material and remained so for the next hundred years until the art of synthetic crystal growing was mastered in the 1930 s 156 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 29 History of infrared technology 10399103 a1 Figure 29 3 Macedonio Melloni 1798 1854 Thermometers as radiation detectors remained unchallenged until 1829 the year Nobili invented the thermocouple Herschel s own thermometer could be read to 0 2
146. s the path of a seri ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor which is completely hidden within the wall 10555803 a1 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles 89 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 7 Air infiltration 24 3 7 1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building a negative pressure of 2 5 Pa can be expected When this negative pressure leads to cold air entering the building structure due to deficiencies in building insulation and or building sealing we have what is called air infiltration Air infiltration can be expected at joints and seams in the building structure Due to the fact that air infiltration creates an air flow of cool air into e g a room it can lead to substantial deterioration of the indoor climate Air flows as small as 0 15 m s 0 49 ft s are usually noticed by inhabitants although these air flows may be difficult to detect using ordinary measurement devices On an infrared image air infiltration can be identified by its typical ray pattern which emanates from the point of exit in the building structure e g from behind a skirting strip Furthermore areas of air infiltration typical
147. search Department of Navy Washington D C Madding R P Thermographic Instruments and systems Madison Wisconsin Univer sity of Wisconsin Extension Department of Engineering and Applied Science William L Wolfe Handbook of Military Infrared Technology Office of Naval Research Department of Navy Washington D C Jones Smith Probert External thermography of buildings Proc of the Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers vol 110 Industrial and Civil Applications of Infrared Technology June 1977 London Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 Vicek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at A 5 um Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Kern Evaluation of infrared emission of clouds and ground as measured by weather satellites Defence Documentation Center AD 617 417 hman Claes Emittansm tningar med AGEMA E Box Teknisk rapport AGEMA 1999 Emittance measurements using AGEMA E Box Technical report AGEMA 1999 Mattei S Tang Kwor E Emissivity measurements for Nextel Velvet coating 811 21 between 36 C AND 82 C Lohrengel amp Todtenhaupt 1996 ITC Technical publication 32 ITC Technical publication 29 32 2 Important note about the emissivity tables The emissivity values in the table below are recorded using a shortwave SW camera The valu
148. sed by insulation defects with those associated with the natural variation in U values along warm surfaces of a structure is considered slight under normal conditions Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 99 24 Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours The temperature pattern is usually asymmetrical During thermography and when interpreting an infrared image comparison infrared images can provide valuable information for assessment The sources of disruption in thermography that occur most commonly in practice are the effect of the sun on the surface being thermographed sunlight shining in through a window hot radiators with pipes lights directed at or placed near the surface being measured air flows e g from air intakes directed at the surface the effect of moisture deposits on the surface Surfaces on which the sun is shining should not be subjected to thermography If there is a risk of an effect by sunlight windows should be covered up closing Venetian blinds However be aware that there are bu
149. side the sun s rays served as controls As the blackened thermometer was moved slowly along the colors of the spectrum the temperature readings showed a steady increase from the violet end to the red end This was not entirely unexpected since the Italian researcher Landriani in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect It was Herschel Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 155 29 History of infrared technology however who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point 10398903 a1 Figure 29 2 Marsilio Landriani 1746 1815 Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase The maximum point when he found it lay well beyond the red end in what is known today as the infrared wavelengths When Herschel revealed his discovery he referred to this new portion of the electro magnetic spectrum as the thermometrical spectrum The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as dark heat or simply the invisible rays Ironically and contrary to popular opinion it wasn t Herschel who originated the term infrared The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later and it is still unclear who should receive credit a
150. st the image converter received the greatest attention by the military because it enabled an observer for the first time in history to literally see in the dark However the sensitivity of the image converter was limited to the near infrared wavelengths and the most interesting military targets i e enemy soldiers had to be illuminated by infrared search beams Since this involved the risk of giving away the observer s position to a similarly equipped enemy observer it is understandable that military interest in the image converter eventually faded The tactical military disadvantages of so called active i e search beam equipped thermal imaging systems provided impetus following the 1939 45 war for extensive secret military infrared research programs into the possibilities of developing passive no search beam systems around the extremely sensitive photon detector During this period military secrecy regulations completely prevented disclosure of the status of infrared imaging technology This secrecy only began to be lifted in the middle of the 1950 s and from that time adequate thermal imaging devices finally began to be available to civilian science and industry 158 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 Theory of thermography 30 1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera In this section the
151. surface areas e g at studding and corners Contours and characteristic shapes in the cooled surface area Measured temperature differences between the structure s normal surface temper ature and the selected cooled surface area a Continuity and uniformity of the isotherm curve on the surface of the structure In the camera software the isotherm function is called Isotherm or Color alarm de pending on camera model 108 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image Section 24 3 Typical field investigations on page 75 shows examples of interpreta tions of infrared images When taking infrared images of the same building the infrared images from different areas should be taken with the same settings on the infrared camera as this makes comparison of the various surface areas easier 24 4 7 Humidity amp dew point 24 4 7 1 Relative amp absolute humidity Humidity can be expressed in two different ways either as relative humidity or as absolute humidity Relative humidity is expressed in percent of how much water a certain volume of air can hold at a cert
152. t 25 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another Sometimes overheating can appear in a component although that component is OK The reason is that two conductors share the load One of the conductors has an in creased resistance but the other is OK Thus the faulty component carries a lower load whereas the fresh one has to take a higher load which may be too high and which causes the increased temperature See the image 134 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303 a3 181 C 15 10 5 48 C Figure 25 17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 135 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations distur bance factors such as wind distance to object rain or snow often influence the measurement result 25 6 1 Wind During outdoor inspection the cooling effect of the wind s
153. t of the detector Example 25 degrees cor respond to about 437 mrad If your camera has a 120 x 120 pixel image IFOV be comes 437 120 3 6 mrad 3 6 mm m and your spot size ratio is about 1000 3 x 3 6 292 1 This means that at a distance of 9 2 meters 30 2 ft your target has to be at least about 0 1 meter or 100 mm wide 3 9 Try to work on the safe side by coming closer than 9 meters 30 ft At 7 8 meters 23 26 ft your measurement should be correct Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 141 26 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high performance infrared imaging systems and is the world leader in the design manufacture and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial industrial and government applications Today FLIR Systems embraces five major companies with outstanding achievements in infrared technology since 1958 the Swedish AGEMA Infrared Systems formerly AGA Infrared Systems the three United States companies Indigo Systems FSI and Inframetrics and the French company Cedip In November 2007 Extech Instruments was acquired by FLIR Systems T638608 a1 PATENT SPECIFICATION H DRAWINGS ATTACKED United States Patent Office 3 253 498 Patented May 31 1966 PER JOHAN LINDBERG aad HANS GUNNER Mi AL ERG 5 1 1057 624 Date of Application and fling Complete Specification Nov 15 1963 SCANNING MEC
154. t tool spot area or isotherm to quantify the problem Use the simplest tool possible a profile graph is almost never needed in electrical reports Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 129 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603 a3 THERMOGRAPHY INSPECTION Date 2005 10 10 F for Sign x SYSTEMS FLIR Systems AB Contract 1708 Paes Tim Rated load 250 Fault class 2 Disconnect cable clean contact surfaces Check for connectivity between cable shoe and lead Replace any defective component Assemble according to directions with correct torque Note that load is only 18 Calculated temperature rise at 50 load would be approximately 104 C T50 T1 T2 125 45 1 6 T2 Measure taken Sign Side 1 Figure 25 10 A report example 130 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 25 5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 25 5 1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens not only originating from the object that you are looking at but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target Most of the time electrical components are like mirrors to the infrared radiation even if it is n
155. take into account the IFOV of the imaging system any angular change between the camera and the object surface from the perpen dicular is accounted for Buildings consist of numerous construction features that are not conducive to quan titative surveys including windows roof lights luminaries heat emitters cooling equipment service pipes and electrical conductors However the joints and connec tions between these objects and the building envelope should be considered as part of the survey 24 4 8 5 Conditions and equipment To achieve best results from a thermal insulation survey it is important to consider the environmental conditions and to use the most appropriate thermographic technique for the task Thermal anomalies will only present themselves to the thermographer where temper ature differences exist and environmental phenomena are accounted for As a mini mum the following conditions should be complied with Temperature differences across the building fabric to be greater than 10 C 18 F Internal air to ambient air temperature difference to be greater than 5 C 9 F for the last twentyfour hours before survey External air temperature to be within 3 C 5 4 F for duration of survey and for the previous hour External air temperature to be within 10 C 18 F for the preceding twentyfour hours In addition external surveys should also comply with the following Necessary surfaces free from di
156. tated in the form of a thermal resistance or a coefficient of thermal transmittance U value for the various parts of the building However the stated thermal resistance values rarely provide a measure of the actual energy losses in a building Air leakage from joints and connections that are not airtight and insufficiently filled with insulation often gives rise to considerable deviations from the designed and expected values Verification that individual materials and building elements have the promised prop erties is provided by means of laboratory tests Completed buildings have to be checked and inspected in order to ensure that their intended insulation and airtightness functions are actually achieved In its structural engineering application thermography is used to study temperature variations over the surfaces of a structure Variations in the structure s thermal resis tance can under certain conditions produce temperature variations on its surfaces Leakage of cold or warm air through the structure also affects the variation in surface temperature This means that insulation defects thermal bridges and air leaks in a building s enclosing structural components can be located and surveyed Thermography itself does not directly show the structure s thermal resistance or air tightness Where quantification of thermal resistance or airtightness is required addi tional measurements have also to be taken Thermographic analysis of
157. technology has gradually become integrated into mainstream practises a correspond ing demand for application guides standards and thermography training has arisen The UKTA is publishing this technical note in order to establish a consistent approach to quantifying the results for a Continuity of Thermal Insulation examination It is in tended that specifiers should refer to this document as a guide to satisfying the re quirement in the Building Regulations therefore enabling the qualified thermographer to issue a pass or fail report 24 4 8 3 Background information Thermography can detect surface temperature variations as small as 0 1 K and graphic images can be produced that visibly illustrate the distribution of temperature on building surfaces Variations in the thermal properties of building structures such as poorly fitted or missing sections of insulation cause variations in surface temperature on both sides of the structure They are therefore visible to the thermographer However many other factors such as local heat sources reflections and air leakage can also cause surface temperature variations The professional judgement of the thermographer is usually required to differentiate between real faults and other sources of temperature variation Increasingly thermo graphers are asked to justify their assessment of building structures and in the ab sence of adequate guidance it can be difficult to set definite levels fo
158. the laser pointer Applies only to cameras with battery a Do not attach the batteries directly to a car s cigarette lighter socket unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems a Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object such as wire Do not get water or salt water on the battery or permit the battery to get wet Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 1 1 Warnings amp Cautions Do not make holes in the battery with objects Do not hit the battery with a hammer Do not step on the battery or apply strong impacts or shocks to it Donotputthe batteries in or near a fire or into direct sunlight When the battery becomes hot the built in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process If the battery becomes hot damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat damage or ignition of the battery Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with heat Do not put the battery on or near fires stoves or other high temperature loca tions Do not solder directly onto the battery Do not use the battery if when you use charge or store the battery there is an unusual smell from the battery the battery feels hot changes color changes shape or is in an unusual condition
159. the left cable in more detail if you change the temperature scale level change the temperature scale span The image on the left ihas been auto adjusted In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the object Onthe temperature scale to the right of each image you can see how the temperature levels were changed 10577503 a2 A automatic M manual Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 14 Working with images Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line In the image on the left the cold sky and the power line structure have been recorded ata minimum temperature of 26 0 C 14 8 F In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the iso lator This makes it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator 10742503 a3 63 9 C 662 C 60 60 40 P m 20 40 o 30 20 20 26 0 C 19 3 C A automatic M manual Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 31 14 Working with images Changing temperature scale level Changing temperature scale span 32 Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale level eld 9 Use the navigation pad to select EY Manual To change the scale level push the navigation pad up down Follow thi
160. theory behind ther mography will be given 30 2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re gions called bands distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation There is no fundamental difference between radiation in the different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum They are all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 D DI 3l 4 10nm 1mm 10m 100m 1km 10mm 100mm 1m 2um 13 um Figure 30 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radiowaves Thermography makes use of the infrared spectral band At the short wavelength end the boundary lies at the limit of visual perception in the deep red At the long wave length end it merges with the microwave radio wavelengths in the millimeter range The infrared band is often further subdivided into four smaller bands the boundaries of which are also arbitrarily chosen They include the near infrared 0 75 3 um the middle infrared 3 6 um the far infrared 6 15 jum and the extreme infrared 15 100 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 159 30 Theory of thermography um Although the wavelengths are given in um micrometers other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region e g nanometer n
161. tification of a fault or a hot spot It is almost impossible to miss a hot spot on a scanned component A measurement function will also automatically display the hottest spot within an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 1071270323 Figure 25 1 An infrared and a visual image of a power line isolator When the fault is clearly identified and the IR thermographer has made sure that it is not a reflection or a naturally occurring hot spot the collection of the data starts which will allow the correct reporting of the fault The emissivity the identification of the component and the actual working conditions together with the measured tempera ture will be used in the report In order to make it easy to identify the component a visual photo of the defect is often taken 25 2 4 Classification amp reporting Reporting has traditionally been the most time consuming part of the IR survey A one day inspection could result in one or two days work to report and classify the found defects This is still the case for many thermographers who have chosen not to use the advantages that computers and modern reporting software have brought to IR condition monitoring 120 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations
162. time of each image Air temperature and radiant temperature should be recorded Statement of any deviation from relevant test requirements Equipment used last calibration date any knows defects Name affiliation and qualifications of tester Type extent and position of each observed defect Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations Reports should be indexed and archived by thermographers 24 4 8 7 1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on 116 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Access to the surface Buildings where both the internal and the external surfaces are obscured e g by false ceilings racking or materials stacked against walls may not be amenable to this type of survey Location of the thermal insulation Surveys are usually more effective from the side nearest to the thermal insulation Location of heavyweight materials Surveys are usually less effective from the side nearest to the heavyweight material The purpose of the survey If the survey aims to show risk of condensation and mould growth it should be internal Location of glass bare metal or other materials that may be highly reflective Surveys are usually less effective on highly reflective surfaces A defect will usually produce a smaller temperature difference on the outside of a wall expose
163. transfer at the surface and the surface temperature Where there is moisture on a surface there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees There is risk of surface condensation at major thermal bridges and insulation defects Significant disruptions of the kind described here can normally be detected and eliminated before measuring If during thermography it is not possible to shield surfaces being measured from disruptive factors these must be taken into account when interpreting and evaluating the results The conditions in which the thermography was carried out should be recorded in detail when each measurement is taken 24 4 4 Surface temperature and air leaks Defects in building airtightness due to small gaps in the structure can be detected by measuring the surface temperature If there is a negative pressure in the building under investigation air flows into the space through leaks in the building Cold air flowing in through small gaps in a wall usually lowers the temperature in adjacent areas of the wall The result is that a cooled surface area with a characteristic shape develops on the inside surface of the wall Thermography can be used to detect cooled surface areas Air movements at the wall surface can be measured using an air velocity indicator If there is a positive pressure inside the building being investi gated warm room air will leak out through gaps
164. uctures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies Structural drawing Comment 10555203 a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet leading to leakage during rain 10555103 a2 No flashing at deck to wall connection leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 85 24 Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement SECURITY RISK 10554903 a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall SECURITY RISK 86 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 5 3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies Infrared image Comment 10555303 a1 Improper flashing at balcony to wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex 10555403 a1 A missing composite drainage plane or medium on a below grade parking garage plaza deck structure res
165. ulted in standing water between the structural concrete deck and the plaza wearing surface 24 3 6 Moisture detection 4 Plumbing breaks amp leaks 24 3 6 1 General information Water from plumbing leaks can often lead to severe damage on a building structure Small leaks may be difficult to detect but can over the years penetrate structural walls and foundations to a degree where the building structure is beyond repair Using building thermography at an early stage when plumbing breaks and leaks are suspected can lead to substantial savings on material and labor Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 87 24 Introduction to building thermography 24 3 6 2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks amp leaks Infrared image Comment 10555503 a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured 10555603 a1 Water from plumbing leak was found to have mi grated farther than originally anticipated by the contractor during remediation techniques of cutting back carpet and installing dehumidifiers 88 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 24 Introduction to building thermography Infrared image 10555703 a1 Comment The infrared image of this vinyl sided 3 floor apartment house clearly show
166. urce distinguished by the ways in which the spectral emittance of each varies with wavelength A blackbody for which 1 A graybody for which constant less than 1 A selective radiator for which e varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff s law for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral ab sorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength That is Ey Ay From this we obtain for an opaque material since a p 1 amp p 1 For highly polished materials approaches zero so that for a perfectly reflecting material i e a perfect mirror we have p l For a graybody radiator the Stefan Boltzmann formula becomes W ec T Watt m This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 166 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 30 Theory of thermography 10401203 a2 Figure 30 8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators 1 Spectral radiant emittance 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Selective radiator 5 Graybody 10327303 a4 Figure 30 9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators 1 Spectral emissivity 2 Wavelength 3 Blackbody 4 Graybody 5 Selective radiator 30 4 Infrared semi transparent materials Consider now a non metallic semi transp
167. very Infrared camera with lens Hard transport case Battery 2 Bluetooth headset Calibration certificate FLIR Tools PC software CD ROM Handstrap Lens cap Memory card Power supply including multi plugs Printed Getting Started Guide Printed Important Information Guide USB cable User documentation CD ROM Video cable a Warranty extension card or Registration card Contents Dependent on the camera model customer configuration NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts or accessories and other items or to change specifications at any time without prior notice Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 N 6 Parts lists 6 2 General Accessories NOTE List of accessories and services This section contains a list of accessories and services that you can purchase for your camera 1196497 Cigarette lighter adapter kit 12 VDC 1 2 m 3 9 ft 1196960 IR lens f 10 mm 45 including case 1196961 IR lens f 2 30 mm 15 including case 1910423 USB cable Std A to Mini B 1910582 Video cable ITC ADV 3011 ITC Advanced Building attendance 1 person ITC ADV 3019 ITC Advanced Building group of 10 persons ITC ADV 3021 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course attendance 1 person ITC ADV 3029 ITC Advanced General Thermography Course group of 10 persons ITC CER 5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course attendance 1 person ITC CER 5109 ITC Lev
168. vy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured 25 6 3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters 66 ft away from this faulty connec tion The distance was incorrectly set to 1 meter 3 ft and the temperature was measured to 37 9 C 100 2 F The measurement value after changing the distance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a higher class of seriousness So the distance setting must definitely not be neglected 10714403 a3 34 3 C 342c 30 30 25 25 19 6 C gt 19 1 C Figure 25 18 LEFT Incorrect distance setting RIGHT Correct distance setting The images below show the temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 1071450323 ARO1 653 C game ARD1 8LB C o Sic BOC ARDt ub ARO t Du ARO 643 C Figure 25 19 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increasing distances 798 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 137 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The measured average temperatures are from left to right 85 3 C 185 5 F 85 3 C 185 5 F 84 8 C 184 6 F 84 8 C 184 6
169. which has to be attended to without delay 10713503 a5 122 1 C 120 100 80 50 462 C Figure 25 9 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment 2 25 3 5 Classification of faults Once a faulty connection is detected corrective measures may be necessary or may not be necessary for the time being In order to recommend the most appropriate action the following criteria should be evaluated Load during the measurement Even or varying load Position of the faulty part in the electrical installation Expected future load situation Is the excess temperature measured directly on the faulty spot or indirectly through conducted heat caused by some fault inside the apparatus Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 127 25 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations Excess temperatures measured directly on the faulty part are usually divided into three categories relating to 10096 of the maximum load 5 C 9 F The start of the overheat condi tion This must be carefully monitored 5 30 C 9 54 F Developed overheating It must be repaired as soon as possible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made gt 30 C 54 F Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 128 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 25 Introdu
170. ws the difference between a thermally untuned and a thermally tuned infrared image 10552103 a2 21 7 C 21 7 9C r 20 r 20 r 18 r 15 r 16 14 9 10 0 Figure 24 1 LEFT A thermally untuned infrared image RIGHT A thermally tuned infrared image after having changed level and span 24 3 1 2 Guidelines for moisture detection mold detection amp detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when heat has been applied to the surface e g from the sun The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of the building material It may also change the surface temperature of building mate rial due to evaporative cooling Thermal conductivity is a material s ability to conduct heat while thermal mass is its ability to store heat Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 75 24 Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold rather it may be used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed Mold requires temperatures between 4 C to 38 C 40 F to 100 F nutrients and moisture to grow Humidity levels above 5096 can provide sufficient moisture to enable mold to grow 10556003 a1 Figure 24 2 Microscopic view of mold spore 24 3 1 3 Guidelines for detection of air infiltration amp insulation deficiencies For very ac
171. xplains the power LED indicator Type of signal Explanation The LED is off The camera is off The LED is blue The camera is on 16 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 8 Camera parts 8 7 General Figure WARNING NOTE Laser warning label Laser pointer The camera has a laser pointer When the laser pointer is on you can see a laser dot above the target This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens T638771 a1 40 5 mm 1 59 Do not look directly into the laser beam The laser beam can cause eye irritation The symbol A is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera 10743603 a2 WAVELENGTH 635 nm MAX OUTPUT POWER 1 mW THIS PRODUCT COMPLIES WITH 21 CFR 1040 10 AND 1040 11 EXCEPT FOR DEVIATIONS PURSUANT TO LASER NOTICE NO 50 DATED JUNE 24 2007 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 17 8 Camera parts Laser rules and regulations 18 Wavelength 635 nm Maximum output power 1 mW This product complies with 21 CFR 1040 10 and 1040 11 except for deviations pur suant to Laser Notice No 50 dated June 24 2007 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 20
172. y This mechanical cleaning must be carried out by an authorized service partner In Step 2 below do not use pressurized air from pneumatic air circuits in a workshop etc as this air usually contains oil mist to lubricate pneumatic tools Follow this procedure Remove the lens from the camera Use pressurized air from a compressed air canister to blow off the dust Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 21 Technical data For technical data refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD ROM that comes with the camera Technical data is also available at http support flir com Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 53 21 Technical data 21 1 Additional data Field of view and T636855 a1 distance 18 mm 25 lens 5 rA enc ZA Figure 21 1 Relationship between field of view and distance 1 Distance to target 2 VFOV vertical field of view 3 HFOV horizontal field of view 4 IFOV instan taneous field of view size of one detector element This table gives the field of view at certain distances to targets D distance to target T638825 a1 Focal length 24 6 mm Resolution 320 x 240 pixels Field of view in degrees 18 4 D gt 0 50 1 00 1000 2500 50 00 100 00 m HFOV 0 16 0 83 3 25 8 13 1626 32 52 VFOV 0 12 0 24 2 44 6 10 12 20 5 IFOV 0 51 1 02 1046 2541 5081 101 63 mm HF
173. ystems algorithm Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations 172 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 31 The measurement formula 10400603 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F At 0 6 Atm D A Figure 31 3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions SW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 T e 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 173 31 The measurement formula 10400703 a2 1 0 C 32 F 20 C 68 F 50 C 122 F DD D 2929 9 Figure 31 4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions LW camera 1 Object temperature 2 Emittance Obj Object radiation Refl Reflected radiation Atm atmosphere radiation Fixed parameters T 0 88 Tye 20 C 68 F Tatm 20 C 68 F 174 Publ No 1559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 32 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems 32 1 References Mika l A Bramson Infrared Radiation A Handbook for Applications Plenum press N Y William L Wolfe George J Zissis The Infrared Handbook Office of Naval Re
174. zed or painted surface has a higher emissivity Oil based paint regardless of color in the visible spectrum has an emissivity over 0 9 in the infrared Human skin exhibits an emissivity 0 97 to 0 98 Non oxidized metals represent an extreme case of perfect opacity and high reflexivity which does not vary greatly with wavelength Consequently the emissivity of metals is low only increasing with temperature For non metals emissivity tends to be high and decreases with temperature 150 Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 28 Thermographic measurement techniques 28 2 1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 28 2 1 1 Step 1 Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature 28 2 1 1 1 Method 1 Direct method 1 Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 28 1 1 Reflection source 2 If the reflection source is a spot source modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard 10589103 a2 Figure 28 2 1 Reflection source Publ No T559597 Rev a500 ENGLISH EN December 10 2010 151 28 Thermographic measurement techniques 3 Measure the radiation intensity apparent temperature from the reflecting source using the following settings Emissivity 1 0 LI Dopj O You can measure the r

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

CS-10-05 SpectraLink 8000 Series Handset Troubleshooting  PORTABLE SOLAR GENERATO USER MANUAL TABLE SOLAR  取扱説明書 D902iS  User manual - e-Adventure - e-UCM  Manual de Usuario  Untitled  Philips 37PF7411 37" LCD HD Ready widescreen flat TV  - Media  Sistema de gestión inteligente del hogar  

Copyright © All rights reserved. Failed to retrieve file