Implementation of a Dog Tracking Device and Positioning System
Contents
1. 2 No message received from the android application Try resetting the device to do this flick the switch to OFF state then turn it back ON Let the device settle in a mmute before querying it again via the android application Make sure there is SIM inserted on the device and both device and mobile phone should have prepaid balance beforehand If the device is unavailable try pressing the track button again per 5 minute intervals until a reply is received 3 Map does not load This is a common problem on a slow internet connection Just wait until it properly loads the map 46 4 App crashes upon trying to load the map Most likely the area visited has no database information yet This is normal and the only solution is to upload measures of cell data from the concerned location 472. pp 510 515 Kim D H S H Kim and H D Park 2010 Animal Situation Tracking Service Using RFID GPS and Sensors Second International Conference on Computer and Network Technology pp 153 156 Le Bodic G 2005 Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services SMS EMS and MMS 2nd Edition John Wiley amp Sons Ltd England Maasar M A et al 2012 Finding Shortest Path of the Ambulance Routing Interface of A Algorithm using C Programming 2012 IEEE Symposium on Humanities Science and Engineering Research SHUSER pp 1569 1573 Mattsson O 2001 Positioning of a Cellular Phone using the SIM Diss Royal Institute of Technology Print Melde K L and S Yoo 2012 VHF Collar Integrated Antenna for Ground Link of GPS Based Location System Antennas and Propagation IEEE Transactions volume 61 1 pp 26 32 Sinnott R W 1984 Virtues of the Haversine Sky and Telescope vol 68 2 p 159 So In C et al 2012 Mobile Animal Tracking Systems Using Light Sensor for Efficient Power and Cost Saving Motion Detection Communication Systems Networks amp Digital Signal Processing CSNDSP 2012 8th International Symposium pp 1 6 Weiss E et al 2012 Frequency of Lost Dogs and Cats in the United States and the Methods Used to Locate Them Animals pp 301 315 34 APPENDICES APPENDIX A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE F a za ANMEGAIZB Figure 0 1 Device Schematic mye Figu
3. the microcontroller was programmed using Arduino language which is a C like language Both were programmed in Arduino IDE with the use of SoftwareSerial library and MsTimer2 library for the GSM module to be able to communicate with the microcontroller The second part consists of the Android application which interprets data from the received SMS into longitude and latitude or GPS coordinates The Android application was programmed in Basic4Android which uses JAVA programming language CON w Q our eqsi2UF II Far ou nv an 3 i t r wo z me i A a rs m 3 i E Ho ae m V ran Ri ZY mote v an TRYST W Ww T 11 TI LOU s Man WZ a s 1 7 C c Z NW 1S HUF nur ANMEGAIZI a DB1 7809 m Pond o om AT W 3 MA b Figure 3 2 Schematic Diagram In figure 3 2 a the ATMEGA328 microcontroller is connected to SIM900D GSM module 16MHz crystal oscillator and to two serially connected 3 4 volt Li Ion batteries which serve as the power supply of the device when in use The microcontroller is also connected to UART for programming purposes Figure 3 2 b is the schematic diagram of the provided charger for the device which is composed of a transformer bridge diode capacitor and a voltage regulator that has an output of 9 volts It can also be used as an external source of power if applicable Text Message Device attached Query Cell to dog Inform
4. 14 586532 14 587591 14 588547 14 58946 14 590457 14 591703 14 585826 14 587467 14 588817 14 589626 14 592637 14 590062 14 589211 14 58838 14 589377 14 589377 14 59108 14 59272 14 592658 Longitude 120 978695 120 977622 120 976657 120 975884 120 975069 120 974103 120 972987 120 97612 120 977987 120 977622 120 976828 120 974103 120 975498 120 976313 120 977 120 97818 120 97818 120 976571 120 976657 120 975176 Table 3 3 Tests Using Two Towers Calculated GPS location Latitude 14 58886 14 58674 14 58811 14 58894 14 58954 14 59146 14 59177 14 58723 14 58795 14 58862 14 58948 14 59255 14 5897 14 58892 14 58895 Longitude 120 9787 120 9777 120 9773 120 9762 120 9753 120 9749 120 9732 120 975 120 9771 120 9769 120 9766 120 9749 120 976 120 9771 120 9779 27 Actual location Latitude 14 588194 14 586532 14 587591 14 588547 14 58946 14 590457 14 591703 14 585826 14 587467 14 588817 14 589626 14 592637 14 590062 14 589211 14 58838 Longitude 120 978695 120 977622 120 976657 120 975884 120 975069 120 974103 120 972987 120 97612 120 977987 120 977622 120 976828 120 974103 120 975498 120 976313 120 977 Relative Error km 0 5533 0 3557 0 1070 0 0327 0 1490 0 1667 0 0058 0 2890 0 2659 0 0327 0 1565 0 4006 0 0511 0 0877 0 1958 0 2417 0 1721 0 1942 0 1123 0 0548 0 1812 Relative Error km 0 0742 0 0229 0 0870 0 0534 0 0306 0 1393 0 0
5. Using Mobile Station in GSM Network 30 Chapter 4 CONCLUSION A successful opportunity was developed for the GSM technology m terms of tracking animals dog which is mostly known to be used in communication Based from the gathered data the results are proven to be sufficient in tracking the said animal Thus the researchers conclude that position tracking of the device with the use of GSM technology was a success The device was able to receive request scan nearby towers information and send it to a client side application The gathered data was successfully interpreted by the application producing coordinates to locate the current position of the device Compared to other tracking devices the design was proven to have economic and environmental benefits in terms of hardware components and energy consumption respectively It has also been established that the device has considerate advantage when it comes to tracking sustainability and manufacturability 31 Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATION Since the density of cell towers available in the area defines the accuracy of the location the researchers recommends having at least three or more base stations to utilize the device location and provide more accurate results Also the designer of the system recommends using the device in urban areas rather than rural areas because the accuracy decreases as there are less cell towers in the area As for the future researchers a good accura
6. and incorporates structured data crucial for subscriber data and mobility management 9 Svatching system Figure 2 1 GSM Architecture Source Mattsson 2001 Positioning of a Cellular Phone using the SIM GSM technology is primarily utilized in communication One application of this is the Automatic Ambulance Rescue System from researchers Athavan et al In this work nodes made up of traffic junctions are deployed with its own GSM module and microcontroller embedded The GPS system determines the location of the vehicle situated on an accident spot latitude and the longitude and sends the information to the GSM module This module in turn coordinates to the main server by passing retrieved data and whose GSM number is already known as an emergency number Apart from communication location awareness both indoor and outdoor can be carried through GSM The journal entitled Are GSM Phones the Solution for Localization written by A Varshavsky et al argued that localization based on GSM technology is sufficient enough in coverage and fidelity for a wide extent of applications in an outdoor indoor and place detection setting The study presented results showing GSM is rather effective in achieving 2 to 5 meters of median error in room level tracking within a building and 70 up to 200 meters of the same error outside Also Mattsson O 2001 who wrote Positioning of a Cellular Phone using the SIM obtaining the position
7. on the database The results may also vary widely if the database is updated and approximate tower locations were adjusted 28 For a single cell tower the scope of the calculated location is illustrated in figure 3 5 The results may be closer to where the device is but a lot less accurate because the area covered by a single tower is located within a distance band of a cell tower circle For two cell towers the scope of the calculated location is illustrated in figure 3 6 The results is more accurate than of that of the single tower though at times farther from the device because the area covered by two towers is located within a distance band of where two cell tower circles overlaps Table 3 1 shows that the GPS locations generated from a single tower range from 0 0058km to 0 5533km and have a mean value of 0 1812km while Table 3 2 shows that the GPS locations generated from two towers range from 0 0229km to 0 1981km and have a mean value of 0 0885km Thus the number of cell towers located has an effect in the degree of accuracy of the device Based from the testing done it proves that for the results from using two towers is almost twice more accurate than using single tower Figure 3 7 Illustration of Scope Tests Using a Single Tower Source Khalid A M 2007 Location Aware System Using Mobile Station in GSM Network 29 Figure 3 8 Illustration of Scope Tests Using Two Towers Source Khalid A M 2007 Location Aware System
8. through GSM technology can be carried out using different methods These include the Cell of Origin referred to as Cell ID method several timing 10 techniques Angle of Arrival and Received Signal Strength Cell of Origin is plam and inexpensive procedure to utilize due to non requirement of any alteration in the handset or network The method ascertains the cell identification of the tower the MS is connected from which has a fix position and that location approximation is determined by the position of the said tower Timmg Advance on the other hand is used to provide a more accurate position fix for the cell ID method where it functions in synchronizing signals between the mobile phone and the cell tower it connects from Together with COO it can narrow down the radius around the BTS to an approximate 550m wide arc Moreover Mattsson O 2001 stated on his dissertation Positioning of a Cellular Phone using the SIM TOA method of approximation comes from quantifying signals transmitted by the mobile phone to three or more cellular tower where the received signal is handed towards a Location Measurement Unit or LMU which in turn determmes time spent from which the signal moves between the phone and the tower Measurements are then used to calculate a circle around the BTS and the intersection of the circles coming from at least 3 BTS determines the approximate location of the MS On another hand TDOA is a variation of TOA where it is used
9. 281 0 1981 0 1118 0 0816 0 0260 0 0835 0 0651 0 0892 0 1154 Table 3 3 Cont Calculated GPS location Actual location Relative Trial Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude Error km 16 14 58923 120 9784 14 589377 120 97818 0 0313 17 14 58945 120 9785 14 589377 120 97818 0 0338 18 14 59213 120 9776 14 59108 120 976571 0 1630 19 14 59228 120 9751 14 59272 120 976657 0 1773 20 14 59161 120 9762 14 592658 120 975176 0 1577 Average 0 0885 Tables 3 2 and 3 3 show the calculated GPS locations based from the tower or towers that the device was connected to the actual GPS location of the device based from Google maps and the relative error or the distance of the two GPS locations in kilometers In the event that the device has connected to only one tower the calculated GPS location will be equal to the GPS location of the tower based on the database as shown in Table 3 2 On the other hand when two towers are detected by the device the calculated GPS location will be equal to the average or midpoint of the GPS locations of the two towers as seen on Table 3 3 Interpretation of Results In the event that only one tower information is gathered the calculated GPS location will be equal to the GPS location of the tower away from the device Whereas if two tower information are gathered the calculated GPS location will be equal to the two towers GPS location divided by two The results are dependent on the sufficiency of available towers
10. Implementation of a Dog Tracking Device and Positioning System using GSM Technology with Android Map Application By Ma Teresa O Arroyo Eva Rachel A Retuya Mimi Jossa M Rollan A Thesis Submitted to the School of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology June 2014 APPROVAL SHEET kot s Hortinela IV Academe Adviser As members of the Oral Exam thesis paper and hereby reco requirement for the Degree of B ination Committee we certify that we have examined this mmend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the thesis achelor of Science in Computer Engineering puolue ordeliza Valiente Panel Member 2 lt lt Isagani Villamor Committee Chair This thesis paper is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering as fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering b Felicito S Caluyo Dean School of EECE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers humbly express ther gratitude to God Almighty for providing strength and direction while gomg through the process of completing this study This also extends to the following people for the contributions and assistance they had provided First and foremost the researchers academe adviser Engr Hortin
11. ally modeled behavior of timing advance and an algorithm for evaluating the position of MS The location error with the proposed system is found at 135m of 67 accuracy and 245m of 95 accuracy compared to Cell ID s 283m 67 accuracy Haversine Formula According to the amateur astronomy magazine Sky amp Telescope under the article Virtues of the Haversine published by Roger Sinnott haversine was used in navigation The haversine formulais a very accurate way of computing distances 13 between two points on the surface of a sphere using the latitude and longitude of the two points The haversine formula is a re formulation of the spherical law of cosines but the formulation in terms of haversines is more useful for small angles and distances The haversine formula could yield accurate results without requiring the computationally expensive operations of squares and square roots Moreover the said magazine was singing the praises of the haversine formula which is not only useful for terrestrial navigation but also for celestial calculations Based from the journal Effective Technique for Allocating Servers to Support Cloud using GPS and GIS by Ayad Ghany Ismaeel the algorithm of haversine formula was used to compute the nearest distance between the source server and the idle server to support cloud in a more effective cost Moreover the haversine formula was also used to calculate the minimum ambulance travelling distance
12. ation Longitude Latitude Query Command Cell Tower Information Android Map Application Database Gather and Transmit Cell Data Cell Tower Information CENG Command Figure 3 3 Data Flow Diagram 21 Initialize GSM module Received a E valid text No Enter GSM cell number Access database Calculate location b Android Figure 3 4 System Flowchart 22 The device being tracked ATMEGA328 microcontroller and GSM module is located at the back of the dog and the device that tracks where the Android application is installed is the client side device Both the devices should be active or turned on and must have prepaid load in order to communicate The client side device should also be connected to the internet for accessing the database and loading the map Using AT Commands the GSM module was able to send and receive messages All received messages are checked whether or not they comply with the correct format The format of the message should be TRACK with no other characters and characters should be in upper case otherwise it will be deleted and no further actions will be done If the message was validated the GSM module will gather information about the cell tower it is currently connected to as well as some information regarding the neighboring towers This information will then be sent to the phonebook entry named ADMIN which is determined by the user before placin
13. between longitude and latitude in kilometres and miles in the journal of Noraimi Azlin Mohd Nordin et al entitled Finding Shortest Path of the Ambulance Routing Interface of A Algorithm using C Programming 14 Chapter 3 Implementation of a Dog Tracking Device and Positioning System using GSM Technology with Android Map Application Abstract Dogs as a common pet are known as man s best friend and in most cases an extended family member When accidentally left unattended dogs end up astray when they wander off from ther homes The goal of this research is to develop a portable tracking device without utilizing GPS and instead relying only on GSM technology The device is capable of approximating the general location of the dog through use of Cell ID method with addition of one neighboring cell The researchers will also develop an application based on the android platform to be used in querying the location of the device Findings from the measurements will help evaluate whether the proposed method is sufficient for location tracking without relying on GPS Keywords animal tracking GSM triangulation trilateration Cell ID positioning Introduction In the United States alone the number of pets entering shelters per year was estimated to be between 5 to 7 million Weiss 2012 Given the number pets are lost from their homes or end up getting abandoned due to owner neglect These abandoned and or lost pets end up fighting f
14. ch is to develop a portable tracking device without utilizing GPS and instead relying only on GSM technology The device is capable of approximating the general location of the dog through use of Cell ID method with addition of one neighboring cell The researchers will also develop an application based on the android platform to be used in querying the location of the device Findings from the measurements will help evaluate whether the proposed method is sufficient for location tracking without relying on GPS Keywords animal tracking GSM triangulation trilateration Cell ID positioning Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In the United States alone the number of pets entering shelters per year was estimated to be between 5 to 7 million Weiss 2012 Given the number pets are lost from their homes or end up getting abandoned due to owner neglect These abandoned and or lost pets end up fighting for their survival on the streets and the possibility of being found by their respective owners decrease as time passes by Being the most common pet dogs are on top of the list of lost pets Lost dogs usually end up astray getting hit by vehicles getting infected by diseases from other stray animals or worse getting butchered by dog eaters Stray dogs also have a high reproduction rate which may endanger the public since the said animal is classified as a source of rabies a deadly disease that can be passed on humans commonly by a bite from an infected ani
15. cy algorithm may also be developed in place of what the current researchers utilized at the time of this writing in hopes of achieving a better result 32 REFERENCES Ahmed K Z et al 2010 A Theoretical Model of GSM Network Based Vehicle Tracking System 6th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering ICECE pp 594 597 Akpolat C et al 2003 Micro Controller based Vehicle Tracing System via use of GPS and GSM Recent Advances in Space Technologies pp 605 609 Anonymous Overview of Location Techniques Diss University of Cyprus Print Athavan K et al 2012 Automatic Ambulance Rescue System Advanced Computing amp Communication Technologies ACCT pp 190 195 Bagree R et al 2008 wildCENSE GPS based Animal Tracking System Intelligent Sensors Sensor Networks and Information Processing 2008 ISSNIP 2008 pp 617 622 Bishop Hurey G J et al 2009 Monitoring Animal Behaviour and Environmental Interactions Using Wireless Sensor Networks GPS Collars and Satellite Remote Sensing Sensors volume 9 5 pp 3586 3603 Borenovic M N et al 2005 Enhanced Cell ID TA GSM Positioning Technique Computer as a Tool EUROCON volume 2 pp 1176 1179 Brida P Location Technologies for GSM Diss University of Zilina Print Catarinucci L et al 2010 An Innovative Animals Tracking System based on Passive UHF RFID Technology International Symposium on RFID Technologi
16. ed to the advent of GPS collar based devices These devices are functional in tracking wildlife animals as exhibited by the paper wildCENSE GPS Based Animal Tracking System where the concerned animal is the swamp deer Jain 2011 On the other hand domestic animals such as cattle were the subject of a study by Handcock et al m their work Monitoring Animal Behavior and Environmental Interactions using Wireless Sensor Networks GPS Collars and Satellite Remote Sensing Apart from these a VHF collar integrated antenna was also developed and tested on dogs Yoo 2011 A closely related work to this proposal is accomplished by Chakchai So In et al entitled Mobile Animal Tracking Systems Using Light Sensor for Efficient Power and Cost Saving Motion Detection providing an avenue for open architecture of animal tracking systems through use of easy to access Arduino board coupled with various carefully interfaced sensors The work utilizes the widely accessible Google MAP API functionalities where location and sensor data are sent over GSM networks but is restricted to Android based phones only The advantage of this proposal is that it does not use GPS in locating the animal but instead utilizes the GSM technology to full potential by also allowing it to be used in location awareness apart from the common communication use Pet Lost Abandoned Statistics According to the article of E Weiss et al entitled Frequency of Lost Dog
17. ela and course instructor Engr De Leon for the advice and knowledge that enabled the researchers to pursue this topic The panel members Engr Cuesta Engr Valiente and Engr Villamor for the recommendations they have given for the benefit of the study Last but not the least ther friends and family who amidst the hard work and difficulties provided unwavering support and laughter through tough times TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE i APPROVAL SHEET i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iti TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vi ABSTRACT viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 Animal Tracking 5 Pet Lost Abandoned Statistics 7 Global System for Mobile Communication GSM 9 Triangulation and Trilateration 12 CelLID Positioning 12 Haversine Formula 13 Chapter 3 Implementation of a Dog Tracking Device and Positioning System using GSM Technology with Android Map Application 15 Abstract 15 Introduction 15 Methodology 19 Fingerprinting Process 24 Statistical Treatment of Data 24 iv Results and Discussion Interpretation of Results Chapter 4 CONCLUSION Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES APPENDICES APPENDIX A SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE APPENDIX B DEVICE PROTOTYPE APPENDIX C ACTUAL DEPLOYMENT OF DEVICE APPENDIX D OPERATION S MANUAL 26 28 31 32 33 35 35 36 37 38 LIST OF TABLES Table 2 1 A national survey of 1 014 households owning dogs in t
18. es amp Internet of Things SoftCOM pp 1 7 Chao S et al 2010 A new method of frequency planning for new cells in GSM Environmental Science and Information Application Technology ESIAT volume 3 pp 420 423 Chen M Y et al 2005 Are GSM phones THE solution for localization Mobile Computing Systems and Applications 2006 WMCSA 06 pp 34 42 Clark P E et al 2006 An Advanced Low Cost GPS Based Animal Tracking System Rangeland Ecology amp Management 59 3 pp 334 340 Denys P et al 2011 Lightweight GPS Tags One Giant Leap for Wildlife Tracking An Assessment Approach PLoS ONE volume 6 12 pp 1 12 33 Dufkov K et al 2008 Active GSM _ cellid tracking Where Did You Disappear MELT 08 Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Mobile entity localization and tracking in GPS less environments pp 7 12 Ismaeel A G 2013 Effective technique for allocating servers to support cloud using GPS and GIS Science and Information Conference SAI pp 934 939 Joshi A et al 2008 GPS Less Animal Tracking System Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks 2008 WCSN 2008 Fourth International Conference pp 120 125 Karlsson J H Li and K Ren 2010 Tracking and Identification of Animals for a Digital Zoo 2010 IEEE ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications amp 2010 IEEE ACM International Conference on Cyber Physical and Social Computing
19. for difference in Population Means Null Hypothesis D 1 a Confidence Interval 0 0106 Reject 0 09277 0 09367 0 0009 0 18644 Ho pt pa gt 0 0 9947 Ho m p lt 0 0 0053 Figure 3 6 t Test for Difference in Population Means Results and Discussion The testing of the system was conducted at Intramuros Manila For testing purposes the researchers have fingerprinted the area prior to the actual testing in order to ensure that the towers used are added to the database Calculated GPS location is based from the system while Actual GPS location is based from the GPS location derived from Google Maps with the use of internet The tests include locating the device using single tower and using two towers with the use of neighboring tower s GPS location 26 Trial Sa eee Trial ox AMON Ron 11 12 13 14 15 Table 3 2 Tests Using a Single Tower Calculated GPS location Latitude 14 59317 14 589525 14 588425 14 588425 14 589338 14 591835 14 59169 14 588425 14 589338 14 588635 14 588635 14 590553 14 589616 14 589616 14 589076 14 588425 14 590553 14 589338 14 592469 14 592469 Longitude 120 978695 120 978789 120 976161 120 976161 120 976448 120 973492 120 973039 120 976161 120 976448 120 977861 120 977861 120 97714 120 975614 120 975614 120 978671 120 976161 120 97714 120 976448 120 975646 120 975646 Average Actual location Latitude 14 588194
20. g the SIM card into the device The cell tower information included in the SMS are MCC MNC Cell ID RSS LAC ARFCN and BSIC respectively of the servicing tower denoted by 0 at the beginning of the message and the ARFCN LAC and BSIC of the neighboring tower denoted by 1 if a neighboring tower is available The GSM module can only connect to 2G towers thus 3G and 4G towers cannot be used in this study 0 515 02 S56la 72 4f05 0844 62 1 4f03 O0033 09 Figure 3 5 Sample Text Message Upon receiving the text message from the device the Android application will then access the database for the cell towers GPS coordinates The number of GPS coordinates generated may vary from the number of tower information received 25 depending if the towers were already added to the database A single location will then be derived from the gathered coordinates which will be displayed in a map A mobile phone is only able to connect to one cell tower at a time All the cell tower information mentioned above is available for only the said cell tower For the neighboring towers only limited information can be gathered Fingerprinting Process Fingerprinting is the process of collection of data for the purpose of identification This process is used by the researchers in population of cell tower information such as cell ID LAC ARFCN and BSIC and their respective GPS coordinates in the database Open source and crowd sourced databa
21. he SIM card number in the text box example 09191234567 prompted under Mobile Number A valid mobile number must not exceed or be less than 11 digits Tracking will not proceed until this rule is observed this is done to ensure each text message sent is valid and will reach the intended destination If the user typed a wrong number or wishes to change what has been applied he she can re enter the number Specify the IP address of the server where the data concerning coordinates will be fetched To know the IP address go to the host machine and type ipconfig in command prompt and find the IPv4 Address This is the required IP address Again tracking will not commence unless a valid IP address is entered When the user is satisfied with the settings he she can press the hardware back button to go back to the tracking screen 45 2 2 3 Tracking the device To track the device the user must apply the appropriate SIM card number in the settings first Make sure that the device placed on the dog is turned ON and both the device and the android mobile phone have sufficient load balance Just press Track and observe the onscreen prompts and wait until the map is loaded See Figure 6 9 for reference of button positions Troubleshooting Guides and Procedures 1 Device does not tum ON or stopped working Make sure the battery is fully charged and the switch is flicked to ON state The LEDs will indicate if there is power
22. he location of the tower From there further accuracy can be achieved by utilizing neighboring towers and computing the average coordinate between the towers Therefore the system may be compared to GPS in such a way that it draws strength by negating the latter s imperfections but at the price of sacrificing a little accuracy Deployment of GSM as means of location tracking is easy since it is widely available not to mention cheaper than GPS Also it is not as power hungry and will last longer on continuous use There s also the fact that GPS does not work in an indoor setting due to obstructions that limit satellite visibility a known drawback and limitation However the proposed system based on GSM can be used anywhere provided the device has signal and is powered on In this respect the study will cover a device capable of being queried of its current location scan necessary data to be used for location approximation and then sending the data back for analysis on the android application The proposed device is attached to the dog using a customized body strap and is powered using two cellular mobile batteries The study however will not cover extensive explanation and detail about databases pertaining to cellular tower locations The system will not cover populating of new data into these databases and is not capable of real time tracking It will rest upon the discretion of the user whether to provide additional cellular tower locations fo
23. he past five years Table 3 1 Common Interpretation of P Values Table 3 2 Tests Using a Single Tower Table 3 3 Tests Using Two Towers Table 6 1 Android Map Requirements LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2 1 GSM Architecture Figure 3 1 Conceptual Framework Figure 3 2 Schematic Diagram Figure 3 3 Data Flow Diagram Figure 3 4 System Flowchart Figure 3 5 Sample Text Message Figure 3 6 t Test for Difference in Population Means Figure 3 7 Illustration of Scope Tests Using a Single Tower Figure 3 8 Illustration of Scope Tests Using Two Towers Figure 6 1 Device Schematic Figure 6 2 Charger Schematic Figure 6 3 Arduino top SIM900D bottom vi 25 2A 27 38 10 19 21 21 22 23 26 29 30 35 35 36 Figure 6 4 Device tucked in body strap Figure 6 5 Device ON and OFF State Figure 6 6 Charging the device Figure 6 7 Phonebook entry ADMIN Figure 6 8 Changing the SIM card Figure 6 9 Android Settings Security Figure 6 10 Copying apk to directory Figure 6 11 Application Installation Figure 6 12 Launching the application Figure 6 13 Splash Screen top UI bottom Figure 6 14 Settings Screen Vil 37 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 45 ABSTRACT Dogs as a common pet are known as man s best friend and in most cases an extended family member When accidentally left unattended dogs end up astray when they wander off from their homes The goal of this resear
24. ion since 2 7699 lt 2 845 We thus accept the null hypothesis Ho p p with a p value of 0 99 and reject alternative hypothesis H popi with a p value of around 0 01 which shows very strong evidence against the said hypothesis Therefore we conclude that the null hypothesis with a p value of 0 99 is an accepted hypothesis at the 5 level of significance This is a very small p value compared to 5 and thus we have a statistically significant result i e very strong evidence accepting the null hypothesis 25 We thus accept the null hypothesis at the 5 level It appears that the difference in distance between using single tower and two towers using two towers yields more accurate results t Test for Difference in Population Means Evidence Assumptions Sample1 Sample2 Populations Normal Size Ho Population Variances Equal Mean 0 18123 0 08847 x bar F ratio 6 39723 0 0002 Std Deviation 0 13928 0 05507 s p value Assuming Population Variances are Equal Pooled Variance 0 01122 Warning Equal variance assumption is questionable Test Statistic 2 7699 oon nm A wN Atanaof Confidence Interval for difference in Population Means Null Hypothesis p value 1 a Confidence Interval 0 0086 Reject 0 09277 0 09081 0 00195 0 18358 ay 0 9957 Ho m p lt 0 0 0043 Reject Assuming Population Variances are Unequal Test Statistic 2 76991 df 24 Atan a of Confidence Interval
25. ll information such as timing advance gathered from three different cells to calculate the vehicle s exact location The reported accuracy of the study les within a circle of 200 meter radius Parvez 2010 Cell ID Positioning The main highlight of Cell ID positioning is its capability to localize any GSM mobile subscriber where location accuracy depends on size and density of network cells 12 and that no software or hardware changes are needed by both the network and the mobile phone I Gregor et al 2008 produced a prototype named SS7Tracker based on GSM Cel ID Positioning Novak 2008 The said prototype is an active non intrusive networked based location tracking where periodic querying of the network about the location of concerned devices is performed unlike passive tracking methods where location information is only generated when there is direct contact between a mobile phone and the GSM network The Cell ID method of location approximation is entirely based on the location of the serving BTS and its surrounding radius meaning accuracy isn t as par with GPS However several studies tried to improve this method by mtroducing the Enhanced Cell ID method M M Petrovic et al in particular proposed a better positioning technique in the journal entitled Enhanced Cell ID TA GSM Positioning Technique where the said technique utilized timmg advance variables from all apparent BTSs in the area combined with the empiric
26. mal As such stray animals are being caught by authorities where an average of 200 dogs is euthanized every week at city pounds in the Philippines The use of tracking devices apart from identification tags has been an option in the recent years to prevent incidentally pet loss On the other hand the GPS technology as means of tracking is rife with imperfections which include power management implementation cost and satellite visibility around obstructions The researchers are looking into the development of a tracking device without relying on GPS but instead deploy a method incorporating GSM technology as means of all in one device not only for communication but for tracking as well Animal tracking is existent for years with most of the endeavor being applied to wildlife monitoring Researches in the area often use one or a combination of RFID GPS and sensor networks to carry out tracking identification and assessment of activity of the animal At most several researches use RFID technology as it was versatile for both identification and tracking purposes with a recent study based on passive UHF RFIDs in accordance to the journal of L Catarinucci et al entitled An Innovative Animals Tracking System based on Passive UHF RFID Technology Another recent study entitled Animal Situation Tracking Service Using RFID GPS and Sensors by Kim D H et al involves a more complex approach which is to implement wireless sensor networks for mo
27. nitoring state and activity complete with integration of GPS for tracking and RFID for identification purposes There are a lot of studies regarding RFID and GPS it varies from article to article where some are applied to car navigation systems location based dependent applications and other numerous uses among them which wildlife tracking benefits the same On the other hand wireless sensor networks are often applied for monitoring environment conditions Previous researches show domesticated animals ie farm bred and pets have little or no emphasis with regards to animal tracking Thus researchers opt to focus on this domestic setting specifically companion pets The researchers also intend to examine whether the GSM technology is a viable replacement for GPS given the accuracy measurements The deployment of GSM technology as opposed to GPS for tracking purposes will absolutely mitigate energy consumption and at the same time bring down costs as it is widely available requiring no special hardware and eventually will lessen lost pet cases To address the problem with regards to lost pets specifically dogs that is the common companion pet the researchers intend to track the location of the dog using only the widely available GSM technology To realize such concept the researchers will build a device to be attached to the dog and that it will not rely on GPS or any other method of location approximation The device must be interfaced in such a
28. offermg a variety of methods to carry out animal tracking According to the journal entitled An Innovative Animals Tracking System based on Passive UHF RFID Technology by Catarinucci et al a tracking system was designed for small animals through utilization of passive NF UHF RFID technology The working prototype involved 6 built in lab NF antennas tested in a laboratory environment where it has been said that the results are impressive since RFID is best used in closely confined spaces Apart from RFID other methods employ wireless sensor networks such as J Karlsson et al s Tracking and Identification of Animals for a Digital Zoo and the GPS Less Animal Tracking System by A Joshi et al There are also several studies that utilize GPS where RFID served other purpose like identification of animal concerned According to S H Kim et al s Animal Situation Tracking Service using RFID GPS and Sensors and An advanced Low Cost GPS Based Animal Tracking System of P E Clark et al the proposed systems are capable of providing real time animal information apart from location RFID and WSNs offer robust nearby tracking capabilities whereas global and or extensive location tracking is covered by GPS technology Given the size and feature of household pets it is best to monitor location whereabouts through GPS Development of lightweight GPS tagging device the work of M R Recio et al was used to track feral cats which l
29. or their survival on the streets and the possibility of being found by their respective owners decrease as time passes by Being the most common pet dogs are on top of the list of lost pets Lost dogs usually end up astray getting hit by vehicles getting mfected by diseases from other stray animals or worse getting butchered by dog eaters Stray dogs also have a high reproduction rate which may endanger the public since the said animal is classified as a source of rabies a deadly 15 disease that can be passed onto humans commonly by a bite from an infected animal As such stray animals are being caught by authorities where an average of 200 dogs is euthanized every week at city pounds in the Philippines The use of tracking devices apart from identification tags has been an option m the recent years to prevent incidentally pet loss On the other hand the GPS technology as means of tracking is rife with imperfections which include power management implementation cost and satellite visibility around obstructions The researchers are looking into the development of a tracking device without relying on GPS but instead deploy a method incorporating GSM technology as means of all in one device not only for communication but for tracking as well Animal tracking is existent for years with most of the endeavor are being applied to wildlife monitoring Researches m the area often use one or a combination of RFID GPS and sensor networks to carry ou
30. r accuracy improvements At the time of writing the researchers only focused on a small area to facilitate test results Loss of signal due to limited coverage areas will be neglected 18 Methodology Connect GSM module to ATMEGA328 microcontroller Program GSM module using ATMEGA328 microcontroller No Able to receive and send desired parameters Create an android application to interpret parameters No Able to display a general location Yes Figure 3 1 Conceptual Framework The Conceptual Framework of the study consists of two main parts The first part is the gathering of information about the surrounding towers gathered by the AT command Engineering mode AT CENG which displays parameters needed to identify cell towers such as Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Location Area Code Cell ID Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number and Base Station Identity Code from the SIM900D GSM GPRS module and ATMEGA328 microcontroller These parameters can be seen in the AT Commands Manual The second part is the interpreting of the gathered information in an Android application via retrieval of related information from a database ie opencellid and in turn translates the data into GPS coordinates which Google Maps use to show the location in a map The first part consists of interfacing the ATMEGA328 microcontroller and the SIM900D GSM module The GSM module was programmed using AT Commands while
31. rabies tag n 106 Wearing a license n 104 Wearing a personalized ID tag with phone number n 109 Had a microchip n 103 No rabies license or ID tag or microchip n 101 Did you find your pet Yes No Total Don t know Refused What was the primary method used to find the pet when successful I found my pet by searching my neighborhood My pet returned on its own I was contacted because of a tag my pet was wearing my pet s microchip Neighbor brought pet home I found my pet by visiting contacting animal control Other Total Refused What methods were used to attempt to find pet unsuccessful more than one answer was possible Waited for pet to come home Searched neighborhood Visited shelter Hung posters Ad in paper Posted online Called veterinary or other professionals Other Refused Number of Dogs 98 60 67 25 101 109 49 20 15 101 SCOWh A RAAD Percentage of Dogs 90 83 95 70 50 78 58 48 67 61 52 71 24 16 34 11 6 19 93 86 97 7 3 14 100 49 28 59 20 13 29 15 9 23 7 3 14 6 2 12 4 1 10 100 75 35 97 75 35 97 75 35 97 50 16 84 50 16 84 50 16 84 38 0 Global System for Mobile Communication GSM Based from the book entitled MOBILE MESSAGING Technologies and Services SMS EMS and MMS Second Edition by G Le Bodic GSM is regarded the most pivotal communication system due to its abilit
32. re 0 2 Charger Schematic 35 APPENDIX B DEVICE PROTOTYPE Figure 0 3 Arduino top SIM900D bottom 36 APPENDIX C ACTUAL DEPLOYMENT OF DEVICE b Figure 0 4 Device tucked in body strap 37 APPENDIX D OPERATION S MANUAL System Requirement Table 0 1 Android Map Requirements Item Requirement Android Version Minimum 2 3 Gingerbread Supported up to 4 3 Jelly Bean Valid Internet Access 2G to latest or Wi Fi connection User s Manual 1 Device 1 1 Operating the device 1 2 Charging the device 1 3 Changing SIM card 2 Android Application 2 1 Installing the application 2 2 Operating the application 2 2 1 Tracking Screen 2 2 2 Changing the settings 2 2 2 Tracking the device 1 DEVICE 1 1 Operating the device Place the device in a secure location Make sure it will not fall off or get wet When ready to use flick the toggle switch It wil take a minute for the GSM module to initialize LEDs indicate whether the device is turned on or off After use flick the toggle switch to turn the device off Refer to Figure 6 4 for toggle button s ON and OFF positions 38 Figure 0 5 Device ON and OFF State 1 2 Charging the device When the device is turned on for a long time or when the power of the device is running low it is advised that the user should turn off the device before plugging in the charger supplied with the device Connect the device to the supplied charger making sure the co
33. rrect polarity is observed as shown in Figure 6 5 Figure 0 6 Charging the device 1 3 Changing the SIM card If the user wants to change the SIM card of the device he she is advised to follow these steps first 39 1 Insert the new SIM card to another device 2 Create a contact or phonebook entry in SIM memory named ADMIN without the quotations and all capital letters Use the number of the phone where the supplied Android Application is installed Ex Name ADMIN Number 09171234567 See Figure 6 6 for reference PETEN m Cancel Save lan sim ji ADMIN 0927323030 meee La Be Gwo 7 ve 8 w Qe O Figure 0 7 Phonebook entry ADMIN 3 After saving the phonebook entry remove the new SIM card from the other device Make sure that the device is turned off Unscrew the screws that secure the GSM module inside the device If there is a SIM card in the SIM card slot remove it and replace with the new SIM card Once placed put back the cover and secure the device with screws Refer to Figure 6 7 for the detailed steps 40 Figure 0 8 Changing the SIM card 2 ANDROID APPLICATION 2 1 Installing the application 1 Navigate to the phone settings and under Security tick a check in the box under Device Administration that says Unknown Sources ANE 9 Ch a Bi lt amp security Connectio My device Accounts yi Permissions Device administration Location services Device administrato
34. rs Security Unknown sources System manager Verifi Ee Application manager erly apps Battery Notification access Storage Security update service Auto update security Date and time Developer options Via Wi Fi only Figure 0 9 Android Settings Security The application is not yet publicly released to the official app market hence the user should Allow installation of apps from sources other than the Play Store as shown m Figure 6 1 41 2 Copy the supplied android application named arfcnLocator apk into a preferred directory of choice in the android phone Check Figure 6 2 below for an example RY Hi ET 11 35 AM ial Q sdcard Download s Design Apps l Thesis Apps Sl Updated APKs arfcnLocator apk k t Qa O i Select New Search Refresh More Figure 0 10 Copying apk to directory 3 Choose or tap the file and follow normal installation procedures as illustrated in Figure 6 3 oo 14 430 11 55AM amp o Gi FE WOZ Locate My Dog x Locate My Dog Locate My Dog Do you want to install this application y PP Installing v Application installed Privacy 1one status and identity Device access Cancel Install Figure 0 11 Application Installation 42 The device on the other hand should be placed in a stable surface such as the car s dashboard Items that may disrupt reception should be kept away from the device 2 2 Operating the application When the user wants to
35. s and Cats in the United States and the Methods Used to Locate Them 14 of dogs owned in the US gets lost at least once during a five year period and the 7 were never reunited with their owners The study conducted survey data collection and statistical analysis to determine frequency of loss and chances of reuniting with respective owners Using the data gathered above to make some estimates of the number of lost pets in the last 5 years yielded 10 948 000 dogs lost nationally while 766 360 were not reunited with their owners out of 78 2 million dogs owned across US Table 2 1 shows the data relating to the frequency of dogs getting lost type of ID worn during the most recent episode and the methods used to find the pet The survey reflects participants from all states except Alaska Delaware Hawai and Wyoming Table 2 1 A national survey of 1 014 households owning dogs in the past five years Question Number of Percentage of Dogs Dogs Has your pet ever become lost in the past five years Yes 110 14 11 16 No 705 87 84 89 Total 815 100 Refused 1 Don t Know 0 If yes how many times was the pet lost 1 time 52 49 39 58 2 5 times 38 36 27 45 6 10 times 12 11 6 19 More than 10 times 5 6 2 11 Total 107 100 Don t Know 3 Table 2 1 Cont Question Which of the following was your pet wearing the last time he she was lost more than one could be worn n dog sample size Wearing a collar n 109 Wearing a
36. s it is widely available requiring no special hardware and eventually will lessen lost pet cases To address the problem with regards to lost pets specifically dogs that is the common companion pet the researchers intend to track the location of the dog using only the widely available GSM technology To realize such concept the researchers will build a device to be attached to the dog and that it will not rely on GPS or any other method of location approximation The device must be interfaced in such a way for it to receive request location scan necessary data to aid location approximation and send that data to a mobile application that uses the android platform The researchers will develop the said android application with the intent to analyze the data gathered by the device attached to the dog to produce relevant coordinates Lastly the overall system must be able to pinpoint the approximate current location of the dog on a map The researchers understand the need to secure safety and well being of companion dogs by lessening the chance of them ending up astray and homeless in the long run as well as avert possible cases of rabies contraction coming from stray dogs Not only that but also the development of the tracking method The significance lies on the 17 utilization of GSM technology which is commonly used for communication purposes Here the researchers employed a common technique that base the approximate location of the device on t
37. se such as opencellid org do not collect cell tower information aside from cell ID This limits the researchers to resort in using only one tower However the database used in this research utilizes other cell tower information in recognizing the identity of neighboring towers Since the researchers used a new database fingerprinting is a must This process is done thoroughly in a specific area to assure the accuracy of the location of the towers Statistical Treatment of Data Ho pb Null Hypothesis 3 1 24 Hy pou 1 Altemative Hypothesis 3 2 The null hypothesis states that the calculated distance or relative error of the device from the calculated location to the actual location is more accurate when utilizing two towers in generating the location of the device than that when using only a single tower The alternative hypothesis on the other hand indicates that the results generated from a single tower are more accurate than those from two towers or both methods would yield the same accuracy Table 3 1 Common Interpretation of P Values P value Interpretation P lt 0 01 Very strong evidence against the hypothesis 0 01 P 0 05 moderate evidence against the hypothesis 0 05 P lt 0 10 suggestive evidence against the hypothesis 0 10 lt P little or no real evidence against the hypothesis Using the critical value that can be found at Fig 3 6 we note that the observed test statistic value is in the rejection reg
38. t tracking identification and assessment of activity of the animal At most several researches use RFID technology as it was versatile for both identification and tracking purposes with a recent study based on passive UHF RFIDs such as An Innovative Animals Tracking System based on Passive UHF RFID Technology Another recent study entitled Animal Situation Tracking Service Using RFID GPS and Sensors involves a more complex approach which is to implement wireless sensor networks for monitoring state and activity complete with integration of GPS for tracking and RFID for identification purposes There are a lot of studies regarding RFID and GPS it varies from article to article where some are applied to car navigation systems location based dependent applications and other numerous uses among them which wildlife tracking benefits the 16 same On the other hand wireless sensor networks are often applied for monitoring environment conditions Previous researches show domesticated animals i e farm bred and pets have littl or no emphasis with regards to animal tracking Thus researchers opt to focus on this domestic setting specifically companion pets The researchers also intend to examine whether the GSM technology is a viable replacement for GPS given the accuracy measurements The deployment of GSM technology as opposed to GPS for tracking purposes will absolutely mitigate energy consumption and at the same time bring down costs a
39. use There s also the fact that GPS does not work in an indoor setting due to obstructions that limit satellite visibility a known drawback and limitation However the proposed system based on GSM can be used anywhere provided the device has signal and is powered on In this respect the study will cover a device capable of being queried of its current location scan necessary data to be used for location approximation and then sending the data back for analysis on the android application The proposed device is attached to the dog using a customized body strap and is powered using two cellular mobile batteries The study however will not cover extensive explanation and detail about databases pertaining to cellular tower locations The system will not cover populating of new data into these databases and is not capable of real time tracking It will rest upon the discretion of the user whether to provide additional cellular tower locations for accuracy improvements At the time of writing the researchers only focused on a small area to facilitate test results Loss of signal due to limited coverage areas will be neglected Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter outlines the primary concepts the study is concerned particularly the relevant keywords technology used and the approaches other researchers in the same field employed to accomplish a similar goal Animal Tracking Several research and applications had existed
40. use the application choose or tap the logo of the installed application named Locate My Dog as shown by Figure 6 8 Figure 0 12 Launching the application 2 2 1 Tracking screen The application will open showing a splash screen first and then an interface showing several buttons namely Track Settings Details Reload as well as Forward and Backward Refer to Figure 6 9 for visualization a Track sends an SMS message to the device attached on the dog querying it for location determination Once an appropriate reply is received it grabs data coordinates on the server and loads the map pinpointing the coordinates obtained from the server 43 b Settings used to specify the number of the SIM card which is attached to the device as well as the IP address of the server needed to extract data from c Details shows text message details such as the serving and neighboring tower information An address is also shown when applicable d Reload Forward and Backward used to reload move forward or backward a page on the map Acts the same purpose found on common web browsers Figure 0 13 Splash Screen top UI bottom 2 2 2 Changing the settings Once the Settings button is pressed a new window will pop up 44 v al 86 aloe 7 21PM xe Settings Mobile Number Enter Mobile Number 11 digits Server IP Address Enter Server IP Address Figure 0 14 Settings Screen From Figure 6 10 enter t
41. way for it to receive request location scan necessary data to aid location approximation and send that data to a mobile application that uses the android platform The researchers will develop the said android application with the intent to analyze the data gathered by the device attached to the dog to produce relevant coordinates Lastly the overall system must be able to pinpoint the approximate current location of the dog on a map The researchers understand the need to secure safety and well being of companion dogs by lessening the chance of them ending up astray and homeless in the long run as well as avert possible cases of rabies contraction coming from stray dogs Not only that but also the development of the tracking method The significance lies on the utilization of GSM technology which is commonly used for communication purposes Here the researchers employed a common technique that base the approximate location of the device on the location of the tower From there further accuracy can be achieved by utilizing neighboring towers and computing the average coordinate between the towers Therefore the system may be compared to GPS in such a way that it draws strength by negating the latter s imperfections but at the price of sacrificing a little accuracy Deployment of GSM as means of location tracking is easy since it is widely available not to mention cheaper than GPS Also it is not as power hungry and will last longer on continuous
42. when the signal s time sent is indeterminate According to Location Technologies for GSM by Brida E OTD works in a similar fashion as TDOA but in the other direction it is based on the MS measuring the arrival time difference between the bursts of nearby BTSs in GSM This method requires modifications to the mobile station and that at least three BTS units are required to calculate an intersection 11 The AOA method requires that BTSs to be equipped with antennas in order to provide measurement of angles of arrival for signals transmitted by the MS Assuming such measurements are available the intersection of the lines defined by angles of arrival is the supposed location of the MS It is outlined in the paper Overview of Location Techniques that Received Signal Strength requires a proper propagation model ie Hata model to convert RSS data into distances from the respective neighboring BSs Standard trilateration techniques determine the position of MS Triangulation and Trilateration Using the triangulation principle S Chao et al 2010 proposed a new method of frequency planning for new cells under GSM network The information carried out through this new cell planning can be utilized m performing localization due to placement overhead of the concerned cells Chao 2010 Triangulation and or trilateration require at least three cells in principle A study conducted by Q R Mahfuz et al for vehicle tracking utilized ce
43. y to provide communication between people anywhere and at any time It offers robust services such as voice communication MMS EMS SMS and GPRS with the Short Message Service being the most popular service The said service allows subscribers to send and receive short text messages According to the journal of Okatan et al entitled Micro Controller Based Vehicle Tracking System via use of GPS and GSM the capacity of SMS convey up to 160B bytes of information received or sent from a mobile phone to another Cellular devices employ a diverse method m sending electronic messages Basically the electronic message in PDU format is converted into text format and afterwards the originator adds parameters to the modified string then is processed by Short Message Service Centers referred to SMSC Based from the dissertation of Mattsson O entitled Positioning of a Cellular Phone using the SIM GSM architecture is composed of various distinct components divergent to three main sections Firstly the Mobile Station consisting of mobile equipment and the Subscriber Identity Module which in other words is the phone possessed by the person capable of placing and receiving calls This is followed by the Base Station System further comprised of the Base Transceiver and Controller responsible for connecting the MS to the network and entrusted of transmitting and receiving Lastly the Switching System that manages the interaction between subscribers
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