System Profiles - Renesas Electronics
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1. NEC User s Manual IMAPCAR Series Processor 1DC LANGUAGE SPECIFICATIONS Software Document No U20036EE1VOUMOO Date Published Sept 2009 NEC Electronics Europe GmbH Legal Notes The information in this document is current as of September 2009 The information is subject to change without notice For actual design in refer to the latest publications of NEC Electronics data sheets or data books etc for the most up to date specifications of NEC Electronics products Not all products and or types are available in every country Please check with an NEC Electronics sales representative for availability and additional information No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of NEC Electronics NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document e NEC Electronics does not assume any liability for infringement of patents copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from the use of NEC Electronics products listed in this document or any other liability arising from the use of such products No license express implied or otherwise is granted under any patents copyrights or other intellectual property rights of NEC Electronics or others e Descriptions of circuits software and other related information in this document are provided for illustrative purposes in semiconductor product op2. Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 5 IMAPCAR Series Processor Figure 4 IMAP System Configuration in MP Mode When Each PU Consists of 4 PEs 1 3 Mixed mode An IMAP system can also be used in the MIXED mode in which some PEs run in the SIMD mode and the rest run as multiple PUs in the MP mode When using the MIXED mode tasks functions that run in the SIMD mode are programmed using the portion of 1DC that is expanded from standard C while those that run in the MP mode are programmed using standard C Data exchanges between PUs running in the same operating mode are performed through the CP or through external memory Figure 5 IMAP System Configuration in MIXED Mode When Each PU Consists of 4 PEs 1 4 Hardware Configuration Example for XC Core The figure below shows the configuration of an XC core an example of an actual IMAP system Each tile is made up of 8 PEs which are grouped into a higher 4 PEs and a lower 4 PEs and the user can select whether each of these groups runs as a PU or as 4 separate PEs No 4 PE group runs as a PU in the SIMD mode all 4 PE groups run as PUs in the MP mode and only lower 4 PE groups run as PUs in the MIXED mode 8PE Tile SIMD mode or 2PU Tile MP mode or 1PU 4PE Tile MIXED mode Instruction broadcast a 4 PE group La EJ Three types of inter tile connections C ring M ring N ring Figure 6 Example Physical Configuration of IMAP System for XC Core User s Manual U20
3. that has the outside attribute All arithmetic operations can be used for uni type variables and arrays that have the outside attribute but declaring a sep type variable or array that has the outside attribute only allocates memory for the data and the data must be explicitly transferred from the external memory to the PE local memory in order to actually reference the data The data can be transferred using the standard xEmemrd and IxEmemwr functions as shown in the following example outside sep int owrk VLINES sep array owrk that has the outside attribute sep int src VLINES sep array src in the PE array memory int i IxEmemrd src work PENO VLINES 2 Copies the data in the work array to the src array for i 0 i lt VLINES i src i Processes the data in the src array IxEmemwr src work PENO VLINES 2 Writes the data in the src array back to the work array Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 8 IMAPCAR Series Processor align qualifier The align type qualifier is used to allocate memory for an array starting at the beginning of a memory page using a hardware dependent number of bytes and is only meaningful for a global array To give a global array the align attribute specify the align type qualifier before the variable data type and other qualifiers when declaring the array align sep int tbI 256 Declares a sep array that has the align attribute sep int a idx De
4. the order of operations for C The following shows the order of operations for 1DC operators and their associativity Operators Associativity 0 00 J gt Left to right type amp sizeof lt gt amp amp Right to left 1 Left to right Left to right Order of lt lt gt gt lt gt Left to right operations lt lt gt gt Left to right Ez Left to right amp Left to right Left to right Left to right amp amp Left to right ll Left to right Right to left i etc Right to left j Left to right User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 13 IMAPCAR Series Processor 2 3 Additional Syntax PE selecting conditional statements mif and melse The syntax of mif and melse statements is the same as that of C if and else statements mif expression 1 statement block 1 melse statement block 2 Remark The melse statement is optional However the value of expression1 must have the sep attribute statement block 1 is executed only for the group of PEs or PE context for which the value of expression 1 is not zero and statement bloc 2 is executed only for the group of PEs or PE context for which the value of expression 1 is zero Note that when these statements are used in a function the PE context that is used is calculated by finding the logical conjunction of the PE context for the caller of the function and the PE context for expression 1 PE selecting con
5. 036EE1VOUMOO 6 IMAPCAR Series Processor 2 1DC SPECIFICATION EXPANSION FROM C Compared to C the 1DC specifications have been expanded as follows Additional data attributes O o o Data allocation attributes o uni default o multi o Outside qualifier o align qualifier Data value attributes o common default o Sep or separate Pointers to multi sep or sep data e Additional operators O o o O O Operators for transferring data between PEs gt and lt Operator for selecting PEs and used as a pair Logical operators for PE data and amp amp Operator for initializing PE data and used as a pair PE data assignment operator Additional syntax O O O O O PE selecting conditional statements 1 mifa and melsea PE selecting conditional statements 2 mif and melse PE selecting loop statement mwhile PE selecting loop statement mfor PE selecting loop statement mdo These expanded specifications are described in the above order below Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO IMAPCAR Series Processor 2 1 Additional Data Attributes Data allocation attributes uni default The uni attribute is the default in 1DC for data allocation Data that has this attribute actually consists of only one element uni data is assigned to the memory for the controller that controls all PEs which enables the compiler to broadcast this data to all PEs at compile
6. FICATION EXPANSION FROM Ci nennen nnne nnns rennen enne 7 Additional Data Attributes 2 nii ii 8 Additional Operatots 5 5t d Receta ae di id 11 Additional Syntax ui e eet charente rer Ege te ed a en er re iens 14 Revision NIStOIY C 15 User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 3 IMAPCAR Series Processor 1 PREFACE 1DC One Dimensional C is an expanded implementation of C designed for programming parallel processor systems in which many PEs Processing Elements and memory blocks are linked together one dimensionally Integrated Memory Array Processor or IMAP systems Figure 1 1 1 SIMD Mode Figure 2 Example IMAP System Configuration IMAP systems include two main operating modes the SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data mode and the MP Multi Processor mode A simple overview of how to use 1DC in each of these modes is provided below and then the 1DC language specifications are described The figure below shows a configuration in which an IMAP system is used as an SIMD parallel processor Here MEM refers to memory blocks allocated to each PE AY WANI x EE External se PS DS WAWI WAWI WANI WAWI WAWI WAWI WAWI IMAP System Configuration in SIMD Mode When using an IMAP system in the SIMD mode the processing for a certain collection of data is normally assigned to each PE In this mode each PE has to execute the same instructions broadcast f
7. clares a sep variable Data value attributes common default The common attribute is the default in 1DC for data values If data that has this attribute has multiple elements the values of each of those elements are assumed to be the same To give a variable the common attribute either specify the common type qualifier before the variable data type when declaring the variable or declare the variable without the type qualifier int x Declares the 2 byte signed integer x for the controller common int x Declares the 2 byte signed integer x for the PE array However because IMAP Series processors can efficiently broadcast data from the PE array controller to all PEs declaring a uni type common variable and assigning it to the controller memory instead of declaring a multi type variable and assigning it to the PE array internal memory can reduce the amount of consumed PE memory without reducing execution efficiency Therefore multitype common variables are not normally required sep separate sep data data that has the sep attribute refers to data for which the value of each element might differ assuming the data has multiple elements To declare a sep variable specify the sep or separate type qualifier before the variable data type when declaring the variable sep data has the multi attribute by default and variables to be processed by the PE array are normally declared simply as sep variables int X Decla
8. ditional statements mifa and melsea The syntax of mifa and melsea statements is the same as that of the previously described mif and melse statements mifa expression 1 statement block1 melsea statement block2 Remark The melsea statement is optional However the value of expression 1 must have the sep attribute mifa and melsea differ from mif and melse in that while mif and melse use the context calculated by finding the logical conjunction of the current context and the context for expression 1 mifa and melsea use the context for expression 1 regardless of the current context The mifa statement generates code that is more efficient than that of the mif statement because mifa does not consider nesting Therefore using mifa is faster if there is no need to nest masking conditions PE selecting loop statement mwhile The syntax of the mwhile statements is the same as that of C while statements mwhile expression 1 statement block 1 However the value of expression 1 must have the sep attribute and statement block 1 is executed only for the group of PEs or PE context for which the value of expression 1 is not zero For the mwhile statement statement block 1 is executed in the context based on the truth value of expression 1 during the first iteration and during the nth iteration n 2 all operations for statement block 1 and expression 1 except assignment operations using are performed only in the context de
9. eration and application examples The incorporation of these circuits software and information in the design of a customer s equipment shall be done under the full responsibility of the customer NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any losses incurred by customers or third parties arising from the use of these circuits software and information e While NEC Electronics endeavors to enhance the quality reliability and safety of NEC Electronics products customers agree and acknowledge that the possibility of defects thereof cannot be eliminated entirely To minimize risks of damage to property or injury including death to persons arising from defects in NEC Electronics products customers must incorporate sufficient safety measures in their design such as redundancy fire containment and anti failure features e NEC Electronics products are classified into the following three quality grades Standard Special and Specific The Specific quality grade applies only to NEC Electronics products developed based on a customer designated quality assurance program for a specific application The recommended applications of an NEC Electronics product depend on its quality grade as indicated below Customers must check the quality grade of each NEC Electronics product before using it in a particular application Standard Computers office equipment communications equipment test and measurement equipment audio and visual equipment ho
10. es An added attribute can also be directly specified when declaring a structure as follows sepstructab Declares a structure for the PE array int a unsigned char b 20 sa User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO IMAPCAR Series Processor 2 2 Additional Operators Operators for transferring data between PEs gt and lt the adjacent PE on the left and lt is used similarly for the adjacent PE on the right In addition gt is used as a binary operator to reference the sep data in the nth PE to the In the PE array of the LPA gt is used as a unary operator to reference the sep data in left of the current PE and lt is used similarly for the nth PE to the right This operator actually transfers data one adjacent PE at a time and performs n transfers to transfer data a distance of n PEs int n sep unsigned char x y y 2x n Assigns the x value of the PE n PEs to the right of the current PE to y of the current PE y x lt n 1 Assigns the x value of the PE n 1 PEs to the right of the current PE to y of the current PE X X gt n 1 Assigns the x value of the PE n 1 PEs to the left of the current PE to x of the current PE X2 X Assigns the x value of the adjacent PE to the right of the current PE to x of the current PE Operator for selecting PEs and This operator is used to select a PE in the PE array send sep data in the PE to the control
11. ler and then assign that data to a specified PE or broadcast the data to all PEs sep int x int ny x n x 2 n 1 Assigns the x value of PE 2 n 1 to x of the nth PE y 2 x n Multiplies the x value of the nth PE by 2 and assigns the result to y of the controller x Xx 1 Assigns the x value of the first PE to the x of all PEs by broadcasting to all PEs Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 11 IMAPCAR Series Processor Logical operators for PE data and amp amp These operators are used to calculate the logical disjunction or the logical conjunction amp amp of the sep data of unmasked active PEs In general these operations are efficiently implemented by LPA hardware that reads out the result of calculating the logical disjunction of the values of the status registers 1 bit for each PE sep int a b int c c a b Calculates the logical disjunction of a and b for each PE calculates the logical disjunction of this result for all PEs and then assigns the final result to c of the controller c amp amp a X Calculates the logical conjunction of a for all PEs and then assigns this result to c of the controller Operator for initializing PE data and This operator is used to assign different sep data constants to PEs This operator can be used to easily specify sep constants Only constants can be specified between and a
12. me electronic appliances machine tools personal electronic equipment and industrial robots Special Transportation equipment automobiles trains ships etc traffic control systems anti disaster systems anti crime systems safety equipment and medical equipment not specifically designed for life support Specific Aircraft aerospace equipment submersible repeaters nuclear reactor control systems life support systems and medical equipment for life support etc The quality grade of NEC Electronics products is Standard unless otherwise expressly specified in NEC Electronics data sheets or data books etc If customers wish to use NEC Electronics products in applications not intended by NEC Electronics they must contact an NEC Electronics sales representative in advance to determine NEC Electronics willingness to support a given application Note 1 NEC Electronics as used in this statement means NEC Electronics Corporation and also includes its majority owned subsidiaries 2 NEC Electronics products means any product developed or manufactured by or for NEC Electronics as defined above Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 Table of Contents PREFACE tad tht diode lieet ni Ten nt tte ne tte rte 4 SIMD MOde 3 2 tin a ete ae nt se aa in ct 4 MP MOde Cc 5 MiXed Mode atn e e edit etu i Ee NY ORE DE et 6 Hardware Configuration Example for XC Core 6 1DC SPECI
13. nd multiple constants must be separated with commas If the constant cO is followed by and another constant c1 cO is assigned to c1 PEs If less constants are specified between and than the number of PEs 0 is automatically assigned to the remaining PEs However if a comma is specified after the last constant cn cn is automatically assigned to the remaining PEs instead Constant propagation is performed for this operator at compile time For the following examples it is assumed that there are 8 PEs and that the system sep constant PENUM which stores the PE number of each PE 0 for the leftmost PE has been defined sep int x 0 1 2 8 4 The operator can also be used when initializing a sep variable during declaration 0 1 2 3 4 Equivalent to x 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 Equivalent to x 0 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 1 0 2 1 3 4 Equivalent to x 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 0 x x x Xx uou w MH User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 12 IMAPCAR Series Processor This assignment operator specifies that a value be assigned to sep data for all PEs regardless of the current context This operator is used to explicitly assign sep data to PE data all PEs For details about how the context is defined see the next section assignment Die SEP NER b a b Assigns the b value of all PEs in the PE array to the a of all PEs The order of operations for 1DC operators is based on
14. res the 2 byte signed integer x that has the uni attribute for the controller sep char y Declares the 1 byte sep variable y User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 9 IMAPCAR Series Processor Pointers to data with added attributes and structure specification method Pointers to data that has one of the added attributes described above can be used in 1DC The following examples show how the meaning changes depending on where the sep type qualifier is specified when declaring a variable sep char p Declares p a pointer to sep char data Poi char sep p Declares p a sep variable that stores a ointers pointer to char data sep char sep p Declares p a sep variable that stores a pointer to sep char data sepint f Declares f a pointer to a function that returns a sep int value Normally the declarations for structure members and the actual data allocation attributes and value attributes that are used are specified separately The data allocation attributes and value attributes cannot be specified when declaring the members struct ab int a unsigned char b 20 k sep struct ab sep ab Declares a structure for the PE array structab uni ab Declares a structure for the controller outside struct ab ouni ab Declares a uni type structure for the external memory outside sep struct ab osep ab Declares a sep type structure for the external memory Structur
15. rom the controller the control processor or CP but each PE can access the memory block local memory where the data it is in charge of is stored using high speed unique addresses and data can be directly exchanged between PEs by using a network without having to wait To the user the SIMD mode makes it seem as though there is a working 2D memory area that has extremely little access overhead Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 4 IMAPCAR Series Processor 1DC is an IMAP system programming language designed to enable the design of parallel algorithms for operating in this memory area and to minimize the expansion of standard C specifications as much as possible The following figure shows an operational overview of a parallel algorithm that uses the 2D memory area Propagation Figure 3 Operational Overview of Parallel Algorithm Using 2D Memory Area 1 2 MP Mode When using an IMAP system in the MP mode the system runs in a multi processor configuration in which multiple PEs are grouped into one PU Processing Unit Because each PU runs on its own program counter waiting is required when exchanging data between PUs and message communication and non cached external variable access methods are used but different processing can be performed for each PU in parallel This multi processor parallel processing is programmed so that it is available without using the portion of the 1DC specifications outside the range of standard C
16. termined according to the value of expression 1 during the previous iteration PE selecting loop statement mfor The syntax of mfor statements is the same as that of C for statements mfor expression 1 expression 2 expression 3 statement block 1 This is equivalent to the following mwhile statement expression 1 mwhile expression 2 statement block 1 expression 3 PE selecting loop statement mdo and mwhile The syntax of mdo and mwhile statements is the same as that of C do and while statements mdo statement block 1 mwhile expression 1 However the value of expression 1 must have the sep attribute and statement block 1 is executed during the first iteration regardless of the context determined using expression 1 User s Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO 14 IMAPCAR Series Processor 3 Revision history Version Date Document Number Description 1 0 Sept 2009 U20036EE1VOUMOO First version The following revision list shows all functional changes compared to the previous version Chapter Page Description Users Manual U20036EE1VOUMOO
17. time as necessary Therefore the uni data has the same value when viewed from each PE To give a variable the uni attribute either specify the uni type qualifier before the variable data type when declaring the variable or declare the variable without the type qualifier int x Declares the 2 byte signed integer x for the controller uni int x Declares the 2 byte signed integer x for the controller as above multi Data that has the multi attribute has as many elements as there are LPA PEs and is assigned to the local memory for the PE array of the LPA To give a variable the multi attribute specify the multi type qualifier before the variable data type when declaring the variable However if the value attribute of a variable is specified using the sep type qualifier described below the variable is automatically given the multi attribute so the sep type qualifier is normally sufficient for declaring multi type data outside qualifier The outside type qualifier is used to directly assign data to external memory To give a variable the outside attribute specify the outside type qualifier before the variable data type and other qualifiers as follows when declaring the variable outside sep int a 20 b Declares the sep array a and sep variable b which have the outside attribute outside int c Declares a uni type variable that has the outside attribute outside int a 10 Declares a uni type array
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