n - Henry Story
Contents
1. offends the aesthetic sense of us who have a taste for desert landscapes Quine 1948 On What There Is Thursday 20 September 12 Un de ces philosophes americains Quine 1908 2000 philosophe dit il lui meme des paysages desertiques embrace cet logique precise et la combine avec un holisme semantique Je ne vais pas developer comme je ne suis pas Quineen Mais par contre j ai t beaoucoup influence par ces deux leves Donald Davidson et en particulier David Lewis qui a pourrait on dire renvers cette pens e completement pour cr er une des ontologies les plus riches celle des mondes possible The Web is now philosophical engineering aL Ss Tim Berners Lee C est cette logique qui est deriere le Web S mantique le projet r el de Tim Berners Lee et qui explique sa phrase que le Web est de l ingenieurerie philosophique WWW Geneva 94 Thursday 20 September 12 graphes de relations entre des pages Semantic Web Thursday 20 September 12 ces pages peuvent parler de choses dans le monde Social Web Thursday 20 September 12 et donc mettre les choses elle m me en relation a travers les page qui parlent d elle a travers la relation s mantique de reference 5 Epoche Revolutions Micro ordinateurs et Arpanet Ordinateurs personells thatcherisme Web et com Al Gore Clinton Web2 0 l aparition de social decentralise2. Semantique effets de reseau et metastabilite Epineuil le Fleuriel Henry Story http bblfish net image thanks Licence CC Attribution Thursday 20 September 12 Remerciement Stiegler Nur wo Leben ist da ist auch Wille aber nicht Wille zum Leben sondern so lehr ich s dich Wille zur Macht Also Sprach Zarathustra Nietzsche Thursday 20 September 12 La vie comme volont de puissance En anglais will to power peut etre compris comme volote de pouvoir ou le pouvoir peut etre pense comme pouvoir politique ou pouvoir sur les autres Mais cela devrait etre plutot compris comme volonte de pouvoir d action Nietzsche parle de vie et non d individu C est a dire que c est la vie entiere qui doit etre compris comme cela Qu est ce que la vie Des structures qui se reproduisent et qui doivent acceder au plus de possibilit s possibile La plante pousse mais ne peut que lentement se d placer L animal se deplace L homme peut se changer et creer des outils qui lui permettent d etendre sa puissance l avion pour aller plus loin l ordinateur pour penser plus vite les vaisseau spaciaux pour quitter la terre Si il y a une necessit c est celle ci Also sprach Zarathustra Ein Buch f r Alle und Keinen Thursday 20 September 12 Beaucoup des livres de Nietzsche commencent avec ce genre d avertissement Zarathustra dit meme a ces disciples d aller leur propre che
3. knows l blog _ workplaceHomepage ag workplaceHomepage http sun com gt 4 http roller org gt Thursday 20 September 12 derri re l interface utilisateur des r seaux des graphes de relations peuvent se former Ces graphes sont Facebook permet en plus la protection partielle des information cr eant des r seaux qui se policent eux memes par leurs utilisateurs Feacebook emprunte donc a wikipedia l lement de crowdsourcing un policage du cite oyen de facebook par lui m me Thursday 20 September 12 Mais il permet aussi quoique rarement discut la visibilti de tout le r seaux par la corporation elle m me Range 19 09 19 98 Div yield Q 1 8k 19 16 0 85 4 26 s2week 1875 4500 EPS 0 18 Open 19 58 Shares 2 14B After Hours 19 11 0 05 0 26 Vol Avg 70 64M 42 53M Beta Aug 21 7 59PM EDT NASDAQ real time data Disclaimer Mkt cap 41 05B Inst own 15 Currency in USD P E 106 96 Compare Dow Jones Nasdaq MEET RENN U GOOG AOL Aug 17 2012 Aug 21 2012 0 71 3 57 i Fri Aug 17 11 am 3 pm Mon Aug 20 11 am Tue Aug 21 adult gt lt Settings Plot feeds Technicals amp Link to this view Volume delayed by 15 mins Related companies Show Most Recent Annual 4 Add or remove columns Valuation Company name Price Change Chg dimly Mkt Cap FB Facebook Inc 19 16 0 85 4 26 sh ES 41 05B Thursday 20 September 12 c
4. nis Formule 1 Basket Auto Moto Cyclisme Voile Athl tisme Sports et soci t CET D bat en direct avd onde Sqr MS services Sarkozy ordonne le d blocage des d p ts de carburant Le chef de l Etat a r p t mercredi que la r forme il irait son terme ACCES INTERNET 11 3 Le blocage reste total entre l ex cutif pametan s Mor ec le tout lemonde et les syndicats MAIL GRATUIT Cr ez une adresse de type votrenom club lemonde f 41 14 Deven AD 1 1 iy ee E 11 10 Ret la ad I 3 ster RECHERCHE 1 z i y a NSE i LX j3 pe varian e J ees ae ox es responsables de Le point sur Les cartes pour trouver h matiques PRES blocus risquent gros perturbations pai ou pas de l essence NEWSLETTER b i P fe snes ou nonce Dr vari ant r R 2 Com role a niingeetiga pas AUT a annonc mercredi avoir inval ui pourrait repr senter plus de 20 18 septembre dernier ffaire Gr gory la justice ordonne des tigations compl mentaires dagtruction de la cour d apss http lemonde fr Thursday 20 September 12 P P m d T ACL t NS La a a r 1 aan as Bh _ 3 j l o m f Blackwell php ir aw Thursday 20 September 12 Donc revenons finalement a David Lewis et ca these doctorale de David Lewis sur la Convention pulbli en 1969 et qui comme vous pourrez le voir sur le site plato stanford edu a t discut
5. 33 9 70 44 86 64 e US phone 1 510 931 549 I am also available via a number of instant messaging platforms Please send a short message when you attempt to contact me via these platforms describing who you are I may block you by mistake otherwise e Skype bblfish e Aol Instant Messenger unbabelfish Email hjs bblfish net Content Type text html translate this page lt html gt lt body gt lt h1 gt Henry Story lt h1 gt My RSA Public Key Webld http bblfish net hjs Modulus hexadecimal 79 BF E2 F4 98 BC O79 9 6D ABS 73 E26 8B 39 4D 06 Thursday 20 September 12 There is nothing in the HTTP protocol that specifies that the client has to be a laptop and the server a machine without a User Interface The Client Server distinctions are just roles that computer agents play in the protocol To make this clear have here replaced the laptop with a box which could be the same laptop or another server Search engines after all follow exactly the same protocol to crawl the web for information before handing their discoveries to indexing software https bblfish net bblfish net Henry Story S e You can call me from a landline at any one of the following numbers whichever is most convenient for you e French phone 33 9 70 44 86 64 e US phone 1 510 931 5491 r e fe S I am also available via a number of instant messaging platforms Please send a short message when you attem
6. French network would be 3300 quadrillion links By laying one cable linking the German and French network both the German and French networks gained millions of users but more interestingly the combined value of the network is double the value the sum of the two This gives an indication of the value advantage for any telecom operator to be part of a global telecommunications space It used to be argued that most people would find nearly no value in connecting out of their local community and so that these figures should not be taken too far But more and more we are finding that those links once in place do get used When spaces of possibilities open up organisations develop to start making use of them T BT 2 at amp t 2 vodafone Thursday 20 September 12 In any case one can now call people from any operator to any other operator without ever really knowing what operator one s contact is on tel 33 9 70 44 86 64 Thursday 20 September 12 All one needs to know is their telephone number a globally unique identifier for their phone In some countries one can even switch operator and keep the same number Thursday 20 September 12 The same is true of e mail In the early 80ies when universities were starting to connect with each other the value of e mail was still very limited Even academics who could with minimal effort get email accounts often found the inconvenience of learning
7. Reference distinction to be made and used by taking advantage of a feature of the URI that has been hidden from view until now the fragment identifier RFC 3986 which defines the URI has this to say The fragment identifier component of a URI allows indirect identification of a secondary resource by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying information The identified secondary resource may be some portion or subset of the primary resource some view on representations of the primary resource or some other resource defined or described by those representations It is this later feature of fragment identifiers that is used by the semantic web The reference of a URI with a fragment identifier can be defined or described by the representation returned by the document referred to by the URL without the fragment identifier In the case illustrated here the URL http bblfish net hjs refers to me via the meaning of the document http bblfish net http richard cyganiak de foaf rdi cyagri http xmins com foaf 0 1 knows http www anjeve de foat rdf AnjaJentzsch Semantics So now that we have the reference relation we can explain what is semantic about the Semantic Web Semantics is the relation that ties URIs to their referent the relation that ties strings to things we might say or words to the world Syntax on the other hand is the way names for things or properties can be combined to produce what are kno
8. g Paul White likes this Sponsored Wirb auf Facebook Erreich ELE milliok Jana Herwig Ads auf Fit Faceb gt Ea za m cl i mit Kif a Wh OES Highlight lt p ighlights a a The Ryan Cd by Geraldine lg Share Photos du nj Adam Pisoni RT TechCrunch Yammer s Big Night Launches a ee sine LameJ Threaded Conversations Push Enabled iPhone App And More ae 49922 nttp tcrn ch 860 j Comment Like Free wall paf downloadin AA Amalik Amriou A est ecuellois d adoption Rie lt a TE rh yi mE WC o So Thursday 20 September 12 Mais le probleme essentiel d un site de rencontre est qu une fois des gens se sont rencontr s il ne veulent plus utiliser le site Le revolution de Facebook bien loin d agir sur les pulsions de bases comme le pr tendent beauoup travaille en fait sur les relations a longue dur e En publiant l image des personnes sur le site de facon visible en favorisant la notion d amis stable et d amis d amis en favorisant une transparence FB a mis sur des relations de transidividuation bien plus longue que les sites de rencontres Cela permet evidement le court termisme et la stupidit mais l architecture ne le renforce pas Cela favorise en effet plutot que les gens reviennent et changent des donn es en r solvant donc un probleme du web celui de partage de contenu entre amis _ country Fe France Fontainebleau gt 21 rue St Honor
9. A Googol is 10 followed by 100 zeroes The third number has 300 digits that is it is a google times a square google So the space of possibilities we are looking at would be like positioning a Google as one square in a space one googol long and one googol wide If we imagine 1000 acquaintances listing all the groups they are interested members of then this is equivalent to them declaring their position in this huge space of possibilities Well those are some back of the envelope calculations that would require some further thought S wii NX NN WY IN Bali me a FR CRE LUNA Er y bos i me gt pe et ae H t 4 A A fe e vye y weet rat TA t i Jf Ve 2 gt Wi sAN KA n 5 aa0 6 y R i H J gt E ee ass RER LUE a CI D A a A lt Q A ae P h k Tes 3 Lr gt Se as oer ATASAN x SE a ag Ye ow ey 4 Sk Fr a SS y X gt n a ne a 2 L 3 x JE ect s5 P Late e GOIS ae f ey es AAN 7 y a a 28 ENT Ware REC AIG f b AEP i j Thursday 20 September 12 Donc revenons a Hermes et au Caducae Pour r soudre ce probleme nous devons reconsidere encore une fois les problemes de l architecture du web pour bien monter comment cela Thursday 20 September 12 Consider the telephone network for example A BT Thursday 20 September 12 Calling across network ope
10. get going Millikan s web site http www philosophy uconn edu department millikan UFO s see Growing on the Web April 06 2006 http blogs sun com bblfish entry ufo_s_ seen_growing_on Names and memes July 26 2006 http blogs sun com bblfish entry names and memes Language is a Virus Sept 09 2007 http blogs sun com bblfish entry language is a virus R Millikan starts her book by asking what the distinction is between the physical and the biological What is the Categorical difference between atoms and life Thursday 20 September 12 Picture owned by HP I guess To start her analysis she considers a well known device the photocopier The function of this machine is to make copies of paper The relation between the original paper and the new one is not a relation of material identity since we end up with two papers The function of the photocopier is to produce a copy of a certain pattern the patterns of text on the entry page A pattern has been reproduced she writes if its form is derived from a previous item or items having in certain respects the same form such that had the model s been different in these respects the copy would have been different accordingly Where it is easy to find the function of a mechanical device such as the photocopier since we constructed it and it comes with a user manual it is not quite so easy to find the proper function for those struct
11. herself as well as relationships of various kinds friendship kinship etc that she has with other people across the web These in turn can confirm those relationships by publishing profiles linking back to Juliet s via what we can call her WebID https bblfish net bblfish net htips bblfish net Henry Story S e You can call me from a landline at any one of the following numbers whichever is most convenient for you e French phone 33 9 70 44 86 64 e US phone 1 510 931 5491 r e fe S I am also available via a number of instant messaging platforms Please send a short message when you attempt to contact me via these platforms describing who you are I may block you by mistake otherwise e Skype bblfish e Aol Instant Messenger unbabelfish Email hjs bblfish net CD translate this page My RSA Public Key Webld http bblfish net hjs Modulus hexadecimal 9D 79 BF E2 F4 98 BC 79 6D AB 73 E2 8B 39 4D BS 26 68 49 amp EE 71 lt 87 amp 06 32 amp C9 9F 3F 94 E5 amp CB 4D B5 12 35 13 69 60 81 58 79 66 F3 79 20991 6A SF 42 5A F6 amp 54 amp 42 BB B2 E9 amp 19 4A amp 79 amp 87 amp 2E amp 62 44 gt 2D 7C 06 78 F8 FD 52 92 6D CD D6 F3 28 6B 15 gt CB D3 F2 08 34 72 A2 12 75 AE D1 09g 04 8E 04 E5 BF D1
12. of the word But very importantly Milikan has also show how the relation of reference between a word and the world can be achieved even if it is not achieved in the minds of every participant that uses the word as for example many people know something about HIV but could not distinguish it from any other disease if asked There may also be here something for people studying Derrida a french philosopher who wrote a lot about texts to look at From what understand from one book by Geoffrey Bennington Derrida was very aware of the historical nature of words how when written they were to be read later by many people many of whom would be unknown to the author written perhaps to be read after his death This led Derrida to notice that texts are things that survive over time and whose meaning is partly altered with every reading which in some way escapes them Indeed if language belongs to the Biological Category that is the category of those things which follow the logic of reproduction then Millikan may have found a way for french and analytic philosophy to find another meeting point perhaps with the added advantage that Millikan can give an explanation also of reference and so tie the word back to the world Software reproduces Vocabularies reproduce They reproduce each other Selection of vocabularies Value of network effect Picture given out with Keynote app by Apple So with such an understanding of language we can expl
13. premier ministre et le ministre de l int rieur reste acquis afin de r gler leur diff rend sur la Corse lire le dossier ffrages exprim s lors des lections du 18 septembre dernier Affaire Gr gory la justice ordonne des gations compl mentaires astruction de la cour d apns ES incendies en Corse y http lemonde fr Thursday 20 September 12 Synchronie Asynchronie gt nous am nera vers la diachronie URI est le concept au coeur du system C est ce qui permet le creation de systemes distribu s parce que chaque companie chaque individu peut acheter un nom de domaine et ne pas avoir a synchroniser avec un objet central Cela permet le developmenet en parallel de pages Mais comment c est uri peuvent elles etre utilis s Comment ce metastabilisent ils blogs sun com juliet name The Sun BabelFish Blog ie aa Don t panic MONDAY JUL 20 2009 two months of foaf ssl talks Twitter Flickr Blog Foaf file CV Regs For the past one and a half months have been traveling through Europe giving talks on foaf ssl the RESTful auth protocol for the Social Web Here is a short summary of where have been 23 June Metalab Hacker s Club Vienna While in Vienna gave a presentation at the Metalab an open mes happened a journalist from the well known Ere bbifish net BATS E LIL LOISIRS PRATIQUE VOUS VOTRE INFO LE MONDE LES NEWSLETTERS LES DOSSIERS
14. 41 64 D1 C FZZ 46 CO 56 87 9 8D B8 7C CEB B8 B5 47 Y Thursday 20 September 12 The Web as we have described it up to now has consisted only of URIs referring to resources that have been some form of what is known as Information Resource also known more commonly as a Document In the case of URI referring to a document the sense of the document is given by interpreting the document So the Sense Reference distinction that we get from Gottlob Frege who revolutionised our understanding of Logic at the end of the 19th century and on which Bertrand Russel Wittgenstein the Vienna circle and essentially the whole of the 20th century analytic tradition of philosophy based their work these two relations have up to know been co extensive https bblfish net hjs APACHE bblfish net 443 reference https bblfish net Henry Story SENSE foaf name birthdate rfc3986 The fragment identifier component of a URI allows indirect identification of a secondary resource by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying information The identified secondary resource may be some portion or subset of the primary resource some view on representations of the primary resource or some other resource defined or described by those representations Thursday 20 September 12 The Semantic Web is one step forward on what is known as the Web of Documents in that it permits the Sense
15. T as Speech Document Acts https bblfish net bblfish net Henry Story You can call me from a landline at any one of the following numbers whichever is most convenient for you e French phone 33 9 70 44 86 64 e US phone 1 510 931 5491 I am also available via a number of instant messaging platforms Please send a short message when you attempt to contact me via these platforms describing who you are I may block you by mistake otherwise Skype bblfish e Aol Instant Messenger unbabelfish Content Type text html Email hjs bblfish net lt html gt lt body gt lt h1 gt Henry Story lt h1 gt ee My RSA Public Key http bbifish net hjs Modulus hexadecimal 9D 79 BF E2 F 98 BC 79 6D amp AB 73 E26 8B 39 4D 04 BE 04 E5 BF D1 41 64 D1 FEZA 46 CO 56 87 amp 8D B8 7C C6 g John Searle book builds on his work on Speech Acts The human world he argues there is built coordination which is only possible at such a scale because of language and its use As we are looking at the web we can perhaps see something similar here At least it may help us open up some new ways of thinking of it First we can think of all computers on the Web as agents in so far as they can issue and respond to requests The interfaces used on the Web are particularly simple ones which is what enabled this system to grow so
16. Web Social centralise facebook twitter 2010 Privacy hits the headlines lreland North Korea Climate Change Movies How it gotintoits Why won t Africa s quest to Flicks for 0 e economic mess China stepari beat the desert St Nick s E D i Do You Want to Know a Secret Why WikiLeaks Julian Assange has so many of them BY MAS Al E And why it hasn t hurt America RY FAREED ZAKARIA Thursday 20 September 12 un pharmakon qui a peut etre positif et negatif et qui nous amene Wikipedia Facebook et Wiki leaks jl CG CCC of single people Nave already joined us are currently online Thursday 20 September 12 Mais pour comprendre les r seaux actuels il faudrait faire un g n alogie des sites de r seaux sociaux Wired a fait publie un excellent article sur The Well http www wired com wired archive 5 05 ff well_pr html cr e en 1984 et qui permettait des conversation tres pouss sur l internet parmi les universitaires Mais avec le com boom des sites bases beaucoup plus sur la pulsion sexuelle sous la pr tention de sites de rencontres se sont cr es Feed PD Requests s 1 friend request ti inebleau Fra a t 12 group invitations je 5 Page suggestions 17 other requests ts Updates Marc Canter tS Bountiful harvest my first trip to the Shaker Sq Farmer s market Suggestions K s Heidi Story 2 people are mu u Add as Friend Comment Like Share
17. ain the final part of how the Social Web can grow ina distributed decentralised way In a decentralised World Wide Web there can be no Academie du Web that orders and defines the meanings of URLs on the Web Such an organisation would be a huge bottleneck and it would be impossible in a global space But if there is no central authority only relative trusted authorities such as the W3C then how do we avoid a massive duplication of vocabularies on every subject Who gets to decide which the good vocabularies are Well in the end want to suggest it is simply natural selection of vocabularies This natural selection occurs in a number of ways which are not that different from how HTML and the web got going in the first place Vocabularies appear in documents that are read by software which can then publish new documents for others to link to in the case of the WWW the navigators did not publish but html was easy enough for people publishers to learn by themselves If doing this increases the value to the user of the software tool he is using while increasing the value of the network even more then the vocabulary the URIs html will spread in the web and so will the software too As these networks grow in value any new software tool that consumes the vocabulary will find it more advantageous to work with the old vocabulary rather than create a new one to do the Same thing as it will then surf along with the growing movement that already exists For a vo
18. ated by one relation This relation is the relation named by the URI http xmlns com foaf 0 1 knows So the top layer of three successive URIs forms an RDF sentence These are just strings The relation in the world is what is satisfies the sentence according to this interpretation The relation between the words and the world again a binary relation is what semantics is about This may seem very weird btw We know that computers are very good at manipulating symbols How do they get this relation to the world How do they get Semantics Do they really need this relation Why this extra layer that seems to parallel the syntactic one I will try to disentangle the magic here But don t let it entangle you Human beings find it quite easy to distinguish words and the world and understand that relation very well After all the string for Anja in the picture is 47 characters long and as opposed to Anja never had a mother and never saw Berlin Reference Picture first published in syntax and semantics the relation between xml and rdf Dec 10 2005 http blogs sun com bblfish entry the_relation_between_xml_and http bbifish net http jack name foaf friend of a friend Thursday 20 September 12 With this in place it now becomes possible to link not just documents but also to related people via those documents into machine readable social networks distributed across servers Juliet can publish information about
19. ats La mobilisation n a pas faibli mardi ACCES INTERNET Entrez dans la communaut du Monde avec le kit de connexion tout lemonde fr 11 20 Sarkozy ordq d p ts de ca 11 14 Devendra vq MAIL GRATUIT Cr ez une adresse de type votrenom club lemonde fr 11 10 Retraites la insistent REI info lemonde fr Jolo les rebelles du groupe Abu Sayyaf ont RECHERCHE lib r six otages aaa L actu en contin i i EDITION ABON Les ex prisonniers vont tre conduits Tripoli pour rencontrer le chef n t 4 d Etat libyen artisan de la n gociation Le gouvernement de Manille OK Va fl al es responsables de Le point sur les Les cartes pour trouver th matiques assure avoir obtenu l accord des insurg s musulmans pour la restitution blocus risquent gros perturbations parlementaires ou pas de l essence prochaine de l ensemble des occidentaux encore d tenus Recherche d taill e lire le dossier A nos lecte fe Monde NEWSLETTER M Jospin ne veut pas trancher le cas les sites du Monde Nouvelles 25 Aug 2000 Plus d un million de bulletins de vote invalid s en Afghanistan 2 a Commission lectorale afghane a annonc mercredi avoir invalid EE aa j 3 million de bulletins de vote ce qui pourrait repr senter plus de 20 des Presse Le Nouvel Obs variant Le principe d une rencontre rapide entre le
20. cabulary to maximise it s adoption it has to minimise any friction to its duplication patent free copyright free licences help a lot here and so does truthfulness and trust in the institutions publishing core vocabularies a place for universities which are some of the longest established institutions in the world to play a leading roles Conclusion e The Web is a declarative P2P architecture built on URIs e Reference enabled both linking and merging of information e Network effects is the driving force e WebID enables agent identification in a subjective web of trust So in conclusion of this very long talk We saw how behind the web in the social web and in the linked data and semantic web the network effect is a driving force that allows these distributed peer to peer biological like systems to grow and stabilise Currently these network effects are working in favour of some very big providers but their inability to link out is imprisoning their users and in the longer term themselves too A much wider Space of possibilities is available in a global social web allowing players from health agents to government institutions to political players to businesses to work together in a decentralised way protecting each actors privacy in the process as well as allowing them each to express their point of view without enforcing a point of view on the system as a whole It is on the foundations of the URI the global identifier tha
21. ed at tApril2008 fetched at From from http ongoin org tim rdf http bblfish net people henry card What the Semantic Address Book does is to fetch those two graphs using the HTTP protocol which it then stores in a semantic database knows as a quad store whilst adding metadata on the graph relations themselves That is the semantic database makes sure it can keep track of where and when it found the information Named Graph Store http sun com http sun com a 1 April 2008 http bblfish net people henry card 1 April 2008 http ongoin org tim rdf __ http ongoing org gt a 33 0 164225952 NetworkedGraph Thursday 20 September 12 The Address Book can then merge the information from the two graphs to produce a new merged graph Where one could not ask what the name of the friends of the primary topic were in the original mini graphs one can do this now Here one can ask for example what Henry s friends names are using a query language such as SPARQL The answer here will be Tim By merging the graph we deepen our ability to query data we can explore a larger network and we can discover new relations that were not available in either of them alone The Power of the Semantic web lies exactly here it is one could say the mathematics or logic of information merging Everything in the semantic web is designed to make this easy from the simple relational data
22. efore clearly different from the URI It is the referent of the names that is what gets merged The concept of reference is therefore essential to making merging of information possible And since merging information is what allows the powerful network effects to take place it is an essential tool of thought Thursday 20 September 12 So we are right at the beginning of the Social Web now The need for it has become clear in the past year and people are speaking of Personal Data Stores me of a Social CMS We are then in a very similar situation where Tim Berners Lee was in 1990 when he showed off the first Web Browser he was the only one with a some content and he needed to get the network to grow LANGUAGE THOUGHT AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES New Foundations for Realism To see that these metaphors of growth has a much deeper relevance than one may think let me summarise this fascinating work by Ruth Garett Millikan Language Thought and Other Biological Categories All her papers are online by the way on her web site Notes and References first developed the points described in the following section on April 2006 in UFO s seen growing on the Web in response to a debate where the issue was how the semantic web could get going The argument was that it needed an Upper Foundational Ontology but since it was impossible to get agreement on that it was also impossible for the web to
23. el 33 0 foaf knows lt http ongoing org tim rdf tim gt So let us now consider how the Address Book works in a bit more detail Let us imagine we have two servers on the web one by Tim Bray one of the authors of the RDF XML spec a famous blogger and semantic web skeptic and one by me Let us imagine that one day Tim Bray will give up his skepticism and just use the semantic web by publishing his foaf profile in some document such as the one shown here which is a readable non XML notation knows as Turtle a subset of N3 The two documents describe two people and link them by the knows relation Clearly there are no arrows going from one server to the next The link is made by the use of URIs of course htto bblifish aa aiii http sun com foaf workplaceHomepage P http sun com a a foaf name at ee hitpsfongoing org gt e foaf knows foaf openid foaf phone _ 33 0 164225952 Thursday 20 September 12 But there is no harm in picturing the documents as two graphs that link to each other as shown here Each person is described by his relationship to a few other resources be it an openid a telephone number or a name And each graph links each primary topic of the graph that is Tim Bray on the left to the primary topic of the graph of the other graph via the foaf knows relation Named Graph Store foaf name foaf name foaf knows a tim foaf knows fetch
24. en profondeur pendant les 40 dernieres annees Convention la rencontre de deux ou plus de personnes quand on raccroche le telephone qui rapelle Hume deux personnes rament sur un bateau de quel cote faut il conduire e quel commodite utiliser comme bien d change Thursday 20 September 12 Tous ces exemples vont etre r unis par Lewis et interpr t par la th orie des jeux La th orie des jeux a ete surtout utilis a cet poque pour analyser les jeux de conflits mais explique t il la th orie des jeux s applique aussi bien au problemes de coordination ou l important est de trouver des equilibres entre le d sir d agents qui vont amener a un systeme m tastable Choix de point de rendez vous Thursday 20 September 12 Imaginons par exemple que deux personnes veulent se rencontrer Ils peuvent se rencontrer a plusieurs endroits differents et ce n est pas tellement important ou ils se rencontrent Le meilleur endroit pour moi d aller c est d aller ou tu veut aller et pour toi d aller la ou je vais aller c est un probleme de coordination il ne faut pas prendre trop au serieux les nombres ici Ce sont p 42 of Convention A regularity R of the behavior of members of a population P when they are agents in a recurrent situation S is a convention if and only if in any instance of S among members of P 1 everyone conforms to R 2 everyone expects everyone else to conform to R 3 everyone p
25. le of the 20th century analytic tradition of philosophy based their work these two relations have up to know been co extensive Notes For a lot more details on Frege see Frege s contribution to the Philosophy of Language by Richard G Heck and Robert May http frege brown edu heck pdf published FregeContribution pdf rfc3986 The fragment identifier component of a URI allows indirect identification of a secondary resource by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying information The identified secondary resource may be some portion or subset of the primary resource some view on representations of the primary resource or some other resource defined or described by those representations nets bblfish net hjs bblfish net 443 reference https oblfish net Henry Story SENSE foaf name Thursday 20 September 12 The Semantic Web is one step forward on what is known as the Web of Documents in that it permits the Sense Reference distinction to be made and used by taking advantage of a feature of the URI that has been hidden from view until now the fragment identifier RFC 3986 which defines the URI has this to say The fragment identifier component of a URI allows indirect identification of a secondary resource by reference to a primary resource and additional identifying information The identified secondary resource may be some portion or subset of the primary reso
26. mans can be thought of as being naturally selected for if we believe Chomsky The words used in a language on the other hand are conventional and they reproduce between each member of a language community as part of the sentences of which they are part The function of the words may be many but for many words one important function is the referential function If someone shouts careful Bus the word Bus refers to a big heavy vehicle In a world where people use the word as we do then at least in cases such as this it will have a direct relevance to the life of the person who hears it as it should trigger them to turn their head and step back That is the meaning of the words is in part independent of either the speaker or the hearer though without of course a pattern of use in a community the word would have no meaning at all So with this conception which will remind some of the work on Memes by Richard Dawkins Millikan has in book made some fundamental moves First she has naturalised and historicised the philosophy of language Analytic philosophy had until then suffered from an a historical because too logical view of the world By adding evolution Millikan shows how the etymology of a word is key to understanding its meaning Secondly she reminds us that there have to be reasons for words to spread from brain to brain Each person needs to find an advantage in participating in the spreading of the word which spreading reinforces the use
27. min et de remetre questionier toujours ces pensees de trouver d autre chemins sceptre des herauts Thursday 20 September 12 Nietzsche qui tait malade malade disait il de l histoire Europeene dont la syphilis attrap tout jeune le confronte avec la culpabilit et dont les pr dictions sur le 20e siecle et sur sa propre m sinterpretation ont t entierement confirm Ce malade doit etre precede de Hermes avec son caducet port par les h rauts officier qui en tant de guerre passait porter les message et accompagnier les bless s Mais vers ou le porter Vers quel hospital Et quels outils utiliseront ils pour le guerir Personellement j ai choisi de me tourner vers la philosophie analytique comme antidote Thursday 20 September 12 Philosophie analytique qui emerge en Allemagne naissaint avec la revolution de la logique mathematique de Frege a peut pres au meme moment que Nietszsche est interne pour folie Frege revolutionne la logique depuis Aristotle en la formalisant la mathematisant la pr parant pour la mechanique symbolique de l ordinateur qui emergera dans le siecle suivant Frege inspirera Bertrand Russel en angleterre prendra Wittgenstein Autrichien comme eleve et dont le Tractatus Logic Philosophicus crit pendant la premiere guerre mondiale inspirera le cercle de Vienne qui furent chasse en grande partie vers les Etats unis par le Fascisme To be Is to be the value of a variable
28. mputer devices in your cell phone whatever We don t care We just draw them as boxes http bbifish net http jack name http bank com DS accnt 1 On each of these you can set up your own web server which then allows others to access your web site with a URL such as mine http bblfish net You then can place web pages on each of these servers Any number of them They can then be linked http lemonde fr reference lemonde fr se jour 11h42 Paris fe Monde fr A ACTUALIT S D BATS Jel LOISIRS PRATIQUE VOUS VOTRE INFO LE MONDE LES NEWSLETTERS LES DOSSIERS Groupe Le Monde lemonde B lenven u e Depuis e 9 hape nine aaae a aek akere comment fonctionne N 0 S tout lemonde fr mis our 13 28 services Lire la suite Foot Rugby Tennis Formule 1 Basket Auto Moto Cyclisme Voile Athl tisme Sports et soci t D bat en direct ave A Ana CHAT 12HO arkozy ordonne le d blocage des d p ts de carburant i AA PT 2 Le chef de l Etat a r p t mercredi quela C0 Sell g n ral de r forme des retraites irait son terme de la mise en uvi et il a mis en garde contre les cons quences des gr ves sur l activit ee En continu En direct l acc s Orly bloqu im 11 38 Joue deve Bras de fer autour des d p ts LE MONDE F pen 5 11 31 D ch ance q Le blocage reste total entre l ex cutif am ricaine d et les syndic
29. new tools to participate in this network not to be worth their while mailto henry story bblfish net Thursday 20 September 12 But now with email you can send messages to the whole world whatever organisation your contact belongs to wherever they are Again e mails rely on globally unique identifiers identifiers of inboxes that are easy to write down at a party and type in a message Nobody needs to know which software runs the resulting system or who runs it E mail was designed for cross organisational communication Thursday 20 September 12 Now Consider the Web you can buy your own domain name mine is bblfish net and so can your friends juliet name Zo L 7 Imagine all of us get a computer and name each of our boxes using DNS Domain Name System The computers could be anywhere in the cloud in your basement of if you are Swiss in your bunker in a pocket sized personal computer devices in your cell phone whatever We don t care We just draw them as boxes Thursday 20 September 12 Eben Moglen author of GPL Freedom in the cloud Thursday 20 September 12 Libre gratuit Stallman Thursday 20 September 12 Boite de Pandore Imagine all of us get a computer and name each of our boxes using DNS Domain Name System The computers could be anywhere in the cloud in your basement of if you are Swiss in your bunker in a pocket sized personal co
30. nipulating it by following a set of purely syntactical rules by following a huge rule book in such a way that the reply he returns would count as a good answer in Chinese As he points out in his online 2010 lectures the key point is that Turing Machines are purely syntactical machines But there is something striking here the Web is a set of interconnected machines Turing machines perhaps just processing symbols Yet the web does clearly have a minimal semantics a browser can fetch a document placed on a server on the other side of the world documents link to each other It could be argued and think Searle would argue that it is we who give those machines their semantics by tying them into large telecommunication structures that follow carefully established protocols which form expectations on which actors start basing themselves It is quite staggering when we think of just how big some of these human built structures are how much knowledge and coordination they involve It is clearly with the purpose of referring to things that URLs are built this is how web developers think of them when using them this is what people think when clicking on a link That behind this the turing machines just shift bits and bytes while reductionistically true may also make things suddenly seem very mysterious Similarly explaining human behaviour in terms of Neuron firing may at times be useful but mostly not that helpful in everyday life RES
31. of all subsets of a set PUA B CH ABC AB A C B CAB Cr P RA B C 58 A bit of maths here is helpful Take a set of three people Allan Beatrice and Clive A B C Consider the Power Set of that set that is the set of all subsets of the set It contains the empty set the set of all singletons the set of all pairs and the set itself So the number of groups that can be formed with 3 people is 8 as shown For a setofsizen the power set size is 2n Power sets follow a mathematical law for a set of size n the power site size is 2 to the power of n It is worth looking at how this grows PS 100 267 650 600 228 229 401 496 703 205 376 PS 200 160 693 804 425 899 027 554 196 209 234 116 260 252 220 299 378 279 283 530 137 PS 1000 I0 715 086 O71 862 673 209 484 250 490 600 018 105 614 048 117 055 336 074 437 503 883 703 510 511 249 361 224 931 983 788 156 958 581 275 946 729 175 531 468 251 8 1 452 856 923 140 435 984 577 574 698 574 803 934 567 774 824 230 985 421 074 605 062 371 141 877 954 182 153 046 474 983 581 941 267 398 767 559 165 543 946 077 062 914 571 196 477 686 542 167 660 429 831 652 624 386 837 205 668 069 376 Googol cubed 1044100 4 3 The Power Set Size for 100 is 1 nonillion for 200 it is one hundred sixty octodecillion To get an idea of the size of the Powerset of sets with 1000 members we need to compare this number to the Googol the number of the famous search engine
32. orporation qui a t mis sur le march a 100 milliards de dollards et qui depuis a perdus 60 de ca valeur ce qui risque de renforcer les mauvaises tendances pulsionelles dans le system Panopticon E mn s it A ol ii gt z L h 7 3 ae de De Je e e B 54 Pa ee SIT ee gt t 5 os gt ARE ae ee teh OTRIN s 2 Thursday 20 September 12 Facebook est un panopticon capitaliste qui permet la visibilit e complete du systeme par les propi taires qui peuvent dans les limites de l acceptable qui peut changer vendre les donn es ou meme etre oblige par les pouvoirs politiques des etats unis de le r veler Thursday 20 September 12 Comme dans l ancient testament nous d couvrons donc notre nudit totale Et pourtant la question est pourquoi des milliards d individus vont ils joindre de leur plein gr un system d un tel genre Comme dans l ancien testament nous devons comprendre la relation de Dieux au pouvoir Et ici le pouvoir et compris dans l ffet de r seaux Le plus de gens joignent facebook le plus d echangent ils peuvent faire facilement sur le systeme change d images de sites web le plus de confiance ils peuvent avoir le plus confiance ils vont avoir et le plus ils vont essayer de convaincre leurs amis de joindre Echanger des photos de chats ou des videos par mail n est pas facile FB r sout ce probleme en donnant un semblant d intime The Power Set is the sets
33. pt to contact me via these platforms describing who you are I may block you by mistake otherwise e Skype bblfish e Aol Instant Messenger unbabelfish Email hjs bblfish net SD translate this page My RSA Public Key Webld http bblfish net hjs Modulus hexadecimal 9D 79 BF E2 F4 98 BC 79 6D AB 73 E2 8B 39 4D BS 26 68 49 amp EE 71 lt 87 amp 06 32 amp C9 9F 3F 94 E5 amp CB 4D B5 12 35 13 69 60 81 58 79 66 F3 79 20991 6A SF 42 5A F6 amp 54 amp 42 BB B2 E9 amp 19 4A amp 79 amp 87 amp 2E amp 62 44 gt 2D 7C 06 78 F8 FD 52 92 6D CD D6 F3 28 6B 15 gt CB D3 F2 08 34 72 A2 12 75 AE D1 09g 04 8E 04 E5 BF D1 41 64 D1 C FZZ 46 CO 56 87 9 8D B8 7C CEB B8 B5 47 Y Thursday 20 September 12 The Web as we have described it up to now has consisted only of URIs referring to resources that have been some form of what is known as Information Resource also known more commonly as a Document In the case of URI referring to a document the sense of the document is given by interpreting the document So the Sense Reference distinction that we get from Gottlob Frege who revolutionised our understanding of Logic at the end of the 19th century and on which Bertrand Russel Wittgenstein the Vienna circle and essentially the who
34. quickly to the scale it has The main Speech Document act is the GET request whereby one computer agent asks another one for a REPRESENTATION of a resource Consider for example a Browser in the illustration above also known as a User Agent requesting the web page http bblfish net To do this the User Agent opens up a TCP connection to port 80 of the bblfish net machine and issues the request GET HTTP 1 1 followed usually by some further metadata describing the capabilities of the browser The Server bblfish net running an Apache httpd daemon perhaps there is a lot of other software implementing the protocol looks up the file in the file system or generates one on the file from data in a relational database and returns the HyperText Markup file preceded by a few headers of which the most important perhaps is the mime type of the content which enables the browser to select both the correct parser for it and to determine how to display or use the information The html usually has pointers to further embedded images which will then be fetched the same way Even a document on the Web is not just one file but a graph of interlinked documents Client Server are roles which any agent can play speech acts https bblfish net fo efore ce jack name bblfish net https bblfish net Henry Story You can call me from a landline at any one of the following numbers whichever is most convenient for you e French phone
35. rators does not seem to be a problem there Metcalf s Law n n 1 2 which is proportional to n Thursday 20 September 12 It may have been at one point though But the following reasoning can show us the pressures that are thought to have been brought to bear in that space Consider a time where only two telephones were connected by one line The value of the line would be completely dependent there on the value those two people laid on their ability to communicate with each other remotely Consider now a network of 5 telephones With 5 telephones the value of the telephone for each user is the value he puts on communicating remotely with any of 4 other people The value of the network is the combined number of such connections namely 10 With 12 people in the network the value of the network is 11 for each user and so 66 for the whole network NOTES first argued this in RDF and Metcalf s Law July 29 2006 http blogs sun com bblfish entry rdf_and_metcalf_s law French Population 65 million ML 65 million 2 080 million German Population 82 million ML 65 million 3 321 million German French Pop 147 million ML 147 10 731 million Thursday 20 September 12 Imagine now that a country such as Germany and France were totally disconnected islands The value of the German network would be according to current population 2 080 million squared quadrillion the value of the
36. refers to conform to R on condition that others do since S is a coordination problem and uniform conformity to R is a proper coordination equilibrium in S Once the process gets started we have a metastable self perpetuating system of preferences expectations and actions capable of persisting indefinitely Thursday 20 September 12 Aberlard senso composito senso diviso qui permet de reformuler le system dessus en terme ou les individus n ont pas necessairement besoin d etre conscient de ces d sirs iy i i g making the social WOT Id THE STRUCTUR JOHN SEARLE this is a book cover not licences under CC believe Linking across sites is a trust issue that fragilises the publisher speaker agent to use a term coined by the psychoanalyst painter Bracha Ettinger by making her dependent on the behaviour of other players in the space but also strengthens her if the trust is rewarded This is the same in any social endeavour from playing music to building bridges to marriage to shopping to electing presidents as John Searle emphasises so well in his latest book Making the Social World The Structure of Human Civilisation The Web as a communication mechanism can be no other than social since language and civilisation itself is thus Speaking of Searle He is the author of the famous Chinese Room experiment where he imagines himself ina room receiving symbols from the outside and ma
37. structure to the open world assumption to the URI reference distinction Named Graph Store Henry Story bblfish foaf nick http bblfish net foaf blog http bblifish net foaf openid foaf name owl sameAs lt http bblfish net hjs gt lt http oblfish net people henry card me gt 1 April 2010 lt ____ fetched at fetchedat J a ape 3010 from http bblfish net people henry card from http bblfish net p NEUPEOP y Thursday 20 September 12 This merging of information can help us understand even more clearly the importance of reference on the semantic web from a computational perspective Imagine for example that our Address Book had found the following two graphs on the web each of them making an identity claim The owl sameAs relation is this identity relation From the law of indiscernibility of identity it follows that the object however named must have all the properties truly asserted of it D g Named Graph Store http bblfish net people henry card me http bblfish net hjs refers_ to foaf nick http bblfish net refers_to foaf blog Henry Story __http bblfish net foaf name foaf openid The merged graph therefore can merge the relations from both graphs onto the object referred to by the two URIs Clearly the two URIs are distinguishable They have different number of characters for one Their referent is ther
38. t the network effect can take place by tying sense and reference together and enabling information linking and merging at a global scale Identity is social http bblfish net Thursday 20 September 12 Identity is in a very strong way social and of course the social is very much tied to identity This should not come as a Surprise There is a lot more to be said certainly but the best is to leave this open for further exploration and discussion on the web Also as a final note recommend Logicomix a great cartoon that covers the birth of 20th century analytical philosophy and logic http www logicomix com
39. urce some view on representations of the primary resource or some other resource defined or described by those representations It is this later feature of fragment identifiers that is used by the semantic web The reference of a URI with a fragment identifier can be defined or described by the representation returned by the document referred to by the URL without the fragment identifier In the case illustrated here the URL http bblfish net hjs refers to me via the meaning of the document http bblfish net RFC 3986 http www apps ietf org rfc rfc3986 html sec 3 5 Syntax a on ee ry http richard cyganiak de foaf rdi cyagri http xmins com foaf 0 1 knows http www anjeve de foat rdf AnjaJentzsch is gr G Agi 5 E 4 4 oo ik a s ow a t 2 gt Semantics Thursday 20 September 12 So now that we have the reference relation we can explain what is semantic about the Semantic Web Semantics is the relation that ties URIs to their referent the relation that ties strings to things we might say or words to the world Syntax on the other hand is the way names for things or properties can be combined to produce what are known as well formed sentences or documents In the case of the semantic web we just need to imagine the world composed of things and binary relations between things Here we have in the Photo which I took a few years back in Berlin two people Richard and Anja rel
40. ures in the world that have arisen by themselves namely living beings Since there is no user manual for living beings which are clearly reproducing themselves Millikan asks how one can find the direct proper functions of parts of an organism such as the heart the eye etc After considering different options she considers the statistical correlation Perhaps the function of the heart pumping blood is because statistically that is what it does the most This does indeed sound right in the case of the heart Thursday 20 September 12 Copyright unknown But the counterexample is just too strong In the case of sperm and eggs perhaps the two most fundamental elements in the evolution of most species the statistical chance of a sperm succeeding in fertilizing an egg is close to zero This leads Millikan to propose that the primary function of an organism is determined by the evolutionary role that function played in the history of that organism Since Millikan described the notion of function in terms of the notion of reproduction and evolutionary history and she places the Biological with the category of that which reproduces this allows her to extend these thoughts to areas that may have previously seems dissimilar In particular she can then extend these notions to Language Language can be thought of as composed of a generative syntax which guides the combinations of a finite set of words to produce ever new sentences The generative syntax in hu
41. wn as well formed sentences or documents In the case of the semantic web we just need to imagine the world composed of things and binary relations between things Here we have in the Photo which I took a few years back in Berlin two people Richard and Anja related by one relation This relation is the relation named by the URI http xmIns com foaf 0 1 knows So the top layer of three successive URIs forms an RDF sentence These are just strings The relation in the world is what is satisfies the sentence according to this interpretation The relation between the words and the world again a binary relation is what semantics is about This may seem very weird btw We know that computers are very good at manipulating symbols How do they get this relation to the world How do they get Semantics Do they really need this relation Why this extra layer that seems to parallel the syntactic one will try to disentangle the magic here But don t let it entangle you Human beings find it quite easy to distinguish words and the world and understand that relation very well After all the string for Anja in the picture is 47 characters long and as opposed to Anja never had a mother and never saw Berlin htto bblfish net ae PIROPO prefix lt http bblfish net people henry card gt prefix foaf lt http xmins com foaf 0 1 gt me a foaf Person foaf name Henry foaf workplaceHomepage lt http sun com gt foaf phone lt t
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