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User`s Manual - i-Tree

1. 6 Accurate complete and nearby weather data are critical for the best i Tree Hydro estimates In order to incorporate Weather Station Data you have two options a lf you will be using the standard i Tree Hydro data for 2005 2012 click I need to pick a weather station from a map and a map of local weather 7 stations will appear To select an appropriate station you can enter the ID number directly in the ID field or click on the station marker to select it If you hover over each marker the station name will appear in the window status bar After you have selected an appropriate station click OK In the window that appears navigate to the folder where you saved your project give the weather and evaporation files names e g weather_data dat and click Save Processing will begin b If you gathered and properly formatted your own data choose Browse for my own file navigate to the location where you saved the file and click Open 7 In order to incorporate necessary elevation information you have a few options a lf you choose to represent a watershed model simulation area using a digital elevation model DEM choose Browse for my own DEM file navigate to the location where you saved the file and click Open For basic instructions on the process for creating a watershed DEM see the Additional Information section and Appendix 1 b If you choose to represent the model simulation area using a topographic index Tl c
2. 4 The range of TI values in each zone was split into 30 bins or histogram classes and the number of pixels in each bin is calculated 43 The term event mean concentration EMC is a statistical parameter used to represent the flow proportional average concentration of a given parameter during a storm event It is defined as the total constituent mass divided by the total runoff volume although EMC estimates are usually obtained from a flow weighted composite of concentration samples taken during a storm Mathematically Sansalone and Buchberger 1997 Charbeneau and Barretti 1998 M_ fc e d Ycwayat EMC C 7 Tema EO where C t and Q t are the time variable concentration and flow measured during the runoff event and M and V are pollutant mass and runoff volume as defined in Equation 1 It is clear that the EMC results from a flow weighted average not simply a time average of the concentration EMC data is used for estimating pollutant loading into watersheds EMCs are reported as a mass of pollutant per unit volume of water usually mg l The pollution load L calculation from the EMC method is L EMC Q EMC d A where EMC is event mean concentration mg l mg ms Q is runoff of a time period associated with EMC l h ms day d is runoff depth of unit area mm h m h m day and A is the land area mz which is catchment area in i Tree Hydro Thus when the EMC is multiplied by the runoff volu
3. Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Calibrating the model is an important step i Tree Hydro allows you to test different parameter sets to see which will provide the best fit for your model The different calibration schemes canbe displayed in graph form under Outputs gt Calibration Comparison In the window that appears you will see the process running It should only take a few minutes to run Click OK when the top of the window reads Model run complete A window will open that displays your calibration comparison graph In the upper left hand corner check or uncheck the calibration parameter sets that you would like to compare The resulting graph shows rainfall at the top with rainfall values along the graph s right hand y axis Measured total streamflow from the stream gage station and predicted total streamflow according to the different parameter sets are on the bottom of the chart and are associated with the values on the left hand y axis The recorded measurements are displayed along with the results of different model runs using the weather data input and the chosen or calibrated watershed and hydrological parameters The x axis represents time Similar to other i Tree Hydro outputs the Calibration Comparison has a toolbar at the top of the window in which you will find the following tools 22 Sho
4. Set the projection system to that of the original DEM data projection system via the Create New Shapefile gt Spatial Reference gt Edit gt Import gt Browse to DEM data option 39 c Open the pour point shapefile in the current ArcMap session d Edit the pour point shapefile and create a new point feature right on top of the Pour Point marker Stop editing and save edits 8 Compute the watershed using the flow direction layer created in Step 4 and the pour point layer created in Step 7 using the Watershed tool not the Basins tool a For the pour point field choose any of the numeric fields While the on screen instructions indicate that this is optional it is not 9 Compare the resulting image of the computed watershed with the image of your watershed that you found in the Additional Information section If they are not similar a Try moving the pour point another 50 100 ft downstream and repeat Step 8 b Verify that the spatial extent of the original downloaded DEM data covers the entire watershed If it does not you ll need to do another download and perform these steps again Untitled ArcMap Arcinfo la x File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help Dae S a BX oO a g 11307006 A amp Od PP spatial analyst L 3 xj 3 a ArcToolbox 3D Analyst Tools Analysis Tools ArcPad Tools Cartography Tools amp Conversion
5. 1 Tl approximates spatial distribution of the depth to water table It is calculated using the following formula TI In a tanB where a specific catchment area defined of upslope cells 1 grid cell length tanB slope gradient defined as the rise over run along the steepest path from the cell center to its neighbor 2 This dataset was generated using a 30 meter resampled DEM Output dataset was 100 meter resolution TI Histograms were generated in ESRI s ArcGIS with the following input datasets Topographic Index Raster Zone Boundary Files State County Place gaged and HUC8 watersheds and NHD high res water bodies 1 The High Resolution National Hydrography Dataset water bodies dataset was used to erase all portions of the zone boundary within a water body that crosses the outline of the zone boundary This was only done for States Counties and Places 2 ArcGIS SpatialAnalyst Tools gt Zonal gt Tabulate Area was run to compute the cross tabulated area between the Topographic Index dataset and the zones in the area of interest boundary file State County Place gaged and HUC8 This process outputs a table containing a record for each location with fields containing the total area of each pixel value 3 ArcGIS SpatialAnalyst Tools gt Zonal gt Zonal Statistics As Table was run to summarize the values max min sum of the TI raster within the zones of the boundary file State County Place gaged and HUC8
6. in on a specific segment of the graph Show All would be used to quickly zoom back out to display the graph in its entirety 2 Zoom In Zoom Out to zoom in and out on specific segments of the graph and view the output in more detail This is particularly useful as the full extent of the graph displays the entire modeled time period oftentimes by month Zooming in 20 would allow you to view the pollutant load at a more specific time period suchas a day or week 3 Pan to move from side to side along the graph when zoomed in 4 Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Legends are added automatically The water pollution outputs are also customizable Choose the colors for each line by clicking on the colored box next to each component and then choosing your new color in the window that appears To turn components on and off click the check box next to the name It may take a minute for the chart to update To view the water pollution outputs in a tabular format 1 Click on the Table tab located above the toolbar These tables present the data numerically on an hourly basis 2 There are several tools available for the tables a Export
7. 48 0 002 0 5 50 28 defaults are regionally specific defaults are regionally specific 1 7 0 5 0 2 1 0 2 5 0 023 0 13 30 cm h N A N A N A N A N A none m h In the Additional Information section we discussed criteria for choosing a watershed and some tools for doing so This Appendix covers the steps necessary to create a Digital Elevation Model DEM of that watershed using ArcGIS These instructions assume that you are familiar with DEM data watershed concepts and ArcGIS tools The basic steps of this procedure are as follows 1 Download DEM data from the USGS for an area that covers the watershed boundaries you determined in the Additional Information section 2 Use ArcGIS to build a DEM from the downloaded data and clip it to the borders of the watershed Tools ArcGIS v 9 3 1 was used for this guide but other versions can be used ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Results The end product of the steps described here will be a DEM clipped to the boundaries of your watershed projected in the proper UTM zone in meters and converted to ASCII format With your watershed and stream gage selected using the methods described in Phase l Creating a New Project the first step in creating a DEM is to download the necessary data from the USGS If you have your own source of DEM data it can certainly be used but keep in mind that DEM data should have a resolution of 10 30 m Finer resolu
8. A 1999 Updating the U S nationwide urban runoff quality database Water Science Technology 39 12 9 16 U S Environmental Protection Agency USEPA 1983 Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Volume final report U S Environmental Protection Agency PB84 185552 Washington DC U S Environmental Protection Agency USEPA 2002 Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring A Guidance Manual for Meeting the National Stormwater BMP Database Requirements Wolock D M and McCabe G J 2000 Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100 and 1000 m resolution digital elevation model data Hydrol Process 14 98741002 Wolock D M and Price C V 1994 Effects of digital elevation model map scale and data resolution on a topography based watershed model Water Resources Research 30 11 3041 3052 50
9. Conley SUNY ESF Many other individuals have contributed to the design development testing process and revised manual including Andrew Lee SUNY ESF Robert Hoehn USDA Forest Service Tian Zhou SUNY ESF Alexis Ellis The Davey Institute Mike Binkley The Davey Institute Scott Maco The Davey Institute Allison Bodine The Davey Institute and Lianghu Tian The Davey Institute The original manual was written and designed by Kelaine Vargas Introduction Overview About This Manual Installation System Requirements Installation Exploring i Tree Hydro with the Sample Project Phase l Creating a New Project Entering the Project Area Information Phase Il Entering Model Parameters Entering the Land Cover Parameters Entering the Hydrological Parameters Calibration process overview Calibrating the model Comparing the calibration results Saving hydrological parameters for other i Tree Hydro projects Entering the Alternative Case Parameters Phase Ill Exploring i Tree Hydro Outputs Running the i Tree Hydro Model Executive Summary Graphs and Tables Water volume Pollution estimates Water flow Water pollution DEM 2D 3D Visualization Calibration Comparison op A D e2 10 10 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 Additional Information Choosing Your Watershed and Gaging Station Tools for choosing the best watershed and stream gage station Gathering Data Basic watershed characteristics Obse
10. To understand and control urban runoff pollution the U S Congress included the establishment of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program NURP in the 1977 Amendments of the Clean Water Act PL 95 217 The U S Environmental Protection Agency developed the NURP to expand the state knowledge of urban runoff pollution by applying research projects and instituting data collection in selected urban areas throughout the country In 1983 the U S Environmental Protection Agency published the results of the NURP which nationally characterizes urban runoff for 10 standard water quality pollutants based on data from 2 300 station storms at 81 urban sites in 28 metropolitan areas Two important conclusions from NURP investigations e The variance of the EMCs when data from sites are grouped by land use type or geographic region is so great that difference in measures of central tendency among groups statistically are not significant e Statistically the entire sample of EMCs and the medians of all EMCs among sites are lognormally distributed Thus the numbers in Table 6 do not distinguish between different urban land use types Subsequently the USGS created another urban stormwater runoff base Driver et al 1985 based on data measured through mid 1980s for over 1 100 stations at 97 urban sites located in 21 metropolitan areas Additionally many major cities in the United States 45 collected urban runoff quality data as part of the application
11. a cooperative partnership to further develop disseminate and provide technical support for the suite The i Tree software suite v 5 0 includes the following urban forest analysis tools and utility programs i Tree Eco provides a broad picture of the entire urban forest It is designed to use field data from randomly located plots throughout a community along with local hourly air pollution and meteorological data to quantify urban forest structure environmental effects and value to communities i Tree Streets focuses on the ecosystem services and structure of a municipality s street tree population It makes use of a sample or complete inventory to quantify and put a dollar value on the trees annual environmental and aesthetic benefits including energy conservation air quality improvement carbon dioxide reduction stormwater control and property value increases i Tree Hydro is the first vegetation specific urban hydrology model It is designed to model the effects of changes in urban tree cover and impervious surfaces on hourly streamflows and water quality at the watershed level i Tree Vue allows you to make use of the freely available National Land Cover Database NLCD satellite based imagery to assess your community s land cover including tree canopy and some of the ecosystem services provided by your current urban forest The effects of planting scenarios on future benefits can also be modeled i Tree Species Selector i
12. in which you saved it and load it into the 1 Project Area Information form as described in Phase NOTE Not all of the fields listed are used in i Tree Hydro If you cannot find that information the field name still needs to be included but you can populate the column with dummy values For example i Tree Hydro does not use the altimeter setting but due to formatting of the data a placeholder value is needed to keep the application on track An example of correctly formatted weather station data canbe found at www itreetools org gt Resources gt Archives gt i Tree Hydro Resources Digital Elevation Model DEM Once you have identified your target watershed and noted the stream name and stream gage station number your next step is to create a Digital Elevation Model DEM of the watershed The end product should be a DEM clipped to the boundaries of your watershed projected in the proper Universal Transverse Mercator UTM coordinate zone in meters and converted to ASCII computer code format For more specifics on this process see Appendix 1 31 Topographic Index TI The Topographic Index Tl data were derived from DEM data within various polygon boundaries So if you opt to use a Topographic Index Tl you can skip creating a DEM for your watershed In addition going the TI route will enable you to pick project areas that have boundaries other than actual watersheds suchas a city or college campus i Tree Hydro con
13. of the stream gage station SITENO by clicking on its red dot c Capture an image of the stream gage station and watershed using your computer s Print Screen function or Google Earth s File gt Save gt Save Image function Now that you have selected your watershed of interest and the appropriate stream gage it is time to start gathering your input data In Phase Creating a New Project we described the general input data that is needed for a new project in i Tree Hydro The tables and directions below will assist you in collecting the data that you will need in order to run i Tree Hydro including some possible data sources or suggested default values Basic watershed characteristics The following input data can be entered by going to Step 1 Project Area Information 27 Table 1 Basic Watershed Characteristics Category Source Default value Units Watershed Land Area DEM N A km or mi Eco Canopy E Percent Tree Cover UTC GIS N A o Tree Leaf Area Index E Gon Canopy 5 none UTC GIS Evergreen Tree Cover Eco 10 Evergreen Shrub Cover Eco 10 State Date Time Local N A N A m Ba yy yy hh mm ss End Date Time Local N A N A mm dd yyyy hh mm ss DEM Digital Elevation Model data see Appendix 1 Eco An existing i Tree Eco study although itis unlikelythat the Eco study area and the Hydro study area will align exactly your Eco results mightoffersome insight Canopy i Tree Canopy Visit www itreetools org for mor
14. of tree Canopy cover or changes in the surface cover transforming impervious surface into herbaceous cover for example would affect the hydrology of your watershed Up to this point you have created a new project and defined the Base Case for your analysis area by entering your input data and calibrating your model Although optional the next logical step would be to define an Alternative Case If you run the i Tree Hydro model without defining an Alternative Case several outputs will not be available for viewing If you try to open these outputs you will be prompted to follow the steps below To model how different management scenarios affect a watershed s hydrology 1 Go to Step 4 Define Alternative Case 2 To define the Alternative Case that you wish to model change the surface cover types leaf area indexes and or cover types beneath tree cover Make sure that the covers total 100 Click OK NOTE The current version of i Tree Hydro will allow only one Alternative Case to be saved in the project at a time If you wish to model several different scenarios we suggest saving each as a new project under File gt Save Project As and giving each scenario a different name for example Denver_IncreaseTreeCover30Percent iHydro Denver_IncreaseTreeCover40Percent iHydro All variables calibration settings and inputs are saved with the project so it is easy to open each one after saving 13 i Tree Hydro offers a variet
15. requirements for stormwater discharge permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPDES The NPDES data are from over 30 cities and more than 800 station storms for over 150 parameters Smullen et al 1999 The data from the three sources NURP USGS and NPDES were used to compute new estimates of EMC population means and medians for the 10 pollutants with many more degrees of freedom than were available to the NURP investigators Smullen et al 1999 A pooled mean was calculated representing the mean of the total population of sample data The NURP and pooled mean EMCs for the 10 constitutes are listed in Table 6 Smullen et al 1999 NURP or pooled mean EMCs were selected because they are based on field data collected from thousands of storm events These estimates are based on nationwide data however so they do not account for regional variation in soil types climate and other factors Table 6 National Pooled EMCs and NURP EMCs Conaitusnt Data EMCs No of OME source Mean Median events Pooled 78 4 54 5 3047 Total suspended solids TSS NURP 17 4 113 2000 Pooled 14 1 11 5 1035 Biochemical oxygen demand BODs NURP 10 4 8 39 474 Pooled 52 8 44 7 2639 Chemical oxygen demand COD NURP 66 1 55 1538 Pooled 0 315 0 259 3094 Total phosphorus TP NURP 0 337 0 266 1902 Pooled 0 129 0 103 1091 Soluble phosphorus soluble P NURP 0 1 0 078 767 Pooled 1 73 1 47 2693 Total Kjeldhal nitrogen TK
16. side panel of the window as you navigate through each step It will provide more detail about each of the model inputs and parameters The Help text for each variable appears when you hover over the variable Begin developing your i Tree Hydro project by entering the Project Area Information 1 Open the Step 1 Project Area Information window under the Steps menu This window opens automatically when you create a new project 2 Enter the Project Location for your watershed or study area Since watersheds are not confined to political or parcel boundaries it is important to choose the state county and city in which the greatest portion of your watershed is located If your city is not listed choose N A in the alphabetical listing 3 Enter the Basic Watershed Characteristics for your watershed or study area a The Watershed Land Area can be entered in either square kilometers km or square miles mi To toggle between the two options simply check or uncheck the box labeled Metric b Choose a Start Date Time and End Date Time These will denote the first 6 and last recorded time step of the observed streamflow data and the weather station data used in the model run If you are using the 2005 2012 data included in i Tree Hydro the weather and stream gage data will be filtered by your chosen Start and End Date Time If you are loading your own data make sure you choose appropriate Date Times that are the same for both data se
17. 1 PCPO6 PCP24 PCPXX SD 724666 99999 200701010053 150 5 722 SCT 10 0 18 5 1029 3 30 18 AERE Ak EE EARE BEERE EEE oe Ka 724666 99999 200701010153 170 7 722 SCT 10 0 18 3 1029 4 30 18 WERE Ak kk eR APE E kk kk 4 Stream gage data is required if the user wants to calibrate the model The file must be tab delimited and contain headers similar to the U S data 48 Example column site_no date_time tz_ed dd accuracy_cd value site_no 15N 14N 06710150 06710150 06710150 06710150 column definition USGS site identification number date and time in format time zone internal USGS sensor designation accuracy code YY YYM gt Dhhmmss data descriptor 0 A daily mean discharge calculated from the instantaneous data on this day is 0 01 cubic feet per second or less and the published daily mean is zero 1 A daily mean discharge calculated from the instantaneous data on this day matches the published daily mean within 1 percent 2 A daily mean discharge calculated from the instantaneous data on this day matches the published daily mean from greater than 1 to 5 percent 3 A daily mean discharge calculated from the instantaneous values on this day matches the published daily mean from greater than 5 to 10 percent 9 The instantaneous value is considered correct by the collecting USGS Water Science Center A published daily
18. BAN NCDC WBAN number N A YR MODAHRMN year month day hour minute in GMT YYYYMMDDhhmm DIR wind direction in compass degrees N A SPD wind speed mph GUS wind gust mph T a R dl sky cover clr clear sct scattered 1 8 SKC 4 8 bkn broken 5 8 7 8 ovc overcast N A obs obscured pob partial obscuration L low cloud type N A M middle cloud type N A H high cloud type N A VSB visibility in statute mi nearest tenth ww ww ww present weather N A w past weather indicator N A TEMP temperature F DEWP dewpoint F 30 SLP sea level pressure mbar nearest tenth ALT altimeter setting in nearest hundredth STP station pressure mbar nearest tenth MAX maximum temperature T MIN minimum temperature F PCP01 1 hour liquid precipitation in nearest hundredth PCP06 6 hour liquid precipitation in nearest hundredth PCP24 24 hour liquid precipitation in nearest hundredth PCPXX ie Le Mora pened olher thas in nearest hundredth SD snow depth in Required fields include date_time tz_cd and value See note below For weather code tables go to Resources gt Archives gt i Tree Hydro beta Resources gt i Tree Hydro weather abbreviation codes at www itreetools org To make your data compatible with Hydro the fields should be organized in tab separated columns using the field names listed above and saved as an rdb file When your weather station data are properly formatted you will be able to navigate to the folder
19. E aaco Blais wn rl 1 ridouloushy huge capon a day Lis dong Denver CO at 90 off DO denver co DOE Serene ou ODO cleveland cho DS axd istes moses w DE cose assesses worers lp Y Layers Earth Gallery gt 5 TELS brenary Oxtabece a S LP borders ad Labak 3 BLP borders C internation Borders OP corey nanes O constines OF 12 Level Adin Borders me Ks jak z f 13t Level Admin Names 5 RES gt iC DO and tevel admin Ragane ay it ss tye Goog c SC teb aay Sees i OB pises Fig 1 Streams and stream gage stations around Denver 4 The next step is to explore the watersheds associated with each station to choose the best one To do this a Click on the stream itself just downstream of the station A window will appear describing the features of the stream At the bottom under Tools click Drainage Area Delineation b In the window that appears choose Stop When Maximum Distance KM 30 and click Start Search The watershed upstream from that point for 25 the first 30 km will be identified You might have to repeat this process a few times increasing the maximum distance to capture the entire watershed see Fig 2 Ee Es yew kos adi p Search BB ivicis Oi aw il eis Ay To Pind businesses Fly to amp 9y 1600 Penne Genver co AG denver co v Places OS Motoring Locations DE No Otscharge ones DE norpeint Source Projects DE water Quaty sendeeds OQ ozz 19 26 58 O
20. N NURP 1 67 1 41 1601 Pooled 0 658 0 533 2016 Nitrite and nitrate NOz and NOs NURP 0 837 0 666 1234 Pooled 13 5 11 1 1657 Copper Cu NURP 66 6 54 8 849 46 Pooled Lead Pb NURP Pooled Zinc Zn NURP a Pooled data sources include NURP USGS NPDES No BOD data available in the USGS dataset pooled includes NURP NPDES 67 5 175 162 176 No TS data available in NPDES dataset pooled includes NURP USGS 50 7 131 129 140 2713 1579 2234 1281 For i Tree Hydro the pooled median and mean EMC value for each pollutant Table 6 were applied to the runoff regenerated from pervious and impervious surface flow not the baseflow values to estimate effects on pollutant load across the entire modeling time frame All rain events are treated equally using the EMC value which means some events may be overestimated and others underestimated In addition local management actions e g street sweeping can affect these values However across the entire season if the EMC value is representative of the watershed the estimate of cumulative effects on water quality should be relatively accurate Accuracy of pollution estimates will be increased by using locally derived coefficients It is not known how well the national EMC values represent local conditions 47 We recognize that users outside of the United States may wish to experiment with i Tree Hydro It should be noted that the ap
21. P ainmne EL manat Aree Danean Rens V i Layos Earth Gallery gt 5 TELS prenary Database a S MP Borders and Latak SELF poeders C internation Borders DP courtry names O cortines E ree Level admin Borders DF tet Level admin names 5 DO ard evel Adnin Ragone SO tabes OB Paes Ele Ek yow kos dd thp Search Fyto Pind Ousinesses Owectons Y Places OS taon a a OS Cranace Area Dsinenion Beaks SOS Man Area Daini Rents DO orza 19 90 16 D tnm fren 3 CS trane Arsa Dsinaatin Peats ED oztzatenns 19 48 26 Ei Je Layos Earth Gallery gt gt gt TELS primary Database a S P Borders ard Labak SELF voeders C irternationsi Borders DP corry nanes O comtines E ser Level admin Borders DP 12 Lovet adin nanes 5 DO ard teva Adnin Ragone SO tisbei OB rises Fig 3 A smaller watershed near Denver 26 c Once you have determined the outline of the watershed judge whether it is appropriate for your study Does it capture your area of interest Is the watershed of a scale that would be appropriate for modeling changes in canopy and impervious cover As explained above if the watershed is very large changes in cover are unlikely to have a measurable impact d Delineate the drainage areas for other stream gage stations until you have found the best one see Fig 3 5 Once you have made your selection a Note the name of the stream by clicking on the stream b Note the ID number
22. Rectangl Low 167 455 Extract Values to Pe O Watersh_Flow8 J Sample Oo amp S Generalization O Watersh_Flow7 amp S Groundwater Ho amp S Hydrology M Watersh rene dd amp S Interpolation amp Local gt bie BOvrOBIMESE EDD ual gt 81 787 41 756 Decimal Degrees 12 Re project the clipped DEM from Step 11 to UTM meters using ArcToolbox gt Data Management Tools gt Projections and Transformations gt Raster gt Project Raster a The UTM zone is dependent on the project area For UTM zones guidance http egsc usgs gov isb pubs factsheets fs07701 html b Output coordinate system should be WGS_1984 datum c Geographic transformation should be NAD_1983_TO_WGS_1984_1 d Leave other values as defaults 13 To calculate the area of the watershed re project the converted watershed layer from step 10 following the directions from step 12 Select Open Attribute Table Use the table tools to add a new field for area then right click on the added field and select Calculate Geometry Select Area and square kilometers 41 14 Export the clipped re projected DEM from step 13 to ASCII format using ArcToolBox gt Conversion Tools gt From Raster gt Raster to ASCII 15 In Windows Explorer change the file type extension of the ASCII file from Step 14 from TXT to DAT for use within i Tree Hydro 42 A Topographic Index TI is constructed using a 30 meter DEM as follows
23. Tools amp From Raster Raster to ASCII Raster to Float Raster to Point Pad Raster to Polygon Raster to Polyline From wFs amp Metadata y To CAD amp S To Coverage amp To dBASE amp To Geodatabase pourpt amp Watersh_Flow8 Go O FlowAcc_Flow3 Value High 3 0427 Low 0 O FlowDir_Fill2 eBOry gt BIS SU UMD ofl xY n Favorites Search Results 81 146 41 682 Decimal Degrees he 10 Convert the derived watershed raster layer from Step 8 into a polygon using ArcToolbox gt Conversion Tools gt From Raster gt Raster to Polygon 40 11 Clip the original DEM Step 1 with the converted watershed polygon from Step 10 using ArcToolbox gt Spatial Analyst Tools gt Extraction gt Extract by Mask NOTE This is not the same process as ArcToolbox gt Analysis Tools gt Extract gt Clip Untitled ArcMap ArcInfo B x File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help 1 1 307 006 v 32 BH E R spatial Analyst L EEIE TECE 1x x Spatial Analyst Tools eS Conditional amp S Density Ss Distance amp Layers O IndGaugeStation E pourpt amp Extraction O RasterT_Waterst Extract by Attribute o A Extract by Circe Extract by Mask Value Extract by Points High 422 53 Vag Extract by Polygon F Extract by
24. allation CD into your CD ROM drive 2 Follow the on screen instructions to run i Tree setup exe This may take several minutes depending on which files need to be installed 3 Follow the Installation Wizard instructions to complete the installation default location recommended You can check for the latest updates at any time by clicking Help gt Check for Updates Now that you ve installed i Tree Hydro you would probably like to see a little of what the software can do To allow you to explore the program we ve included a sample project based on the Harbor Brook Creek watershed near Syracuse NY You begin by opening i Tree Hydro using your computer s Start menu gt All Programs gt i Tree gt Hydro You will find the project under File gt Open the Sample Project Under Step 1 Project Area Information you can review the input data fields Additional input parameters can also be viewed by going through Step 2 Land Cover Parameters or Step 3 Hydrological Parameters Tree and impervious cover parameters can be adjusted to see how these changes affect the hydrology of the project area Click Step 4 Define Alternative Case and make adjustments as desired On your first foray into i Tree Hydro we recommend leaving these inputs as they are You can always return and make adjustments on Steps 2 4 Click Input gt 5 Run Hydro Model to run the sample project and calculate the outputs Under the Output menu review the
25. cGrid format then select Next NOTE It is much better to overestimate the size of your watershed when downloading the DEM data than to underestimate because if you miss even a small corner of the watershed you will have to begin again On the other hand the larger your download size the longer it will take and the more likely it is to time out forcing you to begin again so don t go overboard When you are satisfied with the dataset s that you have selected click the Checkout button in the panel on the left Enter your email address as directed and Place Order When you receive your order email select the download link Depending on the size of your download this request may take some time or require you to download your order in several parts 36 D Places DOS mentoring Locations DE No Oiecharge Zones DE Meegeit Source Projects DE water Quatey senderds oO 02122 2011 19 36 58 oun fee Y Layos Earth Gallery 5 primary Database BP Borders ad Labak P veecers O irternationsi Borders D P Courtry Names O coastines 2 set Level admin Borders DOP tet Lovet admin names 5 DO and revel admin Rogons 1 abet OB Pines Fig 4 Watershed boundaries determined using Google Earth EPA stream file and Hydro stream gage file C2 ol Help Clear Hide Toolbox The National Maj et ZUSGS cer E Overlays Selection Cart Standard Advanced Annotation Active Tool None Ma
26. colored box next to each component and then choosing your new color in the window that appears To turn components on and off click the check box next to the name It may take a minute for the chart to update You can also view the water flow outputs in a tabular format 1 Click on the Table tab located above the toolbar These tables present the data numerically on an hourly basis 2 There are several tools available for the tables a Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a tabular form canbe exported in Excel or comma separated values CSV Both of these file types are compatible with Microsoft Office Excel which provides relatively easy editing b Total by to change the view of your model output In the Total by drop 19 down menu you can choose to display daily totals weekly totals monthly totals or a total for the entire model run period usually but not always one year Water pollution The following Hydro outputs can be found under Outputs gt Water Pollution 1 Base Case displays the rainfall mm h and pollutant load kg h of ten pollutants for the modeled watershed The different pollutant loads are the predicted outputs for the Base Case Alternative Case displays the rainfall mm h and pollutant load kg h of ten pollutants for the modeled watershed T
27. data Streamflow gage data canbe found for thousands of watershed areas For non calibration runs the user can employ previously calibrated parameters or independently set the land cover and hydrological parameter values by adjusting the default values that the model provides Any user with reasonable knowledge of the project area can choose the TI option and run i Tree Hydro in non calibration mode with suggested hydrological parameters and the weather station information included in i Tree Hydro However superior estimates can be derived with a watershed DEM calibrated against a USGS stream gage run in calibration mode i Tree Hydro models runoff volume and water quality using inputs of elevation land cover weather and various model parameters The user can explore how the outputs change with changes in model inputs such as tree and impervious cover Some additional data on inputs e For elevation data to simulate a watershed the model is best suited to free Digital Elevation Model DEM data from the USGS or Topographic Index TI data prepared by the USGS To simulate a city you would use the TI data e For land cover data percent tree cover shrub cover impervious surface and other cover types are needed These values can be obtained from updated 1 National Land Cover Data NLCD from the USGS You can also derive these values from i Tree Canopy available online at www itreetools org e For weather the model includ
28. e GA a Extraction a Low 167 455 amp S Generalization eS Groundwater DEE A gt Flow Accumulation Flow Direction Flow Length Snap Pour Point A Stream Link Stream Order Stream to Feature atershed ba ibieBOrwre HERE ao aual gt 81 616 41 756 Decimal Degrees 4 3 First choose the option to fill the DEM model using the Fill tool 4 Next compute flow direction on the filled DEM layer from Step 3 using the Flow Direction tool 5 Next compute flow accumulation on the flow direction layer from Step 4 using the Flow Accumulation tool 6 Create a pour point for the watershed based on the location of your stream gage station a On the ArcGIS Toolstoobar select the Go To XY tool Long 81 3748 W Lat 41 23 43 N 38 Enter the degrees minutes and seconds of your stream gage station in the following format Long 81 37 48 W Lat 41 23 43 N Use a space in place of the degree symbol use single quotes for minutes double quotes for seconds and direction letters rather than negative signs Select the Add Point button to place a marker on the stream gage location watershed pour point Because of the mechanics of creating a DEM it is unlikely that your stream gage marker will line up exactly with the stream created by the DEM Drag the point so that it sits within the primary outlet stream of your watershed The d
29. e information on i Tree Eco and i Tree Canopy UTC An existing urban tree canopy analysis G S Your local governmentor university GIS department P Leafarea indexes LAI can be calculated from Eco results for leaf area which are presented in units of m ha Divide those results by 10 000 to get LAI Observed streamflow Streamflow data are used in i Tree Hydro to calibrate the model Hydro tries to find the best fit between the streamflow predicted by the model and the streamflow measured at the stream gage station However stream gage availability varies and not every stream has a gage located on it Within i Tree Hydro hourly streamflow data are available as standardized complete data sets These data were obtained from the U S Geological Survey and pre processed for 2005 2012 If you choose to use the available data follow the steps provided in Phase Creating a New Project to choose your gage from a map If you are interested in using data from a different year or you would like to use data for a gage that is not included in Hydro then you have the option of using your own streamflow data Once you have obtained your streamflow data it is very important that the data are properly formatted for use in i Tree Hydro Observed streamflow data must consist of the following fields 28 Table 2 Observed Streamflow Data Fields Field name Definition Units site_no site identification number N A date_time date and time of ob
30. e national values and therefore do not take into account local pollutant conditions and local management actions such as street cleaning Therefore it is not certain how well the national EMC values will represent local conditions Water volume The following Hydro outputs can be found under Outputs gt Water Volume 1 Total Streamflow compares the total volume of observed discharge of the stream gage supplied as an input to the total volume of predicted streamflow of the Base Case in cubic meters 2 Base Case Predicted Streamflow Components displays the breakdown of the predicted streamflow of the Base Case according to the three types of streamflow the model predicts pervious flow impervious flow and baseflow 3 Base Case vs Alternative Case Total Runoff compares the total volume of predicted discharge of the Base Case and Alternative Case in cubic meters 4 Base Case vs Alternative Case Predicted Streamflow Components compares the breakdown of the predicted streamflow of the Base Case and Alternative Case according to the three types of streamflow the model predicts pervious flow impervious flow and baseflow Each of the water volume outputs has a toolbar at the top of the window in which you will find the following tools 1 View to change the view of your model output Next to the View label you will see a drop down menu with options to view All By Month or By Week The View All option means tha
31. e with Microsoft Office Word which provides editing options i Tree Hydro produces multiple graphs and tables to display watershed hydrology These hydrology charts can be used to contrast and compare the total volume total flow and streamflow components across the modeled time period By observing the differences between the Base Case and Alternative Case users can explore the effect of changes in land cover parameters i Tree Hydro can also help clarify the impacts of changes in surface cover and vegetation on pollutant load in streams by making use of a statistical parameter known as event mean concentration EMC see Appendix 3 for more information An EMC value represents the flow proportional average concentration of a given pollutant during a storm event and is measured in units of mass per volume usually milligrams per liter EMC can be multiplied by actual flow to estimate the mass of pollutants entering a body of water such as grams per hour Changes in flow owing to changes in cover and tree canopy will 15 therefore be reflected in changes in pollutant load Below are the results that i Tree Hydro presents NOTE EMC values can be derived from many sources including actual measured data from your watershed Because such actual data are hard to come by Hydro makes use of average national values More information about the methods used to estimate these values can be found in Appendix 3 It is important to note that these ar
32. eady have been defined as the value set in the Step 1 Project Area Information window since it was needed for various initial processing steps such as calculating evapotranspiration etc 3 Enter the Cover Types Beneath Tree Cover for your watershed or study area NOTE In this window you are describing the entire watershed as best you can However to avoid over or underestimating total surface cover types and total sub types should both add up to 100 Again be sure to save your current project periodically Calibrating your i Tree Hydro project involves a multi step process of adjusting model parameters until the modeled streamflow resembles the actual streamflow i Tree Hydro features an auto calibration routine that uses the observed streamflow data from a gaging station to identify the optimal hydrological parameters to fit the observed streamflow data The user can also manually enter hydrological parameter values by adjusting the default values that the model provides Ideally you will then have a few parameter sets for comparison and can select one to run the model However you can also choose to rely on the default values and skip the calibration step altogether In that case simply click OK and skip to Entering the Alternative Case Parameters below NOTE Calibration cannot be performed on non gaged watersheds as stream gage data are required However you can adjust soil type depth to root zone and soil saturation paramet
33. ers if desired The model simulates various hydrologic processes e g precipitation interception infiltration evaporation transpiration snowmelt flow routing and storage in order to simulate streamflow at the gaging station It then checks the accuracy of the simulation by comparing estimated model flow against actual flow Results are considered in terms of peak base and overall flow Because water flow is dependent upon precipitation weather station data must be chosen with care Model calibration can be significantly off if the local precipitation data do not match the watershed For example if the precipitation data were recorded too far from the watershed or if the precipitation events are very localized calibrations will be off as it may be raining in the watershed but not at the weather station or vice versa Calibration process overview 1 Open the Step 3 Hydrological Parameters window under the Steps menu 2 Create various parameter sets for comparison by first using the auto calibration routine and then manually adjusting your hydrological parameters Repeated adjustments and even re running auto calibration on adjusted values may be required 3 Compare the calibration results between these parameter sets to determine which set produces the best fit between the estimated flow and the flow observed at the gaging station 4 When you have a parameter set with which you are satisfied click OK Remember that the parameter se
34. es weather data from 2005 2012 Withsome formatting you can also load your own weather files e For model parameters the model provides Suggested Default Values that should be modified to represent the specific analysis area e i Tree Hydro canbe run for the Base Case to assess current conditions in your project area To contrast how land cover changes affect the runoff volume and water quality an Alternative Case canbe run To save time both Base Case and Alternative Case canbe specified at the outset The Alternative Casecan be changed and the model re run at any time You can get a preview at File gt Open the Sample Project When you are ready get started with File gt New Project For more information on the methodology that underlies i Tree Hydro visit www itreetools org gt Resources gt Archives gt i Tree Hydro Resources This manual provides information needed to conduct an i Tree Hydro project After installing the software and exploring a sample project we ll move on to three general project phases Phase l Creating a New Project In this section we ll provide an overview of the steps necessary to create a new project input your Base Case data and calibrate the model Phase II Entering Model Parameters In this section we ll explain how to adjust land cover hydrological and Alternative Case parameters Phase Ill Exploring Model Outputs In the third phase we get to the crux of i Tree Hydro running t
35. ew hydrological parameter set If you want to oO adjust the more advanced parameter settings check the Advanced Settings box Ultimately you can create different parameter sets for comparison purposes you may decide to return to an older parameter set if subsequent sets prove unacceptable Always remember to first click the Retain and Edit as NEW parameter set button before making adjustments NOTE Detailed knowledge of hydrology is required to properly make use of the Advanced Settings The option to adjust these settings is not available if you used the auto calibrated parameters as the Current parameter set without first retaining as a new set Having too many parameter sets in your i Tree Hydro project can slow down the modeling You can delete a parameter set by selecting it from the Current parameter set drop down menu and clicking Delete THIS parameter set 11 Comparing the calibration results i Tree Hydro enables you to compare the results of the different parameter sets that you created using the auto and manual calibration options 1 Click Compare Parameter Calibration Sets 2 In the window that appears you will see the process running It should only take a few minutes to run Click OK when the top of the window reads Model run complete 3 Inthe Parameter Calibration Results window the CRF1 CRF2 and CRF3 values are a measure of how well the estimated flow matches the flow observed at the gaging station With a ve
36. graphs and tables that are available for your watershed analysis over various time periods For example e Executive Summary a three page summation of basic results e Water Volume estimates of the water flowing out of your project area e Pollutant Estimates pollutant loads in the water flow e Water Flow tables and graphs showing how water flow and rainfall vary over time e Water Pollution tables and graphs presenting the pollutant load associated with Base and Alternative Case water flow We will of course explain all of these steps and outputs in greater detail but for now feel free to explore and see what s available To begin working with i Tree Hydro click your computer s Start menu gt All Programs gt i Tree gt Hydro NOTE The Additional Information section later in the manual provides directions for choosing your watershed gathering your data and calibrating the Hydro model It is meant to supplement the more general directions provided in this section and you may find it beneficial to explore that section before creating a new project To start a new project 1 Click File gt New Project In the Save As window that appears navigate to the folder that you wish to save your project in 2 Give your new project a name and click Save Now that your new project has been created it is time to enter your input data and adjust the parameters of the model Review the Help text in the right
37. hat were inputs to the model via the weather station data The total flow is the predicted streamflow of the Base Case including its components baseflow pervious flow and impervious flow Alternative Case displays the rainfall mm h and total flow m h for the modeled watershed The rainfall values are the recorded measurements that were inputs to the model The total flow is the predicted streamflow of the Alternative Case including baseflow pervious flow and impervious flow Base Case vs Alternative Case displays the rainfall mm h and compares the total flow m h of both the Base Case and Alternative Case for the modeled watershed The rainfall values are the recorded measurements that were inputs to the model The total flow is displayed for the predicted streamflow of both the Base Case and Alternative Case including baseflow pervious flow and impervious flow Alternative Case Base Case displays the rainfall mm h and result of the predicted Alternate Case flows m h minus the predicted Base Case flows m h for the modeled watershed The rainfall values are the recorded measurements that were inputs to the model The results of subtracting the predicted Base Case flows from the predicted Alternative Case flows are displayed to demonstrate the increase or decrease in the flows total and component due to changes in land cover parameters All of the water flow graphs show rainfall on the top of the graph w
38. he different pollutant loads are the predicted outputs for the Alternative Case Alternative Case Base Case displays the rainfall mm h and change in pollutant load kg h between the Base Case and Alternate Case for the modeled watershed The rainfall values are the recorded measurements that were inputs to the model The pollutants loads are the predicted model outputs for the Base Case and Alternative Case Displaying the pollutant loads against the rainfall allows the user to observe how the pollutant load changes during and after a precipitation event This graph enables a user to compare the pollutant loads of the current Base Case against the pollutant loads of an Alternative Case Sucha comparison allows for observation of the effects positive or negative on the pollutant load present in the total flow discharge associated with the proposed changes to tree cover land cover etc All of the water pollution graphs show rainfall on the top of the graph with larger rainfall events stretching towards the bottom of the graph the rainfall rates correspond to the graph s right hand y axis Pollutant load measurements are on the bottom of the chart and are associated with the values on the left hand y axis The x axis represents time Each water pollution output has a toolbar at the top of the window in which you will find the following tools 1 Show All to return the graph view to full extent For example if you were to zoom
39. he model viewing the executive summary and other model outputs and interpreting the results Additional Information This section explains some of the more challenging steps involved with running i Tree Hydro such as choosing your watershed gathering input data and calibrating the model The following appendices provide further detail on running i Tree Hydro Appendix 1 Creating a Watershed Digital Elevation Model This appendix describes the necessary tools and steps involved in creating a Digital Elevation Model DEM for a watershed using ArcGIS Appendix 2 Topographic Index Data This appendix provides an overview of the Topographic Index Tl data that canbe used in place of a DEM Appendix 3 Calculating Pollution Load The methodology associated with estimating how changes in hydrology affect water pollutant levels is presented here Appendix 4 International Support This appendix includes a brief overview of the raw data required to run i Tree Hydro outside of the United States Minimum hardware e Pentium or compatible 1 6 GHz or faster processor e 4 GB of available RAM e Hard drive with at least 500 MB free space e Monitor with resolution of at least 1024 x 768 Software e Windows XP service pack 2 or higher OS including Windows 7 e NET 4 0 framework included in i Tree installation e Adobe Reader 9 0 To install i Tree Hydro 1 Visit www itreetools org to download the software or insert an i Tree Inst
40. hoose Use a Topographic Index In the window that appears you can Browse for my own Topographic Index file if you have prepared your own TI Navigate to the location where you saved the file and click Open For detailed instructions on the process of creating a Tl see the Additional Information section Alternatively you can choose to Select Topographic Index data from the i Tree Hydro database Select the desired TI boundary from the drop down menus In the window that appears navigate to the folder where you saved your project give the file a name e g Tl_data dat and click Save Processing will begin Once you have finished in this window click OK to close It s a good idea to save your project at this time so click File gt Save Project Be sure to save your project periodically NOTE If you discover later that you made an error in any of the fields in the Step 1 Project Area Information window you must start over with a new project as changes to these fields require i Tree Hydro to reprocess the weather and stream gage data 8 To continue developing your i Tree Hydro project enter the Land Cover Parameters that describe your project area 1 Open the Step 2 Land Cover Parameters window under the Steps menu 2 Enter the Surface Cover Types for your watershed or study area These parameter values are important as they help describe the land cover conditions of the study area At this point Tree Cover will alr
41. i lree Hydro User s Manual i Tree is a cooperative initiative 6 ma TSA amp DAVEY Arbor Day Foundation KG Avene Gsis i Tree is a state of the art peer reviewed software suite from the USDA Forest Service that provides urban and community forestry analysis and benefits assessment tools The i Tree tools help communities of all sizes to strengthen their urban forest management and advocacy efforts by quantifying the environmental services that trees provide and assessing the structure of the urban forest i Tree has been used by communities non profit organizations consultants volunteers and students to report on the urban forest at all scales from individual trees to parcels neighborhoods cities and entire states By understanding the local tangible ecosystem services that trees provide i Tree users can link urban forest management activities with environmental quality and community livability Whether your interest is a single tree or an entire forest i Tree provides baseline data that you can use to demonstrate value and set priorities for more effective decision making Developed by USDA Forest Service and numerous cooperators i Tree is in the public domain and available by request through the i Tree website www itreetools org The Forest Service Davey Tree Expert Company the Arbor Day Foundation Society of Municipal Arborists the International Society of Arboriculture and Casey Trees have entered into
42. istance should be fairly small and the move obvious If not verify that you have entered the coordinates correctly Now drag the pour point slightly downstream 50 100 feet to simplify later steps Untitled ArcMap Arcinfo B x File Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help Daeh amp amp BX na 1 3 109 gt if a S C RP Spatial Analyst L TA B Layers a ag Cartography Tools A O _IndGaugeStation amp Conversion Tools Q 3 Data Interoperability Tools ate M pourpt amp Data Management Tools RA el Geocoding Tools cx l O Watersh_Flows c Geostatistical Analyst Tools amp Move pour point 0 Linear Referencing Tools y t t O Watersh_Flow7 amp Mobile Tools into stream Ho Multidimension Tools and 50 100 ft O Watersh_Flow6 Network Analyst Tools d 4 208 000 Samples ownstream O Watersh_FlowS amp S Schematics Tools a Ho Server Tools O Watersh_Flow4 ag Spatial Analyst Tools h Mio amp S Conditional O cyfallsws y Density li value z amp S Distance gt Extraction Streamflow Display Source amp Generalization oe Selection Map Book ese Index Search Results amp Get help on the menu command or tool you select 81 63 41 397 Decimal Degrees Capture this pour point within a shapefile In ArcCatalog create a new POINT shapefile
43. ith larger rainfall events stretching towards the bottom of the graph the rainfall rates correspond to the graph s right hand y axis Streamflow curves are on the bottom of the chart and are associated with the values on the left hand y axis The x axis represents time 18 Each water flow output has a toolbar at the top of the window in which you will find the following tools 1 Show All to return the graph view to full extent For example if you were to zoom in on a specific segment of the graph Show All would be used to quickly zoom back out to display the graph in its entirety 2 Zoom In Zoom Out to zoom in and out on specific segments of the graph and view the output in more detail This is particularly useful as the full extent of the graph displays the entire modeled time period oftentimes by month Zooming in would allow you to view the water flow at a more specific time period suchas a day or week 3 Pan to move from side to side along the graph when zoomed in 4 Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Legends are added automatically The water flow outputs are also customizable Choose the colors for each line by clicking on the
44. me an estimate of the loading to the receiving water is provided As is evident from Fig 6 the instantaneous concentration during a storm can be higher or lower than the EMC but the use of the EMC as an event characterization replaces the actual time variation of C versus tin a storm with a pulse of constant concentration having equal mass and duration as the actual event This process ensures that mass loadings from storms will be correctly represented EMCs represent the concentration of a specific pollutant contained in stormwater runoff coming from a particular land use type or from the whole watershed Under most circumstances the EMC provides the most useful means for quantifying the level of pollution resulting from a runoff event USEPA 2002 Since collecting the data necessary for calculating site specific EMCs can be cost prohibitive researchers or regulators will often use values that are already available in the literature If site specific numbers are not available regional or national averages canbe 44 P cltst ogra ph w Concashretbion Beant f teant 2 fant 3 RERS Fig 6 Interstorm variation in pollutographs and EMCs used although the accuracy of using these numbers is questionable Due to the specific climatological and physiographic characteristics of individual watersheds agricultural and urban land uses can exhibit a wide range of variability in nutrient export Beaulac and Reckhow 1982
45. mean value does not exist and or no comparison was made discharge in cubic feet per second date_time tz_cd 6S 2N 5S 20070101000000 20070101001500 20070101003000 20070101004500 dd 16N MST MST MST MST accuracy_cd value prec remark 1s 2 2 2 2 1s 1 2 4 2 1 Dis 2 1 257 2 1 2 9 2 NOTE The date_time value for this file should be converted from local time to the time zone of the location you specified above For example if you selected an EST location GMT 5 and the project location is in GMT 1 the date_time should have 6 hours subtracted from it This is because the weather data are automatically converted to local time and stream gage data are assumed to be in local time already 49 Beaulac M N and Reckhow K H 1982 An examination of land use nutrient export relationships Water Resources Bulletin 18 6 1013 1024 Charbeneau R J and Barretti M 1998 Evaluation of methods for estimating stormwater pollutant loads Water Environ Res 70 1295 1302 Driver N E Mustard M H Rhinesmith R B and Middelburg R F 1985 U S Geological Survey urban stormwater data base for 22 metropolitan areas throughout the United States United States Geological Survey Open File Report 85 337 Lakewood CO Sansalone J J and Buchberger S G 1997 Partitioning and first flush of metals in urban roadway storm water J Environ Eng ASCE 123 134 143 Smullen J T Shallcross A L and Cave K
46. n be sure to selecta station that is representative of your entire study area Bear in mind that precipitation events may be highly localized so there may be times when it is raining in the watershed but not at the weather station or vice versa For that reason it canbe difficult to choose the best weather station and may mean that you have to try several different options 29 Within i Tree Hydro hourly weather and evapotranspiration data are available as standardized complete data sets These data are obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s NOAA National Climatic Data Center NCDC and pre processed for 2005 2012 If you choose to use the available data then follow the steps provided in Phase l Creating a New Project to choose your station from a map If you are interested in using data from a different year or you would like to use data from a weather station that is not included in Hydro then you have the option of using your own weather station data Required weather data include wind direction and speed cloud ceiling sky cover temperature dewpoint altimeter setting pressure and precipitation Once you have obtained your weather station data it is very important that the data are properly formatted for use in i Tree Hydro Weather station data must consist of the following fields Table 3 Weather Station Data Fields Field name Definition Units USAF Air Force catalog station number N A W
47. nlikely to align with political or parcel boundaries A second challenge relates to the availability of data i Tree Hydro makes use of hourly stream gage data from the U S Geological Survey USGS Although there are many stream gage stations across the country data are not available for every stream and its associated watershed A third challenge relates to scale Gages are located in streams that capture water from watersheds of vastly different scales A stream gage in a small creek might be associated with a watershed of a few square kilometers A stream gage at the mouth of the Mississippi River would be associated with a watershed that includes half of the United States Because changes in tree cover and impervious surface are unlikely to have measurable effects over the scale of a very large watershed you need to analyze a watershed that is small enough to be influenced by changes in these factors With these limitations in mind your goal in this first step is to choose the best stream gage station in your area of interest and estimate the boundaries of the associated watershed You ll use these boundaries in conjunction with obtaining your digital elevation model data Tools for choosing the best stream gage station and watershed The easiest method for visualizing stream gage stations and their associated watersheds is Google Earth Begin by downloading the two files necessary 1 At the EPA s Waters website http water epa gov
48. on on i Tree Eco and i Tree Canopy UTC An existing urban tree canopy analysis G S Your local governmentor university GIS department Literature Some data may be available for certain locations in the scientific literature or from the appropriate university department gt Leafarea indexes LAI can be calculated from Eco results for leaf area which are presented in units of m ha Divide those results by 10 000 to get LAI This value can be particularly difficult to find One strategy is to adjustthe value in the calibration process until the model streamflow resembles the observed streamflow see Calibrating the Model to learn more Calibrating the model involves a multi step process of adjusting model parameters until the modeled streamflow closely resembles the actual streamflow The model simulates various hydrologic processes e g precipitation interception infiltration evaporation transpiration snowmelt flow routing and storage in order to simulate streamflow at the gaging station It then checks the accuracy of the simulation by comparing estimated model flow against actual flow Results are considered in terms of peak base and overall flow i Tree Hydro features an auto calibration routine that uses the observed streamflow data from a gaging station to identify the optimal hydrological parameters to fit the observed streamflow data If you are not satisfied with the fit of the model you can adjust some parameters to
49. p Navigation Content Reorder Layers RAOGRA quae Base Data Layers inLake E us Topo 5 a G Geographic Names GNIS N j 3 ia T T i e Duck gt uuci2 GA Structures al Denver Lake 1590088 H01 GA Transportation a HUCI2 Gal Governmental Unit Boundaries Torgones a oF E Map Indices A Hydrography NHD erick nc 12 Watershed Boundary Dataset oon High Resolution t Y Point Y Point Event Flow Direction Y waterbody v area Y Flowline Y Line Gal Land Cover G Elevation Availability E Elevation Contours Small Scale Gl Imagery Gal Scanned Topo Maps Gal Reference Polygons lt Other Featured Data User Added Content Favorites figure above 37 Once you have your data downloaded and unzipped you can begin the process of transforming it into a hydrological model and clipping it in ArcGIS You ll need to load and enable the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Hydrology Tools 1 Open the DEM data in ArcMap Important Do not set any projection information at this time 2 Open ArcToolBox and navigate to Spatial Analyst Tools gt Hydrology Untitled ArcMap Arcinfo Ele Edit View Bookmarks Insert Selection Tools Window Help Oe S s BBX o a r1307006 1 2 amp Oh x ixl Q og Layers S amp S Spatial Analyst Tools SB ned 77764315 m Conditional Q Value amp Density Be High 422 531 amp S Distanc
50. plication and model have been built with specific U S data in mind Users in other countries will need to find and format appropriate data to meet the requirements of i Tree Hydro This can be a difficult process please review the following suggestions for guidance Please also periodically visit the online forums at forums itreetools org to see if other users have posted additional information Additional support for users outside the U S may be added in future versions of i Tree Hydro 1 ADEM file should be created for the project watershed with GIS software See Appendix 1 for more information 2 The user should select a U S location similar to the project location based on latitude and elevation 3 Weather data is required with the following fields e DIR wind direction e SPD wind speed in mph e CLG cloud ceiling lowest opaque layer with 5 8 or greater coverage in hundreds of feet e SKC sky cover e TEMP temperature in Fahrenheit e DEWP dew point in Fahrenheit e STP station pressure in millibars can be converted from ALT or e ALT altimeter setting in inches canbe converted to STP e PCP01 hourly precipitation in inches and hundredths The weather file must be a fixed width text file The model will interpolate gaps in the data though they should be kept under 72 hours This data should be in GMT Example USAF WBAN YR MODAHRMN DIR SPD GUS CLG SKCLM H VSB WW WW WW W TEMP DEWP SLP ALT STP MAX MIN PCPO
51. pollution estimate outputs has a toolbar at the top of the window in which you will find the following tools 1 View to change the view of your model output Next to the View label you will see a drop down menu with options to view All By Month or By Week The View All option means that you can see the total pollution load kg for the modeled time period If you choose to view your output By Month or By Week then the pollution load will be aggregated and displayed for each month or week respectively of the modeled time period 2 Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that 17 the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Legends are added automatically The pollution estimate outputs are also customizable Choose the colors for each bar by clicking on the colored box next to each component and then choosing your new color in the window that appears To turn components on and off click the check box next to the name It may take a minute for the chart to update Water flow The following Hydro outputs can be found under Outputs gt Water Flow 1 Base Case displays the rainfall mm h and total flow m h for the modeled watershed The rainfall values are the recorded measurements t
52. rved streamflow Weather station Digital Elevation Model DEM Topographic Index TI Land cover parameters Calibrating the Model Manually Hydrological parameters Appendix 1 Creating a Watershed Digital Elevation Model DEM Appendix 2 Topographic Index Data TI Appendix 3 Calculating Pollution Load Appendix 4 International Support References 23 23 23 27 27 28 29 31 31 32 33 34 35 43 44 48 50 i Tree Hydro is a simulation tool that analyzes how land cover influences the volume and quality of runoff It can analyze historical or future hydrological events and allow the user to contrast runoff volume and quality from existing land cover referred to as the Base Case with runoff from the Alternative Case land cover The i Tree Hydro model differs from other i Tree products in the following ways e The model simulation area is loaded into the program either as a Digital Elevation Model DEM file or as a Topographic Index TI file It is not hand delineated in the program by the user If you are interested in a watershed you can load either a DEM or TI file If you are interested in a city or parcel that is not defined by a single watershed you would load a TI file e The model simulation canbe run in calibration mode or non calibration mode For calibration mode the user loads observed streamflow data from a gaging station and the model will identify the optimal hydrological parameters to fit the observed
53. ry good fit these CRF values will approach 1 0 The full range for all values is anywhere from negative infinity to 1 0 so negative values are not necessarily bad Typically good values range from 0 3 to 0 7 but higher values are better A value of 0 0 means the model is no better than just using the observed average value to represent the observed data In short the calibration process is to maximize the NSE CRF 1 value 4 To move on with your i Tree Hydro project be sure that the desired parameter set to run the model has been selected in the Current parameter set drop down menu and click OK to close the Step 3 Hydrological Parameters window Be sure to save your current project periodically Saving hydrological parameters for other i Tree Hydro projects Once you have calibrated your model to your satisfaction and entered all the necessary data you have the option of saving all parameters including Step 3 Hydrological Parameters currently visible calibration values as well as advanced settings and Step 2 Land Cover Parameters This will allow you to use those same parameters in another project To save parameters for future use on a new i Tree Hydro project click File gt Save Hydrological Parameters To start a new project using the saved parameters from a previous project click File gt Build New with Hydrological Parameters 12 One of the primary uses of i Tree Hydro is to show how changes in the amount
54. s a free standing utility designed to help urban foresters select the most appropriate tree species based on environmental function and geographic area i Tree Stormhelps you to assess widespread community damage in a simple credible and efficient manner immediately after a severe storm It is adaptable to various community types and sizes and provides information on the time and funds needed to mitigate storm damage i Tree Design is asimple online tool that provides a platform for assessments of individual trees at the parcel level This tool links to Google Maps and allows you to see how tree selection tree size and placement around your home affects energy use and other benefits This tool is in the early stages of development more sophisticated options will be available in future versions i Tree Canopyoffers a quick and easy way to produce a statistically valid estimate of land cover types e g tree cover using aerial images available in Google Maps The data can be used by urban forest managers to estimate tree canopy cover set canopy goals and track success and to estimate inputs for use in i Tree Hydro and elsewhere where land cover data are needed The use of trade firm or corporation names in this publication is solely for the information and convenience of the reader Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U S Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the e
55. scitech datait tools waters tools waters_kmz cfm download the WATERS Data 1 5 Vector kmz file or the most current version posted NOTE Links were correct at time of publication but may have changed If necessary please use the EPA website s search box and relevant key words KMZ to search for updated links 2 From www itreetools org gt Resources gt Archives under the Hydro section 24 download the zip file of the stream gage stations available in Hydro i Tree_Hydro_Gaging Stations_ 2005 3 Open Google Earth on your computer version 5 0 or higher and open the two files Zoom in to your area of interest see Fig 1 A few hints 1 The EPA Waters file is live that is it updates from the internet while you are using it Therefore it can be very slow You ll know it is gathering data when the little colored boxes next to the field names under Places are spinning To speed things up uncheck every box under Surfacewater Features except Streams and all boxes associated with Water Program Features and zoom in to your area 2 The streams are only visible at very local scales If you can t see them continue zooming in until the scale at the bottom of the map is approximately 1 inch 3 miles Remember to wait for the data to load farth Ee Ek Yow pos amp di thb 5 Search O oise Ole a l aam Ayo Prdbumassas Orectons Ply to 2 9 1000 Panneyivarsa Ave 20006 denves co AS dee co I
56. se if defined The table on the first page provides noteworthy streamflow predictions such as highest flow lowest flow and average flow for the modeled Base Case and Alternative Case There are also several graphs included in the Executive Summary 14 1 Water Volume compares the total volume of observed discharge of the stream gage supplied as an input to the total volume of predicted streamflow of the Base Case in cubic meters N Predicted Runoff Volume Components displays the breakdown of the predicted streamflow of the Base Case according to the three types of streamflow the model predicts pervious flow impervious flow and baseflow oo Pollutants Base Case vs Alternative Case displays the pollutant load kg month of ten pollutants for the modeled watershed The different pollutant loads are the predicted outputs for both the Base Case and Alternative Case Each output has a toolbar at the top of the window In the Executive Summary toolbar you will find the following tools 1 Print to print the output that you are viewing When you click this tool the Print window will appear Select your printer name from the drop down menu and click OK 2 Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a report form can be exported in RDP or RTF format The RTF format is compatibl
57. see the effects on the model See Table 5 below for ranges of possible values Ideally you create a few parameter sets for comparison and can select one to run the model However having too many parameter sets saved can slow down the modeling You can delete a parameter set by selecting it from the Current parameter set drop down menu and clicking Delete THIS parameter set Table 5 Hydrological Parameters Category Range Default value Units Annual Average Flow at Gaging Station N A 0 000016 cms Soil type N A N A N A 33 Wetting Front Suction Wetted Moisture Content Surface Hydraulic Conductivity Depth of Root Zone Initial Soil Saturation Condition Advanced Settings Leaf Transition Period days Leaf on Day day of year 1 365 Leaf off Day day of year 1 365 Tree Bark Area Index Shrub Bark Area Index Leaf Storage Pervious Depression Storage Impervious Depression Storage Scale Parameter of Power Function Scale Parameter of Soil Transmissivity Transmissivity at Saturation Unsaturated Zone Time Delay Time Constant for Subsurface Flow B Time Constant for Surface Flow Alpha Time Constant for Surface Flow Beta Watershed area where rainfall rate can exceed infiltration rate 0 03 0 4 0 1 0 7 0 0001 0 3 N A N A N A N A N A N A 0 1 7 5 0 1 300 1 2 0 01 0 05 0 0005 100 0 01 150 0 01 0 240 0 01 0 240 0 01 0 240 0 100 34 0 12 0
58. servation YYYYMMDDhhmmss tz_cd time zone N A dd data descriptor N A accuracy_cd accuracy code N A value discharge cfs precision digits of precision in the discharge N A remark optional remark code N A a Required fields include date_time tz_cd and value See note below gt Fora listof accuracy codes and optional remark codes see the example at Resources gt Archives gt i Tree Hydro beta Resources gt i Tree Hydro at www itreetools org To make your data compatible with Hydro the fields should be organized in tab separated columns using the field names listed above and saved as an rdb file When streamflow data are properly formatted you will be able to navigate to the folder in which you saved it and load it into the 1 Project Area Information form as described in Phase NOTE Not all of the fields listed are used in i Tree Hydro If you cannot find certain information the field name still needs to be included but you can populate the column with dummy values For example i Tree Hydro does not use the accuracy code but due to formatting of the data a placeholder value is needed to keep the application on track An example of correctly formatted streamflow data can be found at www itreetools org gt Resources gt Archives gt i Tree Hydro Resources Weather station Weather station data are an important input because they are used to simulate the streamflow of your study area When selecting your weather statio
59. t that is displayed in the Current parameter set drop down menu is the one that will be used for modeling Calibrating the model As a first step try running i Tree Hydro s auto calibration option 1 Select the Suggested Default Values parameter set from the Current parameter set drop down menu 10 2 Click Auto Calibrate Parameters at the bottom of the window NOTE This process may take several minutes Your anti virus software may show a warning regarding the file pest exe Allow that file to run it is part of i Tree Hydro Reminder You cannot run auto calibration on non gaged watersheds At this point you can choose to skip any manual calibration of the model and go straight to the Comparing the calibration results section below That will show you how the auto calibration results from the Suggested Default Values compare to your observed streamflow If you are not satisfied with the fit of the model for either parameter set you can return to the instructions below to manually adjust some parameters and check the effects on the model To manually calibrate the model 1 Select a parameter set from the Current parameter set drop down menu on which to base your adjustments Ready these parameters by clicking Retain and Edit as NEW parameter set and assigning a name in the window that appears Auto calibrated parameters cannot be edited without first retaining as a new parameter set 2 Manually adjust the values of this n
60. t you can see the total water volume for the entire modeled time period If you choose to view your output By Month or By Week then the total volume will be aggregated and displayed for each month or week 16 respectively of the modeled time period 2 Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Graph legends are added automatically The water volume outputs are also customizable Choose the colors for each bar by clicking on the colored box next to each component and then choosing your new color in the window that appears To turn components on and off click the check box next to the name It may take a minute for the chart to update Pollution estimates The following Hydro outputs can be found under Outputs gt Pollution Estimates 1 Base Case displays the pollutant load kg unit of time of ten pollutants for the modeled watershed The different pollutant loads are the predicted outputs for the Base Case 2 Base Case vs Alternative Case displays the pollutant load kg unit of time of ten pollutants for the modeled watershed The different pollutant loads are the predicted outputs for both the Base Case and Alternative Case Each of the
61. tains a TI histogram database based on USGS calculations with tables for States Counties Places gaged Watershed Basins and HUC8 watersheds In each table there is a minimum and maximum topographic index value and a count of the number of pixels in the area of interest The B1 B30 fields contain the proportion of the pixels in the area of interest that fall within that histogram bin For a brief overview on how the Tls were constructed see Appendix 2 Land cover parameters The following input data can be entered by going to Step gt 2 Land Cover Parameters Table 4 Land Cover Parameters Category Source Default value Units Surface Cover Types should total 100 Eco Canopy N A Tree Cover UTC GIS Shrub Cover ie eae 12 3 Herbaceous Cover Ta ae N A Water Cover to eae N A Impervious Cover TA uae N A Soil Cover o am N A Tree Leaf Area Index Eco Literature 5 0 none Shrub Leaf Area Index Eco Literature 2 2 none Herbaceous Leaf Area Index Eco Literature 1 6 none Directly Connected Impervious Cover GIS 40 32 Cover Types Beneath Trees should total 100 Pervious Cover Eco N A Impervious Cover Eco 6 1 DEM Digital Elevation Model data see Appendix 1 Eco An existing i Tree Eco study although it is unlikelythat the Eco study area and the Hydro study area will align exactly your Eco results mightoffersome insight Canopy i Tree Canopy Visit www itreetools org for more informati
62. tion data are available but are more likely to cause complications in modeling associated with bridges and elevated roadways 1 Navigate to the USGS DEM website http viewer nationalmap gov viewer NOTE Links were correct at the time of publication but may have changed If necessary please use Google and the relevant key words to search for the correct 35 oO N 8 9 links Display the Overlays tab on the left hand side of the screen to manage visible layers to help with orientation These choices do not affect which data are downloaded The following are recommended a Under the Base Data Layers turn on Hydrography b Under the Base Data Layers expand Governmental Unit Boundaries Expand Features Uncheck all of the boxes except County or Equivalent and State or Territory Use the tools to zoom in or out and pan to your region Click on Download Data to choose the data that you want to download In the Download options window choose Click here to define the area that you want to download or choose a reference area from the pull down menu Now comparing the image you saved from Google Earth of the streams in your region and your watershed of choice Fig 4 select an area of coverage that extends comfortably beyond the boundaries of your watershed Fig 5 In the USGS Available Data for download window check the box for Elevation then select Next Choose the National Elevation Dataset 1 3 arc second in Ar
63. to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a tabular form canbe exported in Excel or comma separated values CSV Both of these file types are compatible with Microsoft Office Excel which provides relatively easy editing b Total by to change the view of your model output In the Total by drop down menu you can choose to display daily totals weekly totals monthly totals or a total for the entire model run period usually but not always one year To view two dimensional and three dimensional representations of your Digital Elevation Model DEM go to Outputs gt DEM 2D 3D Visualization Given the Universal Transverse 21 Mercator UTM projection of the DEM data the watershed may appear distorted This option is not available for projects using a Topographic Index Tl instead of a DEM When viewing the 3D simulation press and hold the cursor in the viewing window while moving the cursor to change the view of your DEM In the toolbar located near the top of the window 1 Use the View drop down menu to toggle back and forth between the 2D and 3D views 2 Click Reset Orientation to return to the default view of the DEM 3 Use the Export tool to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options
64. ts Projects should be limited to three years or fewer given the intensive amount of processing 4 In Steps 5 and 6 to follow you will input your observed streamflow data and weather station data If you would like to save the raw streamflow and weather data that you chose check the box labeled Save raw source stream gage and weather files before processing You will be prompted for file names under which to save the files 5 This step relates to incorporating Observed Streamflow Data Here you have three options a If you will be using the standard i Tree Hydro data available for 2005 2012 click I need to pick a USGS gage from a map and a map of local gaging stations will appear To select an appropriate station you can enter the ID number directly in the ID field or click on the station marker to select it If you hover over each marker the station name will appear in the window status bar After you have selected an appropriate station click OK In the window that appears navigate to the folder where you saved your project give the gage data file a name e g streamgage_data dat and click Save Processing will begin b If you gathered and formatted your own data choose Browse for my own file navigate to the location where you saved the file and click Open c If you would like to conduct an analysis as a non gaged stream choose l wish to predict streamflow for a non gaged stream and the model will use estimated values
65. w All to return the graph view to full extent For example if you were to zoom in on a specific segment of the graph Show All would be used to quickly zoom back out to display the graph in its entirety Zoom In Zoom Out to zoom in and out on specific segments of the graph and view the output in more detail This is particularly useful as the full extent of the graph displays the entire modeled time period oftentimes by month Zooming in would allow you to view the pollutant load at a more specific time period suchas a day or week Pan to move from side to side along the graph when the zoomed in Export to export the output that you are viewing and save it to your computer Next to the Export button you will see a drop down menu with several format options Outputs in a graphic form can be exported as a JPG GIF or PNG image Note that the exported image will be of the current view that is displayed on your screen Legends are added automatically 23 If you pursue a watershed analysis instead of the Topographic Index TI option then the first and perhaps most difficult decision you have to make is selecting a watershed to analyze One challenge here is that many people are more accustomed to thinking in terms of political or parcel boundaries e g a city or a university campus and considering what impacts might result from changes within those areas Hydrological modeling often occurs at the watershed level which is u
66. xclusion of others that may be suitable The software distributed under the label i Tree Software Suite v 5 0 is provided without warranty of any kind Its use is governed by the End User License Agreement EULA to which the user agrees before installation The i Tree Development Team actively seeks feedback on any component of the project the software suite itself the manuals or the process of development dissemination support and refinement Please send comments through any of the means listed on the i Tree support page www itreetools org support i Tree Components of the i Tree software suite have been developed over the last few decades by the USDA Forest Service and numerous cooperators Support for the development and release of i Tree v 5 0 has come from USDA Forest Service Research State and Private Forestry and their cooperators through the i Tree Cooperative Partnership of Davey Tree Expert Company the Arbor Day Foundation Society of Municipal Arborists the International Society of Arboriculture and Casey Trees i Tree Hydro The i Tree Hydro model was originally developed by Drs Jun Wang SUNY ESF Ted Endreny SUNY ESF and David J Nowak USDA Forest Service The model code has been improved and integrated within i Tree based on the work of Michael Kerr Davey Institute Yang Yang SUNY ESF Sanyam Chaudhary Syracuse University Rahul Kumbhar Syracuse University Thomas Taggart GUNY ESF and Shannon
67. y of graphs tables and other model outputs that allow you to take a closer look at the hydrology and water quality modeled for your study area Once you have run your model you can explore these to interpret your results NOTE Several outputs will not be available for viewing if you ran the Hydro model without defining an Alternative Case If you try to open these outputs you will be prompted to set the values in the 4 Define Alternative Case window Refer to the last section of Phase Il Entering Model Parameters for more information about defining an Alternative Case In Phases and Il you described your project area and set up your Base Case hydrologic parameters and possibly specified an alternative case The final step in the process is to run the i Tree Hydro model and view the results Any changes to the Phase Il inputs require the model to be run again in order to update the outputs To run the i Tree Hydro model Open Step 5 Run Hydro Model In the window that appears you will see the process running It should only take a few minutes to run Click OK when the top of the window reads Model run complete One of the outputs provided by i Tree Hydro is the Executive Summary To open that document go to Outputs gt Executive Summary The Executive Summary provides a broad overview of several model parameters including the watershed area total rainfall total runoff and land cover for both the Base Case and Alternative Ca

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