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ERDAS IMAGINE® Advantage

1. 4 Visible by Two Observers MEN 44 9238 4 7 Select File gt Save in the Raster Attribute Editor to save all edits to the CellArray You can now easily view the size and location of visible and hidden areas in the viewsheds 1 Click an area inside the Viewer The corresponding class is highlighted in the CellArray of the Raster Attribute Editor dialog 2 When you complete your query of the data select File gt Close in the Raster Attribute Editor to dismiss the dialog 1 Click Close in the Viewshed dialog 2 Select File gt Close in the Viewer 3 Select File gt Close Image Drape in the Image Drape viewer Index Numerics 3D Surfacing dialog 78 3X3 Edge Detect 35 3X3 Edge Detect dialog 36 B Bicubic Spline 58 Bilinear Interpolation 58 Brightness Inversion dialog 41 C Camera Model 57 Chip Extraction Viewer 64 71 Circular Mask dialog 15 Convolution dialog 34 Crisp dialog 37 Cubic Convolution 58 D Data Preparation menu 78 Dialog xxi 3D Surfacing 78 3X3 Edge Detect 36 Brightness Inversion 41 Circular Mask 15 Convolution 34 Crisp 37 Filter Options 19 Fourier Transform 3 GCP Tool Reference Setup 70 Geo Correction Tools 62 IHS to RGB 49 ImageInfo 75 Import Options 79 Indices 47 Inverse Fourier Transform 10 Job Status 36 Low High Pass Filter 7 Open FFT Layer 5 Projection Chooser 68 Read Points 78 Rectangular Mask 16 Reference GCC File 71 Resample 73 RGB to IH
2. Table 3 Tools Menu Options Continued Selection Coordinate Calculator Functionality Open the Coordinate Calculator to transform coordinates from one spheroid or datum to another Create Display Movie Sequences Open the Movie viewer to create and view a series of images in rapid succession Create Display Viewer Sequences Open the VUE Player to view a series of images saved from the Viewer Image Drape Open the Image Drape Viewer to create a perspective view by draping imagery over a terrain DEM Start the Digital Point Positioning DPPDB Workstation DataBase Workstation if installed Open the EML View dialog which View EML ScriptFiles enables you to view edit and print ERDAS IMAGINE dialogs UNIX Developer s Toolkit installation only Utilities Menu 4 Click Utilities on the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar The Utilities menu opens JPEG Compress Images Decompress JPEG Images Convert Pixels ka ASCII Convert ASCII ka Pixels Convert Images to Annotation Convert Annotation to Raster Create Update Image Chips Create Font Tables Font To Symbol Compare Images Oracle Spatial Table Tool 5M Plug in Manager Reconfigure Raster Formats Reconfigure vector Formats Reconfigure Resample Methods Reconfigure Geometric Models Reconfigure PE GCS Codes The following table contains the Utilities menu selections and their function
3. sae HA SP AUB Ke NAA Viewshed Analysis Introduction Create a Viewshed One of the many tasks you can perform using IMAGINE Advantage is Viewshed Analysis This tour guide describes how to use this analysis tool Viewshed Analysis allows you to position an observer on a DEM in a Viewer and determine the visible areas within the terrain You can adjust the observer s height either above ground level or above sea level and set the visible range This tool is useful for planning the location and height of towers used for observation or communications It might also be used to determine areas that lie within poor reception of standard broadcast towers and are thus potential cable markets In this tour guide you can learn how to e start an Image Drape viewer e start the Viewshed tool e work with multiple observers e query Viewshed data and layers Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 15 minutes In this exercise you create a viewshed and analyze the terrain within it ERDAS IMAGINE must be running with a Viewer open Click the Open icon a in the Viewer or select File gt Open gt Raster Layer In the Select Layer To Add dialog navigate to the ERDAS Data _Home gt examples directory Select the file eldodem img then click the Raster Options tab In the Raster Options tab make sure that the Fit to Frame checkbox is active
4. Click OK in the Select Layer To Add dialog Add the Raster Image Start Image Drape Viewer and Set Level of Detail Change DEM level of detail in this field a DEM LOD 2 Change raster level of detail in this field Click the Open icon again and navigate to the ERDAS Data _Home gt examples directory Select the file eldoatm img then click the Raster Options tab In the Raster Options tab make sure that the Clear Display checkbox is not active Click OK in the Select Layer to Add dialog Both files are displayed in the Viewer From the menu bar of the Viewer displaying eldodem img select Utility gt Image Drape The Image Drape Viewer opens displaying eldodem img which supplies terrain relief and eldoatm img which supplies the color Position the Image Drape Viewer so that it does not cover the first Viewer you opened Now you can set the level of detail Select View gt LOD Control from the Image Drape viewer menu bar The Level Of Detail dialog opens You can also 100 1 J change the ag a level of detail Raster LOD 5 100 E avc using these meter controls ww tee e In the field next to DEM LOD enter 100 and press Enter on your keyboard Click Apply to increase the level of detail in the Image Drape viewer Click Close to dismiss the Level Of Detail dialog Your two Viewers now look like the following i Viewer 1 ekl
5. q sB WGaao P RGBtolHS img red green and blue values converted to intensity hue and saturation values This image does not appear similar to the input file It is not meant for interpretation it is only meant to produce an input for the IHS to RGB function V4 Viewer 2 rgbtoihs img Layer_1 Layer_2 Layer_3 File Utility View AOI Raster Help ERAEN J IHStoRGB img see special instructions below intensity hue and saturation values converted to red green and blue values appears similar to mineral img The intensity and saturation red and blue values have been contrast stretched for better interpretation V4 Viewer 3 ihstorgb img Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help AX Wavelet Resolution Merge In the Open Raster Layer dialog when displaying IHStoRGB img be sure to load Layer 1 as Red Layer 2 as Green and Layer 3 as Blue This is because the order of the layers was reversed in the transformation When you are through comparing the files close the Viewers by selecting Session gt Close All Viewers in the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar Click Close in the Image Interpreter menu Click Close in the Spectral Enhancement menu The Image Interpreter and Spectral Enhancement menus close Part of the Spatial Enhancement menu is the Wavelet Resolution Merge feature This tour will cover the feature by using two images from the IM
6. 03 72 1151 1161 7 Gere NN 2003663 1107192 547205419 3745048581 134721 Conto 0494 0856 QSe3 0337 j GCPHS SOG BAS 533235565 3746921105 248000 Conr 0048 0525 527 0532 0 1525 539516 999 3743200 150 458 000 Control 0 566 NOTE The GCP Tool requires a minimum of three GCPs to run the model and at least six GCPs to make the model accurate and stable 6 Click Save in the Camera Model Properties dialog Choose Your Path f you would like to resample the camera image proceed to Resample the Image e If you would like to calibrate the camera image proceed to Calibrate the Image Resample the Image Resampling requires an input file and a transformation matrix by which to create the new pixel grid 1 In the Geo Correction Tools click the Resample icon l The Resample dialog opens Vi Resample E3 Output File img Resample Method Click this dropdown geomodel img Cubic Convalution zy EA PM Enter the output file name here Output Map Information Prajectian UTM Units meters Number rows 995 Number columns 1003 Output Comers Change the output ux 538638 000000 Lave 548658 000000 cell sizes here x TIU 3749859 000000 Z uge 3738915000000 From Inquire Box Output Cell Sizes F Click to enable w 10000000 EE 10 000000
7. File Edit Mask Help Position your cursor in this area The image is filtered as soon as you release the mouse and similar to the following example The resulting image is also shown Wi Yiewer 1 fourier_wedge img Layer_1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help G DE Og 05 4562 KRQAQMP Wd Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 File Edit Mask Help oom Oe re PAS 455710 59 423326 M WGS 84 A Combine Edits You may combine as many edits as you like during an editing session Since the Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform are linear operations the effect of each edit on the resulting image is independent of the others Here you perform a low pass filter over the wedged fft layer that you just created 1 With the fft layer that you just created displayed in the Fourier Editor click the Low Pass Filter tool Bn 2 With your cursor in the center of the Fourier Editor drag toward the right until the u coordinate in the status bar is about 200 The fft layer and resulting image look similar to the following Wi Viewer 1 wedge_lowpass img Layer_1 Oj xj File Utility View AOI Raster Help Md Fourier Editor wedge lowpass fft Layer 1 l Bl x G g H 322g wi 5J mm BS i x Q Q M Fie Edit Mask Help 7 x sOW Oet 2 UR 4 c AINE Ay Image Interpreter Introduction Subsetting an Image Im
8. 1 inverse tm1 img Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help u BE D Rd amp eg 9 3 CQ c rm Or LB 14 E p L oF e gt Sy yous 4 BiU v4 uii c ex e B TU dt ef a Je 464860 59 4232963 00 UTM WGS84 s E For the other edits performed in this Tour Guide you can save the fft layer and perform an inverse Fourier transform at any time The steps for doing so are not repeated here However the result is shown so that you can see how each edit affects the image In the Fourier Editor click the Open icon as on the toolbar or select File gt Open from the menu bar In the Open FFT Layer dialog under FFT Layer enter the name of the first fft layer you displayed for example TM 1 fft Click OK to display the selected file in the Fourier Editor When the file displays select Mask gt Filters from the Fourier Editor menu bar In the Low High Pass Filter dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Butterworth This is a smoother function than the Ideal Use a radius of 80 00 just as with the Ideal Change the Radius to 80 00 Click OK in the Low High Pass Filter dialog The fft layer and the resulting image are shown in the following picture WJ Viewer 1 inverse_butterworth img Layer 1 d Bl x File Utility View AOI Raster Help V4 Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 ue ea gi Sg
9. 472 atistics Info Skip Factor x ae Skip Factor Y ae Last Modified Wed Aug 11 16 16 43 1999 Map Infa Upper Left 0 0 Upper Lefty 0 0 ded is pixel E File Lower Right 2293 0 Lower Right i 2293 0 coor inates Pinel Size x M A Pinel Size i NA Unit other Geo Model None Projection Unknown Projection Info S pheroid The model ratum IS listed here 2 Look in the Map Info section by Geo Model If Geo Model says Camera you must delete the map model therefore proceed to step 3 If there is no model select File gt Close to dismiss the Imagelnfo dialog then proceed to Perform Geometric Correction 3 Select Edit gt Delete Map Model from the Imagelnfo menu bar 4 Select File gt Close from the Imagelnfo menu bar Redisplay the file 1 Click the Close icon gx in the Viewer currently displaying ps napp img 2 Click the Open icon as and select ps napp img from the directory in which you saved it 3 Move your cursor around the image and note the small coordinates in the status area The small coordinates are pixel coordinates not map coordinates You can now proceed with geometric correction Perform Geometric Correction 1 Select Raster gt Geometric Correction from the Viewer menu bar The Set Geometric Model dialog opens W Set Geometric Model Select Geometric Model Click here to select Camera Open Existing Model Use Existing Calibration Cancel Help 2
10. 5 n5 57 Perform Image to Image Rectification 57 PRODUC AE V oa ee ae ae ee ee eae Bae amp 58 Review Image Information eene 60 Check for Map Model nnn 60 Redisplay the file ccrr nnn 61 Perform Geometric Correction rns 61 Set Camera Model Properties eee ees 62 Edit FiducialS ue dk or kw da wen eo Eo ee be ae ee e 63 Enter Film Coordinates 0 00 00 eee ee ee ees 66 Change Projection 0 cee ee rn 68 Name the Geometric Model 0 000 ce eee eens 70 Start the GCP Tool and compute RMS Error 70 Choose Your Path ccc ee te I ns 72 Resample the Image ee 73 Calibrate the Image cnn 74 Terrain Surface Interpolation 0000 ee eee ees 77 MosaicPro IntroductiON ud 4o 39 a3 d xo o 4 4 d ECC Xx 77 Create d Surface amp ci cee x X xXx EG Xx w EK 4X X xod 77 Import an ASCII File cnn 78 Perform Surfacing sasaaa a es 81 Display the Surface 1 aa 82 85 Introduction 0 0 eee ee x x nonno u 85 Mosaic Using Laguna Beach Images 85 Starting MosaicPro es 85 Adding and Displaying Images in MosaicPro 87 Drawing and Editing Seam Polygons 90 Correcting Color 1i ieee EE RR om EORR de E io ORE eS 91 Image Dodging naana a a nnns 93 Previewing the Mosaic saasaa aaa ee ee
11. Dodged Image Preview In the Image Dodging dialog make sure under Display Setting the band choices are Red 1 Green 2 and Blue 3 Notice the bright spot you need to correct Look under Statistics Collection at Grid Size Skip Factor X and Skip Factor Y You can change these numbers to suit your purposes but for this exercise leave them at the defaults of 10 3 and 3 Notice the Pyramid Level setting This option allows you to accelerate the image dodging process by creating an image layer that is reduced by the power of 4 if you choose 4 1 When you select more than one pyramid level the Skip Factor options are not applicable For this exercise leave the setting at 1 1 Look under Options For All Images make sure Band Independent is not selected unchecked This will yield Band Dependent results Click Preview to view the image after applying Image Dodging The image appears in the Dodge Image Preview section of the dialog a Mosaic Image Dodging Options For Current Image Options For All Images lagt1pi ima lt gt gt Band Independent Don t do dodging on this image Dodging Dodge cross Images Dodge Individually Statistics Collecti e atistics Collection Edit Correction Settings Grid Size R Apply To All Display Setting Skip Factor X Iw Apply To All i RGB Single Band Skip Factor Y jv Apply To All Display ingle Ban Pyramid Level V Apply To All
12. Dor t Ask Me This Question Again Cancel Help 2 Select Most Nadir Seamline and click OK to accept this option Dar Fie Edit view Process Help D c dd C w Ttt EH Uis Ww CI C9 QQ d xw e BH y fx EJ 4 le RMS Online Exclude Areas Image Dodaed Color E Bala unaonyzhoul lag Active NN oooo x T J una on yzhou lt lag Active 0 0000 xX una on yzhou lt lag1 Active 0 0000 x 428058 14 3725553 78 UTM Clarke 1866 3 Use the Zoom In icon to look closely at the seamline area you want to digitize 4 Select the Create Polygon icon v on the viewer Once in the viewer the cursor becomes a cross hair 5 Draw and edit the seam polygon place the cursor in the image to be included in the final mosaic left click to start drawing the polygon and the first side of the polygon appears Move the cursor to the right and draw the polygon by left clicking at each vertex Double click at the last vertex to close the polygon The seamlines redraw so that the image containing your first left click is enlarged seamlines drawn by all polygon sides in that image 6 Ihe edited seam polygon displays w MosaicPro No File File Edit View Process Help do Bak E SE Ve FERRERO Mis Re PO I E oe ee Image Name Area Resample RMS Online Exclude Areas Image Dodged Color Balai queenstyche shared data laguna on yzhoul lag Active NN goo x 4 X queenstyche
13. In the Set Geometric Model dialog click Camera and then click OK The Geo Correction Tools and Camera Model Properties dialogs open Geo Correction Tools Enter X and Y point coordinates here Enter the Vi Camera Model Properties Mo File DEM file General Fiducials Orientation Projection name Elevation Source PiingifalPoint ad the here Use File Constant us 4 Y Cc doen Elevation File imdg 0 004 0 0010 here Click here rus A _Saveas_ to select FocalLength 152 804 the Elevation Units Meters wa v Uns GES E Select ins illimeters e Rew units for Account for Earth s curvature Number af Iterations 5 the points j and focal Make sure length this box here is not checked Status Model has no solution Set Camera Model Properties 1 In the Camera Model Properties dialog enter the DEM file ps dem img under Elevation File The file ps dem img is located in the ERDAS Data _Home gt examples directory NOTE Upon request the data provider supplies the camera calibration certificate with the film at the time of purchase This certificate provides the information needed for step 3 and step 4 2 Click Yes in the Attention window that opens Attention Do vou wish to assume that the Vertical Datum is the same as the input sensor model Otherwise use ImageInfo to define the correct information For this image and try again T
14. The following paragraphs are used throughout the ERDAS IMAGINE documentation These paragraphs contain strong warnings These paragraphs provide software specific information These paragraphs contain important tips These paragraphs lead you to other areas of this book or other ERDAS manuals for additional information NOTE Notes give additional instruction Getting Started ERDAS IMAGINE Icon Panel amp ERDAS IMAGINE 9 3 ession Main Tools Utilities Help Shaded Boxes Shaded boxes contain supplemental information that is not required to execute the steps of a tour guide but is noteworthy Generally this To start ERDAS IMAGINE in Microsoft Windows navigate to ERDAS IMAGINE version from the Start menu or type the following in a UNIX command window imagine ERDAS IMAGINE begins running the icon panel automatically opens The ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel contains icons and menus for accessing ERDAS IMAGINE functions You have the option through the Session Preferences menu to display the icon panel horizontally across the top of the screen or vertically down the left side of the screen The default is a horizontal display The icon panel that displays on your screen looks similar to the following EN uu gu se um th BELT r i Import DataPrep Composer Interpreter ERDAS IMAGINE Menu Bar Session Menu 1 The various icons that are present on your icon panel depend on the
15. pee the ignore zeros option Recalculate OutputDetauts Iv grote Zero Sta Batch Cancel Help 2 Inthe Resample dialog under Output File enter geomodel img in the directory of your choice 3 Under Resample Method click the dropdown list and select Cubic Convolution 4 Under Output Cell Sizes enter 10 for X and 10 for Y NOTE The default Output Cell Sizes are based on the triangulation The smaller the pixel size the larger the output file size 5 Click the Ignore Zero in Stats checkbox to activate it 6 Click OK in the Resample dialog A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function 7 When the Job Status dialog indicates that the process is 100 complete click OK 8 Display geomodel img in a Viewer to view the resampled orthoimage Calibrate the Image s Viewer 3 geomodel img Band_1 File Utility Yiew AOI Raster Help smh SPM Xx Va tA RQQ HF a To proceed with this portion of the tour guide you must have completed the steps to rectify ps napp img in Rectify a Camera Image In the Geo Correction Tools dialog click the Calibrate Image icon m A Calibrate Image warning box displays Wi Calibrate Image Click OK to Performing image calibration will continue with terminate the Geo Carrection Tools calibration and redisplay the calibrated image Click OK in the Calibrate Image warning box The Geo Correction Tool and all its associated di
16. rea ui eas una on yzhoult lagi ooo x J J una on yzhoult lagi ono x una on yzhoult lagi oopo x ooo 419580 45 3709940 18 UTM Clarke 1866 The data for laguna_beach images displays in the MosaicPro Image List CellArray lf the Image List is not automatically displayed at the bottom of the MosaicPro viewer go to Edit gt Show Image Lists and select it 3 Click the Vis box in the image list cellarray for each of the three images then select View gt Show Rasters in the viewer menu or click the Display raster images icon un The raster images display SED T Menu bar eS A E wGeH amp amp edecimax Be Toolbar Mosaicked laguna beach images are displayed in embedded Viewer 5 fea uit fe l List uongheuWHegi Ace NN ooo x __ mage LIS ana on yzhouMlagt Acie NN omo x _ Oa queenstyche shared data laguna on yzhoult lag Active NN aono x 421545 68 3723788 41 UTM Clarke 1866 Drawing and MosaicPro allows you to draw a seam polygon through images or a Editing Seam single polygon in an individual image Polygons 1 In the viewer click the Seamlines Generation Options FAI icon The Seamline Generation Options dialog opens Seamline Generation Options E Seamline Generation Methad E Weighted Seamline f Most Nadir Seamline Beometn based Seamline Overlay based Seamline
17. 3 bands and there are 4 to be considered for this merge If you chose IHS instead of Single Band there would be distortions Single band will use all 4 bands sequentially 15 Leave the Resampling Technique Data Type and Output Options at their defaults 16 Click OK The Wavelet Resolution Merge processing dialog appears W Wavelet Resolution Merge Job State Copying layer 1 from dwt2 O03032 img to a2 O03032 img Percent Done 100 O SENEEEEEEEEEEENEE 100 H i 17 Click OK when the button is highlighted and the Job State is Done 18 Open a Viewer and display both Quickbird Pyramids MS img and your new merged image Make sure you click Clear Display in Raster Options to deselect it before adding each image V4 Viewer 1 wavelet merge img Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 7 File Utility View AGI Raster Help BS D Rd amp e 3E D c tare Ww d BF 19 Using the Swipe and Zoom tools check the accuracy of the newly merged image Orthorectification Introduction Rectify a Camera Image Perform Image to Image Rectification Rectification is the process of projecting the data onto a plane and making it conform to a map projection system Assigning map coordinates to the image data is called georeferencing Since all map projection systems are associated with map coordinates rectification involves georeferencing The orthorectification process removes the geometric distortion inherent in imagery ca
18. 41 4421984 82 UTM Clarke 1866 As you move the Positioning tool the 3D image in the Image Drape viewer is updated Observer 1 is now looking at the location of Observer 2 The 3D image is positioned so that the target is centered in the Image Drape viewer iBi xi File Utility View Position Raster Help 2 BE D E 8 c d ORB 473248 479 4416080 386 2598 837 3 Switch the Eye and Target of the Positioning tool in the Viewer Observer 2 is now looking at the location of Observer 1 Again the 3D image rotates to match the Eye and Target positions of the Viewer Save the Viewshed Query Viewshed Data ioli Fie Utility view Position Raster Help u DES AORN a What can we do with a saved viewshed For example the saved viewshed can be used to create a map composition In the Viewshed dialog click Save Image The Save Viewshed Image dialog opens W Save Viewshed Image xX Viewshed File img o vs tow img ia Type the Z3 imagines40 m name of the Em Imagine sal viewshed imagned n i mage h ere in zs ker the dir ectory E bridgel lin images of your choice zy info 24 Ini In a directory where you have write permission type vs tour img in the Viewshed File window Click OK to dismiss the Save Viewshed Image dialog A Viewshed Analysis progress meter opens while the image is saved Click Close to dismiss the Viewshed dialog In this section use the Raster At
19. 7 Reflectance Spectral Miner In this section you use the following Spectral Enhancement functions e asseled Cap e RGB to IHS e HS to RGB e Indices Use Tasseled Cap 1 Inthe Spectral Enhancement menu select Tasseled Cap The Tasseled Cap dialog opens Enter output x Enter input Input File ing Output File img file here file here D larie img tesseledimg Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map LL 23308500 E LR x 24841 5 00 E C File UL Y 3807070 00 LAY 3731 740 00 Click to select this Data Type Output Options option Input Unsigned amp bit dutput Unsigned B bit Number of Layers Set Coefficients Click to set Batch AD coefficients Cancel Ven Hep lt Ignore Zero in Stats 2 Under Input File enter lanier img That image is a Landsat TM image of Lake Lanier Georgia which was obtained by the Landsat 5 sensor 3 Enter tasseled img in the directory of your choice as the Output File name 4 Under Output Options turn on the Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit checkbox by clicking on it 5 Click Set Coefficients The Tasseled Cap Coefficients dialog opens Wa Tasseled Cap Coefficients x Coefficient Definition Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer b Layer 7 Additive Output Options Sensor Landsat 5 TM Y Number of Layers D Cancel Help Che
20. Advantage Tour Guide manual is a compilation of tutorials designed to help you learn how to use ERDAS IMAGINES software This is a comprehensive manual representing ERDAS IMAGINE and its add on modules Each guide takes you step by step through an entire process The tour guides are not intended to tell you everything there is to know about any one topic but to show you how to use some of the basic tools you need to get started This manual serves as a handy reference that you can refer to while using ERDAS IMAGINE for your own projects Included is a comprehensive index so that you can reference particular information later There are two other ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides manuals They are based on the way ERDAS IMAGINE is packaged These manuals take you through IMAGINE in a step by step fashion to learn detailed information about the various ERDAS IMAGINE functions The other ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides manuals are IMAGINE Essentials IMAGINE Professional Sample data sets are provided with the software This data is separately installed from the data DVD For the purposes of documentation lt ERDAS_ Data Home represents the name of the directory where sample data is installed The Tour Guides refer to specific data which are stored in lt ERDAS_Data_Home gt examples Each individual tour guide takes a different amount of time to complete depending upon the options you choose and the length of the tour guide The approx
21. EE pg 6 amp x Ol a EU p File Edit Mask Help s Du wEDe This filter eliminated much of the image content because the radius was too small 8 Try this same exercise using a Radius of 300 00 rather than 80 00 The resulting image looks like the following example W Yiewer 1 invyerse_butterworth300 img Layer_1 Oj xj File Utility View AOI Raster Help Wi Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 E ni xi Fle Edt Mask Help s mE D kl amp 9 XC FN RAAN sD B2 xwDe 1 T Em The image is visibly smoothed perhaps too much However the striping remains You remove the stripes using the wedge filter later in this tour guide You could try using the Butterworth filter with an even larger radius or the other windows The following graphics illustrate some of these other scenarios ghpass img loj x Md Viewer 1 tm1_hanning_lowpass img GL 0 x W Viewer amp 1 tm1 hanning highp File Utility view AOI Raster Help File Utility View AOI Raster Help c mb D eG 3 R Qe WwWGQg PR c m D SASH H H RQQ MH PR c A JE LENA TTE OLY sn TAS ay eng 7 ete OE be mee OH he EDU i u es Type Low Pass Type High Pass Window Hanning Window Hanning Radius 100 00 Radius 20 00 t W Viewer 1 tm1_lowpass_gaussian i mg File Utility View AOI Raster Help File Utility View AOI Raster Help sme D Bd amp 9 XE C2 0 c 6 KRQQ MHF Gom
22. FFT Layer dialog 5 Open icon 42 Orthorectification 57 P Preference Editor 29 Preview chip pane xxi Projection Chooser dialog 68 Q Quick View menu 42 R Radiometric Enhance menu 40 Read Points dialog 78 Rectangular Mask dialog 16 Rectification image to image 57 steps 57 Reference GCC File dialog 71 Resample 58 Bicubic Spline 58 Bilinear Interpolation 58 Cubic Convolution 58 Nearest Neighbor 58 Resample dialog 73 RGB to IHS 48 RGB to IHS dialog 48 Run icon 10 S Save Layer As dialog 9 21 Select Layer To Add dialog 1 36 42 82 Session menu xiii Set Geometric Model dialog 62 Space resection 57 Spatial Enhancement menu 34 Spatial Modeler 25 Spatial Modeler Language 25 Spectral Enhancement menu 44 Subset 26 Surfacing dialog 81 T Tab 2 Tasseled Cap Coefficients dialog 45 Tasseled Cap dialog 44 Tasseled Cap transformation 44 Tools menu xvii U Utilities menu xviii V Viewer Chip Extraction 64 71 Viewer ERDAS IMAGINE split 42 Viewer icon 36 Viewshed Analysis 99 Viewshed dialog 102 104 viewshed layer 104 105 W Warning box 74 Wedge Mask dialog 18
23. Swipe to open the Viewer Swipe dialog 5 In the Viewer Swipe dialog take a few minutes to manually move the swipe feature over the images both horizontally and vertically so you can see how precisely they are matched You can also use the Auto Mode and adjust its speed to your preference When you are finished click Cancel in the Viewer Swipe dialog 6 Next click the Zoom In icon and zoom in on some features that interest you This exercise also gives you a good idea of how well the two images are matched You can use the Zoom In and Zoom Out icons to adjust your view When you are finished click the Reset Window Tools or arrow icon to return to the arrow cursor T Click the Interpreter button in the IMAGINE toolbar The Image Interpreter dialog opens V Image Interpreter Spatial Enhancement Radiometric Enhancement Spectral Enhancement Basic HyperSpectral Tools Advanced HyperSpectral Tools Choose Spatial Enhancement Fourier Analysis Topographic Analysis Click Close GIS Analysis Utilities 8 Select Spatial Enhancement and click Close in the Image Interpreter dialog after the Spatial Enhancement dialog opens Wi Spatial Enhancement E Convolution Maon directional Edge Focal Analysis Choose Wavelet Texture Resolution Adaptive Fier Merge Statistical Filter Resolution Merge Mad IHS Resolution Merge Cli
24. along the seam polygon boundaries In this section you will mosaic Laguna beach images MosaicPro dialog is started from the LPS or the DataPrep menu both on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel Starting MosaicPro From LPS In the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel click the LPS icon The LPS Project Manager opens VA Leica Photogrammetry Suite Project Manager 2 Inthe Project Manager select File gt Open or click the Open icon lez The Block File Name dialog opens Black File Hame File Look in a MP Taur Data HE Cancel Help Recent anto File name Files of type Black File blk 1 Files Subdirectories 1 Matches 3548724k Bytes Free 3 Inthe Block File Name dialog under File name select laguna blk from the list 4 Click OK in the Block File Name dialog The file laguna blk displays in the LPS Project Manger Fi laguna bik Leica Photogrammetry Suite Project Manager File Edit Process Tools Help Os GHnOnRAZZHEADA Block laguna blk Display Mode Map Space Image Space v Image Extents IV Image IDs F Control Points F Tie Points L1 M Check Points Point IDs bOHO 2959 I Residuals Residual Scaling Point Criteria Pwr ueenstyche shared data laguna on yzhou lt lag11p1 img ueensryche shared data laguna on yzhou lt lagl2p1 img Ea ean n Ll jueensryche shared data laguna on yzhou lt lagl 3p1
25. available raster DLLs after adding new raster DLLs Reconfigure Vector Formats Update the list of available vector DLLs after adding new vector DLLs Table 4 Utility Menu Options Continued Selection Functionality Update the list of available resampling Reconfigure Resample Methods DLLs after adding new resampling DLLs Update the list of available geometric Reconfigure Geometric Models models after adding new geometric models Calculate Geographic Coordinate System codes in the projection engine a set of libraries that handles projections for shapefiles Reconfigure PE GCS Codes Help Menu 5 Select Help from the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar The Help menu opens Help For Ican Panel IMAGINE Online Documentation IMAGINE Version IMAGINE DLL Information About ERDAS IMAGINE NOTE The Help menu is also available from the Session menu The following table contains the Help menu selections and their functionalities Table 5 Help Menu Options Help for Icon Panel View the On Line Help for the ERDAS j IMAGINE icon panel Open the entire On Line Help file containing a navigation pane page view pane and contents index and search tools IMAGINE Version View the ERDAS IMAGINE software version that is installed Open the DLL Version Tool to see IMAGINE DLL Information current DLL categories and DLL IMAGINE Online Documentation
26. clicking on the file selecting Properties and deselecting the Read only option Next you should verify that ps napp img has no map or projection information 4 Select Tools gt Image Information from the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar 5 Click the Open icon as then navigate to the location where you saved ps nappimg 6 Selectthe file then click OK in the Image Files dialog to open your copy of ps napp img a Imagelnfo ps_napp ime File Edit view Help General Prajection Histogram Pixel data GCP_Table Layer Name Band 1 File Type IMAGINE Image Pe e aile o Wwied unT TB TEE Theater lems Width 2294 Height 2294 Type Continuous Black width B4 Black Height B4 Data Type Unsigned 8 bit Compression Mone D ata Order BIL Pyramid Layer Algorithm IMAGINE 2x2 Resampling Mir 0 Max 247 Mean 113 522 Median 124 Mode 129 Std Dev 28 472 Skip Factor x ae Skip Factor Y ae Last Modified Wed Aug 11 16 16 43 1999 Statistics Info Map Info Upper Left 0 0 Upper Left 0 0 in File Lower Right 2293 Lower Right i 2293 0 Pizel Size 2 H A Pizel Size 1 NI Unit other Geo Model None Projection Unknown Projection Info amp pheraid Datum 7 Select Edit gt Delete Map Model 8 Click Yes in the Attention dialog that opens Attention 9 Delete map information in this laver m Any calibration andor projection will Click Yes you will also be lost and layer will reve
27. gt Add Area Column from the Raster Attribute Editor menu bar The Add Area Column dialog opens W Add Area Column X Units f E Click OK to Mame Area accept hectares Cancel Help Select acres from the Units dropdown list and click OK to dismiss the Add Area Column dialog The Area column is added to end of the Raster Attributes CellArray Select Edit gt Column Properties from the Raster Attribute Editor menu bar The Column Properties dialog opens Tile Aa W Editable Type pez Show RGE Alignment Right m Format ns Formula bald Mare C Defaut ony C Applon OK Auto Apply Au Ms width 0 4 Top Bottom site Mew Delete ee EET In the Columns field select Histogram and click the Up button four times to move it below the Color column Now select Area and click the Up button until it is between Color and Histogram Click OK to apply these changes to the CellArray The Column Properties dialog closes Columns are displayed in the new order Query the Viewshed Layer Finish M4 Raster Attribute Editor intervis1 Oa img001220 Layer 1 x n xj File Edit Help amp D kW 1 Layer Number Area Histogram Red Green Blue Opacity n Color D rs MB 8 9 E HI y a Perimeter MM 650063 x6 CT z Hidden Region f 775069 aes 1 CTC SO 3 CETTE ma 145551 5551 54 M 31
28. img LI Adding and Displaying Images in MosaicPro 1 Click the Mosaic icon al The Start Ortho Mosaicking dialog opens AN Select Wosaic method to use MasaicPro r Always use this Mosaic method 2 Select MosaicPro from the dropdown list and click OK The MosaicPro Viewer and Elevation Source dialog opens Fa Elevation Source Source DTM File C Constant Value DTM File img mm Cancel Help 3 In the Elevation Source dialog click the DTM File button EE 4 Click the Open icon l and the DTM File dialog opens 5 In the DTM File dialog under Filename select laguna reference dem img from the list 6 Click OK in the DTM File dialog T Click OK to dismiss the Elevation Source dialog The Add Images dialog opens Add Images File Image Area Options C Use Entire Image Crop Area Compute Active Area C Template ADI Set Block Image Type Frames Set Elevation Source 8 Click the Compute Active Area button 9 Click OK to close the Add Images dialog and add images in the MosaicPro Viewer Starting MosaicPro From the DataPrep menu 1 Inthe ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel click the DataPrep dt icon Click Mosaic Images and select MosaicPro 2 Click the Add Images icon and select the laguna_beach images The MosaicPro Viewer opens File Edit View Process Help D c dd C SEER BS xw C 9 E V e Bi kl
29. r Film s Film r Save As 1b v e _ 106 000 ea Eies m 05 3ll 2213 507 2204 418 105 998 105 4 32 584 2208 723 106 008 105 Hep h COSS D Enter the values for the film fiducials here Status Model has no solution An error of less than 1 0000 is acceptable An error of greater than 1 0000 indicates that the points were inaccurately measured or poorly identified You can reposition the points using the Select Image Fiducial icon x to improve your results 2 Inthe Camera Model Properties dialog under Viewer Fiducial Locator click the Toggle icon m The Chip Extraction Viewer the second Viewer closes 3 Click the Orientation tab in the Camera Model Properties dialog The Orientation options display W Camera Model Properties Mo File General Fiducials Orientation Projection Rotation Angle Unknown Omega 0 000 Unknown Phi 0 000 Unknown Y Kappa 0 000 Perspective Center Position Unknown a 0 000 Unknown UE 0 000 Unknown F 0 000 Status Model has no solution If you have known parameters for the Rotation Angle and Perspective Center Position derived from another triangulation package Fixed or if you have estimated values Estimate you can enter them in the Orientation tab In this example the orientation parameters are Unknown If Account for Earth s curvature is selected under the General tab the
30. resulting image is visibly smoother than the original The wedge mask option is often used to remove striping in imagery that appears in the fft layer as radial lines Most of the striping in the Landsat image you are using is manifested in the fft layer as the bright nearly vertical line that passes through the origin If it is not already displayed open the original fft layer in the Fourier Editor that is TM 1 fft With your cursor in the Fourier Editor click in the center of one of the bright areas that make up the line You need to enter this information in the dialog For this example you use 35 187 Select Mask gt Wedge Mask The Wedge Mask dialog opens x Window Function Hanning Center Angle 78 33 E Wedge Ange 1000 4 Central Gain 0 00 E Cancel Help Select window function here In the Wedge Mask dialog for the Center Angle enter the following expression to calculate the center of the wedge based on the coordinate that you selected atan 185 36 Press Enter on your keyboard The value returned is 78 99 Wedge Mask Angles The angles are measured as shown in the illustration below Enter a Wedge Angle of 10 00 This is the total angle of the wedge in this case 5 00 degrees on either side of the center Click OK to edit the layer The resulting fft layer looks similar to the following example M4 Viewer 1 fourier_wedge img Layer 1 Fi
31. shared data laguna on vzhoul lag Active NN ooo x X queensmche shared data laguna on yzhoul lag Active NN 00000 x Correcting Color 1 Select Edit gt Color Corrections from the viewer menu or click the Color Corrections icon val and the Color Corrections dialog opens u Color Corrections Color carrectionz can be don using Image Dodging Color Balancing Histogram Matching ar any combination of these options Specific areas can be excluded from statistics computing using Exclude Areas When using two or more of these options they should be performed in the onder they appear in the dialog fram top ta bottom Exclude Areas Use Image Dodging W Use Color Balancing Use Histogram Matching Pixel Value Type Pixel Value ok J Ems ee 2 Select Use Color Balancing and click Set The Set Color Balancing Method dialog opens Set Color Balancing Method Color balancing can be performed automatically or manually The autamatic approach calculates color correction surface settings based on a default surface method specified in Preferences The manual approach allows the user to interactively adjust and visually verify the color balanced results image by image Correction Method Automatic Color Balancing Set Cancel 3 Select Manual Color Manipulation and click Set The progress meter displays and then the Mosaic Color Balan
32. to as u v with the origin u v 0 0 at the center of the image See the illustration below Since Fourier images are symmetrical a point in one quadrant is exactly the same as the corresponding point in the opposite quadrant For example point 64 170 is the same as point Edit Using Menu As previously stated the menu bar and mouse driven tools offer the Options same techniques and kinds of edits only the method is different In the menu bar options you enter all parameters into dialogs In many cases you want to use the mouse to view the coordinates of the fft layer so that you know what information to enter into the dialogs In the next series of steps you use some of the menu bar editing options Then in the next section you perform many of those same edits using the mouse driven tools Use Low Pass Filtering Low pass filtering allows you to attenuate the high frequency components of the image but allows the low frequency components to pass through 1 Select Mask gt Filters from the Fourier Editor menu bar The Low High Pass Filter dialog opens Wi Low High Pass Filter igi Lied Filter Type LowPass 5 WindowFunc on dea A Select window Radius HT g function here Low Frequency Gain 1 00 H er windou High Frequency Gain 00 radius here Cancel Help Filter Types When the Filter Type is set to Low Pass its function is the same as the Low Pass Filter icon Bn on the toolbar When the Filter Type
33. 011 47 then press Enter on your keyboard 4 Click Apply in the Viewshed dialog The viewshed layer is generated and displays in the Viewer is Viewer 1 intervis1_Ob img001228 Layer 1 ni x File Utility View AOI Raster Help om D Bd amp B eg xr P is The area of the viewshed is marked by a circle Add Another Observer 1 Click Create in the Viewshed dialog A new observer is added to the CellArray ii Viewshed 1 linked to Viewer 1 7 E E mi x Function Observers Row Show Color 5 Y ASL AGL Range Azimuth FO E oes 442101147 2052 00 30 00 300000 ooo 360 00 _Save Image B rarae o agaaaoe 2175 00 30 00 3000 00 ooo 360 00 Cea Center Delete Save Click create The second observer is added to row 2 2 Click in the cell of the second observer s X column to enter 472474 65 then press Enter on your keyboard 3 Click in the cell of the second observer s Y column to enter 4419343 08 then press Enter on your keyboard 4 Click Apply in the Viewshed dialog The second viewshed layer is generated and displays in the Viewer Wi Viewer 1 intervis1_Oa img001228 Layer_1 E E ni x File Utility View AOI Raster Help sSmHHSPVHN R RQAQ MHF we wt Ae ae e a i Pama o P P Au Portions of the two viewsheds intersect evidenced by the overlap of the red circles 5 Click the Function tab in Viewshed dialog to view th
34. AGINE keyboard shortcut Ctrl Q Main Menu 2 Click the word Main in the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar The Main menu opens Start IMAGINE Viewer Import Export Data Preparation Map Composer Image Interpreter Image Catalog Image Classification Spatial Modeler Vector Radar Virtual GIS Subpixel Classifier Deltacue Stereo Analyst IMAGINE AutoSync IMAGINE Objective The following table contains the Main menu selections and their functionalities Table 2 Main Menu Options Selection Functionality aiam Import Export Open the Import Export dialog Data Preparation Open the Data Preparation menu Map Composer Open the Map Composer menu Image Interpreter Open the Image Interpreter menu Image Catalog Open the Image Catalog dialog Image Classification Open the Classification menu Spatial Modeler Open the Spatial Modeler menu Vector Open the Vector Utilities menu VirtualGIS Open the VirtualGIS menu Subpixel Classifier Open the Subpixel Classifier menu DeltaCue Open the DeltaCue menu Stereo Analyst Open the Stereo Analyst menu IMAGINE AutoSync Open the AutoSync menu IMAGINE Objective Open the Objective Workstation Tools Menu 3 Click the word Tools in the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar The Tools menu opens Edit Text Files Edit Raster Attributes View Binary Data View IMAGINE HFA File Structure Annot
35. AGINE examples directory Quickbird Pyramids Pan img and Quickbird Pyramids MS img Both images are of the Egyptian pyramids and are courtesy of DigitalGlobe Because both of these images have been captured by the same satellite they are inherently coregistered Before performing Wavelet Resolution Merge on your own images you should precisely coregister them to the subpixel level For more information on how to do this see the tour for Subpixel Coregistration at the end of the chapter on Polynomial Rectification In addition to being precisely coregistered your images must also have the same footprint on the ground Wavelet Resolution Merge will not produce the expected results if one image covers more ground than the other image In that case the images are rewritten to fit one another by the geographic footprint rather than actual map coordinates causing pixel replication Open a Viewer and click File gt Open Raster Layer or the open file icon to display the Select Layer to Add dialog Hold down the Ctrl key or the Shift key and select QuickBird Pyramids MS img and Quickbird Pyramids Pan img Click the Raster Options tab and click Clear Display to deselect it Click Fit to Frame and OK You may want to rotate the image in the Viewer by clicking View gt Rotate A dialog will appear giving you degree and rotation direction options Whether or not to rotate the image is up to you 4 Inthe Viewer menu click Utility gt
36. D Ed SPQ C2 5 c N 6 RQQH KF Type Low Pass Type Low Pass Window Bartlett Window Gaussian Radius 150 00 Radius 200 00 9 Redisplay the original fft layer in the Fourier Editor Use a Circular Mask There are several bright spots in the fft layer such as those in the upper left quadrant These can be eliminated using the circular mask option Fourier Transform Editor 9 With your cursor in the Fourier Editor click in the center of one of these bright areas There is one at u v 59 200 You use this coordinate here but you can use another if you like When you have selected a coordinate select Mask gt Circular Mask from the Fourier Editor menu bar The Circular Mask dialog opens Wa Circular Mask Window Function B utterwarth Circle Center u 53 Circle Center v 200 Circle Radius 10 00 Central Gan 000 d Cancel Help X Select window function here Enter center coordinate here Enter radius here This option is the same as if you were to click the Circular Mask icon L Es on the toolbar In the Circular Mask dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Butterworth Enter 59 for the Circle Center U and 200 for the Circle Center V Enter a Circle Radius of 20 Click OK in the Circular Mask dialog to edit the fft layer The bright spot disappears This edit does not affect the appearance of this particul
37. ERDAS IMAGINE Advantage Tour Guides November 2009 eergdas The Earth to Business Company Copyright 2009 ERDAS Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of ERDAS Inc This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system except as expressly permitted in writing by ERDAS Inc All requests should be sent to the attention of Manager Technical Documentation ERDAS Inc 5051 Peachtree Corners Circle Suite 100 Norcross GA 30092 2500 USA The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice Government Reserved Rights MrSID technology incorporated in the Software was developed in part through a project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory funded by the U S Government managed under contract by the University of California University and is under exclusive commercial license to LizardTech Inc It is used under license from LizardTech MrSID is protected by U S Patent No 5 710 835 Foreign patents pending The U S Government and the University have reserved rights in MrSID technology including without limitation a The U S Government has a no
38. Layer As dialog enter a new name for the fft layer such as TMhighpass fft Be sure to use a directory in which you have write permission Click OK to save the layer Click the Run icon S on the toolbar or select File gt Inverse Transform from the menu bar to create an inverse Fourier layer for display In the Inverse Fourier Transform dialog enter a name for the new img layer in the directory of your choice such as TM1highpass img Click OK A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function When the Job Status dialog indicates that the new img layer is created click OK and then display the layer in a Viewer Your new image should look similar to the following example Apply a Wedge Mask Wi Viewer 1 tmihighpass img Layer_1 Oj x File Utility view AOI Raster Help Go Dad e Gg 31 50 52 wGg In the next exercise you remove the nearly vertical radial line in the image thereby removing the striping in the original image Redisplay the original fft layer in the Fourier Editor if you have not already done so The Hanning window is still selected from the previous section so you do not change it Click the Wedge Mask icon I on the toolbar Using the following example as a guide with your cursor over the center of the line drag to the right until the lines of the wedge are about 20 degrees apart Release the mouse button V4 Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1
39. Output Image icon in the viewer The Output Image Options dialog opens Running the Mosaic Displaying the Mosaic i Output Image Options Define Output Map Areals Method Union of All Inputs ASCII Filename tet Li paa Map Extent As PivelCenters Pivel Edges Attribute Far File Hame Specify Collar Extent Unite pizel Extent 0 000 T Clip Boundary El Change Output M ap Projection Output Cell Size meters v 3 000000 H y 3 000000 E Output Data Type Unsigned B bit In the Output Image Options dialog under Define Output Map Area s make sure that Union of all Inputs is selected Click OK to close the Output Image Options dialog In the viewer select Process gt Run Mosaic In the Run Mosaic dialog under Output File Name enter tour laguna img in the directory of your choice then press Enter Wait for the Mosaic Job State meter to reach 10096 Click OK to close the Mosaic process meter dialog Open a viewer in the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel 5 Click the open icon in the new viewer In the Select Layer to Add dialog under Filename select tour laguna img from the directory in which you saved it In the same dialog click the Raster Options tab and click Fit To Frame 5 Click OK to display the mosaicked image tour laguna i Viewer 1 tour laguna img Layer_1 Layer_ Layer_3 File Utility View AGI Raster Help
40. P File gcc under Collect Reference Points From and then click OK The Reference GCC File dialog opens 3 Inthe Reference GCC File dialog select ps camera gcc The reference points in this file were obtained from USGS 1 24 000 scale topographical maps using a digitizer 4 Click OK in the Reference GCC File dialog A Chip Extraction Viewer the second Viewer a link box and the GCP Tool open V4 GCP Tool Input ps napp img Reference ps camera gcc File View Edit Help Q ZZ g NOn we Point PointlD gt Coor Xlnut Yinpt gt i ZRef Type XResidual Y Residual RMS Enor Contrib Match EE tt 78 2101550 544657837 37407137 72 1188 2 Cono o 2 GCP 2 TEP 214532 542301281 37402044 3 132588 Control Jooo 0 GCPH3 MENMI co 50076 541903315 3747260594 188366 Control Joo 0 p GCPH4 MENNI 200101 1271808 544030 350 3744286400 147 218 Control i GCP 6 BEEN 2146 06 2223 600 547300 780 3740212 455 106 580 GCP 7 EN 2019 663 1107 192 547285 419 3745049 591 134 721 GCP 8 BEEN 150 746 530 589 533235 585 3746921 10 248 000 9 0 1 kl 5 GCP 5 EMEN 1587 295 590 503 Ei 545787 266 3747269 691 159 105 6 ea z These file coordinates were previousl
41. S 48 Save Layer As 9 21 Select Layer To Add 1 36 42 82 Set Geometric Model 62 Surfacing 81 Tasseled Cap 44 Tasseled Cap Coefficients 45 Wedge Mask 18 E Enhancement radiometric 40 Spatial 33 Spectral 44 ERDAS Field Guide 76 ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel xiii F Filter 35 Filter Options dialog 19 Fourier Analysis menu 3 Fourier Editor 4 Fourier Transform create 1 Editor 1 start 4 using toolbar icons 19 Fourier Transform dialog 3 G GCP Tool 71 GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog 70 Geo Correction Tools dialog 62 Geometric correction 61 Georeferencing 57 Graphical model 38 edit 39 view 38 H High Pass Filter icon 20 I Icons High Pass Filter 20 Image Interpreter 3 27 33 Low Pass Filter 20 Open 42 Run 10 Viewer 36 IHS to RGB 48 49 IHS to RGB dialog 49 Image invert 41 reverse 41 Image Interpreter 25 Image Interpreter icon 3 27 33 Image Interpreter menu 3 27 34 ImageInfo dialog 75 Import Options dialog 79 Index 47 Indices dialog 47 Inverse Fourier Transform dialog 10 J Job Status dialog 36 K Kernel 35 CellArray 36 library 35 L Level of Detail 100 Low High Pass Filter dialog 7 Low Pass Filter icon 20 M Map projection 57 Menu Fourier Analysis 3 Image Interpreter 3 27 34 Radiometric Enhance 40 Session xiii Spatial Enhancement 34 Spectral Enhancement 44 Tools xvii Utilities xviii Mineral ratio 48 Model Maker 25 38 N Nearest Neighbor 58 O On Line Help xx Open
42. UT RASTER PSF KERNEL nl pan amp tlanta CONVOLVE RESCALE 0 255 OUTPUT RASTER n4_memory GLOBAL MIN The View button in each Image Interpreter dialog lets you view the graphical model behind each function If you want to change the model for a specific purpose you can edit it through the Model Maker and apply the edited function to the image by running the model in Model Maker es See the Spatial Modeler chapter in the IMAGINE Professional Tour Guides for information on editing and running a model in Model Maker Exit the Model Maker by selecting File gt Close All Click OK in the Crisp dialog to start the process A Job Status dialog opens indicating the progress of the function When the Job Status dialog shows that the process is 100 complete click OK View Results V4 Viewer 1 panatlanta img Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help Display panAtlanta img in a Viewer Display crisp img the output file generated by the Crisp function in the other Viewer Note the differences between the two images crisp img appears to be sharper V4 Viewer 2 crisp img Layer_1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help om M amp S A zr us B D SA zr Apply Radiometric Enhancement Use the Zoom In icon in the Viewer toolbar to zoom in for a closer look at the crispening of the image in crisp img When you are through close all the Viewers at once by selec
43. Under Output File enter convolve img in the directory of your choice It is not necessary to add the img extension when typing the file name ERDAS IMAGINE automatically appends the correct extension NOTE Make sure you remember in which directory the output file is saved This is important when you try to display the output file in a Viewer Next you must select the kernel to use for the convolution A default kernel library containing some of the most common convolution filters is supplied with ERDAS IMAGINE This library opens in the Kernel Selection part of this dialog From the scrolling list under Kernel click 3x3 Edge Detect 2 Click the Edit button in the Kernel Selection box The 3 3 Edge Detect dialog opens V e program files imagine 8 etc default klb 3x3 Edg BHA File Edit Help T eo shit gt t 4 1 2 3 Y Size 3 E Default 0 000 E For this exercise you use the Kernel Editor to simply view the kernel used for the 3 x 3 Edge Detect filter However if desired you could make changes to the kernel at this time by editing the CellArray 3 Select File gt Close from the 3 x 3 Edge Detect dialog 4 Click OK in the Convolution dialog A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function 5 When the Job Status dialog shows that the process is 100 complete click OK Check the File 1 Select File gt Open Raster Layer from the Viewer menu bar The Sel
44. Use a Circular Mask displays in the Fourier Editor 2 Inthe Fourier Editor menu bar select Mask gt Rectangular Mask The Rectangular Mask dialog opens Wa Rectangular Mask xj Window Function Ideal Select window function here LL v 80 Central Gain 0 00 cancel He Enter coordinates of rectangle here 3 Inthe Rectangular Mask dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Ideal M4 Fourier Editor circle hanning fft Layer 1 File Edit Mask Help Use a Wedge Mask 10 11 Enter an upper left u UL U of 80 and an upper left v UL V of 80 Enter a lower right u LR U of 255 and a lower right v LR V of 255 Click OK in the Rectangular Mask dialog The top left and bottom right corners of the fft layer are black To mask the other two corners you must repeat this procedure Select Mask Rectangular Mask In the Rectangular Mask dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Ideal Enter an upper left u UL U of 80 and an upper left v UL V of 255 Enter a lower right u LR U of 255 and a lower right v LR V of 80 Click OK in the Rectangular Mask dialog The top right and bottom left corners of the fft layer are now black also making the fft layer look like a cross W Viewer 1 circle_hanning_cross img Layer 1 Bl x File Utility View AOI Raster Help t X o xl i B D a eger iM K R AR QAI 7 The
45. a n we OE ee n xi Tume Required sao cee ee rn donee eee ee ees xi Documentation rrr n nono on on xi Conventions Used in This Book xii Getting Started amp i3 a 99 94 rradisa RUE RO wwe ae xiii ERDAS IMAGINE Icon Panel leeren xiii ERDAS IMAGINE Menu Bar 0 0 02 eee eee eens xiii DOGS xw tees 33 9E 3x ROERON OR REOR ACE e he eee BOR EOD xxi More Information Help xxi Fourier Transform Editor 1 Image Interpreter IDFFOHUCLIOT s i o ue dex X XO ON ae Y Ge X X O3 CA Xo on 1 Create an fft Layer enn 1 Display Source File rrr 1 Create FFT Output File een n n nt mnn 3 Start the Fourier Transform Editor 4 Edit Using Menu Options 7 Use Low Pass Filtering ccn 7 Select a Different Filter ee ee ee 8 Save the File us sun dud Wu etc rard NE 937g 9d 3e 50e E D x 9 Apply an Inverse Fourier Transformation 9 Apply Other Filters err 11 Use a Circular Mask nnn 14 Use a Rectangular Mask c nns 16 Use a Wedge Mask te ee nnn 17 Edit Using Mouse Driven Tools 19 Use Low Pass Filtering llle 20 Use High Pass Filtering 0 0 eee es 20 Apply a Wedge Mask es 22 Combine EdItS uva dv dee
46. age Interpreter is a group of over 50 functions that can be applied at the touch of a button to images with parameters you input Most of the Image Interpreter functions are algorithms constructed as graphical models with Model Maker These algorithms are common enhancements and utilities that have been made easily accessible through the Image Interpreter NOTE Some of these functions are found in other parts of ERDAS IMAGINE but are also listed in Image Interpreter for convenience The models used in Image Interpreter functions can be edited and adapted as needed with Model Maker from Spatial Modeler or the Spatial Modeler Language See the Spatial Modeler section of this manual for a description of the relationship between Spatial Modeler Language Model Maker and Image Interpreter See the Geographic Information Systems chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide Volume for more information on modeling Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 50 minutes Many images used in IMAGINE cover a large area while the actual area being studied can only cover a small portion of the image To save on disk space and processing time IMAGINE lets you make new images out of a subset of the entire data set In this exercise you use the Subset Utility to take a subset of a small urbanized Area of Interest AOI from a much larger Landsat scene of San Diego ERDAS IMAGINE should be running with a Viewer open Select File gt Open Ras
47. alculate Elevation Values Make RPF TOC RFC Generation Unchip MITFs Extract Shapetiles fram MITF Process Footprints and RSETS 2 Inthe Data Preparation menu click Create Surface The 3D Surfacing dialog opens L EPRTTTEEEEEEEN Fille Row Surface Help PE Rd oF iBl x 3 Click Close in the Data Preparation menu to clear it from the screen Import an ASCII File 1 In the 3D Surfacing dialog click the Read New Data icon BE l The Input Data dialog opens a Input Data x Point Data Breakline Data Source File Type ASCII File Source File Name dat Click this dropdown and select ASCII File Enter the name of the source file here camel ep 2 Inthe Read Points dialog click the dropdown arrow next to Source File Type and select ASCII File 3 Under Source File Name enter Inpts dat This file is located in the ERDAS Data Home examples directory where ERDAS Data Home represents the name of the directory where sample data is installed 4 Click OK in the Read Points dialog The Read Points dialog closes and the Import Options dialog opens iBixi File to Import From d examples lnpts dat Click this tab to preview the input data Field Definition Input Preview Field Type Delimited by Separator Fixed width Separator Character whites pace Row Terminator Character NewLine On
48. alities Table 4 Utility Menu Options JPEG Compress Images Compress raster images using the JPEG compression technique and save them in an ERDAS IMAGINE format Decompress JPEG Images Decompress images compressed using the JPEG Compress Images utility Convert Pixels to ASCII Open the Pixel to Table dialog to output raster data file values to an ASCII file Convert ASCII to Pixels Open the Table to Pixel dialog to create an image from an ASCII file Convert Images to Annotation Convert a raster image to polygons saved as ERDAS IMAGINE annotation file ovr Convert Annotation to Raster Convert an annotation file containing vector graphics to a raster image file Create Update Image Chips Open the Image Chip Maker to generate image chips for one or more images Create Font Tables Open the Font Table Maker to create a map of characters in a particular font Font to Symbol Open the Font to Symbol Maker to create a symbol library to use as annotation characters from an existing font Compare Images Open Image Compare dialog to compare layers raster map info between two images Oracle Spatial Table Tool Open Oracle GeoRaster Table Manager to edit records and columns in an Oracle spatial database CSM Plug in Manager Open CSM Plug in Manager dialog to configure Community Sensor Model plug in DLLs Reconfigure Raster Formats Update the list of
49. alog Click the Raster Options tab in the Select Layer to Add dialog Deselect the Clear Display option Click OK to open subset_snap img in the Viewer on top of dmtm img The subsetted image displays in the Viewer The pixels line up with the pixels in the original image Because the Inquire Box was snapped to the centers of the pixels before the image was processed the pixels in the output file lines up exactly with the pixels in the original image Click Close on the Viewer Click Close on the Utilities menu ERDAS IMAGINE should be running with a Viewer open In this section you use the convolution and crisp Spatial Enhancement functions to enhance images Click the Interpreter icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel Interpreter The Image Interpreter menu opens 2 Select Spatial Enhancement from the Image Interpreter menu and the Spatial Enhancement menu opens V Spatial Enhancement E Convolution Maon directional Edge Focal Analysis Texture Adaptive Filter Statistical Filter Resolution Merge Mad IHS Resolution Merge Click here to see Wavelet Resolution Merge an On Line Help Crisp file describing this dialog Apply Convolution 1 Select Convolution from the Spatial Enhancement menu and the Convolution dialog opens Enter input file here Edit selected kernel or create new one Select Input Output Files Select Ke
50. alogs close The file ps napp img closes and then reopens in the Viewer with the Orient Image to Map System option turned off To apply the calibration to the image in the Viewer you must redisplay the output image with the Orient Image to Map System option turned on Click the Open icon as and navigate to the location where you saved ps napp img Select the file then click the Raster Options tab Select Layer To Add File Faster Options Multiple Display as Gray Scale Display Layer Layer D Select the Orient Image to Map System checkbox to apply the calibration v Orient Image to Map System v Clear Display Set View Extent Fitto Frame No Stretch Data Scaling Background Transparent oom by 1 00 ii Uzing Nearest Neighbor Heb 5 In the Raster Options tab click to select the option Orient Image to Map System then click OK in the Select Layer To Add dialog NOTE Once calibrated this image cannot be reused in the orthorectification process using the information coordinates files provided Calibration must be deleted Edit gt Delete Map Model in the Imagelnfo dialog for this file to be used again for this tour guide 6 Inthe Viewer click the Info icon to view the calibration information The Imagelnfo dialog opens displaying the information for the calibrated image W Imagelnfo ps_napp ime File Edit view Help ap L E F3 ji Band 1 Thy I Layer Ma
51. an Annotation Layer ovr by selecting File Save As from the 3D eurfacing dialog menu bar Perform Surfacing 1 In the 3D Surfacing dialog click the Perform Surfacing icon 44 The Surfacing dialog opens The extent and cell size defaults are filled in automatically based on the source ASCII file x Output File img Surfacing Method surface img eee Ji i Enter the path Non linear Rubber Sheeting and name of the Output Information a e to j select the output file here Columns 511 A owg EU surfacing CelSiex 30000000 cersiev 30000000 H method v Make Cells Square The information Output Comers in these fields is Click to enable Lx 233100 000000 LAE 2484 5 853375 automatically this checkbox generated uly 2807073000000 imy arsi7ss on0000 H 1 Background 00000 gnsezein uipur Stale r2 Output Data Type Unsigned 1 bit Click OK to run Contour Map optional the Surfacing program Greate a Contour Map Contour Interval 10 00 Greate Contours At 10 0000 Remove Contours Shorter Than 1 0000 Batch Cancel Help Perform the Surfacing The two options for a surfacing method are Linear Rubber Sheeting 1st Order Polynomial solution and Non linear Rubber Sheeting 5th Order Polynomial solution 2 Under Output File enter the name of the output file for example surface img in the directory of your choic
52. ar image very much since it is such a small area and because the edited area is quite far from the center of the image where most of the image content is contained However this technique can be used to remove spikes caused by errant detectors and other types of periodic noise that are manifested by concentrated areas of high or low frequency in the fft layer As an experiment you create two circles of low frequency to see how they affect the image In the Fourier Editor select Mask Circular Mask In the Circular Mask dialog enter a Circle Center U of 44 and a Circle Center V of 57 Enter a Circle Radius of 20 00 and a Central Gain of 10 00 10 Click OK in the Circular Mask dialog Wa Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 File Edit Mask Help Use a Rectangular Mask The fft layer and resulting image look like the following example W Yiewer 1 circle_hanning img Layer_1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help c w i PAR JEE i Boo Km A RAAN LP MEI y ur The resulting image has a pronounced diagonal striping in addition to the original striping NOTE Remember to select another circle center coordinate before trying each new window The rectangular mask allows you to mask a rectangular area of the fft layer This is similar to the circular mask in that it allows you to edit non central regions of the Fourier image 1 Make sure the fft file you created in the previous section
53. ation Information Image Information vector Information Image Command Tool MITF Metadata Viewer Coordinate Calculator Create Display Movie Sequences Create Display Viewer Sequences Image Drape DPPDB Workstation The following table contains the Tools menu selections and their functionalities Table 3 Tools Menu Options Selection Edit Text Files Functionality Open the IMAGINE Text Editor to create and edit ASCII text files Edit Raster Attributes Open the Raster Attribute Editor to view and edit raster attribute data View Binary Data Open the DataView dialog to view the contents of binary files in a number of different ways View IMAGINE HFA File Structure Open the HfaView dialog to view ERDAS IMAGINE files stored in hierarchical file architecture format Annotation Information Open the Annotation Info dialog to view information for annotation files including number of elements and projection information Image Information Open the Imagelnfo dialog to view full image information for a selected ERDAS IMAGINE raster image Vector Information Open the Vectorlnfo dialog to view full image information for a selected ERDAS IMAGINE vector coverage Image Command Tool Open the Image Commands dialog to use image manipulation tools NITF Metadata Viewer Open the NITF Metadata Viewer dialog to view the metadata for an NITF file
54. cing dialog opens Image Dodging ij Mosaic Color Balancing lag tpl im mE Offset o 00000000 z Surface Method Global Balancing v XScale 000000000 IY Scale d z J Display RGB Single Band Red IE v Green 2 v Blue a ayer Save Settings Load Settings Click Reset Center Point Select Global and Global Balancing from the Color Balancing dialog Click Accept and then Preview Notice that color correction has reduced the haze in the image Click Close to accept these changes and close the Mosaic Color Balancing dialog Click OK to close the Set Color Balancing Method dialog In this section you use the Image Dodging option to correct light imbalances in an image Choose Use Image Dodging in the Color Corrections dialog and click the Set button The Image Dodging dialog opens ptions For Current Image Options For All Images lag11p1 img gt Iv Band Independent Don t do dodging on this image Dodging Dodge cross Images Dodge Individually Statistics Collection Grid Size 10 4 iv Apply To All Skip Factor X l 3 ES v Apply To All i RGB Single Band Skip Factory 3 qv Appi ToAl Displey z Pyramid Leve 131 Apply To All Red fi v Green 2 v Blue E Save Settings Load Settings Edit Correction Sett Edit Correction Settings Display Setting Preview
55. ck Close Wavelet Resolution Merge 9 Select Wavelet Resolution Merge After the Wavelet Resolution Merge dialog opens click Close in the Spatial Enhancement dialog Vi Wavelet Resolution Merge High Resolution Input File irng Multispectral Input File ing Output File img y Select Layer r Number of layers Spectral Transform Layer Selection Single Band Number af Multispectral Input layers IHS Select Layers 1 n Use a comma for separated list i e 1 3 5 ar enter ranges Principal Component P g using a Le 2 5 Hesampling Techniques Data Type Output Options Nearest Neighbor Gray Scale None Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit i Bilinear Interpolation Multizpectral Mone f Standard Deviation stretch Mintas stretch Output Float Single E Iv Ignore Zero in Stats Cancel Batch Help 10 Click the open file icon and select Quickbird Pyramids Pan img for the High Resolution Input File 11 Click the open file icon and select Quickbird Pyramids MS img for the Multispectral Input File 12 Click the open file icon navigate to the directory where you want to store your merged image and type the name of the new file 13 Under Layer Selection you can type in the range of bands to use in the Select Layers box For this exercise you will leave the range at 1 4 14 Leave the Spectral Transform at Single Band NOTE The IHS technique is limited to
56. ck Results The coefficients that display are the standard default entries for Landsat 5 TM Tasseled Cap transformation For this exercise you use the default entries although you may change these entries at any time Click OK in the Tasseled Cap Coefficients dialog Click OK in the Tasseled Cap dialog to start the function A Job Status dialog opens to report the state of the job When the Job Status dialog indicates that the job is Done click OK Open a Viewer and display lanier img Open a second Viewer and then open the Select Layer To Add dialog by clicking on the Open icon in the Viewer toolbar In the Select Layer To Add dialog enter the name of the directory in which you saved tasseled img press Enter on your keyboard and then click tasseled img in the file list to select it Click the Raster Options tab at the top of the Select Layer To Add dialog Under Layers to Colors use layer 1 as Red layer 2 as Green and layer 3 as Blue Click OK in the Select Layer To Add dialog Wd Yiewer 1 tasseled img Layer_1 Layer_2 Layer_3 Oj xj File Utility View AOI Raster Help Gm he PAGHRea e RQQ MF 249375 00 3805090 00 UTM Clarke 1866 The image tasseled img shows a degree of brightness greenness and wetness as calculated by the Tasseled Cap coefficients used e Layer 1 red the brightness component indicates areas of low vegetation and high reflectors e Layer 2 green the greenne
57. ck the Clear Top Layer icon Li to remove subset_no_snap img from the Viewer The original image and the Inquire Box should still be displayed in the Viewer Subsetting an Image With Snap to Raster 1 In the Inquire Box dialog click the Snap to Raster checkbox to make sure it is active checked Click Apply The Inquire Box snaps to the pixels centers and looks like this Viewing the Snapped Subset The Inquire Box snaps to the center of the included pixels These guides appear to show the edges of the included pixels The coordinates in the Inquire Box dialog update to reflect the new corner coordinates In the Utilities dialog click the Subset button The Subset dialog displays Under Input File enter dmtm img In the Output File enter subset snap img in a directory where you have write permission Click the From Inquire Box button The coordinates in the Subset Definition area update to reflect the corner coordinates of the Inquire Box Click OK to start the Subsetting Process The Subsetting Progress meter opens displaying the progress of the subsetting Select File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the menu bar in the Viewer The Select Layer to Add dialog opens Click the Recent button Apply Spatial Enhancement 4 eo 8 9 1 The List of Recent Files dialog displays Select subset_snap img from the list Click OK on the List of Recent Files to close the di
58. components and add on modules you have purchased with your system The menus on the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar are Session Main Tools Utilities and Help These menus are described in this section NOTE Any items which are unavailable in these menus are shaded and inactive Click the word Session in the upper left corner of the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar The Session menu opens Preferences Configuration Session Lag Active Process List Commands Enter Log message Stark Recording Batch Commands These menus are Piden cie identical to the ones iew Offline Batch Queue a on the icon panel Flip Icons Tile Viewers Close All Viewers Click here to end y Main You can also place the oe AA SE bos cursor anywhere in the iE icon panel and press Ctrl Q to exit ERDAS Hess IMAGINE Generate System Information Report Exit IMAGINE The following table contains the Session menu selections and their functionalities Table 1 Session Menu Options Selection Functionality Set individual or global default options for many ERDAS IMAGINE functions Viewer Map Composer Spatial Modeler etc Preferences Configure peripheral devices for ERDAS IMAGINE View a real time record of ERDAS IMAGINE messages and commands Configuration Session Log View and cancel currently active processes running in ERDAS IMAGINE Open the Session Command History dialog in which yo
59. ction Functions Operators AGB Clustering Adv RGB Clustering Random Class Colors Layer Stack Subset Create File Hescale Mask Degrade Replace Bad Lines Vector To Raster Hepraject Agaie Thematic ta RGB Click here to see Morphological arn On Line Help file describing this dialog 3 Select Subset from the Utilities menu and the Subset dialog opens W Subset P ERA ETE TERES Enter output Enter input file here nput File img utput File img file here dmtm imq m subset no snap imgq Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map TwoComers Four Comers C Fie ese 160464625 m pass Click here to import coordinates LL r 305701 87 LFA r 257911 97 from the Inquire Box uns nm 4 ux um in the Viewer UR Y o 00 LL r 0 00 Input Unsigned 8 bit Output Unsigned B bit Output Continuous Output Options Number of Input layers Ignore Zero in Output Stats Click here to start 2 the Subsetting process Select Layers Use a comma for separated list i amp 1 3 5 or enter ranges using a Le 2 5 J Batch ADI Cancel Help 4 Under Input File in the Subset dialog enter dmtm img This is a Landsat TM image of San Diego California 5 Under Output File enter subset no snap img in a directory where you have write permission 6 C
60. e 3 Click the dropdown list next to Surfacing Method and select Non linear Rubber Sheeting 4 Click the Ignore Zero In Output Stats checkbox to enable it 5 Click OK in the Surfacing dialog A Job Status dialog displays stating the progress of the function 6 When the Job Status dialog reads that the function is 100 complete click OK if necessary Display the Surface 1 Click the Open icon as in a Viewer The Select Layer To Add dialog opens 2 In the Select Layer To Add dialog under Filename enter the name of the output file you created in step 2 beginning with the directory path in which you saved it 3 Click OK in the Select Layer To Add dialog The output image displays in the Viewer for you to examine lni x File Utility View AOI Raster Help Gm Dg amp eg93 0 5b6bNGeo To edit portions of the resulting surface use the raster editing techniques described in Viewer amp Geospatial Light Table Raster Editor MosaicPro Introduction Mosaic Using Laguna Beach Images Starting MosaicPro This tour guide steps you through mosaicking two or more image files to produce one image file The mosaicking process works with rectified and or calibrated images MosaicPro lets you draw and edit a new seam polygon in an embedded viewer The seam polygon is applied to the image in which the first vertex is digitized then the embedded viewer is updated and the input images are stitched
61. e imdq a truecolor 591 Rows 531 Columns x Band s Click the Recent button to open a list of recently accessed files gt de Select subset no snap img from the List of Recent Files m Click OK to dismiss the List of Recent Files 6 Click the Raster Options tab Select Layer To Add File Raster Options Multiple Display as True Color Layers to Colors Click here I Orient Image ta Map System to uncheck v Clear Display Set View Extent the Clear Display Fitto Frame No Stretch option Data Scaling Background Transparent oom by 100 Uzing Nearest Neighbor Heb 7 Uncheck the Clear Display option so the new subset of the original image appears superimposed on the original image 8 Click OK The subset displays in the Viewer over the original image The darker pixels belong to the subset Note the original Inquire Box The pixels appear to shift Actually the pixels are redrawn to match the exact coordinates of the Inquire Box Note how the corner of the Inquire box is centered in the Subset pixel When a subset of an image is taken from an Inquire Box that is not snapped to the pixel grid of the original image the subset is drawn using the exact coordinates of the of the Inquire Box Because the subset pixel grid differs slightly from the original image s pixel grid the subset image appears shifted from the original image 9 Cli
62. e legend The Function tab opens displaying the legend of the viewshed Wa Viewshed 1 linked to Viewer 1 Function Observers Output Type Multiple Viewsheds e Position Units Meters Spokes 0 Height Units Meters Intervals 3 Distance Units Metes Height 100 00 Meters Use Earth Curvature Start 0 00 Meters Maxima Search 0 00 E Meters Color Definition T mE Hidden EE Visible by 1 Observer i Visible by 2 Observers a Perimeter lol x Apply Save Image The legend displays here in the Function tab There are two basic kinds of output The Viewshed outputs provide a binary analysis of visibility within the specified range In other words the image is color coded to show only visible or hidden areas The Height outputs provide a color coded map of the invisible areas indicating the amount of change in observer height required to see a given zone Link the Viewers and Set Eye and Target Positions 1 Using your mouse move the Eye of the Positioning tool on top of Observer 1 2 Move the Target on top of Observer 2 in the Viewer eo Viewer 2 intervis1_Oa img001220 Layer_1 Oj xj File Utility View AOI Raster Help cme D d amp d 9 XE Va cO b RQQ MH z p r rhe The Eye of the position tool is placed on top of Observer 1 The Target of the position tool is placed on top of Observer 2 r v E n 468082
63. ect Layer To Add dialog opens 2 Inthe Select Layer To Add dialog under Filename click lanier img 3 Click OK to display the file in the Viewer 4 Open a second Viewer window by clicking on the Viewer icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel 5 Select File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the menu bar of the Viewer you just opened The Select Layer To Add dialog opens 6 In the Select Layer To Add dialog under Filename enter the name of the directory in which you saved convolve img and press the Enter key on your keyboard 7 Inthe list of files click convolve img and then click OK The output file generated by the Convolve function convolve img displays in the second Viewer 8 In the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar select Session Tile Viewers to compare the two files side by side i Viewer 1 lanier img Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 i4 Viewer 2 convolve img Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 SEE File Utility View AOI Raster Help File Utility Yiew AOI Raster Help us BS ih Se 9 zr c2 s B D ld amp g 9 3E C0 c cL i Ww GG 9 When you are finished comparing the two files select File gt Clear from the menu bar of each Viewer Apply Crisp 1 Select Crisp from the Spatial Enhancement menu The Crisp dialog opens Enter input file here Click here to add this function to a batch file Click here to view or edit the graphical model for this function Use the View Option V4 Crisp x Enter
64. ee es 95 Setting Seamline Functions 000 ee eee ees 96 Defining the Output Images 00 enn 96 Running the Mosaic leer 97 Displaying the Mosaic ee 97 Viewshed Analysis 0 00 a ee ee ee ee ng gn ee ee 99 ENCFOGUCHION sax xoxo E eee aa X O3 37 Xx X ae was 99 Create a Viewshed 99 Add the Raster Image ee ee 100 Start Image Drape Viewer and Set Level of Detail 100 Start the Viewshed Analysis Tool 101 Add First Observer cnn n nnn 103 Add Another Observer aaao n nnn 104 Link the Viewers and Set Eye and Target Positions 106 Save the Viewshed ccr 108 Query Viewshed Data nnn 108 Add Area Column to the CellA rray 110 Query the Viewshed Layer ee ee 111 du 21d ee ethan end oe ehh ae ee ee he ee 111 Index 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 2 2 25 113 List of Tables Table 1 Session Menu Options aeee e xiv Table 2 Main Menu Options ce eee creer ehh 9 on nn xvi Table 3 Tools Menu Options ees xvii Table 4 Utility Menu Options cernis xix Table 5 Help Menu Options crees XX Table 6 Film X and Film Y Coordinates creen 66 Preface About This Manual Example Data Time Required Documentation The ERDAS IMAGINE
65. er data layers in the source file are resampled The output image has as many layers as the input image ERDAS IMAGINE provides these widely known resampling algorithms Nearest Neighbor Bilinear Interpolation Cubic Convolution Bicubic Spline Calibration Instead of creating a new rectified image by resampling the original image based on the mathematical model calibrating an image only saves the mathematical model into the original image as a piece of auxiliary information Calibration does not generate new images so when the calibrated image is used the math model comes into play as needed For example if you want to see the calibrated image in its rectified map space in a Viewer the image can be resampled on the fly based on the math model by selecting the Orient image to map system option in the Select Layer To Add dialog A major drawback to image calibration is that the processes involved with the calibrated image is slowed down significantly if the math ERDAS IMAGINE should be running and a Viewer open You must have write permission in a file if you wish to calibrate it In a command shell or Windows Explorer navigate to the ERDAS Data Home examples directory Copy the file ps napp img to a directory in which you have write permission and at least 10 Mb of space 3 Setthe permissions on ps napp img to read write execute on UNIX by using the command chmod 777 ps napp img or on Windows by right
66. ference Map Projection in the Camera Model Properties dialog In the Camera Model Properties dialog click the dropdown list next to Map Units and select Meters this activates the Apply button Wi Camera Model Properties No File General Fiducials Orientation Projection Current Reference M ap Projection Projection LITM Spheroid Clarke 1866 Zone Number 11 Datum N amp D27 Map Units Add Change Projection Set Projection fram GCP Tool Status Model has no solution 11 Click Apply and then Save As in the Camera Model Properties dialog Name the Geometric The Geometric Model Name dialog opens Model 1 Inthe Geometric Model Name dialog next to File name enter the name geomodel in the directory of your choice then press Enter on your keyboard The gms file extension is added automatically 2 Click OK in the Geometric Model Name dialog Start the GCP Tool and compute RMS Error 1 In the Geo Correction Tools dialog click the GCP Tool icon 5 l The GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog opens W GCP Tool Reference Setup Collect Reference Points Fram C Existing Viewer C mage Layer Mew Viewer Select the GCP File rts Nen Vienei radio button Annotation Layer Mew Viewer ASCII File Digitizing Tablet Current Configuration Digitizing Tablet New Configuration C Keyboard Only Cancel Help 2 Inthe GCP Tool Reference Setup dialog select GC
67. g opens 5 Atthis time click Close on both the Image Interpreter menu and the Topographic Analysis menu to remove them from your display Ix Wa Yiewshed 1 linked to iewer 1 Function Observers Appl Output Age Single Viewshed k PPY A Save Image iti ifs Spokes Position Unije Meters pokes X m Height Urita Meters Intervals CE Distance Units Meters Height 100 00 Meter Create Use Earth Curvature Start oo Meters Delete Save Maxima Search 0 00 E Meters Load Select Multiple Viewsheds Click the Observers tab to add an observer An observer marker is automatically placed in the center of the Viewer containing eldodem img 6 Inthe Function tab of the Viewshed dialog click the dropdown list next to Output Type to select Multiple Viewsheds Add First Observer 1 Click the Observers tab in the Viewshed dialog The Observers tab of the CellArray displays wa Yiewshed 1 linked to iewer 1 p z3 m x Function Ubservers Row Show Color A Y ASL AGL Range Azimuth FO 1 x arises 44210011A 205200 30 00 3000 00 00 360 00 ES Save Image Clear Center Create Delete Save bi Load Help E k Specify the observer s position in these columns 2 Click in the cell of the X column to enter 471950 88 then press Enter on your keyboard 3 Click in the cell of the Y column to enter 4421
68. he first tool you use is the Low Pass Filter tool Click the Low Pass Filter icon Bn on the Fourier Editor toolbar With your cursor in the center of the Fourier Editor drag toward the right until the u coordinate in the status bar reads 80 Then release the mouse The image is filtered as soon as the mouse is released This is equivalent to the second filtering operation you performed using the menu bar tools You can select Edit gt Undo at any time to undo an edit Select File gt Revert to undo a series of edits The Low Pass Filter tool remains active until you either select another tool or click the Select tool Next you use the High Pass Filter tool Select Edit gt Filter Options from the Fourier Editor menu bar In the Filter Options dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Hanning Click OK in the Filter Options dialog Click the High Pass Filter icon on the toolbar With your cursor in the center of the Fourier Editor drag toward the right until the u coordinate in the status bar reads 20 Release the mouse button The image is filtered as soon as the mouse is released The combination of filters both Low Pass and High Pass is shown in the following example 10 11 12 Wd Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 m B x File Edit Mask Help s 0D WO xDe T Select File gt Save As from the menu bar The Save Layer As dialog opens In the Save
69. his image does nat have Elevation Information kr j Mo 3 n the Camera Model Properties dialog under Principal Point enter 0 004 for X and accept 0 000 as the default for Y Then enter 152 804 for the Focal Length NOTE From the camera calibration certificate there may be several possible types of the Principal Point coordinates The Principal Point of Symmetry is preferable 4 n Units under Principal Point accept the default of Millimeters NOTE The X and Y Principal Point coordinates Focal Length and Fiducial Film coordinates must all be entered in the same units 5 Forthis example make sure that the Account for Earth s curvature checkbox not selected You should only account for the Earth s curvature when using small scale images or when it is necessary to take this factor into account Alternately activating and deactivating this option and then clicking Apply allows you to observe changes to the RMS error Accounting for the Earth s curvature slows down the rectification process Edit Fiducials 1 Click the Fiducials tab at the top of the Camera Model Properties dialog The Fiducial options display Click here to view the Fiducials options Click here to select this Fiducial Type Click here to select the Viewer in which to locate fiducials Wi Camera Model Properties Mo File General Fiducials Orientation Projection Fiducial Type i iduci Iducial ype Viewer Fiducial Loca
70. ier Analysis menu opens Vi Fourier Analysis Click here to create Fourier Transform Editar Click here to tart the an FFT layer Inverse Fourier Transform 3 Fourier Editor Fourier Magnitude Periadic Noise Removal Homoamoarphic Filter e 3 Select Fourier Transform from the Fourier Analysis menu The Fourier Transform dialog opens Start the Fourier Transform Editor M Fourier Transform Enter input Input File img Output File Ft image file Enter output name here nif fft file name here Number of Columns 512 Select layers to use here Batch Cancel Hep In the Fourier Transform dialog under Input File type TM 1 img Layer 1 of this file is badly striped In this example you work with only one layer to make the processing go faster However the techniques you use are applicable to multiple layers The name for the Output File TM 1 fft is automatically generated Make sure it is in a directory in which you have write permission The default is your default data directory set by Session Preferences Enter 1 1 in the Select Layers field Click OK in the Fourier Transform dialog to create the new file A Job Status dialog displays showing the progress of the function When the process is 100 percent complete click OK With the fft file created you are ready to begin using the Fourier Transform Editor In the Fourier Analysis
71. ig357 img Under Output File enter inverse img in the directory of your choice Under Output Options turn on the Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit checkbox by clicking on it Reverse View Changes Under Output Options click Inverse Click OK in the Brightness Inversion dialog to start the process A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function Select Brightness Inversion from the Radiometric Enhancement menu The Brightness Inversion dialog opens In the Brightness Inversion dialog enter loplakebedsig357 img as the input file Enter reverse img in the directory of your choice as the Output File Turn on the Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit checkbox under Output Options Click OK in the Brightness Inversion dialog to start the process A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function Open a Viewer and display inverse img Right hold within the Viewer and select Fit Window to Image from the Quick View menu The Viewer changes size to bound the image data Select View gt Split gt Split Vertical from the Viewer menu bar A second Viewer opens In the second Viewer click the Open icon this is the same as selecting File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the Viewer menu bar The Select Layer To Add dialog opens From the Select Layer To Add dialog open the file reverse img In the second Viewer select View gt Split gt Split Vertical from the Viewer men
72. imate completion time is stated in the introduction to each tour guide This manual is part of a suite of on line documentation that you receive with ERDAS IMAGINE software There are two basic types of documents digital hardcopy documents which are delivered as PDF files suitable for printing or on line viewing and On Line Help Documentation delivered as HTML files Conventions Used in This Book The PDF documents are found in IMAGINE HOME helpMardcopy Many of these documents are available from the ERDAS Start menu The on line help system is accessed by clicking on the Help button in a dialog or by selecting an item from a Help menu In ERDAS IMAGINE the names of menus menu options buttons and other components of the interface are shown in bold type For example In the Select Layer To Add dialog select the Fit to Frame option When asked to use the mouse you are directed to click Shift click middle click right click hold drag etc e click designates clicking with the left mouse button e Shift click designates holding the Shift key down on your keyboard and simultaneously clicking with the left mouse button e middle click designates clicking with the middle mouse button e right click designates clicking with the right mouse button e hold designates holding down the left or right as noted mouse button e drag designates dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button
73. instances in each category About ERDAS IMAGINE View ERDAS IMAGINE version number date and development credits Dialogs More Information Help On Line Help A dialog is a window in which you enter file names set parameters and execute processes In most dialogs there is very little typing required simply use the mouse to click the options you want to use Most of the dialogs used throughout the tour guides are reproduced from the software with arrows showing you where to click These instructions are for reference only Follow the numbered steps to actually select dialog options For On Line Help with a particular dialog click the Help button in that dialog All of the dialogs that accompany the raster and vector editing tools as well as the Select Layer To Add dialog contain a Preview chip pane which enables you to view the changes you make to the Viewer image before you click Apply Many of the functions in ERDAS IMAGINE are accessible through dialogs similar to the one below Select Layer To Add File Raster Options Multiple a examples 3 Es B 2 3 ima B 3 4 img d 3 meter img BE 42 ima BE 4 3 ima d badlines im A ColorBlock Cancel A cuprite avi Heb A cuprite cla d cuprite hup B de_ikonos_ Recent dd D eathi alle M Deathvale Goto d D eathi alle gt File name Files of type IMAGINE Image imdq T BE 4 4 img d air phato 1 imq d air phato Z i
74. is m Comment Character Number of Rows Ta Skip E Column Mapping Output Column Mame Input Field Number 5 Inthe Import Options dialog click the Input Preview tab to see how the ASCII file is imported and mapped under the present parameter settings 10 ini xj File ta Import From d examples Inpts dat Field Definition Input Preview 247 531 3125 247 531 53125 24 660 609375 247570 21875 24 696 353125 247584 353125 From the Input Preview display you can tell that the Separator Character is the comma and that Field 1 should be ignored Click the Field Definition tab Click the dropdown list next to Separator Character and select Comma In the Column Mapping CellArray alter the Input Field Number column values vertically from 1 2 3 to 2 3 4 in order to ignore the ID column of the input file Click OK in the Import Options dialog A Job Status dialog opens reporting the progress of the function When the Job Status dialog shows that the process is 100 complete click OK if necessary The X Y and Z columns of the 3D Surfacing CellArray are now populated with 4 411 rows of X Y and Z coordinates x File Row Surface Help BE Bd GP Row Use A i a i x parssn 3125 3798594 250 585 000 2 3 4 5 E i 3 10r x 248110 344 af dee 9 500 205 000 4A 11 If you like you can save these points as a Point Coverage arcinfo or
75. is set to High Pass its function is the same as the High Pass Filter icon on the toolbar 2 In the Low High Pass Filter dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Ideal An ideal window function produces a sharp transition at the edge of the filter 3 Change the Radius to 10 00 4 Leave all other parameters as they are and click OK Select a Different Filter A low pass filter is applied to all values outside of the radius of 10 00 Therefore the image is black except for a small white circle in the center V4 Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 File Edit Mask Help Goto wnpe Removing this much of the layer removes much of the content of the image so you may want to undo this edit and try again Select Edit gt Undo from the Fourier Editor menu bar The image is restored to its original state Select Mask gt Filters In the Low High Pass Filter dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Ideal Enter a Radius of 80 00 Click OK in the Low High Pass Filter dialog All frequencies outside the radius of 80 are attenuated and frequencies inside the radius are unaffected The fft layer looks similar to the following example V4 Fourier Editor tm 1 fft Layer 1 File Edit Mask Help c 0O H wnDpe Save the File 1 Select File gt Save As from the Fourier Editor menu bar The Save Layer As dialog opens W Save Layer As Save as Ft E
76. iss 2 i Biia Save Settings Load Settings Edit Correction Setting E B Cancel 153 41 2479 28 7 Click OK to accept the dodged image and click Yes in the Attention dialog Wait for the statistics to compute 8 Click OK to close Color Corrections dialog Previewing the Mosaic 1 Select the mosaic preview icon bud 2 Click and drag to select the area to preview 3 Select Process Preview Mosaic for window The preview window is displayed in the image 4 MosaicPro No File File Edit View Process Help D d EE C w mt BS Ho WM 2 9 2 7 maf EB Order Ref vis Image Name Ama Resample RMS queenstyche shared data laguna on yzhoul lag Active NN ooo x x x queensmche shared data laguna on yzhou lag1 Active NN ooo x x 3 x queenstyche shared data laguna on vzhou lag1 Active NN ooo x x 4 Click OK when the Job State meter reaches 100 Setting Seamline Functions Defining the Output Images m amp JP Use the Zoom In icon e to see the area previewed Select Process Delete the Preview Mosaic Window to delete the Preview window Click the Function fx icon in the viewer Click No Smoothing for the Smoothing Option Click Feathering for the Feathering Option Enter 5 in the Distance field Click OK to accept the changes and close the Set Seamline Function dialog Click the
77. le Utility View AOI Raster Help Gom D ad e d 30 F WwWGQG M4 Fourier Editor Em 1 fft Layer 1 m ni xj File Edit Mask Help 2 0 H2 xwne n r N After performing an inverse Fourier transform the resulting image is destriped Edit Using The mouse driven tools allow you to perform the same types of edits as Mouse Driven in the menu options but they are a bit easier to use since they are more interactive than the dialogs You can extend a filter radius or indicate Tools where to place a mask simply by dragging the mouse 1 If itis not already displayed open the original fft layer in the Fourier Editor for example TM 1 fft 2 From the Fourier Editor menu bar select Edit gt Filter Options The Filter Options dialog opens ii Filter Options xj Window Function Minimum Affected Frequency 10 0 Cancel Help Select window function here Use Low Pass Filtering Use High Pass Filtering This is where you set the window that is used for all subsequent mouse driven editing options However you can change this window at any time The Minimum Affected Frequency option allows you to enter the minimum frequency value that is affected by the filter Setting this value to a number less than 10 00 might eliminate very low frequency data that are crucial to the content of the image In the Filter Options dialog click the Window Function dropdown list and select Ideal Click OK T
78. lick OK to begin the Subsetting process A Job Status bar displays indicating the progress of the subsetting operation Wa Modeler running model subset pmdl Job State Done Title bar tells Percent Done 100 JO 100 which function IS running Status updates here ED 7 Depending on your eml Preferences under Session gt Preferences gt User Interface amp Session gt Keep Job Status Box when the Job Status bar shows 100 indicating that the job is 100 done you must either click OK to close the dialog or the dialog closes automatically Displaying the Subset with the Original Data 1 The original image should still be displayed in the Viewer 2 Select File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the menu bar on the Viewer The Select Layer to Add dialog displays Select Layer To Add aster Options Multiple a examples EN Click here PF flevolandradar ima d flevalandradarregianb img d image dadc to access the a flevolandradarsigh31525 ima S Klon TM __ Cancel Raster Options A flevolandradarskew5 img BE landcover i m f tab B fload trii 4 radar imq B lanier ima Click here to d floodplain img d Inaspect im open a list A germtm img d Inclump imc p B hyperspectral img BE Inder ima ae of recently Ae IFSAR_Match ima F Inhydro img Goto accessed files AF IFSAR_Ret img F Inlakes ima gt File name dmtm img hs 5 i a Files af type IMAGINE Imag
79. me Band 1 File Type IMAGINE Image Pe eo otal edu TENET TERE ambe a aE Width 2294 Height 2294 Type Continuous Black width B4 Black Height B4 Data Type Unsigned 8 bit Compression Mone Data Order BIL Pyramid Layer Algorithm IMAGINE 242 Resampling Mir Max 24 Mean 119 622 Median 124 Mode 129 Std Dev 28 472 Skip Factor x ae Skip Factor r ee Last Modified Wed Aug 11 16 16 43 1999 Statistics Info Map Info Upper Left 538537 667 59973260 Upper Lett 3743534 263523888510 in File Lower Fight 546555 3926321 33220 Lower Right 373331 7 885441 47830 Fisel Size X H A Fisel Size Y H A Unit meters Geo Model Camera Projection UTM one 11 Projection Info Spheroid Clarke 1866 Datum Wane For a more in depth discussion of the concepts behind rectification see the chapter Rectification in the ERDAS Field Guide Terrain Surface Interpolation Introduction Create a Surface 1 The Surfacing Tool enables you to create a three dimensional surface from irregularly spaced points Supported input data include e ASCII point files e Arc point and line coverages e ERDAS IMAGINE ovr layers e existing raster images IMG All input data sources must have X Y and Z values Surface Interpolation calculates Z values at spatial locations where no Z samples exist in the input data source The output is a continuous raster image that contains Z values calculated from the interpolation pr
80. menu select Fourier Transform Editor The Fourier Editor opens M4 Fourier Editor Menu bar ile Edit Mask Help allie wne FFT layer displayed here 2 Inthe Fourier Editor click the Open icon as on the toolbar or select File gt Open from the menu bar The Open FFT Layer dialog opens V4 Open FFT Layer FFT Layer fft Enter FFT layer to open here gnutimelib j info lib3ds 1 1 0 j panorama j Textures 77 virtualgis j zone E examples Dee O ck Cancel Help 3 In the Open FFT Layer dialog under FFT Layer enter the path and name of the fft layer you created in step 4 through step 5 for example TM 41 fft Since this file contains only one layer the Layer Number defaults to 1 However if the file contained more than one layer you could choose the layer to edit here Edits performed on one layer can be applied to all layers of the fft file using the File gt Save All option on the Fourier Editor menu bar 4 Click OK to display the selected file in the Fourier Editor A status meter opens as the layer is read Then the layer displays i L RC EET SIEUT SN You can resize the Fourier Editor window to see the entire file 5 Click any point inside the Fourier Editor and the coordinates of that point are shown in the status bar Hold and drag to dynamically update the coordinates Fourier Editor Coordinates The coordinates are referred
81. mq d all spotp B7 img 278 Files 7 Subdirectaries 107 Matches 17341184k Bytes Free As you go through the tour guides or as you work with ERDAS IMAGINE on your own there are several ways to obtain more information regarding dialogs tools or menus as described below There are two main ways you can access On Line Help in ERDAS IMAGINE e Select the Help option from a menu bar e click the Help button on any dialog Status Bar Help Bubble Help The status bar at the bottom of the Viewer displays a quick explanation for buttons when the mouse cursor is placed over the button It is a good idea to keep an eye on this status bar since helpful information displays here even for other dialogs The User Interface amp Session category of the Preference Editor enables you to turn on Bubble Help so that the single line Help displays directly below your cursor when your cursor rests on a button or frame part This is helpful if the status bar is obscured by other windows Fourier Transform Editor Introduction Create an fft Layer Display Source File In this tour guide you enhance and destripe a 512 x 512 subset of a Landsat Thematic Mapper image using both interactive and automatic methods available in the ERDAS IMAGINE Fourier Analysis tools Not all of the edits in this tour guide necessarily enhance the image Many exercises are performed simply to show you how they affect the image When you use these techni
82. n exclusive nontransferable irrevocable paid up license to practice or have practiced throughout the world for or on behalf of the United States inventions covered by U S Patent No 5 710 835 and has other rights under 35 U S C 200 212 and applicable implementing regulations b If LizardTech s rights in the MrSID Technology terminate during the term of this Agreement you may continue to use the Software Any provisions of this license which could reasonably be deemed to do so would then protect the University and or the U S Government and c The University has no obligation to furnish any know how technical assistance or technical data to users of MrSID software and makes no warranty or representation as to the validity of U S Patent 5 710 835 nor that the MrSID Software will not infringe any patent or other proprietary right For further information about these provisions contact LizardTech 1008 Western Ave Suite 200 Seattle WA 98104 ERDAS ERDAS IMAGINE IMAGINE OrthoBASE Stereo Analyst and IMAGINE VirtualGIS are registered trademarks IMAGINE OrthoBASE Pro is a trademark of ERDAS Inc SOCET SET is a registered trademark of BAE Systems Mission Solutions Other companies and products mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables Preface V IX XI About This Manual rrr xi Example Data us o wow dein
83. n the options on the Orientation tab are disabled see step 5 Change Projection 1 Click the Projection tab in the Camera Model Properties dialog The Projection options display Vi Camera Model Properties Mo File General Fiducials Orientation Projection Current Reference Map Projection Projection Unknown Spheraid Zone Number Datum Map Units z Click this button n to change the Add Change Projection projection Set Projection from GCP Tool Status Model has no solution 2 Inthe Projection options click Add Change Projection The Projection Chooser dialog opens Click here to view the Custom options Wi Edited Projection Chooser Standard Custom Click here to select UTM Prajeetic Type LIT M pheroid M ame Datum Hame UTM zone NORTH ar SOUTH B 10 Save Clarke 1866 Delete Click here once pue the projection Eee has been chosen Cancel In the Projection Chooser dialog click the Custom tab Change the Projection Type to UTM using the dropdown list Change the Spheroid Name to Clarke 1866 using the dropdown list Change the Datum Name to NAD27 using the dropdown list Change the UTM Zone to 11 by typing in the value or using the increment nudgers Confirm that the NORTH or SOUTH window displays North Click OK in the Projection Chooser dialog The projection information you just entered displays under Current Re
84. ng the progress of the function When the Job Status dialog indicates that the job is Done click OK Now you convert the IHS image back into an RGB image Select IHS to RGB from the Spectral Enhancement menu The IHS to RGB dialog opens W IHS to RGB Input File img Output File 1mdq robtoinsimg pr instorgb img la Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map C File No Stretch Ma of Layers Intensity E Stretch Intensity Hue 2 Stretch Saturation Ignore Zero in Stats Sat 3 Batch ADI VIEW Help In the IHS to RGB dialog enter RGBtolHS img output from the previous exercise as the Input File Enter IHStoRGB img as the Output File in the directory of your choice On the IHS to RGB dialog click Stretch I amp S This option applies a global Min Max contrast stretch to the Intensity and Saturation values in the image before converting Click OK in the IHS to RGB dialog A Job Status dialog displays reporting the progress of the function When the Job Status dialog indicates that the job is Done click OK View the Results 1 Open three Viewers and then open the following files for comparison mineral img mineral ratio index Proper interpretation can reveal the presence or absence of iron clay or ferrous minerals V4 Viewer 1 mineral img Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help 2 a DE ex I
85. nter a new name for the FFT layer here My eBooks Mu Music My Pictures ey my documents e ep 2 Inthe directory of your choice enter a name for the new fft layer such as TM1lowpass fft 3 Click OK to save the file Apply an Inverse Fourier Now perform an inverse Fourier transformation so that you can view Transformation the original image and see what effect this edit had on it You must save your edits before performing an Inverse Transform Operation 1 Inthe Fourier Editor click the Run icon S on the toolbar or select File gt Inverse Transform from the menu bar The Inverse Fourier Transform dialog opens Wa Inverse Fourier Transform Enter a new Output File img name for the img layer here oy My eBooks z My Music 2 My Pictures Be sure to use a directory in which you have write permission lgnore Zero in Stats Cancel Help 2 In the Inverse Fourier Transform dialog under Output File enter a name for the new output file such as inverse TM1 img This file has an img extension by default Be sure to use a directory in which you have write permission 3 Click OK to create the new file A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function 4 When the Job Status dialog indicates that the file is created click OK and then display the file in a Viewer Your file should look similar to the following example Apply Other Filters V4 Viewer
86. o StereaS AR Ref imq d wasia3 tm imq 4 m EJ File name m 1 Amg Files af type IMAGINE Image imdq truecalor 512 Rows x 512 Columns Band s t 2 In the Select Layer To Add dialog under File click TM 1 img 3 Click the Raster Options tab at the top of the dialog and then select Gray Scale from the Display as dropdown list 4 The Display Layer section updates so that you can select which layer of the file to display Select Layer 1 5 Click OK to display the image file in the Viewer wu Viewer 1 tm 1 img Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help c BE Ud amp 531 m A YR B INS x XU ra Se ASQ ra 1 don i e f x is arenes Sako Tous rr 465340 59 4226963 00 UTM WGS 84 NOTE You do not have to display a file before computing the fft layer This step is included to show you the image before any Fourier editing is performed Create FFT Output File 1 Click the Image Interpreter icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel Interpreter The Image Interpreter menu opens V Image Interpreter Spatial Enhancement Radiometric Enhancement Spectral Enhancement Basic HyperSpectral Tools Advanced Hyperspectral Tools Click here to use the Fourier F Fourier Analysis Analysis tools Topographic Analysis GIS Analysis Utilities 2 Select Fourier Analysis from the Image Interpreter menu The Four
87. oatm img layer Sates 0 00 x alo xi File Utility View AOI Raster Help Fie Utility View Position Raster Help 2 w D d B X X D 4M KRQAQMH ZS c2 BE D C amp d di ORB E YE z E a X im AM bo rd gt mat A TA ou 4 i a Se Oe gt SS TUE ESOS 2 Se AR a j a D J 3 t J oe oi T CH ra j Ld E ab gt yt y X as ACA y Start the Viewshed Analysis Tool 1 Click the Interpreter icon nani on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon bar Interpreter The Image Interpreter menu opens W Image Interpreter spatial E nhancement 2 Radiometric Enhancement n Spectral Enhancement Basic Hyperspectral Tools _Advanced HyperSpectral Tools Select Topographic EULESS ccs Analysis Topographic Analysis GIs Analysis 2 From the Image Interpreter menu select Topographic Analysis The Topographic Analysis menu opens Wa Topographic Analysis E Aspect Level Slice Shaded Relief Painted Relief Topographic Normalize C lic k Views he d Raster Contowr S surface Viewshed Anaglyph DEM Height Converter 3 From the Topographic Analysis menu select Viewshed A Viewer Selection Instructions dialog opens Ma Viewer Selection Instructions x BLU inside a viewer to select for Viewshed Analysis 4 Click in the Viewer containing eldodem img and eldoatm img The Viewshed dialo
88. ocess The ERDAS IMAGINE Surface Tool uses a TIN interpolation method At each point where there is a known value that known value remains unchanged in the output surface Where the value is not Known it is interpolated from the surrounding known values Two TIN interpolation methods are available in the Surface Tool Linear and Nonlinear The Linear interpolation method which makes use of a first order polynomial equation results in the TIN triangles being defined as angular planes The Nonlinear interpolation method which uses a fifth order polynomial results in a smooth surface In this case the TIN triangle areas are not considered to be planes but areas that have rubber sheet characteristics The Linear interpolation method is quicker and the results more predictable However the Nonlinear interpolation method produces more continuous results from irregularly distributed data sets where the observed phenomena has a rolling nonangular surface characteristic Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 15 minutes ERDAS IMAGINE must be running and a Viewer open Click the DataPrep icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel gen DataPrep The Data Preparation menu opens Data Preparation Eg Create Mew Image Create Surface E Click here to start Subset Image the Surface Tool oe Image Geometric Correction Mosaic Images Unsupervised Classification Reproject Images Rec
89. odo 3480 300 X XL Sew aes ee 23 25b IntFOHdUctIOH s i saxo wow EO Oe X EE we Gc WO eee 25 Subsetting an Image 25 Selecting an AOI to Subset cernens 26 Subsetting an Image Without Snapping 27 Displaying the Subset with the Original Data 30 Subsetting an Image With Snap to Raster 31 Viewing the Snapped Subset 32 Orthorectification Apply Spatial Enhancement 33 Apply Convolution eee 34 Select Input Output Files llle 35 Select Kernel c cr Re rn 35 Check the File rr nnnm irn 36 ADBIV GFISI 5 www s sow cer ane oe oW Eb DR ee ee D E i 37 Use the View Option 0 ce ee rn 38 View Results nasaan ee ee RR ee 40 Apply Radiometric Enhancement 40 Apply Brightness Inversion 0 02 eee ee ee eee 41 EOGUVOLSG s sa x3 42 te bed eee 3 13 098 ad oe ee 42 View Changes c rrr rrt 42 Apply Spectral Enhancement 44 Use Tasseled Cap cler 44 Check Results isuwdira seca ascsaExmEsexexsxxas 46 Use the Indices Function lens 47 Choose RGB to IHS ee n ee 48 Choose IHS to RGB een 49 View the Results leer m ims 50 Wavelet Resolution Merge 52 5 TNEFOGUCHION rrira 08 4 2S XC ORO de E ROAD X ee 57 Rectify a Camera Image
90. output para Input Input File img Output File img file here tanta img gt crisp imq pr Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inguire Box Map LL 3c 399272 00 LR x 44520320 ii C File LL Y 1374697 2 LAY 1332046 51 Data Type Output options Unsigned 8 bit Elutput Unsigned 8 bit Ignore Zero in Stats Click here to r apply this function to an area of interest Batch ADI Cancel VIEW Help The Crisp dialog is a good example of the basic Image Interpreter dialog Other dialogs may have more prompts for inputs depending on the function Each dialog opens with default entries that are acceptable for use These entries can be changed if necessary to achieve specific results Under Input File in the Crisp dialog enter panAtlanta img This is a SPOT panchromatic scene of downtown Atlanta Georgia Under Output File enter crisp img in the directory of your choice as the output file Under Output Options in the Crisp dialog turn on the Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit checkbox by clicking on it This option produces the output file in unsigned 8 bit format which saves disk space Click the View button at the bottom of the Crisp dialog The Model Maker viewer window opens and displays the graphical model used for the Crisp function s SIMAGINE HOME etc models Crisp greyscale gmd File Edit Model Text Process Help u BS DES x Se B CRISP Gray Scale INP
91. ques on other data sets you may wantto experiment with different methods or combinations of methods to find the techniques that work best pm We highly recommend that you read the Fourier Analysis section in the Enhancement chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide Volume 2 before going through this tour guide If you are new to ERDAS IMAGINE we recommend that you complete Viewer amp Geospatial Light Table tour guide in the ERDAS IMAGINE Essentials Tour Guide before using the Fourier Transform Editor Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 45 minutes In order to use the Fourier Transform Editor you must first create a Fourier Transform fft layer from the input image ERDAS IMAGINE must be running and you must have a Viewer open Select File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the Viewer menu bar The Select Layer To Add dialog opens Click here to view the raste Select Layer To Add fi File Raster Options Multiple Options p Look in a examples a shineb img supervised imq AS truecal Ok PIE shine7 img a TM l img Click here to A sbinefmg P tm 850516 ima Cancel P shine3 img BE TM striped img Help Click here to select the file I sky img BI mtlanta img dis la the ima e TM 1 img slope img BI venezuela img p y g cil P spots img BE vais 30 meterimg Recent In the Viewer spoatxs img d wasial mss img a SterenS AR Match imq d wasiaz mss imug Got
92. r Image X and Image Y in the Fiducials CellArray of the Camera Model Properties dialog 8 Create three more fiducials by repeating step 5 and step 6 in the three other corners of the image in the first Viewer Move clockwise around the image in the Viewer using the Viewer scroll bars as shown in the following illustration Drag the scroll bars to view the image in ZAIRE EG ura clockwise order File Utility View AOI Raster Help G w Di dge31i0 LSs E RAAN Begin digitizing here Fiducial 1 Fiduciaria ie s EIMHBRURI Enter Film Coordinates It is necessary to enter the Film coordinates into the Camera Model Properties dialog manually The data provider can include this information in the camera calibration certificate 1 Being sure to match the point numbers with the proper coordinates enter the Film X and Film Y coordinates from the following table Table 6 Film X and Film Y Coordinates Trim rie o ee o wm owe E NEL When the last Film coordinate has been entered in the Camera Model Properties dialog the Status changes to Solved and the software calculates the Error The presence of the Error value indicates that the interior orientation parameters have been solved Vi Camera Model Properties No File PRISES General Fiducials Orientation Projection Apply Fiducial Type Viewer Fiducial Locator Stee end Reset 7 B x C n Ero 0 0247 Save Point gt Color Image Image
93. rnel Enter kernel to use Select kernel Enter output file here from this Scroll list W Convolution E Output File img a lanier imq canvalve img e T Kernel Selection Coordinate Type Data Type 3x3 Edge Detec 3 3 Edge Enhance 3 C File 3 3 Law Pass E default klb Output Unsigned B bit Kernel Library MA Ib Kernel Map L lInsigned 8 bit i usrp proto a VirtualModels 3 3 High Pass 3 amp 3 Horizontal 3 amp 3 Vertical 3 amp 3 Summary From Inquire Box Ignore Zero in Stats Ww Haze Reduction EB lt gt andle Edges By W Normalize the Kernel UL x 233085 00 LAS 448415 00 Subset Definition i Reflection Fill E dit Hew LL r 3807070 00 E LAY 3791740 00 E S eu Se Click here to Click here to add this function apply this function to a batch file to an area of interest This interactive Convolution tool lets you perform convolution filtering on images It provides a scrolling list of standard filters and lets you create new kernels The new kernels can be saved to a library and used again at a later time NOTE Do not close the Image Interpreter menu as you continue using it in the next section In the Convolution dialog under Input File enter lanier img
94. rt to a apply a projection pixel map system system to the image 9 Select File gt Close to dismiss the Imagelnfo dialog Review Image Information 1 Check for Map Model Select File gt Open gt Raster Layer from the Viewer menu bar or click the Open icon on the Viewer toolbar The Select Layer To Add dialog opens In the Select Layer To Add dialog select ps_napp img from the directory into which you copied it Click OK in the Select Layer To Add dialog to display the camera image in the Viewer The file ps napp img opens in the Viewer The Viewer image displays with a view of the upper left corner of the photo as shown in the following picture V4 Viewer 1 ps napp img Band 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help 2 m Dad eg 310 5 Ns 6z KRQAQ MH P Before you continue with geometric correction you must first make sure that the image does not already have a map model On the Viewer toolbar click the Imagelnfo icon The Imagelnfo dialog opens W Imagelnfo ps_napp ime File Edit view Help Layer Name Band 1 File Type IMAGINE Image File Into ast Modified WedAug 11 18 15 41 1999 Number of Layers Width 2294 Height 2294 Type Continuous Black width B4 Black Height B4 Data Type Unsigned 8 bit Compression Mone Data Order BIL Pyramid Layer Algorithm IMAGINE 242 Resampling Mins 0 Max 247 Mean 113 522 SERIE Median 124 Mode 129 Std Dew 2B
95. ss component indicates vegetation e Layer 3 blue the wetness component indicates water or moisture 6 When you are through close the Viewers by selecting Session gt Close All Viewers from the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar Use the Indices Function Next you apply a mineral ratio from the Indices function to a Landsat TM image Such ratios are commonly used by geologists searching for specific mineral deposits in the earth c For more information on this transformation see the Enhancement chapter in the ERDAS Field Guide Volume ll 1 In the Spectral Enhancement menu select Indices The Indices dialog opens Wa Indices Enter input Input File img Output File img Enter output file here tmatlanta img mineralima p file here Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map uL 0 00 unis 511 00 ii Click to select C Fie uLv 0 00 ipy 51100 l sensor type Click to ions select this option Landsat TM Select Function F un cti on Input Unsigned 8 bit scroll list Function definition Function band 5 band 7 band 5 band 4 band 3 band 1 displays here for Batch Aol selected function Cancel VIEW Help 2 Under Input File enter tmAtlanta img 3 Enter mineral img in the directory of your choice as the Output File 4 Under Select Function click MINERAL COMPOSITE in the scrolling list This index is a composite of three mineral ratios e Cla
96. t in the Inquire por Cob El Box dialog Apply Fit ta ADI Help Click the Snap to Raster checkbox to uncheck this option This tells the Subset function to use the exact coordinates you enter for the Inquire Box Enter the following coordinates into the Inquire Box dialog ULX 1698385 570 UL Y 288632 691217 LRX 1702282 557434 LRY 284900 708704 Click Apply on the Inquire Box dialog The Inquire Box moves to the new coordinates 6 Click the Zoom In icon fo to zoom in on the Area of Interest The image in your Viewer should look something like this Note that the corners of the Inquire Box are not snapped to the pixel centers Subsetting an Image Without Snapping 1 Click the Interpreter icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel Interpreter The Image Interpreter menu opens Each of the buttons in the Image Interpreter menu displays a submenu of Image Interpreter functions Ellipses indicate mase Inierpreler x that these buttons Spatial Enhancement display another dialog Radiometric Enhancement with additional Spectral Enhancement options Basic HyperSpectral Tools Advanced Hyperspectral Tools Fourier Analysis Topographic Analysis Click here to see GIS Analysis an On Lin e H elp file describing this ilities dialog 2 Select Utilities from the Image Interpreter menu and the Utilities menu opens Wi Utilities Change Dete
97. ter Layer from the Viewer menu bar The Select Layer to add dialog opens Select dmtm img Selecting an AOI to Subset Uncheck the Snap to Raster checkbox Select Layer To Add File Raster Options Multiple Click OK Look in a examples c vum a DEMmerge sub imq a flevolandradar ing d flevalandradarregionb imq d image dadc eldoatm imq d flevolandradarsigS 31525 img d Klon THM in Cancel eldodem img d flevalandradarsk ewb img d landcover i Help d flpoad tm147 radar imq d lanier imq d floodplain img dl Inaspect im F germtm img MF Inclump ime Recent B Indem img d hyperspectral imq AF IFSAR_Match img F Inhydro img Goto AF IFSAR_Ret ima AF Inlakes ima File name dmtm img lE AS Files af type IMAGINE Image imdq F truecolor 591 Rows 4 531 Columns 7 Bandis 2 3 Select dmtm img from the list of examples Click OK to have the image display in the Viewer In this section you use the Subset utility to take a small Subset from a large image without using the Snap to Raster option With the cursor in the Viewer right click to access the Quick View menu Select Inquire Box from the Quick View menu The Inquire Box dialog displays The title of this dialog is Viewer 1 dmtm img V4 Viewer 1 dmtm img uL 1698385 570 LR 1702282 557434 2B88b32 B31217 284300 708704 Enter these o 222 Lg 224500 coordinates Type Map Units fee
98. ting Session gt Close All Viewers from the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar Click Close in the Spatial Enhancement menu NOTE Do not close the Image Interpreter menu as you continue using it in the next section In the Image Interpreter menu select Radiometric Enhancement The Radiometric Enhancement menu opens Apply Brightness Inversion Click here to see model in Model Maker Wi Radiometric Enhancement E LUT Stretch Histogram Equalization Click here to access pee the Brightness Inversion Brightness Inversion function Haze Reduction Noise Reduction Destipe TM Data In this section you use both the Inverse and Reverse options of the Image Inversion function to enhance images Inverse emphasizes detail in the dark portions of an image Reverse simply reverses the DN values In the Radiometric Enhancement menu select Brightness Inversion The Brightness Inversion dialog opens Enter output Wi Brightness Inversion x file name here Input File img Output File img loplakebedsig357 img Jinverse img Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map C File Data Type Output Options Input Output Select this option to reduce file size eS Unsigned bit jw Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit Ignare Zero in Stats Unsigned 8 bit Select option here In the Brightness Inversion dialog under Input File enter loplakebeds
99. tor Sete Teese T 2 i 4 Error 3 Status Model has no solution Under Fiducial Type click the Four Corners fiducial icon 4 Under Viewer Fiducial Locator click the Toggle icon Im Follow the instructions by clicking in the Viewer that contains ps napp img Wi Viewer Selection Instructions AN e inside a viewer to select for Image Containing Fiducialz A link box opens in the first Viewer and the Chip Extraction Viewer also displays the second Viewer In the first Viewer drag the link box to the fiducial in the image you want to digitize as illustrated in the following example Place the center of the link box on the fiducial at the center of the area where the crosshair intersects NOTE Identifying the fiducial may sometimes require Breakpoint LUT adjustments V4 Viewer 1 ps napp img Band 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help smeMHASPAB Um KE RAAN P Drag on this scroll bar to view the top or bottom of the image Drag on this scroll bar to view the left and right sides of the image The second Viewer displays the point in the image that you have chosen with the link box 6 In the Camera Model Properties dialog click the Place Image Fiducial icon 5 7 Move your cursor into the Chip Extraction Viewer the second Viewer and click the center area where the crosshair intersects Click here to place the image fiducial The point coordinates display unde
100. tribute Editor to query the viewshed layer in the Viewer Create Class Names for Viewshed Regions 1 Open vs tour img in a viewer This is the viewshed image that you saved in Save the Viewshed on page 108 2 Select Raster gt Attributes from the Viewer menu bar The Raster Attribute Editor opens Wa Raster Attribute Editor intervisl Oaimgqu iz2 Layer 1 File Edit Help EN EE M EA Layer Number i E Add a i column for class names 3 Select Edit gt Add Class Names from the Raster Attribute Editor menu bar A new column is added to the front of the Raster Attributes CellArray 4 In Row 1 of the Class Names column enter Perimeter and press Enter on your keyboard 5 In Row 2 enter Hidden Region and press Enter on your keyboard 6 In Row 3 enter Visible by One Observer and press Enter on your keyboard 7 In Row 4 enter Visible by Two Observers and press Enter on your keyboard Wa Raster Attribute Editor intervis1_Oa img001220 Layer_1 Z n x File Edit Help c Ll W TT Layer Number ji Color Red Green Blur Ooo is Pence TT Hidden Region a isible by One Observer 084 isible by Two Observers EN 0 Class Mames Row Class Names identify each of the areas in the viewshed 0 1 nul 0 8 lt Add Area Column to the CellArray 1 Use the Up and Down buttons to rearrange columns Now select Edit
101. u bar A third Viewer opens 7 With your cursor in Viewer 3 press Ctrl r on your keyboard this is just another way to open a raster layer The Select Layer To Add dialog opens 8 From the Select Layer To Add dialog open the file loplakebedsig357 img 9 Resize the Viewers on screen so that you can see all three Viewers Note the differences between reverse img and inverse img compared to the original file Original image s Viewer 3 loplakebedsig357 img Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help g a Da eg LS KRAQAQN FR Reverse image Inverse image Ma Viewer 4 reverse img Layer 1 Ma Viewer 5 inverse img Layer 1 File Utility View AOI Raster Help File Utility View AOI Raster Help g a DE eg 32 ARAE RAAN g a Da eg LS RAAN 10 When you are through close all three Viewers by selecting Session Close All Viewers from the ERDAS IMAGINE menu bar 11 Click Close in the Radiometric Enhancement menu NOTE Do not close the Image Interpreter menu as you continue using it in the next section Apply Spectral Enhancement 1 In the Image Interpreter menu click Spectral Enhancement The Spectral Enhancement menu opens Vi Spectral Enhancement E Principal Camp Inverse Principal Comp Click here to select Tasseled Ca Decorrelation Stretch Tasseled Cap HGB to IHS IHS ta RGB Indices Natural Color Landsat
102. u can enter EML Commands commands to test during script development or view EML command history Active Process List Enter Log Message Enter text to insert into the Session Log Open the Batch Wizard Collect commands as they are generated by clicking the Batch button that is available on many ERDAS IMAGINE dialogs Open Batch Command File Open a Batch Command File bcf you have saved previously Start Recording Batch Commands Table 1 Session Menu Options Continued Selection Functionality Open the Scheduled Batch Job List View Offline Batch Queue dialog which lets you view edit or delete pending batch jobs Select horizontal or vertical icon panel display Flip Icons Rearrange two or more Viewers on the Tile Viewers screen so that they do not overlap Close All Viewers Close all Viewers that are currently open Access a menu of tools that corresponds to the icons along the ERDAS IMAGINE icon bar Access a menu of tools that allow you to Tools view and edit various text and image Access a menu of utility items that allow you to perform general tasks in ERDAS IMAGINE Help Open the IMAGINE Properties dialog Properties where system information environment variables and licensing information is available Generate System Information Generate a report of essential IMAGINE Report operating system parameters for printing Exit the ERDAS IMAGINE session Exit IM
103. used by camera sensor orientation topographic relief displacement and systematic errors associated with imagery Orthorectified images are planimetrically true images that represent ground objects in their true real world X and Y positions For these reasons orthorectified imagery has become accepted as the ideal reference image backdrop necessary for the creation and maintenance of vector data contained within a GIS By performing space resection the effects of camera sensor orientation have been considered and removed By defining a DEM or constant elevation value ideal for use in areas containing minimal relief variation the effects of topographic relief displacement can be considered and removed MEN For information on bundle block adjustment see the LPS Project Manager User s Manual and LPS Automatic Terrain Extraction User s Manual Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 30 minutes In this tour guide you orthorectify a camera image of Palm Springs California using a NAPP National Aerial Photography Program photo In rectifying the camera image you use these basic steps e Display a camera image e Start the Geometric Correction Tool e Enter the Camera model properties e Record GCPs Prepare Resample or calibrate the image Resampling vs Calibration Resampling Resampling is the process of calculating the file values for the rectified image and creating the new file All of the rast
104. y measured and saved These reference coordinates in the source file ps_napp img are from the ps_camera gcc file 5 In the GCP Tool click the Solve Geometric Model icon Z NOTE The orthorectification models do not have the option of Automatic Transform Calculation Clicking this icon solves the model and calculates the RMS error and residuals The Control Point Error for the X and Y values displays beside the icons on the GCP Tool Error displays here W GCP Tool Input ps_napp img Reference ps_camera gcc Fie view Edit Help 5 X oe je n Em RE z 28 Conta Point Error 5 0 7694 Y 0 6251 Total 0 9913 Pont PomlD gt Color Xipu Yint XRef ZRe Twe XResidual Y Residual RMS Emor Contrib Match EE O 1401 178 2101 550 544657 897 3740719 772 118 872 0 948 0 542 1 092 1102 GCP 2 EN 850 167 2214 532 542301 251 3740224 473 132 588 1 368 0 684 1529 1 543 3 GCP 3 BEEN 808 021 571 726 541389 315 3747260 594 188 366 0 210 0 736 0765 0772 4 cpa NENNI 27o 1271 888 544030 350 3744286 400 147218 Control 0537 osoof oso oe2 5 GCP 5 MENEE 165 295 590503 545787266 374 2683681 153105 Control 1155 0210 ta 1184 scree MENNE 2146 066 2223600 547300760 3740212455 106680 Conr 0et6
105. y minerals band 5 band 7 e Ferrous minerals band 5 band 4 e ron oxide band 3 band 1 NOTE Notice how the selected function is defined beside the Function label underneath the Select Function scroll list 5 Under Output Options turn on the Stretch to Unsigned 8 bit checkbox by clicking on it 6 Click OK in the Indices dialog to start the process A Job Status dialog displays indicating the progress of the function 7 When the Job Status dialog indicates that the job is Done click OK Choose RGB to IHS Next you use the RGB to IHS function red green blue to intensity hue saturation and the reverse IHS to RGB function to enhance the image information obtained by this mineral ratio The purpose of this function is to produce an input file for the IHS to RGB function 1 Select RGB to IHS from the Spectral Enhancement menu The RGB to IHS dialog opens Wa RGB to IHS Input File img Output File 1mdq mineral img Gz robtoinsimg p Coordinate Type Subset Definition From Inquire Box Map C File Ma of Layers 3 Red ii Green ii Blue 3 Ignore Zero in Stats Batch aol Cancel VIEW Help 2 Enterthe mineral ratio output from the previous exercise mineral img as the Input File Choose IHS to RGB Enter RGBtolHS img in the directory of your choice as the Output File Click OK in the RGB to IHS dialog A Job Status dialog displays reporti

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