14829 TH Lifespeed gb - EnerSys
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1. EnerSvs AAN MAT M W Aud WW Technical Manual GB Hawker Lifespeed 3000 Power Full Solutions HAWKER eee LZ GL SH Contents S mary va odii ire eri te A ot o EE EE ER a EFIE EE Pr ER 6a 3 Information nto enhn tette d 3 Goals of this Many alirsin rniii 3 UEBER 3 REC ONMTUMEN CAL ONS e P 3 dog Eri 3 Product recycling 4 Modifications and improVvertnernts eceuu eoe ioce rro ect ere ce rebote cett 4 DEI DunEEielrBe 4 Replacement parts rc edere D nc c d s rasiassa 4 Information plate uice pii treten ture ritenere dete eterne rtr 4 tjr M I 4 EEC declaration of conformity iiec cierre ttes 4 The Charger 5 ariero LU oiu OM me M 5 External COP poOnertts uiccce eccesso inns iecit ionndnick deli EY 5 edil le M 5 DIL MILI T 6 Access to the menlis cseccon omnet tit hin ncc gs kV NR Ek 6 Memorize Pata m 6 Status 7 wer 7 Contrast ued zT a mee LOO 7 BC TAI 7 Eeee Le e c 7 Using the Charger ner2. Factory setup The Lifespeed 3000 is delivered with the following default setup Profile As ordered Output cables length 4m Configuration As ordered Automatic equalization No Delayed start enabled No If no modifications are required go directly to the section Charging the Battery If changes are needed go to the Configuration section on page 7 Charging the battery It is now assumed that the charger has been set up as per the Configuration on page 7 Charging can only begin with a battery of the proper type capacity and voltage connected to the charger Off Charge Display With the Lifespeed 3000 in wait mode On Off switch in the 0 position and without pressing the OK button the display shows information relative to the charger on the top and bottom lines Charger type and model LS stands for Lifespeed Charger characteristics Wait mode line voltage 400 Last charging profile selected Firmware version System time and date optional Selected battery operating temperature MOSSRONA LS3010 24 36 48V v1 0 130 11 05 16 43 w ne Delayed Start If the charger was programmed for delayed start Configuration menu Delayed Start charging will begin following that delay The display shows the time remaining before the programmed charging starts LS3010 24 36 48V v1 0 H 01 59 41 Gi FAST Starting a Desulphation cycle 30 C TL
3. 3 Capacity restored and total charging time format hr min 4 End of charge condition icon SEE Normal ARE Normal with interruption voluntary or caused by a fault Type and time of fault see Fault Codes page 9 5 Coded end of charge indicator Screen 3 connection disconnection 1 aE 2 T 16 06 2005 16 41 3 E 4 17 06 2005 14 17 Ref Information 1 Battery connected symbol 2 Time and date of battery connection 3 Battery disconnection symbol 4 Time and date of battery disconnection Reset of displayed information Resetting the information displayed on these three screens is done by pressing the Reset command from the CONFIGURATION menu see page 7 This menu displays the charger s internal counters number of normal charges of equalization charges faults by type etc Access From the main menu select STATUS and press OK The Screen Information is displayed on one screen As an example CHARGE j EQUAL TH DF1 The above display corresponds to the following data Indication Information Charge Total number of charges Corresponds to the total of normally terminated charges and charges terminated with or by faults TE Number of charges terminated abnormally j Number of charges normally terminated EGAL Number of equalization charges completed by the charger TH Number
4. To start the desulphation cycle manually 1 Push the ON OFF switch to 0 2 Press and hold the button ID 3 Push the ON OFF switch to 1 Release the CIL Desulphation will now run for the programmed time The standard charging cycle will have to be started manually after the desulphation cycle is complete Starting the Charge cycle 1 Push the ON OFF switch to The display shows various information relative to the battery connected to the charger and counts down the time remaining until the effective charge begins Ref Information 1 Charger type voltage and current information and firmware version 2 Maximum of two minutes countdown before the effective charge begins 3 Detected charging profile will be flashing as information is received a 4 Alternates between serial number and capacity as information is received a 5 Possible fault display area after 2 minutes see 8 Fault Codes on page 9 b 6 Operating temperature as detected a c 7 Icon for requested equalization after charging see 8 End of charge with Equalization on page 9 1 1LS3010 _24 36 48V p SN CA11402 a After the two minutes of countdown the display shows information relative to the charging process See the paragraph on Effective charge b The following faults will prevent charging DF1 DF2 DF3 TH TEMP and STOP they will be displayed
5. 1 The display alternates between ref 2 Total charging time Amp hrs restored to the battery LS3010 24 36 48V AVAIL acc t 02 007 Ea IONIC See paragraphs Memorizations page 6 or Status page 7 for details on end of charge information Any other lit LED indicates a problem during charging Please refer to paragraph Control Panel on page 5 If the battery remains plugged in in order to maintain an optimal charge refresh and equalization charges will be automatically triggered if selected based on battery type 2 If an equalization charge was programmed it will be automatically started If not an equalization charge can be started manually at this point go to paragraph End of Charge with equalization below 3 If the green LED is flashing the battery is in rest mode Wait until the flashing stops 4 Push to ON OFF switch to 0 5 Unplug the battery It is ready for use End of charge with equalization Can be started manually or automatically Manual start 1 At the end of charge green LED lt Ei 9 on or flashing press on the ID The start of the equalization charge is indicated by the message EGAL I equalization current and EGAL H remaining equalization time ref 1 and 2 below LS3010 24 36 48V 2 The battery will be available when the green LED Fig 2 ref 7 comes back on Automatic start If equalization has
6. and available 8 ON OFF switch 9 Menu exit equalization start or desulphation start button Figure 2 Charger Display and Control components Ref Function Ventilation fins Display and Control panel see fig 2 AC Input cable Hood retaining screw Wall mount Pg a Battery cables The Menus Ref Information The Menus provide access to the following functions L Battery seral number Last 100 charging profiles MEMORIZATIONS menu 2 Voltage capacity amp recorded temperature prior to charging Viewing of faults alarms etc STATUS menu 3 Detected profile Charger configuration CONFIGURATION menu p Contrast adjustment CONTRAST menu backlighting of the display 4 Alarm Icon see Table A BACKLIGHT menu date and time DATE TIME menu language LANGUAGE menu and display format REGION menu Access to the menus Icons Alarms Button functionality H Alarms present The pads provide the following functions Low electrolyte level Hi Uneven battery voltage Pad Function Excessive temperature VA Navigation within the menu IL Missed equalization cycles OK Select active menu or Select highlighted value Excessive overdischarge qu Close the window Cancel 6 Excessive daily cycles BE easyplus disconnection Table A Alarm icons STATUS CONFIGURATION CONTRA
7. sustained resulting in a much faster charging process while maintaining full temperature control during the charge If the battery temperature communicated by the easyplus is too high the charger before to start the charge will switch on the air pump to cool down the battery During this time the charger will display the mes sage TEMP When the battery temperature is gone down to a specific threshold the charger starts the charge No risk for the battery the charger will switch automatically to the lonic profile if there are a fault on the air pressure or no communication with the easyplus Complete recharging of the battery is done in short time while energy consumption is substantially reduced lonic profile Also called lonic Mixing this profile consists of applying short current pulses to the battery thus provoking gassing in the active material to dif fuse the sulphuric acid off of the plates This introduction of lonic Mixing permits a faster charging of the battery and eliminates the differences in density by homogenizing the electrolyte throughout the cells The ionic profile is not high speed and requires standard recharge times EEC declaration of conformity C Hawker hereby declares that the chargers in the Lifespeed ran ges covered by this declaration conform to the descriptions laid down in European Directives 89 336 EEC 93 68 EEC and RoHS 2002 96 EEC The Charger introduction Control panel T
8. this charger becomes obsolete it can be recycled by authorized recycling facilities Local regulations will prevail and must be followed Modifications and improvements Hawker reserves the right at any time to modify or improve its products without any obligation to update this product or this manual accordingly Receiving Storage Upon reception please inspect visually the exterior of the charger for any possible damages If necessary proceed within 24 hours with the usual claims with the transport company If the charger is to be stored before use it should remain in the original packaging carefully closed Store in a clean dry area at a moderate temperature 0 C to 40 C If the equipment is stored at a temperature below 15 C it must be gradually restored to operating temperature before use to prevent the risk of condensation that could cause electrical faults and short circuits Replacement parts Please supply the unit s serial number indicated on the information plate when ordering any replacement parts Information plate Located on either side of the charger Glossary Charger Features The Lifespeed 3000 Series chargers are managed by a micro processor The micro processor reads the battery capacity from the easyplus and sets the charge current appropriately This allows the charger to work over a wide range of battery capacity Charge factor Charge factor is the quantity of Ampere Hours returned
9. ST BACKLIGHT DATE TIME Each of the eight available menus is described below the last menu lines LANGUAGE and REGION are only visible after pressing the Y Escape a Menu The active menu is automatically cancelled after one minute of inactivity or by pressing qD Memorized data Displays historical data from the last 100 charge cycles Access From the main menu select MEMORIZATIONS and press OK The List screen The sample screen below indicates that 17 records exist title line MEMO 1 refers to the latest record After the 100 record is memorized the oldest will be replaced automatically To view a charge history Proceed as follow Select a record MEMO x by pressing V or A View the first screen by pressing OK View the second screen by pressing V View the third screen by pressing again on V Return to the main menu by pressing ID OP eo Nis Displayed information The charge profile history is displayed on three screens Screen 1 battery information mS CA11402 48V 500Ah 30 C IONIC M Screen 2 charger information 9 ume D xp 3 3Ah gt 00 07 4 R E pes 5 H CFC 0x0100C802 Ref Information 1 Type state of charge and temperature recorded prior to the charge 2 Voltage per cell before and after charging and current at termination of charge
10. after the 2 minute countdown See paragraph Fault codes on page 9 Effective charge A few moments into the effective charge the display will begin alternating between the following charging information Ref Information 1 Charger type voltage and current information and firmware version 2 Possible priority alarm the Am shows up within the battery symbol if the electrolyte level is low in the battery only available when battery is equipped with the easyplus Equalization requested after the charge Operating temperature as detected Detected charging profile Alternates detected serial number and capacity Indicates charge 7a or discharge 7b cycles ON Oa Pe Cycled updated information Please refer to Table B on page 9 below LS3010 24 36 48V S N CA11402 CHARGE n c 200 32 LS3010 24 36 48V S N CA11402 DISCHARGE nc t 00 32 Gee FAST Cycled information ref 8 above Sign Measurement Example U Battery voltage V 26 1 u Voltage per cell V 2 18 I Actual charging current A 55 C Capacity restored Ah 71 t Total charging time hrs min 03 36 DF Eventual fault code See 8 Fault Codes on page 9 DF5 Table B Information icons during charge End of charge without equalization 1 The green LED comes on after a proper end of charge The green LED is on and the display shows AVAIL ref
11. al time the equalization periods Never Daily Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday For example choosing Monday will start the equalization process every Monday based on a duration and delay programmed under Equalization Time and Equalization Delay The equalization can be started automatically or manually See paragraph End of Charge with Equalization on page 9 Delayed Charge Two way to set a delay charge Defines a delay between 0 and 8 hours between the time that the battery is connected and the actual start of the charging process Defines an hour to start the charge hh mm if the battery is connected to the charger the charge will start at the program hour Allows for charging during Off peak periods Battery Rest Defines a waiting period from 0 to 8 hours after the end of the charge to allow the battery to cool off Cable Length Length of battery cable from the connector to positive post of battery Acceptable range is from 1 to 10 meters This parameter is very important as it directly affects characteristics of the charging profile Cable Section Determines the cross section of the battery cables in mm Select a section from the list displayed If different sizes are being used on the battery and the charger enter the smaller of the two This parameter is very important as it directly affects characteristics of the charging profile Reset Resets the counters in Status a
12. applies to models 3010 and 3015 The unit must be mounted in a vertical position The bottom of the charger must be at least 0 60m from the floor and or the charger below and the top of the unit at least 1 0m from the ceiling The minimum distance between two chargers must be 0 30m You must avoid areas where the chargers may be splashed with water The charger is held by 4 M8 screws suitable for the type of support For the drilling pattern follow the illustration below 540 Electrical connections Three phase input Connection to the grid will be 400 volts 3 phase and be done through a proper plug and adequately sized circuit breaker not included Current requirements in Amps are indicated on the charger s information plate Battery output It is essential to ensure proper polarity However reversed polarity will result in blowing the output fuse inability to charge and the fault code DF2 to be displayed See Fault Codes on page 9 Connection to the battery will be done through the supplied cables RED Cable Battery POSITIVE BLACK Cable Battery NEGATIVE Additional note for Lifespeed 3000 model 3030 only Because of the high current level generated by this unit two independent sets of cables will be supplied The MASTER cables will be equipped with air connector These will be connected to the corresponding connectors on the battery The MASTER amp SLAVE connectors must always be connected for the charger to operate
13. been already programmed Configuration Menu Equalization time Equalization delay and Frequency page 7 the equalization charge will start automatically Also if the battery remains plugged in in order to maintain an optimal charge refresh and equalization charges will be automatically triggered if selected based on battery type The same information as for the manual start see above will be displayed Historical data per charge For viewing and resetting of historical data please refer to paragraph Memorizations on page 6 Charger s historical data For viewing and resetting of the charger s history please refer to paragraph Status on page 7 Fault codes In case of a fault the display shows the corresponding fault code DF1 in the example below When several faults are present the fault codes will be cycled on the display LS3010 24 36 48V Fault Cause Solution DC Shows up prior to DF1 fault Critical fault Check input voltage Critical fault Check for proper battery connection reversed polarity Check output fuse DF1 Charger problem DF2 Output fault DF3 Improper battery Critical fault Battery voltage too high or too low Use proper charger for battery Non critical fault Check battery cables for condition and size check for loose connections check for defective cells DFS Battery requires inspection Check the air circuit pump tubin
14. g The charging operates in IONIC profile if there is an air circuit fault DF7 Pneumatic mixing air circuit fault the red light flashes DF8 Communication fault between 3020 and 3030 models the charger s internal modules only Non critical fault Contact servicing agent DF9 Fault in discharge circuit Non critical fault Contact Charger reverts to lonic profile servicing agent STOP Critical battery electrolyte level Critical fault Top up battery electrolyte only indicated if using easyplus TEMP Critical battery temperature Critical fault The charger is waiting that the battery temperature goes down to start the charge only indicated if using easyplus Critical fault Check that fans are working Verify that ambient temperature is not too high Inspect to see if charger ventilation is obstructed or impaired TH Thermal problem in charger resulting in charge interruption 9002 ZL aoij0u 101d Aue ynoyyim uoneoyipoui jed1UYIa 0 32efqng jeuiqej jeuiqe2 jeuiqe2 BununojN IeM Bununoy IeM L69X87LX6S8 L69X87LX6S8 L69X87ZLX6S8 LLE X OLP X OSL LLE X OLPY X OSL ww q X M X H suoisuauq OvL OZL OL OcL 09 09 6 1519 adl Ae dsiq Ov 010 or e1njeJeduuej Bunededo OZdl u01 99 01d dl 34nejeq OL OFL w Uu16ue s jqe A1e33eg Aiei ixny Aeyixny Ajei ixny Ajeiixny Ajei ixny Meijxny pue diy YM pue diy UA pue diy YUM Ae
15. he Lifespeed 3000 series of chargers are compatible with batteries at Incorporates the Display and Control Panel Please refer to The Menus 24 36 48 and 80 volts depending on the version supplied page 6 and Using the charger page 8 for further details and features Battery recognition voltage capacity state of charge age etc is accomplished by communication from the easyplus Battery manage ment is optimized through use of the easyplus Two charging profiles are available High Speed or IONIC based on the configuration chosen by the operator Furthermore desulphation equalization and compensation charges are integrated External components U EU High speed Smart Chargers LS3010 24 36 48V V1 0 30 11 05 16 43 i L400 2 3 3 4 G 4 5 6 2 3 Fi o o A Ref Function 1 Graphical LCD Display 2 Navigation button UP n 4 3 Accept Select button o 4 Navigation button DOWN 4 5 RED fault indicator i 6 OFF no fault Flashing ongoing fault detected ON fault 6 YELLLOW charging indicator OFF charger is off ON charging in progress Figure 1 Principal components of the wall and floor mounted Lifespeed 3000 series charger models ra GREEN end of charge indicator OFF charger off or battery not available Flashing cooling phase ON battery ready
16. i ixny pue aty UUM pue diy yM pue diy YM pue Aly yM VOZE L 68SEVNIG XZ VOCE L 68SEVNIA VOCE L 68SEPNIC X c VOZE L 68SEVNIG VO9L L 68SEvNIG VOZE L 68SEVNIC VOZE L 68SEVNIG 6nid 9G 0LXc S6 0LXc 074 86 os OL os zw sajqeo A1eyjeg V OOL 101811014 V 08 10 S1 01d VEQ 10 S1 01d V Ot 101811014 V ZE 10 S1 01d V asny yndu 9L 9L OL 9 v Jud Xp ejqeo 3nduj GL gg 0S ov GE Lc Sc LL V Mep 3u844n2 jeurwoN 09 09 ZH Asu nb ud 0LF 00v A eBe3JoA 1nduJ A08 A08 A8V A08 A8V A08 A8V O vc A8v 9 vc ov oe oz GL OL MA J8MOd OvOEST 0 0 S1 020 S1 GLOEST OLOEST suu uonea2yroeds SNOI1V2IHIO3dS TWOINHOAL 10 Wherever in Europe you do business Hawker 4 can support you with motive power energy The Hawker branded battery range matched chargers and systems provide trouble free performance under the most demanding service conditions Our strategically located manufacturing plants are efficient and responsive with a culture of continuous improvement and added value for our business partners lt _ lt en Hawker has Ko A position in leadership and with significant inv stment in research and development we intend to stay at the leading edge in producti vation i Hawker evolution batteries and Hawker HF chargers Lifeplus and Powertech have set new standards in maintenance free solutions T i Our team of development engineers is driven by the desire to build the best energy soluti
17. it enne 8 BoJ oele qoo M 8 Mechanical installatiGli scien sse esee cri ike denied eere didi ul eid 8 Electrical connections 8 Factory SOtU ope 8 Charging the Datteln aaisan ireann osk abet e t agaaa EMI Yir aaia 8 Historical data per chargg uieseecirn territi neci ciiin unde di adir 9 Charger s historicall data iiiter rere ciento 9 POU COD m 9 Information Goals of this manual This manual is aimed at any authorized personnel wanting to use a three phase Lifespeed 3000 Series charger to recharge lead acid type industrial batteries This manual contains information on Charger functionality Use and setting of charger parameters Technical specifications of the Lifespeed 3000 chargers Hawker intends to provide clear and simple information in this manual Hawker assumes no responsibility for misunderstanding or improper interpretation of the information The owner of the equipment is required to preserve this manual for the life of the equipment and to transfer said manual to any subsequent purchaser Warranty is offered by the manufacturer based on local regulations Please contact your local distributor for further information Recommendations Recommendations for safe operation This manual should be carefully read prior to using the equipment by anyone intending to use the charger The Lifespeed 3000 charger Never disc
18. nd Memorized Data after you put in the password this password is different than the one used to enter into Configuration Version config Shows the charger s configuration version Modifies the display contrast level A value of 0 displays a white screen a value of 100 displays a black screen The optimum value varies with ambient light If you cannot read the Screen screen black or white 1 Press and hold QD and A at the same time 2 When the LEDs start flashing Fig 2 adjust the contrast with the V or A pads 3 Confirm by pressing OK Backlight Activates ON or deactivates OFF the display s backlighting system Date Time Adjusts system date and time Use the V or A pads to increase or decrease the values Use the OK button to switch from date settings to time settings Press the GD confirm and exit the menu CAUTION Time and date are only saved for three days if the charger is disconnected This selects the language displayed in the menus Using the Charger The Lifespeed 3000 is delivered with the following 3m battery cables This user s manual Mechanical installation Any area subject to water or spills of any kind must absolutely be avoided The table on page 10 provides all of the pertinent physical dimensions of the equipment Floor mounted chargers This applies to models 3020 and 3030 The minimum distance allowed between two chargers must be 0 30m Wall mounted chargers This
19. not disconnect the battery while the Lifespeed 3000 is charging General warnings Requirements for use The equipment must be properly grounded The input voltage must match the charger requirements The battery voltage must match the charger s capabilities The battery capacity is within the charger s range Electrical safety Safety regulations and requirements must be observed Safety devices installed ahead of the chargers must be of the proper type and rating It is important to ensure that only fuses of the proper capacity be used should they need to be replaced This charger meets the Class 1 Electrical Safety requirements and therefore needs to be properly grounded during installation It must be connected to a power supply equipped with a ground cable and the ground connection should be as short as possible The equipment must be totally disconnected from all power sources grid and battery before it can be opened for inspection or servicing The battery can only be disconnected after the main ON OFF switch has been pushed to the OFF position Access to the inside of the charger should be restricted to authorized maintenance personnel Please consult a qualified factory representative about any problems or questions related to the installation of this unit This charger is designed to be used in a sheltered area It is meant exclusively to recharge lead batteries in an industrial environment Product recycling When
20. of temperature faults DF1 etc Number of faults recorded by the charger see Fault Codes on page 9 Reset of displayed information Resetting the information displayed on these three screens is done by pressing the Reset command from the CONFIGURATION menu Configuration This menu leads to the ten charger configuration menus Access With the charger at rest main switch on 0 press OK On the first menu select CONFIGURATION and press OK Use the two W and A pads to display the number corresponding to your password and con firm by pressing OK The main menu will come up Profile Determines the charging profile for the battery connected lonic or Fast To change the profile press OK select a profile from the list with the Y A pads and confirm by pressing OK Temperature Sets the battery s starting operating temperature between 0 C and 55 C Please note that the scale displayed is in function of the Region selected in the Configuration With easyplus the battery s operating temperature is set automatically It is highly recommended especially in colder environments to enter the battery s average temperature value Equalization Equalization can be started manually or automatically at the end of charge See the paragraph End of Charge with Equalization on page 9 Equalization time Sets the duration from 1 to 48 hours Equalization delay Sets the start delay from 0 to 8 hours Frequency Defines in re
21. onnect a battery from the charger if in operation Either allow the charger to terminate automatically or turn charger off prior to disconnecting This charger comes equipped with an anti arcing connector Any battery used on this charger must be equipped with a matching connector and its auxiliary input wire must be connected to battery positive B Failure to make this connection will prevent the charger from operating The charger must not have its air circulation impaired in any way primarily around the air inlet areas Dust accumulation must be removed every six months The charger must be used within its protection norms and never be directly in contact with water The charger must be used only within the temperature range specified in the technical specifications The charger must not be installed on a surface subject to high vibration levels proximity of motors compressors etc Battery configuration This charger is designed to be used with a Fast charge adapted battery Only batteries equipped with An easyplus device with appropriate configuration Specific defined connectors in accordance with charging rates Specific harness and battery plug equipped with auxiliary contacts may be used with this charger Operator safety All proper precautions must be observed when the equipment is used in areas where accidents are possible Insure proper ventilation when the charger is used with lead acid batteries Do
22. ons and works closely with our customers and suppliers to identify development opportunities Our bias for rapid innovation means we get new products to market fast Hawker s integrated sales and service network across Europe is dedicated to providing our customers with the best solutions and after Sales support for their business Whether you r j 7 4 e 1 battery or a complete fleet of batteries a battery handling system and a state of fleettmanagement system you can cou As part of EnerSys the world s largest industrial battery manufacturer we are 7 dedicated to being the emt J CY ae e 4 4 4 cmm European Headquarters Enersv EnerSys EMEA 9 EH Europe GmbH Power Full Solutions L wenstrasse 32 8001 Z rich Switzerland Phone 41 0 44 215 74 10 Fax 41 0 44 215 74 11 www enersys hawker com 04 2007 Subject to revisions without prior notice
23. to the battery during the charge cycle versus the amount removed during the last discharge Refresh Charge A refresh charge maintains the battery at the optimum level as long as it is connected to the charger Desulphation charge A desulphation charge is done prior to normal charging and this charge restores the specific gravity of overly discharged or underused batteries Equalization charge Done after the normal charge it balances out the various cells Hawker easyplus The easyplus is permanently mounted to the battery and communicates to the charger without the need for extra wires Battery parameters necessary for the optimization of the charging process are communicated to the charger via the easyplus The easyplus has an electrolyte level sensor Charging profile Defines the profile of the current applied to the battery during charging in relation to available time The charger coupled with easyplus adapts to the battery based on capacity and state of charge in order to maximize overall battery life High Speed profile Utilizing a specific patented algorithm the electronic circuits of the Lifespeed 3000 charger reduce the natural resistance of the battery by introducing at precise intervals discharge cycles into the charging profile This homogenization of the ions around the plates allows for a better distribution of the active ions in the charging zones A substantially larger current can therefore be applied and
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