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GSI3D – The software and methodology to build systematic near

1. Extract from the Manchester Hydrogeological domains map derived from a GSI3D model Kessler et al 2004a 119 Red areas are thin or no deposits over aquifer blues are perched aquifers yellow are thin clayey units at surface and green are thick clay rich deposits 5 2 1 GIS tools A suite of Arc 8 and 9 tools for using with GSI3D data have been developed by Gerry Wildman and Russell Lawley these are stored at Y GSI3D GIS_tools and described given at Appendix 1 5 3 Geoscience modelling packages Using the point grid and TIN export functions described in section 3 1 1 1 GSI3D can export surfaces or volumes to most leading geoscience modelling packages Exports to Surfer Rockware Earthvision and GoCad have been carried out successful GoCad is BGS s second approved modelling package for geological modelling and uses the same TIN structure as GSI3D described in section 2 1 10 Below are some examples illustrating the seamless interoperability between detailed and regional models from GSI3D and GoCAD using the UK Regional Model Lithoframe IM Napier 2004 Braa SS SREB ive Ts i ji ie Le Le E n oe ho a io ho kt hon S i er be EF ef ir F an H Hi ae RRR RR RRR RS RS i iil il ei oh The GoCad model imported and gridded in GSI3D 120 E es aa lt 8 S81 ee bers poe A synthetic GSI3D section from Cheshire to Kent through and a synthetic boreho
2. 3 G513D TBE drill logs eef TM24NEZ6 TM24NEZT boule I TM24NERE mi I TMZ4NE 4 a TM24NE25 others Right clicking on the list of boreholes or a single borehole gives the option to send the log to the 3D viewer NOTE when a borehole is first passed from the main window to the single borehole viewer the scale and view area need to be readjusted This involves panning and zooming in to the top left of the window to expand the scale of information 3 5 3 mouse click Right click anywhere within the borehole window gives the option to set the properties of the borehole sticks The Drill log layout setting dialogue box is the same as the one used for the section window and is explained in detail there Section 3 3 3 TIP Sometimes a dialogue box is hiding behind other windows This can be brought to the front using the key combinations Alt Tab 80 4 Working in GSI3D methodology and best practice GSI3D Version 2 is the final methodology and software tool for the modelling of shallow subsurface geology in superficial and open faulted terrain The following chapter describes in detail how to build sections envelopes and how to complete the model using examples from Southern East Anglia also known as Mathers Land 4 1 Scales and Types of Investigation Any geological project has its own aims and objectives For example in the systematic surveying of terrain procedures and outputs
3. Complete Alluvium envelope of TM14 91 Detail of the Alluvium envelope showing lines of continuous correlation along sections and nodes along sections and boundaries in green 2 River Terrace Deposits Envelope These occur flanking the alluvium peat and intertidal deposits and almost everywhere beneath them We will assume that laterally they pinch out to coincide with the edge of these deposits where no fringing terrace exists Start by gt Using the nfo tool to select each polygon of alluvium peat intertidal deposits and river terrace from the drift and solid geology shape file and individually inserting them into the envelope using the insert selected polygon tool When complete switch the geology map off and on to check all the polygons have been added into the layer Click on the Fill islands holes icon and allow time to refresh the polygons should fuse to make an envelope corresponding to all alluvial deposits along the valleys Switch off the geology map right click on the unit layer and update alter the properties of the crosses and solid lines along the sections to make them readily visible Examine the correspondence between the envelopes and crosses and correlation lines Within the area of the selected envelopes there should be no breaks in the correlation line along any of the sections If there are then at these points river terrace deposits are absent Show boreholes in the vicinity if any to establi
4. Of x File Add objects Tools Analysis Help ii ir i BHSHSASGEG o geological units M pais IV mor Mp M law M gut M karn M bron M bhse M bhse_clay M ross_sand M ross_sz I bill IV witi cross sections volume I ross_sand_ I ross_sz_ I bhse_ T bhse_clay_ gE bill j witi NV drill logs others H cross sections E RE ae QQ 1638 9069 Z 47 44172 e Ra Bille elo e Navigating the 3 D window is carried out using mouse control e Holding the left mouse button down and moving the mouse around rotates the model in all directions 75 e Holding the right mouse button down and moving the mouse around pans the model in all directions e Holding both mouse buttons or the middle mouse button depending on mouse model down and moving the mouse around zooms in and out of the model 3 4 1 Toolbar EusNs Assuof 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Select background colour Click brings up a standard palette to select background colour 2 Save 3 D window as image This function enables the capture of the 3_D window as a Jpeg or TIFF image as desribed in section above 3 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 4 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object fence diagram surface envelope grid model to the dimensions of the 3D window 5 Plan view Adjusts the 3D
5. Quaternary Methodologies and Training Major BGS project to describe and standardise working methods and practices for data gathering in quaternary terrain 134 Project File RCS Rockhead Section Shells SIGMA Slice SOBI Solid Start Height Subcrop Subsurface Viewer Supercrop Superficial Deposits Surface A gxml file generated in GSI3D containing constructed sections and envelopes prior to model calculation Rock Classification Scheme in 4 volumes describing and defining all Rock types occurring in BGS datasets These have been codified into an ORACLE table and are published on the www Loose term referring to the surface at the top of the bedrock solid geology where Superficial Deposits drift are present it corresponds to their base Defined here as a vertical x z plane The outer bounding surface or skin of a 3D object or volume Systems for Integrated Geospatial Mapping Major BGS programme to create and standardise a fully digital workflow for the capture and Storage of geoscience data mainly aimed at Integrated Geoscience Survey projects Defined here for a horizontal x y plane Single Onshore Borehole Index BGS corporate database containing the header information to all BGS borehole records Obsolete term for the bedrock or rock units corresponds broadly to pre Quaternary units Term used in SOBI for the level at the top of a borehole usually equates with the
6. Instructions for creating borehole shapefile 1 Select and export required boreholes from Borehole Geology database Create a REF column in the exported Borehole Geology file and combine the QS RT NUMB and BSUFF fields to give each record a borehole reference This can be done automatically using a query in Microsoft Access or through the field calculator in ArcMap Select and export the required boreholes from the SOBI dataset 4 Join the Borehole Geology and SOBI tables together using the REF field this can be achieved using Microsoft Access or ArcMap You should now have one table with all of the Borehole Geology information as well as the eastings and northings from the SOBI dataset 5 In ArcMap import the joined table as an event theme Tools menu gt Add XY data oS 139 6 Once the layer appears in ArcMap convert it to a shapefile right click on it in the Table of Contents gt Data gt Export data 7 You may want to tidy the shapefile up by deleting and boreholes that have no easting or northing values they will be plotting at 0 0 Note When you convert your Borehole Geology data to a shapefile ArcMap will truncate the field names to 10 characters In the example table above DRILLED_DEPTH_TOP will become DRILLED_D and DRILLED_DEPTH_BASE will become DRILLED__1 User Instructions Open Boreholelnterrrogation mxd On the main toolbar there is a Borehole Tool
7. The Colour of unit in 2 D selector displays a palette to choose the colour of the unit Transparency 2D defines the transparency of an envelope or TIN in the Map window 0 solid 1 transparent min border angle not enabled The 3 D Settings include the ability to select either tick the Basal surface the Top Surface or both surfaces for display in the 3 D window The Colour of unit in 3 D selector displays a palette to choose the colour of the unit Transparency 3D defines the transparency of the unit in the 3D window 0 solid 1 transparent Type of view in 3D lets the user display either Contour Triangle mesh Flat or Gouraud views Erweitert Extra functions This expanded pull down menu allows the user to edit the selected unit and import export data Load elevation grid Export as grid asc Goad TIN laden base Goad TIN laden top Export base top as GoCad TIM Add scattered data points Export all points Calculate single unit Trim surface Load Elevation Grid selecting this option allows the user to import an existing ascii grid into a geological unit using the following standard loading box amp Load elevation grid x Look in TM24 x ce In this process the raster is automatically triangulated and so can be used in model calculation and also it can be stored and clipped as part of a model file see Sections 4 6 amp 4 8 NOTE This function is described in Section 4 6 as it is the mechan
8. ta JouthwellGsi30 CurrentiBrack_ 5 gem i bs 30 CurrentAndrewshogexi 0 w4 blg Sectons 3 gt selected 3 gt Selakton 3 gt Insert gt Delete OK Cancel Selecting the Load sections produces this loading screen The upper file locator icon requires the gxml project file to be selected containing the data of all sections that have already been constructed These are listed in the Sections box and the use of the Append Insert and Delete buttons enable editing of the Selection of sections If all sections are required highlight one in the Sections field then press Ctrl A to select all then click Append The lower file locator icon requires the file containing the downhole data blg Once the two files are identified and the selection of sections confirmed click OK to load The lines of section automatically plot in the map window and the sections themselves appear in the section window Double click on the GSI3D icon in the section window table of contents and then open the sections folder to view a list of sections loaded The ticked section in the list is displayed in the section window Adjust the section properties and vertical exaggeration to suit Sections 3 3 3 amp 3 3 1 respectively TIP When loading sections a desired order can be established which is then retained on saving the project file gxml NOTE It is necessary to reload the downhole BoGe information in association
9. 143 This tool converts envelopes held in a GXML file to ESRI shapefiles A different shapefile is created for each lithological unit If a gvs and gleg file are present the program will order the envelopes stratigraphically and colour them accordingly Follow the instructions for the section tool above The only difference is where gvs and gleg file are available and the user wishes to create a group layer containing all of the envelopes in stratigraphical order and coloured correctly In this case the user has to use the folder buttons to browse to the file locations these are not needed in the section tool and are greyed out Again the time it takes to process the data depends on the complexity of the GXML file The application message bar highlights the status of the program Export Polygon to GXML This tool exports selected polygon s to GXML format Before activating this tool the user must select one or more polygons from one or more layers currently open in ArcMap When activated a window appears prompting you save the new GXML file The user also has to select an object name for each object The object name can be the layer name an attribute from the layer s table or something specified by the user The user will need to set the object name for each feature selected however the user can set the format of the object name to be the same for all of the selected features by checking the final box Export ASCII to ESRI grid T
10. 3 5 The Borehole Viewer 10 x Sem ExXQ em TBE drill logs J TM24NE26 TM24NE2S NN 21 6 J TM24NE27 I TM24NE23 I TM24NE24 W TM24NE25 others KES PESA SIMA RCG SANDU SIMA THAM SICL 5IMA A typical borehole viewer screen is shown above it is activated from the Main Screen tools drop down menu and required rescaling 3 5 1 Toolbar Borehole viewer gG mA a 3 GSISD Pa THE Ar ill lnne 123 45 6 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Select background colour Click brings up a standard palette to select background colour 2 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object annotated log to the dimensions of the section window 3 Zoom In Click on then click in window and hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct marquee around area to zoom in to release on completion 4 Pan Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release drag and drop 5 Back to previous view Click displays previous view not an undo button though 6 Export coordinates of unit depth This function enables the ad hoc writing of x y z coordinates from a particular borehole into an export file 79 3 5 2 Table of Contents Double click on the GSI3D icon to expand the Table of Contents TOC The drill logs folder contains a list of selected boreholes in sequence these can be ticked on and off with only one visible in the window at any one time
11. and outcrop ticks The query information is displayed at the bottom left corner of the section window Right click anywhere within the section window produces the following menu Update Properties Save section as image Enable borehole viewer The Update function refreshes the section window Any changes to correlation lines will only become effective when this button is pressed TIP When loading sections into the 3D window without having edited or updated the section all faces will appear grey and may need refreshing via the update button Using the Check Section function the user can check the active section using the map checker function described in section Click on Properties to reach the Section layout window A x section window layout Borehole log display settings At V Show 2D logs Y Show 3D logs Label sections in map window Set colour of corellated section GYS column M Poligons M Lines Textures Y Send to front Set colour of synthetic section GVS column fi Pohwons Lines Textures Lines at drill log positions Hang sticks on DTM V Cross points Display map polygons OK Cancel The borehole log display settings button at the top sets the display for sections and boreholes and brings up the Drill log layout setting window below 71 Drill log layout setting Thicknes of log in section gt 0 10000 5 0 Diametre of login3 D 50 1 Blg column or parameter name hoo w Texturen 3D Darste
12. column If SOBI does not contain one this can be added in a text editor GSI3D displays borehole sticks according to their own start height although the user has the option to hang all sticks on the DTM if that is preferred This option should be used with care taking into account the relative confidence in the borehole datums compared to the DTM If confidence in the borehole datums is high use the start height If not and the confidence in the DTM s relatively high consider hanging the borehole sticks from the DTM The borehole log file blg needs to be prepared with the following structure Unique Depth to Lithostrat Code Lithology Code Other More Borehole ID base of Unit Lexicon codes codes from start 15 height in metres SE64S W723 1 23 ALV SE64SW23 LGFG SE64SW23 LOFT CSZV NOTE The Bid and Blg files must NOT contain any header information NOTE If the data is extensive as in big urban areas it is advisable to perform a manual retrieval by SQL Alternatively any downhole data set can easily be compiled by hand in Excel 2 1 5 Point measurements Numerical point data can be derived from geochemical analysis or geotechnical measurements but can also include coloured coded information on archaeological horizons In addition to the bid file giving locational information GSI3D requires two tab separated ASCII text files in order to display numerical point data sets Numerical down hole pa
13. geological terrain and user requirements The software cannot deal with heavily faulted and overthrown strata and intrusive bodies 1 3 GSI3D data flow model The figure below shows the data inter relationships and flows to and from the BGS corporate databases and software and interaction with customers GSI3D uses BGS dictionaries Lexicon Rock Classification Scheme and data formats and is therefore fully compatible with the main corporate databases GSI3D data flow model Customers 1 Properties and legends TAS Products S VIEWER _ Topo maps DTM Imagery Historic maps Properties codes a Sn Geospatial Geological f Mata Dartal existing T boundaries Data Portal spatial data Fr an Borehole databases Borehole picks Data download Unit boundaries points lines surfaces objects GSI3D generates Geoscience Large Object Store GLOS Revised Corporate Databases Model storage 10 1 4 Outputs from GSI3D projects The following diagram shows what outputs can be generated from the GSI3D model Hardcopy Corporate mi AM Datastores aps and reports Movies Web delivery The diagram shows general outputs and the tables below provide more specific details on data types and formats Section 2 will specify each file and data type exactly BGS BGS corporate datastores datastores Data type Geoscience Large Object Store GLOS Folder
14. grd Type in the Settings property boxes the coordinates for the Origin bottom left x End top right x Origin bottom left y End top right y Origin bottom left z End top right z In case a rst asc or ord file is loaded you can define the Colour scheme in the usual way of changing colour settings the Interval limit 2 gt 0 in Interval gt 0 the Contrast enhancement gt 0 and check the Log scale box if appropriate Clicking the Settings for borehole logs button below opens the property box for Drill log layout settings which can be changed any time during the working session Click OK and the vertical geophysical picture or grid appears in the cross section file tree of the map and profile view in the same way like any other geological cross section as well as the extension line of the section in the map view The sections can be linked to the 3D view and stored in the gxml project file NOTE The coordinate setting properties can only be changed before the first visualization of the slice not during the first or any other working session NOTE The project gxml file only stores a link to the geophysical picture or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gxml project file the system automatical
15. gxmi DiGMap Subsurface Viewer Volume file Geoscience Large Geospatial GIS Object Store Framework Grids and shapes GLOS GSF GoCad Points and TINs 105 The flows in the above diagram are as follows 1 Once all sections and envelopes are completed forming the Project File this can be stored directly in the GLOS 2 Using the Project File the dtm gvs and legend the full triangulated model of geological objects can be calculated 3 This model can then be exported to the GSF as points and triangle indices 4 For analysis within GSI3D the model can be gridded 5 6 Both model files can be exported to other compatible applications 4 9 Visualising and Analysing the model The finished model can be exported to the SUBSURFACE VIEWER see Section 5 1 and its use is described in Terrington et al 2005 This route is taken for model delivery to external clients or internal viewing once a model has been approved and been declared completed This section describes how geological models can be viewed and checked within GSI3D in an on going modelling project involving frequent iteration and cleaning of the model NOTE Currently the triangulated model only allows analysis via Synthetic sections Contouring of top and base but not thickness and Sub and Supercrop maps the gridded model however can be analysed in all ways listed below except contours on the top and base 4 9 1 Synthetic logs After calculating the model the geo
16. 9 The Project file GXML On saving the project all sections and envelopes are written to the project gxml file This ASCII text file gxml written in mark up language contains the sections alignment and correlations and envelope data x y polygons of the model lt GSI3DMODEL gt lt PROFILVIEWOBJECT NAME ThamesG_NS_1 gt lt BOHRKOORDINATEN gt TQ57NE128 557410 178040 2 TQ57NE454 557500 177806 10 69 TQ57NE453 557506 177788 5 41 TQ57NE452 557518 177741 4 7 lt BOHRKOORDINATEN gt lt LINE NAME rtdu gt 44 1125 3837 8 93151 1130 5491 11 304261 1137 4539 12 983281 1936 5609 14 045156 lt LINE gt lt PROFILVIEWOBJECT gt lt SCHICHTOBJECT NAME water gt lt SCHICHTPOLYGON gt lt POLYGON gt 101 558374 3 175890 61 558245 75 175903 8 558813 75 176482 75 lt POLYGON gt lt SCHICHTPOLYGON gt lt GSIZDMODEL gt Example Model file 2 1 10 GSI3D model file After modelling all objects can be exported into a single gxml file containing all geological objects top plus base including their attribution as defined by the GVS and legend NOTE This file is sometimes referred to as the volume file lt GSI3DMODEL gt lt ATTRIBUTENAME NAME Geological_Description gt 20 lt VOLUME NAME mgr COLOR 9548749 Geological_Description made and worked ground and topsoil Geological_DescriptionCOLOR 9548749 LENS false gt lt BASE gt lt TIN gt SPOINTS gt 260007 70223 6
17. Coates area of Grimsby Lincolnshire British Geological Survey Confidential Commissioned Report CR 04 248 Bridge D McC Sumbler M G amp Shepley M G 2001 A hydrogeological characterisation of the superficial deposits of the Severn valley upstream of Shrewsbury BGS Commissioned Report CR 01 187 9pp British Geological Survey Research Report XX 00 00 A revised Superficial Deposits Description Scheme in prep Scheme is available on the INTRANET and INTERNET as part of the Rock Classification Scheme Cave M R and Wood B 2003 Approaches to the measurement of uncertainty in geoscience data modelling British Geological Survey IR 02 068 Dabek Z K Williamson J P Lee M K Green C A and Evans C J 1989 Development of advanced interactive modelling techniques for multicomponent three dimensional interpretation of geophysical data Periodic Report to the Commission of the European Communities British Geological Survey Technical Report WK 89 23R Evans D J Hough E Crofts R G Terrington R L amp Williams G 2005 The geology of the Preesall Saltfield area British Geological Survey Internal Report CR 05 183N 121pp Ford J amp Kessler H Price S Cooper A H Lawley R S Burke H amp Doran S K 2003 Vale of York 3 D Borehole Interpretation and Cross sections Study BGS Commissioned Report CR 03 251 26pp Hinze C Sobisch H G amp Voss H H 1999 Spatial modelling in Geology and its practical Us
18. Comparison of Trent Valley Digital Elevation Models SK64 available at http intranet docs gisnews TrentValley trent_valley html Napier B 2004 The UK Regional Model Lithoframe 1M BGS Poulton C V L Morgan D J R Entwisle DC Hobbs P R N Reeves H J Northmore J amp Booth S J 2004 Thames Flood Defences A Geotechnical Scoping Study British Geological Survey Commissioned Report CR 04 073 37pp Preuss Vinken and Voss 1991 Symbolschluessel Geologie NLf B BGR Germany 3rd edition http www nltb de geologie downloads symbolschl_geologie pdf Price S J 2004 unpublished SE65SW LithoFrame 10 model York BGS Sobisch H G 2000 Ein digitales raeumliches Modell des Quartaers der GK25 Blatt 3508 Nordhorn auf der Basis vernetzter Profilschnitte Shaker Verlag Aachen 113pp Terrington R Mathers S J and Kessler H 2005 The Subsurface Viewer User Manual BGS 138 Appendix ArcGIS 9 1 Tools Borehole Interrogation BoreholeInterrrogation mxd is an ArcMap 9 1 project that allows the interrogation of Borehole Geology data between surfaces or down to rockhead The Borehole Geology dataset contains information about the lithologies found in each borehole and the depth at which they occur The borehole composition tool takes a selection of boreholes and using the information held in Borehole Geology adds together the total length of each lithology encountered The tool has an option to select only the parts of t
19. DTM that forms the cap of the model for visualisation in sections and for gridded volume calculation as described in Section 3 1 1 4 Select DTM E x Name of Grid or Surface ltr 4dim ing tmi 4dtm im24dtm Geo register vertical geophysical section 42 This option allows the geo rectification of vertical geophysical sections using the following dialogue box Geo register vertical geophys sections grd gif jpg Settings Name of image NN Origin bottom left x fo Origin bottom left y lo Origin bottom left z i End top right x fi End top right y fi End top right z fo Colour scheme __ Interval limit 1 gt 0 in 33 Interval limit 2 gt D in 66 Interval gt 0 fi Log scale E Contrast enhancement gt 0 lo Settings for borehole logs At Transparency 3D 0 1 lo OK Cancel Next to the usually visualized basic elements geophysical vertical sections can be visualized in the section and 3D windows Before loading the sections it is suggested to load these basic elements as the dem asc map jpg logs bid and layer blg In order to display geophysical vertical sections in 2D and 3D they have to be geo registered by defining the lower left and upper right coordinates in the x y and z direction Click the top file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the selection you want to geocode This can either be a picture or a grid file gif jpg rst asc or
20. End A Belmonts pr Na m Belmont A a nter Hill E File at 4700kb File at 627kb 127 How to do it Open the image jpg into JASC Paint Shop Pro available as a corporate software on Y Choose File gt Save As Type a filename for the image in the text box Choose JPEG JFIF Compliant jpg jif jpeg Click Options and choose an encoding method and compression factor A UNa Encoding e Standard encoding Standard encoding makes the image display from top to bottom when viewed on the Internet e Progressive encoding Progressive encoding allows viewers of the image to see a rough blurry copy of the image as it downloads The file gradually sharpens as the image loads Compression Choose a level of compression from 1 99 5 Run the optimizer and if in doubt use the wizard for compressing the image The geo registration file of a JPEG can be created by simply changing the file extension of a TIF registration file tfw to jpgw If no registration file exists it can be generated using any GIS package like ArcGIS MapInfo Microstation or any other software that allows you georeferencing NOTE 6 5 Example of full hierarchical numerical GVS The NLfB under the direction of Horst Preuss has translated the entire Stratigraphic Lexicon of Germany into a numerical and hierarchical system Preuss 1990 The most important feature is the valid but differing local stratigraphies can co exist wi
21. NOTE The project gxml file only stores a link to the geophysical picture or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding see picture below Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gxml 17 project file the system automatically checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gxml and slices into a differing directory environment 2 1 7 Generalised Vertical Section GVS The GVS file is a tab separated ASCII text file gvs and forms the backbone of the GSI3D project It is produced by the modeller evolving throughout the project and finally contains all units in their correct and unique super positional order as the order itself defines the model stack that is calculated to make the 3 D geological map This can be a lithostratigraphical order or ages of made ground deposits The table below shows the essential elements of the GVS file Dimsite O DTM DIM _ Ceh DTM forthe site Name the model code provides the link to the correlation lines and must be unique The order from top to bottom MUST be the stratigraphic order of the entire model area except for lenses see Section 2 3 id The ID column is used internally to differentiate between normal layers units and lenses In the fut
22. Nottingham British Geological Survey 2008 2 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh see contact details below or shop online at www thebgs co uk The London Information Office maintains a reference collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Desks The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland and of the surrounding continental shelf as well as its basic research projects It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council Keyworth Nottingham NG12 5GG Z 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 e mail sales bgs ac uk www bgs ac uk Shop online at www thebgs co uk Murchison House West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3LA Z 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 e mail scotsales bgs ac uk London Information Office at the Natural History Museum Earth Galleries Exhibition Road South Kensington London SW7 2DE 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 Z 020 7942 5344 45 email bgslon
23. Peat P Pal Paludal Holocene black 10 alv 20 ALV Freshwater Alluviur CZ Fly Fluvial overbank Holocene grey 11 itdu 30 ITDU Intertidal Deposits CZ Int Intertidal flats Holocene grey 12 tfd 30 ITDU Intertidal Deposits LCZ Int Intertidal flats Holocene grey 13 stob 351S10B Shoreface and bea VS Lit Littoral beach anc Holocene brown 14 sabd 35 STOB Shoreface and bea VS Lit Littoral beach anc Holocene brown 15 peat 40 PEAT Peat P Pal Paludal Holocene black 16 alv 1 50 ALY Freshwater Alluviun CZ Fly Fluvial overbank Holocene grey 17 itdu1 60 ITDU Intertidal Deposits LCZ Int Intertidal flats Holocene grey 18 stob1 35 STOB Shoreface and bea VS Lit Littoral beach anc Holocene brown 19 Ide 65 LDE Lake deposits CE Lacustrine Pleistocene Ipswic grey 20 head 70 HEAD Head Sn very variable Mam Mass Movement Pleistocene post brown 21 brk 75 BRK Stutton Formation 22 rtdu 80 RTDU River terrace Depo SV local lenses Flv Fluvial mainly bra Pleistocene post 4 yellow bro 23 Ide1 90 LDE Lake Deposits GA finely laming Lac Lacustrine Pleistocene post grey 24 gstc 100 GSTC Glacial Silt and Clas CZ finely laming Glac Lacustrine glacia Anglian grey 25 9sg 120 GSG Glacial Sand and GSV locally claye Gflv Fluvial glacial Anglian brown 26 gstcit 170 LOFT Lowestoft Till CZSVLB Glal Glacial Anglian grey black gstc1 130 6STC Glacial Silt and Clas CZ finely lamine Glac Lacustrine glacia Anglian are 1414 gt I Regional_v6 header f B i
24. Red Crag Formation for TM24 Colour ramp red for low elevations to green for high elevations interval Im Shaded relief map of the top of the Red Crag Formation for TM24 Colour ramp from brown for high elevations through green to blue for low elevations 111 4 9 6 Thickness maps Shaded relief maps can also be produced for the thickness of individual layers or combined packets of strata Several examples are given below Relief shaded map of the thickness of the Red Crag Formation for TM24 Colour ramp from brown for thickest deposits through green to blue for thin deposits Notice the feather edge to the deposits on valley sides depicted by the blue rim Combined thickness maps explained in Section 3 2 2 can be used to lump together strata in a particular stratigraphic packet or to obtain a total aggregate thickness of strata of a particular type within the whole sequence The latter case may be useful in considering aggregate resources versus waste and overburden materials or for contouring the total amount of aquitards present in the sequence overlying an important aquifer 112 Total combined thickness of post Anglian alluvial sediments on TM24 Colour ramp dark blue for thickest deposits through light blue to uniform grey where the deposits are absent Total combined thickness of Anglian glacigenic sediments on TM24 Colour ramp dark blue for thickest deposits through light blue to uniform grey where the deposits
25. Se a S The true difference to conventional surveying practice is the increased speed efficiency at which all data can be visualized and analysed in relation to all other information enabling new insights into the geometries of the deposits that have not been possible before The use of intersecting user defined cross sections has been proved to be a solid and possibly the only tool to model the often complex geological situation in the shallow geosphere effectively Mathers amp Zalasiewicz 1985 Dabek et al 1989 Sobisch 2000 Kessler amp Mathers 2004 As part of the 3 D modelling exercise the scientist is forced to continuously revise the integrity of the local stratigraphy The entire stacking order 4 D topology of all deposits in a study area are captured in a Generalized Vertical Section GVS The ultimate aim is to establish a nationally valid GVS in hierarchical format ensuring the seamless 3 D model of the rock and superficial units Lithoframe Once the geoscientist has a completed the correlation of all units b created all the boundaries of the geological units at surface and at depth and c defined the local stratigraphy the 3 D model of the area is completed by computation In this process the form of all the geological units in the model are calculated as triangulated topologically sound objects a K a shells volumes b Section PRP N Re N er lt Kom v Im un c Fence diagram d Unit d
26. are absent 4 9 7 Exploded views The most impressive tool of all for displaying the model is the ability to explode the layers in the stack by transposing their z values up or down to achieve separation this procedure is described above in Section 3 4 2 Using this function to alter the positions of layers and switching them on and off geological time can be recreated by sequentially welding the units back together in their ascending stratigraphical order gradually recreating the block model 113 Exploded block model of TM24 down to the Chalk viewed from the northwest By switching off certain layers in the TOC of the 3D window the geometry of individual or selected units can be examined as shown above 4 10 Iteration and Cleaning As with any process of building a model there is the need for continual checking cross checking editing and validation of the data and the model using all the tools and functions described This 114 is an iterative process and continues until the confidence in the model produced is high enough for it to be deposited in the appropriate geological data store s GLOS and GSF in BGS All the preceding analytical functions see Section 4 9 are useful for validating the calculated model For a detailed check of the calculated model it 1s recommended that each constructed section is displayed with its correlation lines together with those of the calculated model see picture below This is best done
27. are pre determined and the sizes and scales of outputs are consistent However many surveying or modelling projects are commissioned by a client with very specific needs Additionally the availability of geological data such as DEMs geological linework boreholes and geochemical sample points is never evenly distributed For example a 1 10 000 scale geological map sheet in an urban area may have thousands of registered borehole records and site investigation reports whereas a similar size area in a Welsh National Park might contain no boreholes whatsoever It is thus apparent that models produced with GSI3D will vary in scale detail and resolution Three basic categories of investigation are suggested here in the table below but in reality even these are part of a continuum from the most general assessment of the geology down to a very detailed investigation on the scale perhaps of a quarry for planning extraction and reserve estimation or the site investigation for a major engineering structure 81 Type of Survey or Investigation Section Spacing Section Length Density of Coded Boreholes Mapping Level Modelling speed excluding data preparation Modelling Output Minimum Unit thickness Overview several km Tens of kms Less than 1 per square kilometre Major Groups and Formations only Up to hundreds of square kilometres a day Compatible with 1 250K and 50K geological linework Often just
28. be offset in metres in one or more axes But this function would normally be performed when displacing the volumes loaded into the 3D window see Section 3 4 2 Export combined objects 62 5 Export combined objects E x Export combined objects Sschiehtkoermmer oalected S lection Append gt Insert gt Delete Y Base T Top T Thickness F OK Using this window it is possible to export multiple geological objects as their combined base top or thickness as standard ASCII grids see Section 2 1 1 or as Surfer grids grd and GOCAD TINs ts Within the standard save window file types dialogue select the desired output format NOTE File extensions must be entered in the File name dialogue box TIP exported combined units can be re imported as surfaces for display see Section 4 9 6 When right clicking on a single geological object volume in the Table of Contents the following dialogure box is displayed Properties Export Top amp Base as GUCAD Tin Volumen inh Link to 3 D view Send to front Send to back Delete object Properties The same screen to that above is generated but in this case the Flaeche English areal extent in m and Volumen English volume n m are calculated and displayed Flaeche 67640000 Volumen 455955569 mie ranenl 63 Export Top amp Base as GoCad TIN This function enables the export of the gridded top and base of an individu
29. containing all relevant project files Geospatial Framework GSF Attributed geological objects tops bases and walls as stored in the model file Borehole databases SOBI and BOGE Tab separated ASCH files DiGMapGB Envelopes as ESRI shapes Other BGS software packages Data type and format SUBSURFACE VIEWER Attributed Volume Models in gxml format GOCAD GoCAD TINS Scattered x y z in ASCII format Earthvision Standard ASCII grids Scattered x y z in ASCII format Surfer Surfer grids Scattered x y z in ASCII format MapInfo Standard ASCII grids and polygons as mid mif files geo registered images ESRI Standard ASCII grids and ESRI shapes The GSI3D data model is convertible into any emerging global mark up language and this will dictate the future of GSI3D data export more than anything see 6 4 2 11 Using the GSI3D_tools mxd Arc project from Y GSI3D GIS_tools the user can batch convert all envelopes directly from a GXML file retaining their attribution and topology from the GVS file and colour from the legend file This tool also allows the export of the section outline as an arc shape file It is intended to also allow export of the sections as geological polygons A further option is to bulk convert existing polygons to envelopes in GXML format see Section 5 2 1 5 GSI3D developments This manual describes the recently released Version2 of the software it differs fundamentally in that the calculation of the Model is
30. drag and drop 8 Back to previous view Click displays previous view not an undo button though 9 Fit section view to view in map window This function enables the user to zoom in the map window to exactly the same segment of a section that is currently displayed in the map window 10 Draw line Click on the icon to activate Click where you wish to place the first node then drag and click to add additional nodes finishing the line with a double click 11 Edit line Click on the icon to activate Click on the line you wish to edit the nodes are displayed 68 Edit the nodes as follows To reposition click and hold drag and release at new position drag and drop To insert click on the line where a new node is required To delete double click on the node you wish to delete NOTE the last 2 nodes of a correlation line cannot be deleted Use right click to delete line 12 Split line Not yet active 13 Info tool Click to activate then position cross hair on the object or location you wish to interrogate the x and z coordinates automatically scroll in the footer bar For right mouse click options see Section 3 3 3 14 Add borehole to section For use in adding boreholes whilst constructing sections with the borehole selected in the map window using the Info tool and displayed in the borehole viewer to validate its worth simply click on the icon to add the borehole to the section under construction 15 Add point to sec
31. grey b 5 U 2 3 148 09 Us green TPH 2 4 147 99 su green TPH 2 7 1147 59 FS green TPH 3 04 147 35 S5 U green TPH 4 146 39 rS u green TPr 4 8 1145 59 J t 5 b AS Va FSU mS Section window layout Borehole log display settings V Show 2D logs V Show 3D logs Label sections in map window Set colour of corellated section GWS column0 Pohygons Lines Textures V Send to front Set colour of synthetic section GVS column bo o oOo Polygons Lines Textures Lines at drill log positions Hang sticks on DTM Cross points Display outcrop band OK Cancel Elsewhere in the section window layout above Tick Show 2D logs for boreholes to be displayed in the sections Tick Show 3D logs for boreholes to be displayed n the 3D window Tick Label sections in map window to give sections a label with their unique name in the map viewer Set colour of correlated section and Set colour of synthetic section set the colour of the correlated or generated sections The number entered here links to the GVS column in the gvs file giving the option to colour by different properties listed there see Section 2 1 6 NOTE the default setting for section colours is 0 and so the section window appears white until the GVS column number is inserted By ticking Polygons or Lines the user can decide to look at either just the lines or the panels of the section Ticking Textures will utilise the texture a
32. height of the surface DTM but not always Equivalent to the collar height The distribution of a buried concealed geological unit beneath younger deposits An independent software produced by INSIGHT GmbH used to package finished models for sale to customers The viewer enables basic slicing and dicing analysis of the model which is encrypted within the software The model cannot be altered or import additional data the software is not available in a stand alone form at present The distribution of a buried concealed geological unit above older deposits Term used to describe the Quaternary generally unconsolidated geological deposits This has traditionally been called drift Base of geological unit exported as grid or TIN 135 TIN Unit Volumes XML XMML Triangular Irregular Network GSI3D exports TINs in Indexed Triangle Mesh format VRML97 A geological unit is a particular geological deposit that has been identified and mapped out during a GSI3D project A unit is defined by a surface on its base and an envelope of its lateral extent Geological units in a calculated model stack comprising top base and walls a k a Objects Extended Mark up language Extended Mining and Exploration Mark up language 136 7 References Aldiss D T Kessler H Lawrence A R Lee J R Whitehead E J Buckley D K and Cobbing J E 2004 An investigation of potential pathways for subsurface water movement in the Little
33. iltm24_10k_comb_Drift shx 2KB SHY File 09 12 2002 15 46 tm24_10k_solid avl 3KB AVL File 09 12 2002 16 04 kal trm24_10k_Solid dbf 48 KB DEF File 09 12 2002 15 46 R tm24_10k_Solid shp 204KB SHP File 09 12 2002 15 46 tm24_10k_5olid sh IKBE SHY File 09 12 2002 15 46 a TM24_BOGEv bl 40 KB BLG File 03 12 2002 16 02 El tm24_CEH_dtm asc 4 555 KB ASC File 17112 2002 19 02 TMz4_export_tins gxml 1256KB Gem File 20 01 2003 16 18 TM24_project gxml 718KB GEML File 14 01 2003 13 24 E TM24_SOBIv2 bid 22KB BID File 03 12 2002 16 12 af Tm24_topa ipg 1 411 KB JPEG Image 31 07 2003 09 11 TM24_topo jpaw IKB IPG File 31 07 2003 09 06 File Structure showing all the various types of required data files 22 2 4 GSI3D basic principles It is important to realise that when working within GSI3D it is the base of geological units rather than the top that is defined and attributed in sections GSI3D also requires the modeller to define the combined surface and concealed extent of each geological unit within the survey area This distribution is termed the unit envelope and may be composed of a single or multiple polygons The envelope is a presence absence map of the geological unit The GVS file controls the order in which the geological unit can occur at any point and rejects any relationships drawn in sections or block models that do not correspond to this pre determined order When stacking the model the calculation works from the surface down
34. infilling deeply incised tunnel valleys in the Ipswich area Some but not all of these features lie below the floors of the major present day valleys such as the Gipping Orwell The deposits are known only from boreholes and they do not crop out at surface construction of an envelope for these deposits is thus achieved by displaying the correlation nodes along the sections in the map window In this case it was useful to draw additional short helper sections in varied orientations to include all boreholes encountering the deposits in order to define tightly 97 the extent of these buried deposits The surface geology of central Ipswich is shown below left The extent of the deposits is indicated as a continuous purple line along the lines of section with each node shown as a cross Envelope construction is performed using the draw polygon tool to trace around the areas where the deposit is present Even with closely spaced sections several possible ways of joining up the segments of purple lines crosses are apparent In this case the alignment of the present valley and the expected direction of 1ce flow were taken into account in drawing the form of the final envelope Some 19 units are represented in the stacked model for TM14 of which six have been presented here as examples of varied styles of envelope construction At its simplest envelopes can be divided into surface outcrop envelopes young unit not overlain outcrop plus subcrop envelopes
35. loaded from the gxml file that are available for viewing in the section window and whose alignments are displayed in the map window Right clicking on individual cross sections brings up the standard menu Properties Invert direction of section Link to 3 D view Send to Front Send to back Delete object Properties click to open the section view properties window and adjust settings as required described in Sections 3 3 1 and 3 3 3 Invert direction of section this function enables the user to view the section from either side and is essential in order to extend sections into either direction Link to 3 D view Send to front Send to back Delete object 4 Maps Lists all shp files and other maps loaded which may include multiple geological map layers bedrock superficial artificial mass movement or combinations of these Similarly thematic map shp files may be imported such as the polygons for the IMAU reports Also displayed in this folder is the map layer showing the distribution of boreholes within the study area derived from the downloaded SOBI tables Right click on an individual map layer produces the following menu Properties Send ko front Send to back Delete object Right clicking on properties produces the properties window for shapes described above in Load polygons see Section 3 1 1 2 whereas clicking on a borehole distribution map produces the settings box below xi Settings of borehole
36. pixilation in 3D maybe unsatisfactory Right click with selected info tool on an active section or any envelope edge gives the additional options below Show crossection Insert borehole or knickpoint 66 Show cross section Right click on a section line gives the option to displays this section in the section window Insert borehole or knickpoint Right clicking on any part of any section gives the option to insert a previously selected borehole the active log in the borehole viewer or any new point chosen previously with the red triangle 3 3 The section window Efi cross sec a a F aje a a ze E ao a i T2 3 3 1 Toolbar Hara zor T E SE 1I 16 1 2 3 4 567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The toolbar contains the following icons from left to right 1 Select background colour Click brings up a standard palette to select background colour 2 Save section window as image To export a synthetic or a hand correlated section as jpegs or tifs right click in the 2D window and select save section as image It works in the same way as the function in the section window apart from the fact that NO geo registration file will be produced Only The active section will be saved In the dialogue box that appears select the resolution of the image in metres per pixel m pixel to set the scale required for printing The table below show the required values to export the images at different scales for a typical print re
37. registration file shown below in trainingsections gxmil Editor Datei Bearbeiten Format 7 lt GSI3DMODEL gt lt VERTICALSLICE NAME bqyidsddc gt lt GEQREFERENCE LL 668 92 25 YLL 303348 66 ZLL 135 35 MUR 668870 2 YUR 303352 44 ZUR 148 35 gt lt VERTICALSLICEURL NAME Tile ci Dokumente und EinstellungenAlex Eigene Slices horizontal sections can be either be a picture or a grid files gif jpg rst asc or ord and are geo registred via a gxml file which has to be located in the same folder as the data file The following figure describes the gxml file structure for horizontal geophysical slice with absolute elevation lt HORTZONTALSLICE NAMIE L3 gt lt TRANSFORMINFO xLL 668751 0 YLL 303246 0 SPACING 0 256132 YSPACING 0 256132 ROTATIONANGLE 0 0 FIXELEVATION 144 615 gt lt HORIZONTALSLICEURL NMAME file T gt Dokumente und Einstel lungen Aalex Eigene The following figure describes the gxml file structure for horizontal geophysical slice with elevation relative to DIM lt HORIFONTALSLICE NAME 11 gt lt TRANSFORMINFO XLL 668751 0 YLL 303246 0 XSPACING 0 256132 YSPACING 0 256132 ROTATIONANGLE 0 0 DELTAELEYATION 0 0 ELEVATIONREFERENCE T1 le D MNBGSWtrainingskurs ungarna side Logshdtm asc gt lt HORIZONTALSLILEURL MAME Tile Dr BGs trainingskurs ungaran side Logs gt geophysik Dip cut sif Ll gif gt lt fHORIZONTALSLICE gt
38. showing the base and top of an alluvial unit you could set the analysis to the sections of the boreholes that lie between these surfaces In other words you are only processing the records within that alluvial unit The second button on the right hand side activates this method You will need to specify which grids you want to set by clicking on the Change Grids button Lithostrat 141 Change Grids Ed Select from the grids currently open in the project aly 1b aly 1 till 1 till_1_b no canal dtm Cancel When you click on Change Grids another window appears see above This window lists all of the grids that you have open in your ArcMap project Select the grids you wish to set as your surfaces You must always have a minimum of two grids selected a base and top surface However you can set up to twenty grids as surfaces For example if you wanted to analyse the boreholes within an alluvial unit and a till unit you would select the top of the alluvium the base of the alluvium the top of the till and the base of the till If you want to set a surface that isn t listed in the window you must cancel the window and add the surface into ArcMap This surface should then be listed in the window when it is next opened Once you click Set new grids this window will close Click Go on the Composition Program window to start the program The time it takes for the program to run d
39. spurious or erroneous points were manually deleted in GOCAD The figure below shows the points dataset from GSI3D that were interpolated to provide fully faulted surfaces for the Preesall Halite Member 4 8 Calculating the model Once all envelopes and sections are complete the user can calculate all tops and bases of the model by using the Calculate triangulated volumes function under the Analysis pull down menu on the main toolbar see also Section3 1 1 4 The DTM must be loaded as the topmost unit in the geological unit stack see also Sections 3 2 2 and 4 6 Clicking on the start button shown below the model calculation is set in progress MODEL CALCULATION x Calculation of total model gt Begin calculation with START Used time u SS Cancel This function is one of the core functions of GSI3D and when executed attributes the points along the envelope of the youngest unit as defined in the GVS file with z elevation values from the surface DTM After that the elevation of the base of the unit is triangulated using all points from the envelope and the correlation base nodes 104 Having done this the process is repeated for all other units continuously aggregating the composite base of all triangulated units including the triangulated DTM NOTE Before calculating the model the editing of all geological units the blue edit highlight must be switched off After making iterations the whole model must be r
40. the GSI3D icon to view the layers loaded into the 3D window these can be switched on and off using standard tick boxes and reordered by right clicking to activate the layer and then selecting the send to front or back options as shown below Hide all objects Show all objects Delete all objects Right clicking on the volume folder gives the additional option to Explode 3D view Eai cr ygol rma E E dril Hide all objects 0 Show all objects Delete all objects Explode 3D view Selecting Explode 3D view produces the following dialogue box 71 5 Explode 3D view E X Move a group of geological objects schichlkoermger selected o gt elekton o gt Append gt Insert gt Delete 3D displacement in x o OK Cancel The dialogue box displays a list of all Schichtkoerper English Geological objects those that are required are selected In order to visualise the structure of packets of sediments or individual layers various combinations of objects can be appended 3D displacement of the selected units is possible by entering values in metres into the x y and or z boxes a a 2 n d T 4 x WS Kai TIP In order to return all units to their true positions select all objects and leave all displacement values at 0 Right clicking on an individual geological unit or volume produces the same pull down menus as in the map window described under Section 3 2 2 78
41. to working with a truly three dimensional modelling system Dabek et al 1989 1 1 Historical context The Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 Dimensions GSI3D software tool and methodology has been developed by Dr Hans Georg Sobisch INSIGHT GmbH over the last 15 years Initially development was in collaboration with Drs Carsten Hinze and Heinrich Mengeling of the NLfB Niedersaechsisches Landesamt fuer Bodenforschung Soil and Geological Survey of Lower Saxony based in Hannover Hinze Sobisch and Voss 1999 Sobisch 2000 From 2000 04 BGS acted as a test bed for the accelerated development of the tool and methodology initially through the DGSM project and take up by the Urban Integrated Geoscience Surveys and Coastal Geology programmes In 2004 BGS bought a perpetual unrestricted licence for the use of GSI3D v 1 5 and in 2005 upgraded to the now completed GSI3D Version 2 1 2 Scope of GSI3D The 3 D investigation and characterisation of the Earth s sub surface is the prime objective of any geological survey So far the strategic deliverables and products of such surveys has been 2 dimensional geological maps polygons without height information and in BGS best practice has been to present the distribution of geological units at the land surface and also at rockhead These Bedrock and Superficial versions formerly Solid and Drift of maps only delineate the full extent of the uppermost unit in each of the two layers 3 D
42. view to a vertical view 1 e the model is viewed from above in plan view 6 Side View This instantly adjusts the model to a side horizontal view 7 Rotate right Click starts the model spinning incrementally to the right anticlockwise about a vertical axis preserving any tilt inclination present at the start Once spinning the icon changes to a stop sign that when clicked halts the spin 8 Rotate left Click starts the model spinning incrementally to the left clockwise about a vertical axis preserving any tilt inclination present at the start Once spinning the icon changes to a stop sign that when clicked halts the spin NOTE rotation speed will depend on model size 9 Render on off Toggle button that switches off the 3D window to save memory and back on again 10 Box on off Toggle button that switches on and off the framework box surrounding the model 11 Set vertical exaggeration This input field enables the setting of vertical exaggeration after typing the desired value hit enter to make the change occur 76 3 4 2 Table of Contents Nite HA grids 87 geological units H cross sections Peer pl Maps EA volume TEE drill logs 2 others Folders for the various types of layer information are the same as in the map window see Section 3 2 2 In addition and special to the 3D view window is the folder for drill logs shown above imported from the borehole viewer see Section 3 5 Double click on
43. with the sections this effectively means that the BoGe information is loaded twice per session Load envelopes or TINs gxml 37 Load envelopes or TINs g ml i p x Load data from project or TIN expor file PrsiGSI3DITM24TM24_PROJECT gxm l Laver selected 7 gt seleaktion 3 gt a lte i fal 929 Insert gt Delete lt M Add polygons OK Cancel This option is used to load existing envelopes distribution boundaries or alternatively existing calculated GSI3D TINS The file locator icon seeks a gxml file that contains existing envelopes and when selected the file lists the existing boundaries in the Layer column Highlight one of the units and press Ctrl A to select all or use of the Append Insert and Delete buttons which enable viewing a Selection of envelopes NOTE the function of loading TINs via this route is rarely used as this is replaced by the load model file option described above NOTE When reviewing sections and or envelopes always open all data prior to saving GSI3D will not up date a previous file but overwrite it Load Generalised Vertical Section GVS gvs Load Generalised Yertical Section gqy s Look in Th24 When selected a standard navigation window appears to enable the user to locate the appropriate ovs file select so that the file is listed at File name and click Open to load Load legend gleg When selected a stan
44. 03 04 05 Ob og 01 02 03 04 05 Ob OF 05 0g 10 og 01 02 03 04 og og o0 01 02 03 OU og 01 02 03 og og 01 02 03 04 05 Ob OF 05 0s 10 og 01 kre krl kri krMA 3 203 540 kro krna kroPA krcaP krcas krog krasE krut kusk kruD 3 203 550 krBh krd krBT krLk 3 204 3 204 000 jo jm ju 3 204 100 3 204 110 joti joki joox 3 204 111 jotips jotici jotipa jotivi jotipy jotitr jotita jotimo jotiru jat r jokise Turan Cenoman Alb Neokom Neokom Aptychenschichten Helvetische Zone Wang schichten fserhardsreuter Schichten Fattenauer Schichten Pinswanger Schichten stallauer Gr nsandstein Amdener Schichten Seewer Kalk Sault Gr nsandstein 5chrattenkalk Drusberg Schichten Ultrahelvetische Zone Buntmergel Serie Usterbachfazies Bunte Tone Liebensteiner Kalk Jura Allgemeine Gliederung Jura Oberer Jura Mittlerer Jura Unterer Jura Jura im aulseralpinen Bereich Stufengliederung Oberer Jura Tithan kimmeridge Oxford Untergliederung der Stufen nach Zonen Tithan palmatus Zone cillata one palatinum Zone iImineus Zone bamingdosum Zone triplicatus Zone tagmersheimense one moersheimensis Zone rippelianus Zone ridense Zone kimmeridge setatus one 130 Anmerkung bercampan Maastricht Unter Wittelmaastricht h heres bercampan Untermaastricht Unteres bercampan Unteres bercampan Leistmergel Coniac Untercampan Cenoman Coniac
45. 1 Below is one example where exported sections have been enhanced by Cartographic Services to become part of a report delivered to customers Poulton et al 2004 Plan view 2 5 ar u un 2 oO Geotechnical assessment Examples of other reports containing outputs from GSI3D include Glasgow Rutherglen Merritt et al 2005 Manchester Groundwater Kessler et al 2004a Preesall Salt study Evans et al 2005 Vale of York Ford et al 2003 Grimsby Aldiss et al 2004 123 6 Technical appendices 6 1 Installing GSI3D on your machine Systems and Network Support SNS have kindly taken on the installation of GSI3D and JAVA on new machines In case you ever have to install GSI3D on your machine yourself here is a brief instruction on how to do it 1 Install the latest version of Java on clients PC The standard path and folder now installed on all new PC s by SNS is C Program Files Java jre latest current version of the Java Runtime Environment is on Y Java JRE currently this is jre 1_5_0_04 windows 1586 p exe GSI3D should run with all new JAVA releases but in case this should cause problems there is an older version kept here as well j2re 1_4_2_09 wi ndows 1586 p exe NOTE During the java installation process it is important to un select the association with Microsoft Internet Explorer otherwise some functionality of the BGS INTRANET will be disrupted NOTE CHECK THAT USER HA
46. 1 2 either appear as Discs or as Voronoy Polygons relative to the DTM see below upper right at an absolute height below upper left or at an absolute height with mean values within a defined interval below lower left Se 3 2 3 mouse click Use the left mouse click to query objects such as boreholes DiGMapGB polygons section lines and grid displayed in the map window The query information is displayed at the bottom left corner of the map window NOTE Every mouse click leaves behind a small red triangle that indicates the location of the query Right click anywhere within the map window produces the following menu Send map view to 30 window 65 Send map view to 3D window This function enables the map view to be displayed in the 3D window as a frozen image The dialogue box Map 3D gives the option to either attach the map to an existing grid or as a flat carpet at a user specified elevation fixed height Export map to 3D viewer Hame of 3D map 3D Mapt Reference height m above OD boo M Fixed height Transparency 3D 0 1 oc OK Cancel According to these settings the image below as an example 2 geophysical slices appear either in relation to the topography given by the DTM or any other surface see below upper slice or as a plain horizontal slice in the defined absolute elevation see below lower slice NOTE when a map with a very large areal extent is used as a drape the
47. 22 24 439135 D Dasic principle Se a a ne Daas ner 23 Ihe OS be BN bi alu ys el ee nee 26 Sor Me THE Main Seren re N eee Nee 26 31 1 The pulldown nienusa ana a seal a ance 21 32 Ihe map Window een 49 3 2 1 180 Bar anseee E 49 322 2 Table of Conten S ehasiactienadancaes ee ee 53 I2 MOUSE C HCK erat faecal a eat E 65 39 THE Se CUO MOWING OW ernennen nisse 67 al MOON WAM anal A E eee 67 39 2 TaD 6 Wg CONE ee gee en ee ee ee 69 De MOUSE CHICK aaa 71 SER SITIO rear irre 75 94 1 AAO Ale Sarees ata ae Bare es ee AN tea A head a ace el 76 342 Tabe OF CONi aee HU Eulen 71 2 The Borehole VIeWer en 19 31 100 ya ae nee ee eee a 79 PDE OE OC MES aE ee Nr ER 80 IS 0010 DS om CHC erraten 80 Working in GSI3D methodology and best practice ussssssessseseeeessnnnnnssneeennnnnnnnnnnennnnn Sl Al Scales and Types Ol Inyestisalon ns ee ee Sl ADB Ore hole COC nee ee een nee ee 83 4 3 Building sections construction and correlation essessseeoeeeesssssssoeressssssssserrrssssssseeeeres 83 4 4 Fitting together and checking SeCTtIONS ccccccccsssssseeeceeeeeccaaeesseecceeeeesaaeesseeeeeeeessaaagenees 87 A Display me Tence dias tiS oree E E a E E 88 AO Mra lS Ey loop See ee aire a DE dren Eee 89 4 7 Techniques Tor bedrock modellins users nz u a axes eoeds 99 4 7 1 Modellins SUr aCe Sures A 99 AT Mode Mne AVIS aE A E E E 102 4 12 N Boundary Se CUI ONG ee E TEES 102 4 7 4 Bedrock modelling using Seismic Refl
48. 280 VOID DIE sp673 335130 445025 9999 sp640 510 PRSA HALI DJE sp680 335044 445010 9999 sp665 269 VOID DJE sp683 335007 445003 9999 sp665 480 PRSA HALI DJE sp700 334797 444969 9999 sp673 269 VOID DJE snh 3 4AN PRAA HALT WIF The bid file produces x y location of each seismic pick The start height for each seismic pick was given an arbitrary value of 9999 however when correlating in the section window the seismic section string of boreholes was hung on the DTM The blg file gave the interpreted depths of the top and base of the Preesall Halite member The void attribution for each seismic pick is un interpreted geology from the seismic section Fig shows how the resultant borehole logs were used for correlation Spin apio NA 9999 Oy oa Jenszaa jaa 3176103160 VOID DJE Kigi men en AEE EER PREAJHALI OME The gap in the correlation indicates the location of a fault The faults were added as a polyline Shp file that was subsequently draped onto the DTM in the map window and viewed in the 103 section window as a small tick on top of the DTM The same process is accomplished with the DigMap geology shp files and helps further constrain the surface correlation The faults prevented the task from being completed in GSI3D therefore the top and base surfaces of the Preesall Halite member were exported to GOCAD as x y zs using the export all points of unit as x y z asc function Any
49. 63700 7710 0 2000077074 6631 06 7166 0 187922 2 260000741460 06030997329 2048714953261 lt POINTS gt lt INDEXLIST gt O 18 1 18 25 Z 18 2 1 lt INDEXLIST gt lt TIN gt lt BASE gt lt TOP gt lt TIN gt lt POINTS gt 260007 1 025 063109 2123 U 2600077072 663 06 7166 0 260007 7455 663700 O lt POINTS gt lt I NDEALIST gt 474 452 444 492 491 476 93 3 2 lt INDEXLIST gt lt TIN gt lt TOP gt lt GSI3DMODEL gt Example Volume file TIP After changing the file extension to xml any gxml file can be opened in Microsoft Internet Explorer in order to check the validity of the document eg are any closing tags missing 2 2 The BGS Data Portal 3 TEL iste Pea TE gt Pr fe treet De ee Feo rE FT 21 Using the BGS data portal above on the intranet at http kwntsdgsml the user can extract data from the BGS datastores into GSI3D ready to use format The data portal has an in built help facility shown by a question mark icon at bottom right of the menu window The user has the choice of selecting data via 1 10K sheets or multiples thereof or any rectangular area using the map marquee In its current release November 2005 the portal serves e NEXTMAP DTM with the ability to subsample e SOBI with the ability to assign a missing start height from NEX TMAP e BoGe with the ability to select by Interpreter and Content Code as well as Stratigraphy e Raster to
50. Brisisandstein Barr eme Unterapt Hautertve Barr me der Ultrahelvetischen one der Ultrahelvetischen one Malm Dogger Lias Malm Malm Zeta Portland 304 1 305 1 306 1 307 1 30G 1 304 1 310 1 311 1 312 1 313 1 314 1 315 1 316 1 317 1 318 1 319 1 320 1 321 1 3221 3231 3241 3251 326 1 3271 320 1 329 1 3301 3311 3321 3331 3341 335 1 3361 a7 1 3391 339 1 340 1 341 1 3421 343 1 441 345 1 346 1 34r 1 345 1 349 1 01 23 01 23 01 23 11 23 01 23 01 23 01 23 11 23 01 23 01 20 01 20 01 21 11 21 01 21 01 22 01 22 01 20 01 21 01 21 01 21 11 22 01 22 01 22 01 22 11 22 01 22 01 22 01 22 11 22 01 23 02 00 02 00 02 00 02 10 02 20 02 10 02 20 02 10 02 10 02 11 02 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 237 am 237 Ze 237 237 237 Ze 237 Zoe 240 241 24 241 241 241 241 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 ogg oog O00 oag ogg odg ogg 100 110 110 110 111 112 112 112 112 S FOO DO GC SO Mw eL Aaaa Oe oe oo ee mono co A ewe oo woe A Ba 02 13 04 05 06 07 Es OM 0g Li 01 02 03 04 05 Li 01 IE 03 04 05 06 07 0g 09 10 11 12 13 0g 01 0g 01 U2 01 U2 OW 0g 01 U2 o0 og OW 01 IE Kuerzel K latet gtel qteCh qteCd qteCdc qteC4b qteCda gteB gteA qpt 3 201 240 3 201 241 ah qh qh gii go 3 201 242 gh ah qhlaA ah ghia ah all
51. British Geological Survey NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL E IN SIGHT GSI3D The soltware and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 Information Systems Development Programme Open Report OR 08 001 This page is blank The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty s Stationery Office Licence No 100017897 2008 Key words 3 dimensional geological models Lithoframe models Quaternary applied geology shallow geosphere geological survey urban geosciences Front cover Block diagram of Lithoframe 10 model York viewed from the south west Frontispiece Block diagram of lithoFrame 10 model of the Dartford crossing Thames Gateway viewed from the south east Bibliographical reference KESSLER H MATHERS SJ SOBISCH H G amp NEBER A 2008 GSI3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 British Geological Survey Open Report OR 08 001 144pp NERC 2008 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN REPORT OR 08 001 GSI3D The software and methodology to build systematic near surface 3 D geological models Version 2 H Kessler S J Mathers H G Sobisch amp A Neber Contributors D Aldiss D Bridge J Ford M Garcia Bajo V Hulland B Napier S Price K Royse H Rutter R Terrington and G Wildman Keyworth
52. Data Portal see Sections 2 1 4 amp 2 2 The selected boreholes display their unique identifier in the Boreholes box Highlighting one and pressing Ctrl A selects them all otherwise select those required Editing of the borehole list is 35 made possible through the Append Insert and Delete buttons Once the required boreholes are all listed in the Selection click OK and they are loaded Boreholes are plotted relative to the DTM in the map window those with simple location details colour red SOBI only whilst those with downhole coded units i e suitable for modelling are coloured black and green depending on their total depth see Section 3 2 2 Load single section gxml This button opens the borehole loading screen as explained above Selecting borehole locations from a borehole index file bid individual sections can be created directly free hand or from a pre selected set of boreholes that make a section NOTE The points will be connected to a section as listed in the Selection list on the right so the user must add the borehole string in the correct order Load single section bid blg Select boreholes te elnGSi3D Currentandrews visobi bid Mame of object Jandrews_vSsobi bid Oriitlags 78 selected 7 gt Selekton 3 Delete L S130 CurrentiAndrewsbogex1 O_v4 blg OK Cancel Load sections gxml 36 Load sections gxml 7 x Load sections from project file
53. IP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 13 Combine adjacent polygons and fill holes only active if unit is active in table of contents Click automatically merges all selected polygons with common mutual boundaries and incorporates deletes all polygons totally enclosed within those selected polygons 1 e fills islands holes Useful for combining polygons of all overlying units in the construction of envelopes of partly or largely concealed strata It is important to select all polygons to be combined to form the envelope first then click this button any holes in the distribution should then be cut out deleted using the Info select and then Select Polygon functions in the normal way TIP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 14 Clean polygons only active if unit is active in table of contents Click the tool automatically cleans up coinciding nodes from two separate polygons along mutual boundaries It also cleans polygons according to the Minimum node spacing see Section 3 1 1 3 NOTE this often is the case with DiGMapGB data spread over more than one map sheet TIP Use this tool with care as results can t be undone 15 Info tool Click to activate position the cross hair on the object you wish to interrogate then use right click to query properties of polygons grids boreholes sections For right mouse clicks see Section 3 2 3 32 16 Insert selected polygon on
54. S NOT ALREADY GOT MULTIPLE VERSIONS OF JAVA AND DE INSTALLING JAVA SOMETIMES DOES NOT REMOVE ALL COMPONENTS NOTE BE AWARE THAT USERS CAN DIRECTLY OR THROUGH USE OF SOFTWARE INSTALL NEW VERSIONS OF JAVA AT ANY TIME WITH A POSSIBLE EFFECT ON GSI3D 2 Install Java 3d extension Install OpenGL version on Y Java 3D Open GL Install DirectX version on Y Java 3D Direct X NOTE WHICH ONE TO CHOOSE DEPENDS ON LOCAL PC SETUP OPENGL IS THE PREFERRED OPTION FOR MOST USERS BUT DIRECT X SEEMS TO WORK BETTER FOR MOST NEW MACHINES NOTE WATCH THAT EXTENSIONS GET INSTALLED INTO CORRECT JAVA DIRECTORY eg C Program Files Java jre 3 Install Java advanced image extension 124 Install extension from Y Java 3D JAI NOTE WATCH THAT THE EXTENSION IS INSTALLED INTO CORRECT JAVA DIRECTORY Copy the shortcut to GSI3D from Y gsi3d to the desktop and change the path under properties to the correct java folder shown here is the standard file path C Program Files Java jre bin java exe Xmx512m jar GSI3D jar 2 The figure 512 behind Xm adjusts the total memory available to GSI3D and it can be adjusted according to the individual PC s RAM eg 1024 2048 NOTE WHEN INSTALLING ON PC CONNECTED TO THE BGS SAN LEAVE Start in PATH AS Y GSI3D NOTE IF INSTALLING ON A LAPTOP OR STAND ALONE PC COPY THE GSI3D jar and the GUIText txt FILE TO A LOCAL DRIVE AND ADJUST THE Start in PATH accordingly 5 GSI3D is installed and will run
55. a sets click on Load sample map to open a plot which appears in the folder tree in the TOC of the map window Point parameter It is also possible to display a colour coded concentration of the numerical parameters of a defined relative or absolute elevation in the subsurface in the map window Open the Add objects drop down menu and choose Numerical parameter In the opening dialogue box choose the 39 Name of parameter see below where all loaded numerical point parameter from the plg file are listed Afterwards click OK Enter name of parameter 1 x Name of parameter Sum Halogenated Hydrocarbons Yinyl chloride trans Dichloro methane cis Dichloro methare Sum Degration Products Halogenated Hydrocarbons Y ETFH nZ11 imgidm3 Abbrechen The subsequent dialogue box defines the 2D and 3D Properties of view for the chosen parameter see below It is either possible to display a relative reference elevation to the used DTM or by ticking off the relative elevation box to choose an absolute height above or below mean sea level You can also define the width of interval of the parameter on display in meters and 1f so you have the possibility to get a calculated mean value for the specified interval by ticking the respective box on or off TPH i x Properties of view Parameter TPH referenze elevation o width of intervalllo Y relative elevation V mean values Show on map 7 Points O Yoronoy Polygon
56. ages Drift thickness and Rockhead data Landslide and Karst Hazard layers Geoscience Mark up Language Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 D Geoscience Large Object Store The DGSM Oracle store for geoscience models in their proprietary format GSI3D stores projects IN XML format Geoscience Mark up language Geoscience modelling package developed by a French led consortium A rectangular grid attributed with elevation or thickness values of a particular geological unit GSI3D exports grids as ASCII grids asc or SURFER grids grd Geological Spatial Database ArcView 2 D geological data capture tool Originally aimed at the delivery of a high quality cartographic 1 10 000 map product later re designed to capture topologically correct geo science data The GSD translated to ArcMap Under development 08 03 133 GSF GSI3D TIN GXML IMAU Lexicon LIDAR LOCUS Map Model File NEXTMap Objects Outcrop QMT Geoscience Spatial Framework The DGSM Oracle store for geoscientific Surfaces in x y z plus attributes format Originally designed for surfaces only but also capable of storing sections as lines along a surface Proprietary TIN export from GSI3D in VRML format 1997 The GSI3D mark up schema and file extension for project and TIN files Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit Major BGS project in the 1970s and 80s carried out on behalf of the Department of the Environment resul
57. ak gu qH gHJ qHA gHT 3 202 t 3 202 000 tiz t1 tng tpg 3 202 100 3 202 110 tol tml 3 202 111 3 202 112 tmi tmis trit Anmerk Tegelen Tegelen Ch Tegelen C5 Tegelen Cac Tegelen C4b Tegelen C4a Tegelen B Tegelen A Fr tegelen Lokalgliederungen der Fluf st ler Lokalgliederung Nordwestdeutschland allgemei Niederterrasse j ngere Niederterrasse ltere Niederterrasse Mittelterrasse berterrasse Lokalgliederung Niederrhein Niederterrasse J ngere Niederterrasse ltere Miederterrasse Mittelterrasse Obere Mittelterrasse Mittlere Mittelterrasse Untere Mittelterrasse Krefelder Mittelterrasse berterrasse Hauptterrasse J ngere Hauptterrasse Altere Hauptterrasse Hohenterrasse Terti r Tertiar ungegliedert Allgemeine Gliederung des Tertiar J ngeres Terti r lteres Terti r Neogen Palaogen Jungtertiar Stufengliederung Flioz n Miozan Unterglederung der Stufen Allgemeine Untergliederung mit Megafauna Mioz n Sarmatium Tortonium Kaltzeit Jungtertiar Alttertiar 131 6 6 Acronyms and GSI3D terminology ASCII Base BGprop BINDEX BLITH BoGe CEH DTM DEM DGSM DGSM portal DiGMapGB Domain DTM American Standard Code for Information Interchange The lower boundary of a particular geological unit GSI3D deals exclusively with the base of geological units Corporate ORACLE table containing geological properties associated
58. al unit as a GoCAD t surf file ts through the standard windows save dialogue box 5 Select folder for GoCad TIN export Look in es DATA E 1_ Systematic Ipswich Modelling qsisd 717 Generic ASTAN I hke as NOTE File extensions must be entered in the File name dialogue box All GoCAD exports generated from volumes will be regular TINs with each grid cell split into two triangles Top and base can be joined in GoCAD as shown below Example of GSI3D export to GOCAD till top and base in Manchester NOTE When exporting top and base of triangulated geological objects see Section 3 1 1 1 the tops and bases will fit exactly to one another and a join in GoCad should be straight forward Link to 3 D view Send to front Send to back Delete object 6 Others Right click on Others produces the standard folder dialogue box see Section 3 2 2 Other imported objects are raster maps jpeg see Section 2 1 2 or horizontal numerical point maps see Section 3 1 1 2 Right click on the individual items n others brings up this menu 64 Send to front Send to back Delete object Send to front Self Explanatory Send to back Self Explanatory Delete object Self Explanatory To link any loaded voronoy maps to the 3D window right click on the item name in the table of contents and choose the additional option Link to 3D view According to your pre defined settings the numerical point parameters see Section 3 1
59. ample for the detailed local 3D models created in the Thames Gateway Project area modelled surfaces from the much earlier regional LOCUS project were used to help constrain the Palaeogene formation surfaces 1 e London Clay Harwich Formation Lambeth Group and Thanet Sand Formation as shown below DTM N nee H i Vy iy Base London Clay l LOCUS data N Method 2 Without structural contours This method can be used where no structural contour plots exist It is useful where the data density s not great enough to control each section independently or where data density 1s not evenly distributed throughout the modelling area In essence modelling s initiated where there is most control and progressively extended away As an example consider a model in which there are five sections subparallel to the regional dip numbered sequentially from 1 to 5 and five sections subparallel to regional strike identified sequentially by the letters A to E as shown in the figure below A bedrock surface to be modelled is controlled at outcrop between Sections A and B and by two boreholes at the intersection of Sections D and 2 and of Sections E and 5 respectively 100 AFHRREEEEEEEEEEEREEEEEEEEREEEEEEEEEEEEEREEMENEEEEENEEREENENENEEENEEREENENEEEEEEGERNENENEEEEENEEREEEENEEEEENEENEENENEEEEENEENEEGENEEEEEEEEREEEENEEEEEEEEREENENENEEEIGEREEEENEENEENEENENNENNNNNG The construction sequence is shown by the coloured lines in the diag
60. and to delete the individual section Properties Invert direction of section Delete object If the cross section constitutes a raster jpg see Section 2 1 6 r ght clicking on the item produces the option to show boreholes within a certain buffer the opening dialogue box choose the Show drill logs button which opens the Distance of drill logs dialogue box Type in the appropriate maximum distance of the drill logs to be displayed in relation to the section RA 53 GSI3D E ae Bd cross sections Iv E SA sus Properties SRB i ee aa Distance of drill logs 4 x a Show drill logs Max distance of drill logs to section 0 0 5 ee Delete object Ooo si 16 179373 Z 144 74843 Click OK and the boreholes in the created buffer appear mapped on the vertical raster map Sen Exte Q e Bee i s amp V bayi0idde 176 55605 2 137 09283 TIP With the Geo register vertical geophysical section button from the Tools pull down menu see Section 3 1 1 3 any sectional picture can be integrated into GSI3D ranging from quarry pictures to hand drawn cross sections 70 NOTE Remember if a section is deleted from the table of contents in this way and then a new version of the gxml file is saved the deleted section will not exist in the new gxml file 3 3 3 mouse click Use the left mouse click to query objects such as lines boreholes correlation lines cross points
61. ap enables the geological model to be sliced at a defined vertical level creating a horizontal slice through the ground to produce an uncovered geological map This map can then be exported as a shape file as above A hyphen will set the level to the DTM producing the surface geological map OD of slice for DTM xj OF Change From Section 4 9 3 describes how maps at any surface can be generated manually Properties 61 gt Properties of all geological objects x Set properties of geological objects Set colour of objectis GVS column h Type of view 2D Base Top Thickness Envelope Coverage Legend colours u zul Interval 0 Shading factor 0 100 Transparency 3D 0 1 3D displacement in A 25 Transparency 2D 0 1 lo lo lo Flaeche Volumen Cancel The Set colour of object s field enables the user to define which column of the GVS ie lithology stratigraphy etc he wishes to use to colour up the geological objects Type of view 2D by ticking the desired box all geological objects will be displayed either as shaded maps specified as Legend colours Interval Shading factor and Transparency 2D base top or thickness or as a coloured envelope defined in the GVS column field above Transparency 3D allows the transparency setting for the 3D window Where O is solid and 1 is transparent 3D displacement in x y z enables the whole solid model to
62. at different scales for a typical print resolution of 300 pixels per inch ppi SCALE M PIXEL 1 50000 1 25000 1 15000 1 10000 0 8462 50 NOTE When drawing a section containing no correlation line the capturing mode does not function properly the solution is to insert very small correlation lines at the base and top of the section to make the system think that there is something to capture Click fits the whole object to the extent of the map window 3 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 4 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object to the extent of the map window 5 Zoom In Click on then click in window and hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct a marquee around the area to zoom in to release on completion 6 Zoom Out Click on click in window and repeat to incrementally reduce the magnification This tool cannot draw a box to zoom out to a specified area 7 Pan Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release drag and drop 8 Back to previous view Click displays previous views useful in scale changes not an undo button though 9 Construct Polygon only active if unit is active in table of contents Enables the construction of a new polygon during envelope building Click to activate click at start position and then click to add nodes to make shape double click close to the first node to complete 10 Node editor only active if
63. atically along planar surfaces but in the future this will be possible along irregular and or tilted surfaces such as a reduced DTM a watertable or a planned excavation TIP By loading any surface instead of the DTM having changed the to entry in the GVS file to fit the file name and loading all sections envelopes and gvs a geological model can be calculated at that particular surface 4 9 4 Sub and Supercrop maps These maps show the arrangement of geological strata resting below or above any defined geological horizon most commonly unconformities such as base of Quaternary top of Chalk and 109 top of Palaeozoic basement In GSI3D it is possible to instantly produce these plots for any surface top and base defined in the GVS These maps are generated by looking at the sequence in ascending or descending order see Section 3 2 2 and switching on or off the units you which to be represented in the TOC of the Map Window Below are two examples taken from the Ipswich area Supercrop map on the top of the bedrock for TM24 areas in white show air eg bedrock at outcrop Subcrop map on the base of Anglian and younger deposits 110 4 9 5 Elevation maps It is possible to analyse every geological unit by displaying the elevation of its top and base as a shaded relief map or with contour lines at user specified intervals This can be done in the map window as described in Section 3 2 2 Contours on the base of the
64. bed in section 4 7 Once significant areas of sheets are tiled it should only prove necessary to store say the north and west docking sections for all sheets within the modelled areas except for those forming edges to 116 the block of modelled sheets These should have docking sections on all their outward facing edges as these form the starting point for the extension of the modelled area in that direction It follows that when starting to model a new sheet adjacent to an existing modelled sheet the common boundary docking section from an adjacent sheet project file is copied and pasted into the new sheet project file xml and so totally consistency along the common boundary is ensured To allow proper construction of docking sections it is necessary to work with a slightly larger DTM this buffering ensures a complete DTM trace 1s available for the construction of the section along the sheet edge pads NEU AU eee ET II ET RIES IS Sa ne ai SEA N WA u DENN TM14 Central Docking Section TM24 Docking section between TM14 and TL24 Ipswich area ie TM14_dock_east and TM24 dock west Envelopes must extend beyond the limits of the project area or DTM see Section 4 6 where they reach to the edge and extend beyond the boundaries of a sheet or a project area When loading adjacent projects with overlapping envelopes these are automatically loaded into the same project and can be saved as a new gxml project file and using the e
65. buried geological data is only produced for major surfaces such as unconformities and or readily recognised surfaces eg base of superficial deposits top of Chalk base of Permian etc With advances in computing power and technology and the availability of increasingly precise and sophisticated Digital Terrain Models DTM it is now possible to envisage a new survey concept and eventually a totally new survey product the systematic 3 D geological model Kessler amp Mathers 2004 GSI3D is one of a suite of software tools and methodologies that enable the construction of such 3 D models In order to achieve the objectives of a geological survey national coverage and uniform high standards the creation of this product must rest in the hands of the scientists on the ground Only their specialized knowledge of the geological processes and evolution of the landscape can ensure the integrity of the systematic 3 D geological model The success of the GSI3D methodology and software is based on the fact that it utilizes exactly the same data and methods that geologists have been using for two centuries in order to make geological maps Boreholes classified lithologically and interpreted stratigraphically Geological outcrop data linework and measurements Topographic maps and laterly Digital Terrain Models DTMs Cross sections Contoured maps of buried surfaces Geophysical data Geochemical and geotechnical measurements Hydrogeological data
66. completed model files described above for visualisation and interrogation Attributes and colours are loaded automatically Look in 3 My Documents x E a BEA My Pictures Recent u Desktop My Documents My Computer co File name Open ee Files of type fesi20 VolumeModel GXML v Cancel Export The export menu expands to five options m all points of unit as x y z C asc el all surfaces as Indexed Triangle Mesh qm all surfaces as grids asc grd El Save Volume grids gxmil mj bore points as x y z F asc 1 all points of unit as x y z asc This button brings up the list of geological units contained in the GVS file Selecting a unit and clicking OK brings up the standard windows save box enabling the user to save all the base points section correlation nodes and envelope extent nodes of a selected geological unit as scattered x y z data Selection of unit xl Mame of unit Export all points of unit Save in Wy Computer a 31 Floppy 43 Ea NTS SYSTEM fC 4 E APPS Ds 29 NOTE This function will only work if model has been calculated or an existing model has been loaded 2 all surfaces as Indexed Triangle Mesh gxml Save project Save in TM24 TM24_expork_kins gxmi Tm24_project gxmi Recent This button option also brings up the standard windows save box enabling the user to save the base surfaces of all modell
67. d data points This function allows extra data points such as points along contour lines or scattered helper points where data is sparse to support the conceptualised geometry of the unit MIC x Look in TM24 c EA File name Open Files of type inL d atainan t Ast 1 EP The data points are imported as tab separated xyz ascii data in dat format NOTE This also allows the import of contour lines as points for use as the DTM Export all points This function exports all points envelopes and correlation nodes as above Desktop E My Documents File name o swe Tecan Files of type oat Datei dat v Cancel Calculate single unit This function enables the calculation of triangulated top base and walls of a single geological object NOTE This button is useful during modelling because it only takes a few seconds to compute the unit and it can be checked immediately NOTE If a pre existing surface is loaded via the Load Elevation Grid or the GoCAD import described above this button will clip the surface s to the defined project area DTM Trim surface This function enables the trimming of TINs to any shape defined by the unit s envelope NOTE This is an essential tool for clipping a DTM to a required area for calculating the model It also can be used to clip GoCad TINs and store the result in a model file 58 3 Cross sections Lists all the cross sections
68. d tick both lines and polygons 5 Set the appropriate vertical exaggeration gt 107 Ru J gste f gsg f redu f itdu T ak E H cross section WF BR maps volume aly WW itdu y WM redu N ag I gstc_ WM gsg v oo loft WM gsgbi_ WW kesy MW cfby ae W rogy WW tham y ws a nn an EEE F MGS0114 25 241446 06 Scrip KT aae Knn iA amp A particular use of this functionality is to predict ground conditions along pre determined routes such as flood embankments tunnels and pipelines or to help to evaluate the merits of several proposed routes Combining multiple sections in the 3D window leads to the creation of fence diagrams such as the one below based on a regular 2 kilometre spacing 108 Synthetic fence diagram for TL83 viewed from the south east note these are calculated not drawn sections NOTE Any other gridded surfaces eg watertables or Rockhead that are loaded at the time of section generation will also be displayed in the plain of section 4 9 3 Svnthetic slices A particularly useful way of testing and presenting your model is to generate horizontal slices at various elevations as illustrated below The procedure to specify the elevations is outlined in Section 3 2 2 5 Volumes From top left to bottom right solid model for TM14 and horizontal slices at OD 20 and 40 metres showing possible faulting in Tertiary deposits The model can at present only be sliced autom
69. dard navigation window appears to enable the user to locate the appropriate gleg file select so that the file is listed at File name and click Open to load NOTE During one session legends and GVS files can be continuously re loaded and will overwrite earlier files 38 Load legend gleg Look in TM24 Load point data xml Numerical point data can be derived from geochemical analys s or geotechnical measurements but can also include coloured coded information on archaeological horizons Click the top file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the appropriate borehole index data file bid txt tab Click the lower file locator icon to navigate to the numerical point data file plg If necessary re name the object choose the Drill logs you need and append insert or delete them in the usual way Afterwards click OK Load the numerical value legend via the Add objects drop down menu and the menu item Load numerical legend nvleg opening a window which allows you to navigate through your file structure to the suitable nvleg file GSI3D is now ready to visualize your numerical data set Input of numerical values x Read borholes point data from table hiningskurs Ungarn Side Logstlogs bid Name of object Io Driitlogs 65 gt Selected lt 65 gt Selektion lt 65 gt Show sample map xml To get a map with the location of all sampled boreholes with loaded numerical point dat
70. de on section Final node on section 25 3 The GSI3D Interface For installation of the GSI3D software please refer to Section 6 1 4 After starting the GSI3D software from the desktop shortcut Es the MS_DOS window GSI3D title page and license details are displayed briefly before loading the main screen below GSI3D Version 2 0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING amp INVES 2 6 x File Addobjects Tools Analysis Help Seo EU SZ SD HU RP EU Ss Ks a5 9 Borehole 3d Viewer Map window window 1950 0 125 0 Euszesuuriammileal Section window The 4 windows map 3 D Section and borehole viewer 3 1 The Main Screen On loading GSI3D the basic screen is composed of three individual windows the map window top left the 3D window top right and the section window below The Borehole viewer is loaded separately from the tools pull down menu see Section 3 1 1 3 Arrows on the margins of the top windows allow each to be maximized or minimized whilst clicking on the edges allow dragging of the windows to any preferred size depending on the type of work being undertaken Similarly the left hand Table of Contents TOC margin present within each window can also be enlarged or reduced in width within its own window Most items in the software can be right clicked to get options such as properties or print 26 In the early stages of building the GSI3D model of any area the 3D window is generally switched off see Sect
71. don bgs ac uk Forde House Park Five Business Centre Harrier Way Sowton Exeter Devon EX2 7HU 01392 445271 Fax 01392 445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland 20 College Gardens Belfast BT9 6BS Z 028 9066 6595 Fax 028 9066 2835 Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon Wiltshire SN2 1EU zZ 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www nerc ac uk Contents po Acknowledsementsin u su ea ea ae ea 6 NE OTC LO I erreichen 7 Lak Historic ab COM teens 7 EAE OS OL GSP Dennerle Nase E E 7 1 93 69 DD CAL a EO Wy Mode ee ee 10 14 Outputs rom GSD D Proe eiS a ea a a 11 ESGOS Ge Vel OP MCS ana E E 12 sData 000 Tora nee ee tee MR a rae era 13 2 1 Supported Te TOMI AIS an 13 2 1 1 Digital Terrain Models or other surface data cceccccccccccceceeseeeeeeceeceeeaaeeseseeeeseeeaaas 14 2 12 Raser Maps ae state aaa toes ee ee A 14 2 1 3 GI5 da 2 an Lee ea 14 AA Borehole dala u ee eilig 15 ESPONE Sur men ee 16 2 120 SC O ANC GING CS pea Nas tna ead nurse teen Biase vate anita a Boats vaneless 17 21 7 Generahised Vertical SCCUOM AG VS sun aen era aan 18 2 S CC CME ILE Gi 220er 19 21 9 The Prog Ce ie sa OX ME 20 2 SO DD mode Ile er ee sera nenne 20 2 2 The BGS Data Portal nee ee aleleceieslella 21 2 5 File structure and TAD GIA 4 2 5 cn2sunusiesanancsaccun saaiednastadend E Ee aE E
72. e Mathematische Geologie 4 51 60 Hughes A Jackson C R Rutter H K 2003 Development of a distributed recharge model using object oriented techniques BGS external report Kessler H amp Mathers S J 2004 Maps to models Geoscientist 14 10 4 6 Kessler H Bridge D Burke H Butcher A Doran S K Hough E Lelliott M Mogdridge R T Price S J Richardson A E Robins N amp Seymour K 2004a EA Urban Manchester Hydrogeological Pathways Project BGS Commissioned Report CR 04 044 65pp Kessler H Cooper A H and Ford J 2004b The superficial deposits lithological coding scheme British Geological Survey Internal Report UR 04 039 Kessler H Lelliott M Bridge D Ford J Sobisch H G Mathers S J Price S Merritt J amp Royse K 2005 3D geoscience models and their delivery to customers In Three dimensional geologic mapping for groundwater applications workshop extended abstracts Salt Lake City 157 Utah 15 October 2005 convenors Russell H Berg R C amp Thorleifson L H Ottawa ONT Geological Survey of Canada 2005 p 39 42 Mathers S J amp Zalasiewicz J A 1985 Producing a comprehensive geological map a case study The Aldeburgh Orford area of East Anglia Modern Geology 9 207 220 Merritt J 2005 GSI3D Subsurface Viewer 3D model of solid and superficial geology for 1 10 000 sheet NS66SW Rutherglen Confidential BGS Report Napier B amp Hall M 2003
73. e Transparency 2D 0 1 0 Type of view in 3D Discs Voronoy Polyqgone Disc sice 3D 1 1000 o s Transparency 3D 0 1 0 OK Cancel The lower part of the dialogue box allows to pre define the 2D and 3D properties of the visualization You can Show on map the parameter distribution either as Points see below left figure or Voronoy Polygone see below right figure by ticking the suitable box and set the Transparency 2D 0 1 values At this stage you can also set the Type of view in 3D by choosing Discs Disc size 3D 1 1000 or Voronoy Polygone as well as Transparency 2D 0 1 Click OK and the defined distribution map appears in the map view file tree in others Here the chosen map name is displayed with an extension stating if the plot has a relative r elevation to the DTM or an absolute a elevation NOTE The default for Show on map is Voronoy Polygone even if Points is ticked before the first loading process NOTE These 2D and 3D settings can be changed any time during the working session by a right click on the file tree label of the specific distribution map Load point legend nvleg 40 This standard dialogue box enables the loading of the Legend file for numerical point data see Sections 2 1 5 amp 2 1 8 Load point legend nvleg x Look in IA My Documents bd SE ey My Pictures ll Recent i Desktop BRS Load vertical geophys sections gxml and Load horizontal ge
74. e calculated as there may be knock on effects transmitted through the stack This is a fundamental principal of GSI3D method that ensures the maintenance of a dynamic instead of a static model The calculation has finished when the Start button has turned to OK After calculating the geological volumes the user can then export all units as a gxml model file under File Save project as triangulated model file gxml remembering to add the gxml extension see Section 3 1 1 1 Alternatively the user can visualise the full geological stack by sending the geological units to the 3 D window Most analysis functions in GSI3D currently require calculation of a gridded volume file using Calculate gridded volumes function under the Analysis pull down menu on the main toolbar For this function to work the user must select the dtm from the Tools Select DTM option see Section 3 1 1 3 The model can now be exported as a gridded gxml model file using the function Save project as gridded model file gxml remembering to add the gxml extension see Section 3 1 1 1 It is also possible to directly export a gridded volume file using the File Export Save Volume Grids see Section 3 1 1 1 The following diagram highlights the different file types their locations and flow between them role Ealae A fs GVS O amp S Project file Triangulated Gridded Sections and Model Model Legend Envelopes Model file gxmi Model file
75. e tools sit under this menu GS13D_bools mxd ArcMap ArcInfo File Edit View Insert Selection Tools Window GSI3D Tools Help O a LA di Ax b gt ca 5 Create Section from GML T Create Polygons From SMIL M QiH E E AE s Export polygon to Saml Layers Export ascii to ESRI grid 65130 Tools Help Create section from GXML This tool converts GXML sections to an ESRI shapefile The name of the section is retained in the shapefile attribute table Upon activation of this tool a window appears The user needs to browse to the location of the GXML file and browse to the location where the shapefile is to be saved to By default the program will create a new folder to store the shapefiles The name of the folder is initially set to be the same as the GXML file name however the user is able to change this to their liking By default the program will create the shapefile using the British National Grid projection The user can switch this facility off by un checking the box to Apply British National Grid and can set an alternative projection after the shapefile is created Once OK is clicked the shapefile is created The length of time it takes to create the shapefile depends on the complexity of the GXML file The application message bar in the bottom left hand corner of ArcMap notes how many sections are being created and reassures the user that the program hasn t crashed Create polygons from GXML
76. ection The remaining properties enable various methods of adjusting and enhancing the display of the DEM and can be experimented with to produce the preferred effect Finally click OK to load the DEM that should then appear fitted to size in the map window Common DEMs so far used in GSI3D include those provided by the OS CEH and Environment Agency LIDAR data Getmapping NEXTMAP data Bathymetric data can also be uploaded to GSI3D and must be combined using a GIS with land surface data for studies in coastal areas and inland water masses For a detailed comparison of available DTMs see Napier and Hall 2003 NOTE The DTM loaded through this function is used for visualisation and section correlation only The DTM used for model calculation is loaded directly to the geological unit stack and this is described in Section 4 7 NOTE Please see the Section 6 6 for the various definitions for DTM DEM and DSM as used in this manual Load raster map jpg Load Raster map jpg x Load map En manGisiMlanchestenoSdatattopogr Hame of map Isirane_1 443 topo Black and white picture Transparency 0 1 0 5 OK Cancel Clicking on this button produces the properties box shown below Click the file locator icon at the top to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular digital map file you wish to load Once located select and open the jpg file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted in
77. ection and Borehole Data 102 4 8 Calculating Ine model ae un enaneairelad ah elamed mace diahediobeni eels 104 4 9 Visualising and Analysing the model cccccccccsssssseeccceeceeaeeeeecceeeeeeaeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeaeeenses 106 AY NS VINEE UC NOD ae ae eisen 106 49 2 SV MMe UC SCCUONS name Eee 107 49 SV MUMCUC SII COS east 109 A A SUD and SUPE rC TOP MAA pS ae een innen 109 4 93 EIEV AU 01 Maps eee mes eee EA en mer hen ee ne ee ee mer ene ee eee eee 111 2 0 ie E Ma E E E en E E E A E S E E A E E 112 49 7 EXD1Oded VIEWS ee 113 4 10 Iteration and Cean asiaan an E ee 114 4 11 ModelContidenee assessment ass 2 TT 116 4 12 Fittins Together models aa a na HR ei 116 5 Linking GSI3D with other applications 00222200sennnnnnnsseneenennnnnnnennnnennnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnennen 118 Oy UD S EAC ON LOW CI ee less O tata cate 118 WA G ho Peete nme ne Ree rena er ren ma ne ree Seana rere te ene eae Meee one ener nee Chen ee we 119 Del iD Woran A E A ea eee ce cee ce eee cies 120 5 3 Geoscience Modelling Packase sa 120 5 4 Hydrogeological flow modelling tools uu00000000snnsseeennnnnnnnnnennenennennnnnnnennnnnn 121 3 0 External ModelV sualsation an ass aa 122 S EWO Wide Web een seele 123 XS REPOTL OUPUIS ae rei Beeren 123 O Technica Ap Pei Ce see 124 6 1 Installing GSL Don your machine ae enttetedeemeae tate anabes 124 0 2 SYSICH COU LE IE NIS ee ee 126 6 3 Copyrigh
78. ection and displays a red X to identify the intersection point An arrow shows the position of the preferred base that has just been drawn in the W E section and this will be slightly different in elevation from that base in the N_S section The N S section can then be edited by dragging the node string to fit the intersection arrow In this way all intersection points can be checked for consistency by changing back and forward between different sections to resolve these differences NOTE To produce a model that is well tied together it is recommended when drawing surfaces guided by intersecting sections to place a node precisely on the correlation arrow from the intersecting section When reviewing and editing sections ensure that nodes are regularly spaced along unit bases and the shapes of these lines are geologically sensible Magnifying the section ensures that nodes are placed accurately at the end of lines to correspond with the geological boundary tick arrows on the DTM Additional checking of the correct fit of sections is provided for individual sections on right click check section see Section 3 3 3 and for the whole model under the Tools pull down menu check all sections see Section 3 1 1 3 4 5 Displaying fence diagrams f ay fo we A Eng Fence diagram Manchester 88 Finally build all the sections into the 3D window by right clicking on the sections folder in the table of contents and selecti
79. ed and labelling can be switched off most of the time Enable borehole viewer Enable borehole viewer X 2 Display selected logs in borehole viewer 4 f Enable This enables a borehole in the section window to appear in the Borheole Viewer see Section 3 5 when clicking on it the default setting is off Right clicking on objects gives the following additional options For correlation lines Left click on a correlation line displays its attribution in the footer bar Change line name Right click and type in the GVS code for the unit that the line forms the base of Delete line Click and confirm choice 74 For boreholes Left click on stick the borehole number and unit in the stick are given in the footer bar of the window Right click on borehole or knickpoint gives the extra option to delete it NOTE When a section is zoomed out very far it is often hard or impossible to right click on boreholes or drill log lines For cross points Af Left click on the arrows the name of the intersecting cross section and the unit whose base is indicated by the arrow are displayed in the footer bar Right clicking gives the option to show crossing section i e switch to the intersecting section the point queried is then highlighted on the intersecting section with a red cross 3 4 The 3D window An example 3 D window showing Quaternary deposits in Glasgow GSI3D Version 2 0 GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING amp INVESTIGATION IN 3D
80. ed units as a GSI3D TIN file containing all base and envelope nodes as x y z plus triangulation information NOTE This function is superceded by the export model functions described above 3 all surfaces as grids asc grd Clicking on this option also brings up the standard windows save box enabling the user to save the top base and thickness unitname_b for base unitname_t for top and unitname_th for its thickness of all the modelled units as individual ASCII or surfer grids see Section 2 1 1 This is carried out as a batch job for all the units in the stack The cell size can be selected and the grid extent needs to be set to fit the required export area Clicking on the folder icon on the top left brings up the standard Windows save dialogue Export surfaces as grids Zz x Export all surfaces as grids grd Cell size 25 rst Grid extent x Min fo Min fo Grid extent x Max 1000 Max fi o Fit grids to model Overwrite existing data OR Cancel Grid format 4 Save Volume grids gxml This function will convert all triangulated units to gridded volumes without having to pre grid the model using the Analysis Calculate gridded volumes function 30 TIP This is useful when the project area is very large as it is more memory efficient 5 bore points as x y z asc Clicking on this option also brings up the standard windows save box enabling the user to save all selected base of
81. en data formats GSI3D can utilise any legacy data from projects and databases such as BLITH LOIS LOCUS GEOHAZARD GBASE etc Data conversion can be achieved using standard tools such as Excel and text editors Notepad Wordpad etc 13 2 1 1 Digital Terrain Models or other surface data Existing surfaces and elevation models can be loaded into GSI3D as standard ASCII grid files asc in the following file format Sj dtmgrid asc Notepad Eie Edit Format Help ncols 284 nrows 95 xlicenter 375132 1182 yllcenter 395652 1182 cellsize 5 7 11871064 nodata value 18e3 2 21 21 47289 22 1003 22 44775 22 79521 23 11315 23 37374 73 63 553906 34 941089 32 856536 30 77163 29 05865 28 90195 78 845061 2 65942 77 30305 77 9508 77 9508 77 9508 78 709 6 79 534356 88 33 21 21391 21 610877 21 955956 22 30342 22 04 1 63 22 67058 77 806754 93947 37 93947 37 91561 37 76003 37 34774 36 92392 36 743524 JE T2 970688 73 91511 74 34244 74 806448 74 20015 75 87374 77 95847 21 14404 21 848631 21 83333 22 18078 22 29417 22 32313 22 837329 T2914 38 901656 38 901 38 81796 38 062738 38 5068 38 277429 37 5 71 841333 71 76079 72 93065 74 13396 74 135 74 39559 74 65618 7E 21 01958 21 36324 21 7187 21 91776 21 94672 21 97567 72 060463 9 53377 39 86384 39 86384 39 7203 39 564727 39 40915 39 25357 34 NOTE A DTM or another surface is obligatory for the modelling process as it forms the cap for all modelled units Any other required
82. ency to suit from O to 1 Default is O a solid colour we recommend a setting of 0 5 if a degree of transparency is required Click OK and the map polygons will display in the map window Load boreholes bid blg Select boreholes er keings aD Currentiandrews_Vvisobi bid Mame of object andrews_vSsobi bid Ari iags amp 18 gt selected 75 gt selektion 15 gt JBRACKANDAL q BRACKANDAL BRACK AND AZ ee IBRACKANDAZ BRACE ANOS IBRACEANDAS BRACK ANCA Insert gt IBRACKANDA4 BROCK ANOS IBERACKANDAS BRACKANDB1 Delete Be IERACKANDBZ i BRACKANDEZ BRACKANDBS IBRACKANDES i JelnGSi3D Zurrent ndrewsboge_v3 blg OK Cancel Clicking on this option produces the borehole loading screen Click the two separate file locator icons to enable navigation through the file structure to the two borehole files needed Index and Log The upper file selector requires the bid index file listing the unique borehole number coordinates and start height This file is the master table and is automatically listed in the Name of Object box all the boreholes in this table are also automatically listed in the borehole field The lower file selector requires a blg downhole log file giving properties such as stratigraphy lithology colour etc together with depths to the base from the start height not reduced levels Both these datasets are readily downloaded from the BGS SOBI and BoGe databases using the BGS
83. epends on the number of records selected The application message bar in the bottom left hand corner of ArcMap keeps a record of the number of boreholes being processed There is an option to add the boreholes used and their depths thickness to the map If this option is selected the boreholes used to calculate the composition are added to the map window each borehole contains a breakdown of the lithology analysed This is particularly useful when identifying rogue boreholes The results are outputted visually to a pie chart in ArcMap and the information stored to a dbf file in your working directory The statistics number of boreholes selected total length of boreholes number of boreholes that reach TD and rockhead are outputted to a window in ArcMap These statistics are not saved anywhere In order to save this information press the Save to file button on the Statistics window The next time you run the Borehole Composition tool it will remember all of the defaults and options to save you entering them in again Find Boreholes The second tool on the menu identifies which boreholes have lengths greater than x metres between specified grids The user selects the length and grids Before running the tool you must select the boreholes you wish to analyse You can do this in the same way as the Borehole Composition tool This is discussed in steps 1 to 3 in the Borehole composition section above When you activate the tool you will see t
84. ers for the upper and lower threshold values according to given standards and the respective colour coding within the defined limits The first column of the tabulator separated ASCII text file gives the name of the measured parameter and the second column an alias name of the parameter Lines three and four define the upper and lower threshold values respectively according to the required standard whereas lines five to eight give the chosen CYMK colour scheme exemplified below n a TPH legend with European standard threshold values in a simple green yellow red colour format 16 Grenzwert NVLEG Editor iol x _ Datei Bearbeiten Format Ansicht TPH MKW 50 TFH Ca 100 TPH MEW 300 TPH MEW 19000 NOTE This separation of the plg and nvleg files allows a visualization of the measured parameters stored in the plg file compared to various national or international standards stored in respective nvleg files 2 1 6 Sections and slices Geo registered sections and slices horizontal sections can be integrated for a common visualization with the stratigraphical lithological dataset in the section window and or with the cross section network and the structural model in the 3D window Sections can be visualized in the section and 3D windows In order to display sections they have to be geo registered by defining the lower left and upper right coordinates in the x y and z direction This information is stored in a gxml
85. es the coordinates for the lower left corner mage origin X and Image origin Y as well as the Pixel cell size in m Pixel If necessary you can change the angle of the slice in counter clockwise orientation from the North South direction by filling in the setting box Orientation Angle 0 360 If a rst asc or grd file is loaded you can define the Colour scheme in the usual way of changing colour settings the Interval limit 2 gt 0 in Interval gt 0 the Contrast enhancement gt 0 and check the Log scale box if appropriate For both pictures and grids you can now or at any point later in the working session choose the Transparency 2D settings The lower part of the properties box is restricted for the definition of the 3D Parameter of the horizontal slice either connecting the elevation of the slice in relation to the DTM or giving an absolute height above or below mean sea level In order to link the slice to the DTM use the file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the appropriate dem asc and define the relative distance of the horizontal geophysical slice to the surface in the settings box Reference height m above OD the Fixed height box in the same line turns automatically off in this case In case the slice was taken as a plain slice with an absolute height related to sea level only define this elevation in the Reference height m above OD box These absolute settings can be modified any time during the wo
86. geographical location of the shp file e g surface geological map with DTM and bedrock map with rockhead This enables the user to visualise the crop lines in the section view This is an elementary function in GSI3D because it allows the integration of 3 D subsurface data with outcrop mapping 2 D NOTE a DTM covering a larger area than the individual shp file can be used and several Shp files can be loaded to tile the area of a large DIM GSI3D however becomes confused if you try to load multiple shp files eg 25K tiles and then register them to more than one DTM eg corresponding 25K DTM tiles It is thus advisable to have DTMs available for the complete project area as well as tiled DTMs if modelling is proceeding on a sheet by sheet basis This way individual sheets 10K 25K 50K etc can be modelled and deposited in corporate data stores whilst bespoke project areas and regional compilations can also be viewed as a whole in the GSI3D map window 34 In the Height of outcrop band field the user can set the vertical height in metres for the display of the polygon theme usually the geological unit at outcrop along the DTM on the line of section This facility aids the drawing of sections by producing bands of colour along the DTM surface trace using the same colour scheme as in Legend file Inserting a positive values colours up a band above the DTM trace a negative height value colours up the band below the DTM trace Adjust Transpar
87. h clearly states that any models and maps generated from GSI3D are the sole property of BGS and can therefore be sold 126 and marketed according to BGS policy BGS is not allowed to give the software to 3 party individuals or organisations without consulting Hans Georg Sobisch All corporate BGS data such as Borehole data DiGMapGB and GEOHAZRD layers have to be licences to the customer according to NERC BGS copyright and IPR regulations Any GSI3D derived data that has been produced as part of an individual customer tailored project is sold under the conditions of that contract and may become property of the customer It is the aim to develop a BGS pricing and licensing strategy for 3 D models based on the amount of surfaces and their coverage All legal documents concerning GSI3D are held on Y gsi3d contracts 6 4 Resizing and registering Rasters for the use in GSI3D To display rasters efficiently in GSI3D you can reduce the JPG file size without having to georeference the rasters again As an example in the figures below you can see a file reduced from 4700 KB to 627kb ar ji at r r 7 u 3 nt en ii k F Sal li Witton Weaveria Wet 278 Yor Man s Witton Weavers i Hil a Ma as gt Turton Mo Turton a er amp Me Br Langworthi s L ngw ort i post lt a Moor ahaa Moor A N pP astuge Hoi ba i A a hi p 210 De Sharples ire a Te fi gt Sharples Higher End Oe e ia e k Higher
88. hat do not agree with the stratigraphy gvs file 12 Proceed to work down the section drawing lower and lower bases some of which at depth are likely to extend uninterrupted across the whole section Check all units colour up correctly as you go see C and D below 13 When you are happy with the section select Save project file from the File pull down menu and label the file e g TM14vl gxml This saves your first section in case of a crash as you continue to work 14 Select Create new section label it as e g TM14_NS2 then construct a second section parallel to the first and save the project as e g TM14v2 gxml 15 Continue to cross the area with regularly spaced sections in both N S and E W directions about Ikm apart for systematic surveys Bespoke project areas may require a different orientation and frequency of section lines depending on the envisaged output Save your work frequently and keep all the sections you have drawn loaded in the section window table of contents any disasters can be immediately selected and deleted from the table of contents before saving allowing their sequential numbers to be reassigned 16 At the start of your second session of section drawing also load the latest version of the sections e g TM14v27 gxml straight into the software before constructing any new sections This way you can edit and compare your saved sections with the new ones see E below and when you resave the whole suite of sections they a
89. he boreholes that sit above rockhead as defined in the borehole log and an option to select only the sections of boreholes that lie between two of more gridded surfaces e g top and base of an alluvial unit The second option can be used to validate surfaces created in GSI3D For example if you had GSI3D surfaces representing the top and base of a till unit you could use the tool to interrogate only those part of the boreholes that sit within those units If the majority of the Borehole Geology records reported on consist of till then the surfaces can be assumed to be valid The results from the analysis are outputted as dbf tables and pies chart in ArcMap Before you start You need the following data to run the program 1 Borehole Geology shapefile 2 Elevation model 3 Base and tops of lithological surfaces held as ESRI grids The borehole data needs to be in a specific format It must contain point data for each lithology found in the borehole as well as start and end depths of each lithological unit It must also contain a field that contains the reference number for the borehole REF DRILLED_DEPTH_TOP DRILLED_DEPTH_BASE LITHOLOGY_CODE LITHOSTRAT_CODE SIJEYINWBJI SJS9NWBJI1 SJ8S9NWBJ2 SJS9NWBJ2 In addition to the fields in the table above the borehole shapefile must also have a field for BASE BED CODE This field indicates the location of rockhead in a borehole and allows the calculation of depths to rockhead
90. he same defaults window as before You must enter a value for all of the required boxes This tool does not require information on lithology lithostrat rockhead or a working directory so these boxes are all greyed out If you have previously entered the defaults the program remembers these and moves straight on the next window The next window prompts you to enter a thickness in metres The top and base surfaces that you wish to interrogate between can be set by clicking on the Change Grids button As before you 142 can select any number of grids from two to twenty Any boreholes whose length between the specified surfaces grids exceeds the thickness entered will remain selected Any boreholes that do not exceed the specified thickness are removed from the selection Change Grids This will open up the grids menu This allows the user to define the grids surfaces or change them once set Changes Defaults This will open up the defaults menu This allows the user to define the defaults or change them once set Help This will open the help form GSI3D Tools GSI3D_tools mxd is an ArcMap 9 1 project that converts sections and envelopes from a GXML file to ESRI shapefiles The project also converts ESRI polygons to GXML Additionally the project contains a tool that allows multiple ASCII files to be converted to ESRI grids in one action User Instructions Open GSI3d_tools mxd On the main toolbar there is a GSI3d Tools menu Th
91. he surface outcrops and extends them outwards and merges them where needed to produce the envelope An alternative is to select the surface outcrops and those polygons of units largely overlying the areas where the sections show Kesgrave sand and gravels to be present at depth and combine the two The job then becomes one of trimming back and editing the envelope of these large combined polygons based on the sections and boreholes Outlier subcrops and cut out islands within the major polygons would be treated the same way as described above but the cut out islands must not be drawn until the combine polygons button has been used as it deletes them l The key evidence for drawing this envelope is found in the surface outcrop of the unit and the extent of the unit at depth as revealed in the sections displayed in the map window using the update option 2 Start by selecting the entire surface outcrops of the unit be aware of the topography and which parts of these polygons are the base which will be needed as the boundary of the envelope and which parts are the top which will be either edited or discarded 3 Start to extend the surface outcrop polygons by chopping off using the split polygon function large chunks encompassed by the top of the unit 1 e areas where younger strata generally overlie the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels 93 Extend the simplified polygon produced by the cuts outwards to conform to the extent of the unit at depth as s
92. his tool allows a number of ASCII files to be converted to ESRI grids using one batch action Once the tool is activated the user needs to browse to the folder containing the ASCII data and then to the folder where the ESRI grids are to be saved The program will then ask whether the grids are floating point grids i e whether the grid values contain decimal places Note Floating point ESRI grids take up significantly more memory than integer grids If the data is held as in integer grid it is advisable that this format is maintained If you have a floating point grid and no is entered to the above message the grid will still be created but with integer values The application bar in the bottom left hand corner of ArcMap reports on the status of the program GSI3D Tools Help This opens the help form 144
93. hown along the sections Where two of these expanding polygons meet drag one over the other to create an obvious overlap and then use the combine polygons tool to unify them Compare the emerging pattern with the geological map and identify any areas where totally buried subcrops are present insert these into the layer by constructing a polygon based on the crosses and correlation lines along the sections and query any nearby boreholes not on sections to help refine the shape Identify any islands within the main polygons where the Kesgrave sands and gravels are cut through Again draw polygons to cut away the deposit by looking at the section crosses and correlation lines along sections and also any nearby boreholes not on sections to help refine the shape Check that the limits of the polygons are tucked beneath younger deposits wherever the polygon boundary is not an exposed base of the unit otherwise an outcrop not shown on the geological map is implied Review carefully and when happy with the layer map switch off the edit and save the gxml Outcrop of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels and nodes shown as crosses along sections showing extent of subcrops 94 Completed envelope for the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels 4 Red Crag Envelope The Red Crag envelope is best constructed using the solid geology map rather than a drift and solid combined version 1 Select all solid crops at rockhead of the Red Crag 2 Magnify any areas whe
94. ialogue box enabling the user to save the active project as the gxml model file This ASCII file contains all tops and bases including walls at the project boundary of all units as triangulated surfaces Each unit can also be attributed with properties and colours as defined in the GVS and Legend files Sections 2 1 7 amp 2 1 8 NOTE This file is the main export for completed models to the SUBSURFACE VIEWER Save project as gridded model file gxml NOTE In order to use this export the model must be pre gridded via the Analysis function see Section 3 1 1 4 Clicking on this option brings up the standard windows save dialogue box enabling the user to save the active project as the gxml model file This ASCII file contains all tops and bases including walls at the project boundary of all units as gridded surfaces Each unit can also be attributed with properties and colours as defined in the GVS and Legend files see Sections 2 1 7 amp 2 1 8 NOTE This file is an alternative export for completed models to the SUBSURFACE VIEWER with the ability to degrade the triangulated surfaces to a grid of any specified cell size NOTE See also point 4 under EXPORT below save project as model file x Save in A biy Documents E My Pictures ae lese My Computer Er O EY HE File name Eben My Network Files of type Volumes GAMIL a Cancel Load model file gxml This option allows the user to load
95. ion 3 4 1 to allow interactive working between the map window displaying themes such as geological lines boreholes lines of section and the section window containing all the sections already constructed Using the split window function see Section 3 1 1 3 all windows can be arranged individually switched off individually and docked together again 3 1 1 The pull down menus The task bar of the main GSI3D window contains five pull down menu options File Add objects Tools Analysis Help 3 1 1 1 File contains the following options ei Save project File gm ei Save project as triangulated model file gxml ei Save project as gridded model File qxml Load model file Export b E Exit Save project file gxml Save project Save in er Desktop My Computer a My Network Places Recent Clicking on this option brings up the standard windows save dialogue box enabling the user to save the active project sections and envelopes as the gxml project file 27 This function will create an ASCII format file containing the constructional information sections and correlations for all units However this file will not contain workspace or session related information such as screen layout and loaded files Upon restarting GSI3D all files must be reloaded Save project as triangulated model file gxml Clicking on this option brings up the standard windows save d
96. ion of some of the datasets via the BGS Data Portal which directly accesses corporate datastores and converts data into a GSI3D format 2 1 Supported file formats In order to construct a new model GSI3D works with the following files items in bold are essential for any modelling project Digital Terrain Models or other surface data as ASCII grids Raster maps as geo registered JPEG images GIS data as ESRI shapes Borehole data SOBI and BoGe as ASCII text files Point measurements as ASCII text files Sections and slices as geo registered JPEG images or grids Generalised Vertical Section GVS as ASCII text file Legend as ASCII text file plus constructed sections and unit boundaries are progressively stored in the model file as a GXML ASCII text file as the model develops So this file contains all the interpretive modelling work and once a model has been completed and calculated see Section 4 8 it 1s possible to store the DTM and all geological objects top plus base including their attribution as defined by the GVS and legend in a gxml volume file This file can be reloaded into GSI3D for instant visualisation or also be encrypted into the SUBSURFACE VIEWER for publication Sections 2 1 1 through to 2 1 10 below describe these various data files NOTE All spatially held data should be working within a common Grid projection such as British National Grid UTM or Gauss Krueger Netz NOTE Because of the op
97. is drawn simply from the bedrock geological linework which was produced from the sections and the Lower London Tertiaries envelope involves combining the stack of bedrock units above the chalk The Glacial Channel deposits envelope is drawn from the correlations along the sections only as it is completely buried Together these examples illustrate the use of the various envelope drawing tool functions 1 Alluvium Envelope Being the youngest deposit the alluvium envelope is simply constructed by 1 using the nfo tool to select each polygon of alluvium from the drift and solid geology shape file and individually inserting them into the envelope using the insert selected polygon tool When complete switch the geology map off and on to check all strips of alluvium have been added into the layer 2 the fit of the selected polygons and the cross sections can be checked by right clicking on the envelope geological unit name and selecting update This displays the location of all nodes drawn on the base of the alluvium as crosses along the sections and produces a solid line to show the extent of the base along the section 3 right click again on the unit and select properties to adjust the colour of the crosses and correlation lines so that they are readily visible 90 4 Ensure that the bases of the unit correspond precisely with the selected polygons Right click on the unit and select switch off edit then save the gxml Br NN ARMS
98. is option produces a dialogue box that enables the user to define a minimum distance between nodes when editing polygons using the combine fill and clean polygons tools See Section 3 2 1 The default minimum distance setting is 1 0 In the case of very linear geological shapes e g alluvial tracts head a setting of 5 is preferred to avoid loss of detailed shape When modelling concealed units a setting of 20 1s probably sufficient This tool is useful in producing files of a manageable size and removing unnecessary detail from previously digitized lines and polygons NOTE Use this function with care as changes cannot be undone If copied units have to be combined along common boundaries it is recommended to set the minimal point distance to 0 in order to avoid slivers of no data Trim project by area This function enables the user to trim all sections to a new project area by simply loading the area as a shape clicking on the cutting polygon with the info tool and hitting the Trim project by area button This creates a new gxml file containing all trimmed sections using the dialogue box below 46 5 The24_interactive_a 5 TM24_PROJECT My Documents My Computer i File name Save a Tec Files of type lesiap objects 6 ML Cancel Split windows This function enables the user to split or float all windows and arrange them in any desired order this is especially useful when working just in
99. is used as a docking section See Section 4 12 4 7 4 Bedrock modelling using Seismic Reflection and Borehole Data The following is taken from a study of the Preesall Salt Field Evans et al 2005 Seismic reflection data were interpreted and the resultant seismic picks were depth converted using single layer velocities so that this newly reprocessed data could be incorporated into a GSI3D 102 format to further constrain the top and base of the Preesall Halite surfaces in areas of no borehole information The seismic reflection data was incorporated into the BoGe blg and Sobi bid files effectively providing a line of closely spaced boreholes distance between picks can be specified As the base and top of the halite were the only surfaces under consideration in this project these surfaces were easily attached to the GSI3D borehole files manually as shown below Preesall_BoGe_ 10_0 blg WordPad um z E Preesall_SOBI_ 8_0 bid WordPad File Edit View Insert Format Help File Edit wiew Insert Format Help De JE gt SS SS ee een Zr a ale fe Deal SILA al ael amp sp585 466 PRSA HALI DJE sp600 269 VOID DJE ap585 336265 445278 9999 sp600 491 PRSA HALT DJE speoo 336021 445222 9999 sp610 264 VOID DJE sp610 335900 445192 9999 a ee en n sp620 335779 445162 9999 sp620 497 De us sp630 335656 445134 9999 sp630 249 VOID DJE sp640 335534 445107 9999 sp630 511 PRSA HALI DJE sp665 335245 445044 3999 sp640
100. ism to import DTMs or other model capping surface Export as grid asc This function enables the export of the base of an individual geological unit as an ASCII grid x Save grid as Cell size hooo 00 Grid extent x Min sooo Y Min 240000 0 Grid extent x Max e30000 0 Y Max 2500000 OK Cancel 56 This standard save box requires the user to define the cell size and extent of the grid the default value the cell size is model dependant and the extent 1s the whole project area Load GoCad TIN base top This function allows the direct import of GoCad Tsurf TINs into a GSI3D project If a top base pair of TINs are imported GSI3D combines them into a geological object volume When saving the project the imported surface s it will be saved as part of the model gxml file F Load Goad TIN a Lookin O Taz Hono ERORT x fe a BE File mare Cnn Files of type otaa Tin Ts ba Cancel NOTE This also allows the import of GoCad TINs for use as the DTM Export base top as GoCad TIN This function will export the base top as a pair of an individual geological unit into proprietary GoCad format The created TIN will be an exact match to the GSI3D TIN see Section 2 1 9 a Save surface s as GoCad TIN xj E Tm24 Oe CI EXPORT Recent Desktop a My Documents My Computer a 4 File name sae Cancel My Network Files of type BANSBET Tina Add scattere
101. istribution e Block model f Exploded view Using GSI3D the modeller can query the model to produce new thematic maps uncovered maps domain maps thickness plots volume calculations borehole prognoses and virtual sections and slices according to specific applied requirements see Section 4 9 Over the last year INSIGHT GmbH have capitalised on the GSI3D technology and built the Sub Surface Viewer as a means of delivering GSI3D and other models to customers This Viewer is not stand alone software but the model is encrypted into it The Viewer enables the client to visualise slice dice and query the block model that can be displayed according to multiple geological and applied parameters The GSI3D method aims to maintain a dynamic model of the near surface as part of the strategic surveying and continuous data revision process carried out by Geological Survey organisations When new data or knowledge is obtained the geologist can review the new data say boreholes 9 then as needed iterate the sections envelopes or even introduce new units in the stratigraphy The ultimate aim is not to store fixed outputs such as traditional maps GIS layers or grids but to maintain and continually upgrade an integrated geological model The GSI3D software and methodology has been developed for investigation of the shallow sub surface The actual depth to which modelling extends is variable depending on factors such as borehole depth
102. ject boundary set by default to the entire DTM can be clipped to any desired shape using the envelope construction methods described below TIP When drawing envelopes close to the boundary of the project DTM ensure that the envelopes themselves are stretched beyond the margin of the project area DTM NOTE When drawing envelopes for discrete lenses this is only done for the top of the unit the base of the lens will be automatically generated Because the elevation of the lens envelope is calculated from the end points of its correlation lines it is particularly important to work towards a perfect fit lt 5 metres between correlation lines and the envelope boundary Using the JAVA console it is possible to check if lenses have been calculated properly There is often no unique or correct way to construct an envelope but some general guidance is provided here In order to do this let us examine the case of TM14 Ipswich 89 Geological map of TM14 Ipswich showing superficial and bedrock geology 10 x 10 km Prior to envelope construction load all data into the map window and then select Tools Construct envelope Let us consider drawing 6 envelopes for this area the alluvium river terrace deposits envelopes can be largely drawn from the surface geological linework the Kesgrave sands and gravels requires a combination of surface outcrop information and data from sections and boreholes on its concealed limits the Red Crag envelope
103. le in East Anglia vertical scale 1 1 Using GSI3D exports a full volume block model has been built in GoCad as part of the Thames Gateway project The voxet model was then attributed with SPT test values from engineering logs Engineering point data visualised in GoCAD as part of the Thames Gateway project 5 4 Hydrogeological flow modelling tools Essentially the grid and point export from GSI3D is already suitable for simple hydrogeological modelling however few packages will be able to deal with the complexity of near surface models especially with holes in units Hydrogeologists in BGS have recently developed an object orientated successor to MODFLOW called ZOOM Hughes et al 2003 INSIGHT is currently developing a GSI3D ZOOM interface The diagram below shows the data model for the conversion of the GSI3D model to a ZOOM3d model 121 The Hydrogeological definition file is a spin off from the GVS and sets the parameters for the combined surface exports as well as the attributes for synthetic log export at predefined coordinates across the model 5 6 External Model Visualisation Sections fence diagrams and 3 D surfaces can be as videos av mpeg Five sequential shots of the Thames Gateway model displayed in Windows Media Player This is useful for the study of landscape evolution in particular the Quaternary Sciences and palaeosurface modelling for example for archaeological reconstructions It als
104. llung gt 2 Big column or parameter name z F Textures 3 Big column or parameter name r E Textures 4 Big column or parameter name ze Textures Textgroesse fi 2 M Show elevation of unit M Show description of unit OK Cancel Thickness of log in section sets the thickness of the borehole stick in the section window the default is 100 for modelling at IOK 25K tile size with sections up to about 10km long a stick thickness of about 20 is suitable Diameter of log in 3 D sets the thickness of borehole sticks in the 3D window s a sensible choice for most scales of investigation the default is 100 Up to 4 borehole sticks can be displayed each showing properties selected either from the columns 0 1 2 3 from left to right in the downhole blg file or parameters from a point data source here the header vlue has to be entrered SPT in this example Tick the Textures box alongside each field to display representative textures instead of colours as stored in the TEXTURES folder see Section 2 1 8 The user can change the appearance of the text on section windows in the textgroesse font size input field It is possible to switch on and off the labelling for the borehole sticks Show the elevation of unit displays OD and reduced levels of the units and show description of unit annotates the borehole sticks with their codes from the downhole blg file 72 B F5 m5 t 0 6 149 78 Lts grey 1 2 149 19 U s
105. logist can use the synthetic log tool see Section 3 2 1 to create virtual boreholes anywhere in the area These can be useful in planning drilling programmes for ground truthing and model testing The synthetic logs are displayed in the borehole viewer window and the attribution is retrieved from the GVS 106 le Addobjects Tools Analysis Help 3 GSI3D p i ol 4 a Baa SRB eB i ci 7 tm24_dtm amp others Bs m SDL 1 NN 44 1 LOFT LOFT Lowestoft Till czsvlb Glal Glacial 170 KES KES Kesgrave Sand and Gravel Formation s RCG RCG Red Crag Formation s very shelly ofti eas cross sections i Lov iF THAM THAM Thames Group cz thin sand beds LLTE LLTE Lower London Tertiaries cz colour rr 619716 75 Y 250330 86 Synthetic log generated from TM24 model 4 9 2 Synthetic sections One of the best insights into the integrity of the produced model is to draw synthetic sections through it see Section 3 1 1 3 This can be along or across geological and geomorphological structures To create synthetic sections p lt Load the volumes or TINs the GVS and the Legend file Select the DTM under Tools Select DTM 3 Go to Tools create new section Use the info tool to place the cursor on the map and use add point to section in the section window Repeat this until you have a completed cross section 4 Set the properties in the section window right click and select the correct GVS column an
106. logy colour etc NOTE Collective Best Practice Guidelines for borehole coding have been published on the DGSM webpages http kwntsdgsm1 4 3 Building sections construction and correlation Construction and Correlation Initial section construction and correlation follows the following steps 1 Load the DTM asc or grd Geology shape file load polygons shp Boreholes bid and blg Stratigraphy gvs and Colour legend gleg files into the GSI3D map window using the Add Objects pull down menu The CEH DTM with 50m cell size was found suitable for working at 25K scale But the use of higher resolution DEMs such as NEXTMAP or LIDAR is recommended 2 Minimise the 3D window and open the Borehole Viewer window and drag to a suitable position top right works well with the 3D minimized 3 Select Create new section from the Tools menu and give it an appropriate sequential name e g TM14_NS1 it is recommended to adopt a naming convention that includes the quarter sheet or project name in the dialogue 83 10 11 box This name will automatically appear ticked editable in the table fo contents of the section window Looking at the borehole distribution the surface topography and expected subsurface structure in the map window decide a rough alignment for your section and begin to use the nfo tool to examine the logs of boreholes close to the start of intended line of section You may need to zoom in and out whilst doing
107. ly active if unit is active in table of contents After selecting a polygon using the Info tool the polygon can be incorporated into the envelope layer data by clicking on this button The info tool leaves a red triangle in the map view to help you visualise which polygon has been selected When importing intricate polygons the Minimal Point distance must be set to O in order to avoid slivers of no data see Section 3 1 1 3 17 Synthetic log This button is only active once geological objects volumes have been calculated see Section 3 1 1 4 and enables the creation of synthetic logs displayed in the borehole viewer After activating the button the user clicks anywhere within the modelled area displayed in the map window in order to instantly display a predicted geological sequence at that poiunt in the borehole viewer 3 2 2 Table of Contents E 65130 FEBS grids a tm24_dtm trim plus 1 8 geological units le J tham Bg cross sections o f TM24_ DOCK w oo TM24NE_NS1 co TM24NE_NS2 7 TM24NE_NS3 u TM24NE_NS4 maps md 10k_comb_drif E E volume o e tham_ eM key others fr tm 4_05_topo_1994 Double click on the GSI3D icon to view the layers loaded into the map window these can be switched on and off using standard tick boxes as with GIS layers Right clicking on any folder icon name produces menus for reordering the layers and where appropriate editing them or calculating their properties The following o
108. ly checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gxml and slices into a differing directory environment Geo register horizontal geophysical slices 43 This option allows the geo rectification of horizontal geophysical slices using the following dialogue box Load horizontal geophysical slices x Settings Name of image NN _ F Image origin X VE Image origin Y DB t Pixeli cell size h Orientation angle 0 360 DD Colour scheme mj ____ ul Interval limit 1 gt 0 in aa Interval limit 2 gt 0in fee Interval gt 0 ho Log scale E Transparency 2D 0 1 fo Contrast enhancement gt 0 lo 3D Parameter S Reference height m above OD fo IV Fixed height Transparency 3D 0 1 fo In addition to the display of vertical geophysical sections it is also possible to visualize horizontal geophysical slices in the map and 3D windows Before loading the slices it is suggested to load the basic elements as the dem asc map jpg logs bid and layer blg In order to display geophysical horizontal slices as maps and in 3D the slices have to be geocoded by defining the lower left corner and the pixel or cell size m Pixel of the slice Click the top file locator icon to navigate through the file structure to the slice you want to geocode This can either be a picture or a grid file gif jpg rst asc or grd Type in the Settings property box
109. map Logged Boreholes Boreholes without logs Logged Boreholes deeper than 10 OK Cancel 59 I The user can choose colours for boreholes with and without downhole logs and also define a third colour for boreholes exceeding a user specified depth 5 Volume After the calculation of gridded volumes see Section 3 1 1 4 they are displayed in a list with the suffix _V for volume volume eM ak y eM gsgb1_W oo kes M rog oo tham w ode lbe Right clicking on the volume folder icon in the TOC produces the standard folder menu described above plus four additional options Export as shape file Set OD for sliced map Properties Export combined objects Export as shape file exports the loaded view of calculated volumes seen in plan view in the map window thus corresponding to envelopes ie WYSIWYG as arc shp files attributed with the contents of the GVS file Save in TM 4 IR tm24_LOk_comb_Brift shp tm24 10k Solid shp Recent If a stack of units are displayed they are stamped into each other to produce a topologically ie stratigraphically valid 2D geological map The detail of geological boundaries will be a function of the specified cell size with pixelation being apparent at larger cell sizes Users at BGS with Arc8 installed should consult Section 5 3 for direct export of envelopes 60 Calculated geological map from model showing 25m pixilation Scale is about 1 50 000 Set OD for sliced m
110. ments of other unit bases and sometimes the DTM if the given unit crops out Lenses In the case of lenses within a parent body grey there are two cases to consider Firstly the lenses may be co eval blue pair meaning they are one stratigraphic unit that is discontinuous In this case they are numbered the same It is imperative that no two of these lenses will occur on top of each other Secondly lenses may occur that relate to different temporal events even though they have a similar lithology geometry and parent body but the modeller has decided to still group them into one unit as described above orange group Where a similar such lens vertically overlaps another of the group it must however be assigned a separate code green lens over orange group If desired each lens can be treated as an individual hence not implying any age relationship red and yellow lenses As lenses are treated as intrusions they sit outside the GVS sequence They should be listed at the bottom of the GVS see Section 2 1 7 where in the ID column the top of the lens receives the negative numerical assignation as its corresponding base As intrusive bodies can therefore cross cut the stratigraphic boundaries in the model 24 NOTE Because the elevation of the entire lense envelope is calculated from the final nodes on the correlation lines the separation between the final node and the envelope boundary must not exceed five metres Lens envelope Final no
111. methods are intended to create geologically reasonable surfaces that are consistent with available data As with other modelled surfaces just because they are neat they are not necessarily true Method 1 Using an existing surface as a guide This method applies where a digital model of a surface already exists or where one can be generated from structure contours For example structure contours could be drawn manually either freehand or by geometrical construction If structure contours are constructed manually 99 assumptions about the orientation of regional dip strike and folding must be recorded Structure contours for a planar surface can be modelled from as few as three control points 1 The contour set would be scanned or imported from a CAD package and georegistered and converted to point data typically using a GIS package 2 The point data would then be imported to GoCAD and used to generate a model surface This surface is exported as an ASCII grid file or Tsurf file 3 The ASCII data is imported to GSI3D in the same way as any other surface see Section 3 1 1 B Add Objects For best results only add ASCII data for one surface at a time remembering to identify each one as not DTM 4 The modelled bedrock surface will then be visible within your section as a blue line This can then be used to construct the bedrock surface with appropriate adjustment to take account of borehole and seismic data For ex
112. nd their file formats Output Data type and format ESRI shape file ESRI shape file or geo registered JPEG image Sub and Supercrop maps ESRI shape file or geo registered JPEG image Grids of the base top or thickness of ASCII grids geological units Combined units GSI3D can exports all geological units envelopes base top and thickness as standard ESRI shapes and ASCII grids after model calculation see Section 3 1 1 4 Using the GXML conversion tool GS 3D_tools mxd described in detail further below cross section outlines and envelopes can be directly translated into ArcMap preserving their colour from the gleg file and topological attribution from the gvs file The ASCII grids can be converted individually to ESRI using the Arc Toolbox or as a batch using the Ascii2grid exe batch converter and MapInfo using gis3d2mif exe from Y GSI3D GIS_tools also explained below Any map view in GSI3D can be directly exported as a geo registred tiff image for quick visualisation in GIS The use of these exports in GIS software is manifold and new ideas are being developed all the time Below one example is shown where a full GSI3D model has been analysed to create a hydrogeological domains map SAS aN SALFORD el a 4 eat ig Sar RENA a 5 DA od Y SAN Iz ST m if cm 7 i il Mi pe UH U IE eae gt AREE j H f Var as ET tl nn nn VeSerball CX D8 SS 1 1 oe WAL Stadium mee D Sy Ymi Fnaineerinn if
113. ng Link all objects to 3 D window Rotating and tilting to check for any surprising anomalies in the overall fit of the sections can then assess the fence diagram depicted in the 3 D window Any anomalies should then be checked against the supporting data and interpretation to ensure they are true geological effects rather than errors in model building 4 6 Drawing Envelopes An envelope is a distribution map of any given geological unit in the stack showing where that unit is present either at surface or beneath other units In most cases the distribution is a combination of both The envelopes are constructed in the map window and saved into the same project gxml file as the sections The first envelope that must be constructed is for the DTM This is necessary because the software will pick the topmost unit as the cap to the model when calculating the volumes 1 Select the dtm code from the pull down list Tools Construct envelope This automatically opens it as a geological unit in the table of contents of the Map Window 2 Right click on the DTM unit and from the menu select Switch on edit The envelope construction tool icons now become active in the header toolbar and the unit is highlighted in blue 3 Under Erweitert now load the desired DTM as either an elevation grid a GoCad TIN or as scattered data point The DTM will appear as a triangulated surface in the map window 4 Using the envelope construction tool the predefined pro
114. now TIN based so triangulated volumes are calculated by the number crunching function In version 1 5 grids were calculated and used extensively for analaysis It remains possible to still calculate gridded geological objects but this must now be done from the calculated triangulated volumes Analysis of these gridded volumes is still possible in GSI3D and either the calculated triangulated or gridded objects can be exported for use in the Sub surface Viewer also developed by INSIGHT GmbH The diagram below illustrates the current flows within the software and relation to the Sub surface Viewer It is hoped with further development to remove the use of gridding entirely for Version 2 5 VERSION 2 April 2006 SUBSURFACE VIEWER Visualisation and limited analysis in GSI3D V2 Calculated TRIANGULATED VOLUMES Top and base of single unit to GoCad as TS file VERSION 2 5 April 2007 Full visualisation and analysis in GSI3D V2 5 Visualisation and analysis in GSI3D as per V 1 5 Calculated GRIDDED VOLUMES Batch top base thickness export to GIS Surfer and GoCad SUBSURFACE VIEWER Calculated TRIANGULATED VOLUMES Batch top base thickness export to GIS Surfer and GoCad 12 2 Data files and formats This section describes the basic data and their file formats used by GSI3D detailed information about the actual loading process is given in Section 3 1 1 It also includes a brief description about the extract
115. nvelope editing tools described in Section 3 2 they can then be merged into continuous envelopes Tanara cs N lt i Be g 117 5 Linking GSI3D with other applications This chapter describes the interaction between GSI3D and other software and the generation of products The diagram below shows the most common links and these are illustrated with examples below Hardcopy i maps and reports Corporate Datastores Tt Web delivery ake es T 5 1 Subsurface Viewer The Subsurface Viewer is a stand alone product for the delivery of any geoscience models to customers It as been developed and is licensed by INSIGHT A separate User Manual for the Subsurface Viewer is available Terrington et al 2005 In order to publish a GSI3D model in the Subsurface Viewer the user has to complete a model preferably with a GVS file that contains sensible and meaningful entries see After calculating the triangulated or gridded model file see Section 3 1 1 4 the model is simply saved as a volume model file 3 1 1 1 This file can then be directly incorporated the Subsurface Viewer as decribed in the Manual Terrington et al 2005 NOTE Any geoscience models can be published in the Subsurface Viewer by converting them to a volume model file in GSI3D 118 5 2 GIS The most common interaction of GSI3D outputs is with GIS systems The following table lists the possible exports a
116. o often provides the first look of the geological setting to be used for overview studies and in education For Video capture of GSI3D work and spinning models a free video capturing application such as Camstudio can be used For tips and tricks please refer to Boyd Wild s Best Practice document in the category visualisation at http kwntsdgsm 1 scripts bestpractice intro cfm A new recommended screen capture software is Fraps www fraps com a universal Windows application that can be used on all computers using DirectX or OpenGL technology Just like Camstudio Fraps can capture audio and video directly from your screen with up to 1152x864 pixels and 100 frames per second Also Fraps can take a screenshot with the press of a key so there is no need to paste into a paint program every time you want to capture the screen Your screen captures are also automatically named and timestamped 122 All resulting videos play in any standard video player like Windows Media Player 5 7 World Wide Web It is anticipated to deliver models via the Internet using thin client technology In the meantime models can be served over the Internet offering a download of the model encapsulated in the Subsurface Viewer see www bgs ac uk 3dmodels gsi3d 5 8 Report outputs GSI3D outputs to reports consist of pictures from section map and 3 D window saved as jpeg or tif images using the save button on the icon bars of the windows see Section 3 2
117. objects top base and walls see also Section 3 2 2 5 Volumes In order to create gridded geological objects volumes a triangulated model must already have been calculated as described above or the following files must have been loaded GVS GXML TIN export file see Section 2 1 and DTM After selecting the Calculate gridded volumes option the following dialogue box appears Calculate gridded volumes a x Convert all units to 3 D objects Cell size js Grid extent x Min b KM bo O Grid extent x Max ion Y Max ion OK Cancel This function operates in an identical way to the export as grids by setting the spatial extent and cell size see Section 3 1 1A A cell size of 25 metres has been found to be appropriate when examining 100 km tiles This function also allows the calculation of the aerial extent in square metres and volume in cubic metres see Section 3 2 2 5 In future releases this function will be transferred to work with triangulated geological objects NOTE Both these functions create objects for viewing and analysing in GSI3D and or export as model file for use in the SUBSURFACE VIEWER described in Section 5 1 48 3 1 1 5 Help Help 1 About GSISD The About GSI3D button contains the developers details and will in future releases include a link to user support derived from this manual 3 2 The map window An example map window is shown below 23 GSISD T Al IE A EEH grid
118. of intersecting lines according to a defined tolerance setting under Maximum acceptable difference in metres All errors are highlighted in the map window as a red square at the section intersection Right clicking on the section allows the user to jump to the error in the section window and to rectify the inconsistency Checking the reset checkpoints box and hitting ok clears the map window of error indicators 45 Borehole Viewer Clicking on this option activates the single borehole viewer window The viewer displays borehole logs selected by the Info tool from the map and section window and is particularly useful in deciding which boreholes to incorporate during section construction NOTE The borehole viewer runs in a separate window to GSI3D and once opened it must be dragged to a convenient position within the monitor window Also the first log selected using the info tool will need to be rescaled and positioned for viewing Display Java Console Clicking on this option calls up the Java Console that contains details of the status of the software including any error messages that have occurred during the session This facility should be used to alert the developer of any programme errors by cutting and pasting the message from the Java window into a text file and then e mail it to 3dmodels bgs ac uk TIP It is useful to have this window open at all times to instantly see when errors occur Minimum node distance Clicking on th
119. of the sections window and is ticked as the active section enabling construction to commence Use this option to draw new Sections and to add sections to the existing ones This function is used to specify the alignment of synthetic sections once the model is completed as described in Section 4 9 2 NOTE Always open all existing sections and envelopes prior to creating new ones so that all the sections and envelopes will appear in the saved gxml file at the end of the session GSI3D only stores what is loaded at the time saving is executed and doesn t automatically append data from previous sessions TIP This function is also used for creating synthetic sections Construct envelope This button creates a geological unit from correlated sections by plotting all base points in the map window ready for the user to draw the required envelope When selected it presents a Selection of unit window listing Name of unit for all units listed in the gvs file Select the unit required to commence drawing an envelope for it see below NOTE Once a unit has been created and at least one envelope has been drawn it will be stored in the project file with the next save This is not the function for calculating the z values of the envelope See Section 3 2 2 Select DIM GSI3D can load several elevation models surfaces during modelling see Section 2 1 1 Using the Select DTM function and the following drop down box the user can define and change the
120. ogram needs You are also required to enter an elevation model and a working directory A value is required for each box 140 Change Defaults q x Borehole layer BOGE Borehole ID Field REF Start Depth Field DORILLEG DE End Depth Field DRILLED 1 Lithology Field LITHOLOGY Lithostrat Field LITHSSTRAT RH TD Field BASE BED C Elevation model layer no canal dtm Working directory E Workspace a OK Cancel The next window that opens is the Program Window Composition Program E Field Method Lithology Calculate by depth to RH in Boreholes Calculate using grids Change grids Initially there are a number of options you can set You can decide to run the program on either the lithology or the lithostrat field from the Borehole Geology Turn on the appropriate radio button on the left hand side to set this There are two ways that the program works The first method calculates the lithologies in the boreholes down to rockhead as recorded in Borehole Geology If this option is selected no surfaces need to be set as the program simply runs from the top of the ground as specified from the elevation model down to rockhead in Borehole Geology Clicking the top radio button on the right hand side activates this method The second method selects only the parts of the boreholes that fall between two or more gridded surfaces For example if you had surfaces
121. on Tanne aie o gt Example of an extended GVS 2 1 8 Legend GLEG The legend file is used to assign colours and textures to the map polygons borehole sticks sections and envelopes and is created as an ascii tab separated text file gleg The file format is outlined below LEG_ID ALV Sandy 55 71 255 TEXTURES gravel jpg clayey LEG_ID This column contains the codes corresponding to the entries in the GVS files Stratigraphy Lithology Genesis etc and the codes used in borehole log descriptions Description Free text description of the unit Red Red value 0 255 Green Green value 0 255 Blue Blue value 0 255 Transparency Pre set transparency 0 255 0 transparent 255 full colour Texture link This field contains the path to the Folder containing the texture JPGs At the moment standard textures have been created for the new Superficial Deposits Description Scheme Kessler et al 2004b and are stored in the GSI3D program folder Y drive under TEXTURES Any other customised textures must be stored in a common place and the Texture link must be changed accordingly eg E my_own_textures my_gravel jpg TIP It is important to realize that RGB values for screen display need to be darker than those for printing 19 NOTE The Legend file works for all codes in GSI3D at the same time and clashes between matching codes in the Rock Classification Scheme and the LEXICON can occur 2 1
122. on double clicking the shortcut NOTE FOR ADVANCED USERS IF CRASHES OCCUR TRY STARTING GSI3D FROM THE COMMAND PROMPT USING THE TARGET STRING THIS WAY ERROR MESSAGES CAN BE CAPTURED AND SENT TO 3DMODELS HELPDESK 125 GSI3D2 local Properties x General Shortcut Options Font Layout Colors A 65130 local a Target type Application Target location bin Target Program Filesijavalbinijava exe smx51 2rr IY Runin separate memory space I Run as different user Start in eesto Shortcut key None Run Normal window Comment O Find Target Change Icon cet Property window of the GSI3D shortcut on your desktop NOTE If you are not sure about installing GSI3D please contact the 3dmodels or SNS helpdesk for assistance 6 2 System requirements The minimum spec to run GSI3D efficiently and comfortably is al Ghz Windows NT or LINUX computer with a minimum of 512 Mb RAM A high end graphics card preferably NVIDIA or ATI Radeon is desirable It s recommended to have a double screen or a separate laptop during the modelling exercise when the user is using the GEOENTRY system ACCESS front end to BoGe and SOBI the borehole scans other GIS system and GSI3D often at the same time 6 3 Copyright and IPR terms and conditions BGS has a perpetual unlimited seat licence of GSI3D for core science and commercial work The Letter of Cooperation signed between BGS and Hans Georg Sobisc
123. ophys slices gxml Load vertical sections from XML file Load horizontal slices from XML file u y Pc OE Slices Selected Selection Stites selected election No data No data Append gt Append gt Insert gt Insert gt Delete lt Delete OK Cancel OR Cancel This standard dialogue boxes enables the loading of the geo registered geophysical horizontal slices and vertical sections as images For geo registration see Sections 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 Tools This menu point contains a selection of different tools and functions used in the modelling process Tools Analysis Help I H Create new section T Construct envelope Select DTM EH Geo register vertical geophys sections grd gif jpg E Geo register horizontal geophys slices grd gif jpg Pe Check all sections Pa Borehole viewer Pe Display Jaya Console Pe Minimum node distance Pa Trim project by area Pe Split windows Create new section Selecting this item leads to a dialogue box requesting the input of a unique identifier Name of section for the section to be constructed Be systematic in labelling sections making use of the sheet on which they occur and their direction and sequential number where possible e g TM14_NS2 is the second north south aligned section on the TM14 25K tile Once selected this section appears at the bottom of the list of sections in the table of contents
124. ow as shown above see Section 4 9 6 115 NOTE If any prime datasets such as DiGMapGB and BoGe are found to be wrong or are then re interpreted as a result of the increased understanding of the geology provided by the model it is strongly recommended to rectify the appropriate source databases not just the model and then download the revised versions into the project folder for on going assessment 4 11 Model confidence assessment It is anticipated that every model is accompanied with a full confidence assessment following the rules laid out in Cave amp Wood 2003 This will take into account other factors such as geological complexity borehole density geological experience of modller surveyor etc The first produced 2 D confidence assessment in Glasgow of 1 10 000 sheet NS 66 SW shown below was based purely on borehole density and is published in Merritt et al 2005 4 12 Fitting together models The procedures to create systematic models of Britain are still under development Best Practice suggest that working in 10 x 10 km tiles seems appropriate for a systematic survey activity Docking sections are constructed along the grid line forming the common boundary of the two adjacent sheets Once drawn this section is copied into both sheet folders in identical form and can be labelled appropriately e g TM14_dock_east and TM24_dock_west Docking sections also can contain the bounding nodes for bedrock modelling descri
125. pGB collection of themes does not include key geological features such as faults mineral veins including coal seams fossil bands or structural measurements These data are available on request from Cartographic Services 2 1 4 Borehole data In a standard BGS modelling project using GSI3D digital borehole data is extracted into tab separated ASCII files bid and blg from the SOBI and BoGe databases using the DGSM data portal Section 2 2 The detail and methods of borehole coding depends on the project objectives and it is recommended where possible to use corporate dictionaries for coding boreholes see also Section 4 2 The bid file is the borehole ID file containing an ID x and y data to define each borehole location and the start collar height relative to OD The blg file is the borehole log file with information on the depth to base of each of the identified units 1 e it is the downhole log file This can be geological information from BoGe or any other downhole database organised in tab separated columns The log must be complete from the surface downwards and not intermittent intervals of core loss are coded as absent data not left blank The borehole index file bid needs to be prepared with the following structure Unique Borehole Easting Northing Start Height ID SE64S W23 123456 123456 11 22 All boreholes MUST contain a number 99999 if none available not in the start height
126. po maps In future releases the Portal will serve DiGMap and auto compile GVS and Legend files from the codes and colours contained in the extracted data 2 3 File structure and labelling All working GSI3D projects should be stored on the Small Area Network SAN in BGS Keyworth mapped as the W drive When working in a strategic survey project it is recommended to create a folder for each 25K or 10K sheet with the name of the sheet eg TM14 SJ79NE when working in a special project this folder should have a short project identification code eg MAN for the Manchester Urban project This folder contains all GSI3D files described above at one level and an EXPORT folder containing frozen grid and Volume exports from GSI3D Because the GVS and Legend file are usually relevant for multiple sheets or projects and can therefore be stored directly in the top folder labelled sensibly like MAN gleg or SouthEastAnglia gvs This convention can be taken to all levels of the project including the names of the cross sections e g MAN_sec_NS1 or TM14_WE2 WEAnESs 9 programmes LRATSSS SouthernEast4ngliaiipswich modelling T24 EXPORT File Folder 31 07 2003 08 55 South East _Anglia gvs 7KB GYS File 06 02 2003 09 26 tm24 gleq TKB GLEG File 31 07 2003 08 45 tm24_10k_comb drift avl BKB AVL File 09 12 2002 16 07 Biltm24_10k_comb_Drift dbf 382 KB DBF File 09 12 2002 15 46 R tm24_10k_comb_Drift shp 734KB SHP File 09 12 2002 15 46
127. ptions are available for every folder in some cases additional functions are offered and these are discussed in the individual folders below Link all objects ta 3 D window Hide all objects Show all objects Show as listed Invert list Delete all objects 53 Link all objects to the 3 D window This function enables all the objects within the given folder grids units etc to be added to the 3D window Hide all objects an the map window Show all objects in the map window Show as listed Invert list Delete all objects from the active session The folders for the various types of map data are 1 Grids Contains DTM and other imported surface grids Right clicking on an individual grid produces the following menu Save as image Properties Link to 3 D view Send to Front Send to back Delete object Save as image enables the capture of a Jpeg or Tiff image Properties calls up the grid property box described in Section 3 1 1 2 Link to 3D view sends an individual surface grid to the 3D viewer Send to front Send to back Delete object 2 Geological units The folder contains the units for which envelopes have been constructed and or a triangulated volume model has been calculated or loaded Right click on the individual geological units produces the following menu Update Properties Erweikert Link to 3 0 view Send to Front Send to back Switch on edit Delete object 5A Update This refreshes
128. qhia 3 201 110 ghsat ghsbo ghat qhbr qhpbr 3 201 111 qhFli0 qhF ig qhF ld qhFl qhF lb qhFl6 qhF la 3 201 112 qhOvl qha qhOvio qha qhawa qhO Vob ghada qhOw qha qhOWs 3 201 120 ghh qhhn 71 O K nozoikum Mlesozoikum Pal ozoikum Fr kambrium Zluart r Lluartar Allgemeine Gliederung des Quart r Holozan Pleistoz n Holoz n Holoz n Allgemeine Gliederung des Holozan k nstlicher Auftrag abgebaut gest rtes Profil Jungholoz n Mittelholozan Altholazan Klimageschichtliche Gliederung des Holozan ne Subatlantikumm Subboreal Atlantikum Boreal Fr boreal Gliederung in Pollenzonen nach FIRBAS 1949 Follenzone FIRBAS Follenzone FIRBAS IX Follenzone FIRBAS All Follenzone FIRBAS Wil Paollenzone FIRBAS Wl Paollenzone FIRBAS W Pollenzone FIRBAS W Gliederung in Pollenzonen nach OVERBECK 1 Follenzone OVERBECK All Follenzone OVERBECK al Follenzone OVERBECK X Paollenzone OVERBECK IX Follenzone OVERBECK vill Pollenzone OVERBECK villb Paollenzone OVERBECK V llla Follenzone OVERBECK Wl Follenzane OVERBECK Wl Follenzone OVERBECK W Kulturentwicklung in Mitteleuropa Historische Zeit Neuzeit 129 Anmerkung Quar r Terti r Kreide Jura Trias Perm Karbon Devon Silur Ordoviz Kame allgemein Aufsch ttungen und Aufsp lungen Subatlantikum Atlantikum Subboreal Boreal Praboreal 3000 Jahre BP bis rezent 5000 Jahre bis 3000 Jahre BF o000 Jahre bi
129. ram below 1 First construct the surface in Sections 2 and 5 Two control points are available in each section 2 Next construct Section B using Sections 2 and 5 as control 3 Then construct Sections 1 3 and 4 between the outcrop and Section B and also extending the construction colinearly as far as Section C a 4 Construct Section C using Sections 1 to 5 as control 5 Return to sections 1 3 and 4 and extend the construction as far as Section D 6 Construct Section D using Sections to 5 as control 7 Return to sections 1 3 and 4 and extend the construction as far as Section E 8 Construct Section E using Sections 1 to 5 as control The surface is complete This method can be modified according to any configuration of cross sections and control points LHREEEEEEEEEEEETEEEEEEEEREEEENEEENEEEEEEEEMEEREENEEEEENEEENENENEEEEEEEEENENEEEENETERNENENEEENENEEEEEENENEEEEENEEEEENENENENEEEEEENENENEEEEEEEENEENENEEEENENENEEEENEENEEEGEREEEEEEENEEEERENENENENNNG 4 7 2 Modelling faults GSI3D can be manipulated to handle a very small number of planar faults but cannot handle more complex faulted terrains Complex faulted terrains are better handled by integrating the use of GSI3D with GoCAD or EarthVisionThis method is used in GSI3D to model very simple faults It should be understood that this method is a fudge it uses the software in a way for which it was not designed and should not be used where there is a significant amoun
130. rameter are stored as a plg parameter log file and the legend with the respective threshold values are stored as a nvleg numerical value legend file The file with the numerical point values plg is structured in the same way as the ASCII text files for the lithological and stratigraphical downhole data see a geochemical data set example below In contrast to these logs the plg file includes a first row composed of the following columns for the sample number or ID meaning the ID of the borehole the measured down hole intervals from z to Z2 relating to the elevation of the surface not the absolute elevation of the sample interval all measured parameters Soil PLG Editor E loj x Datei Bearbeiten Format Ansicht Sample from Benzene Toluene Ethyl benzene p DRL Q T OO O00 0 00 0 00 0 0 D D D U D D D 1 2 2 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 IB 0 D 0 2 3 0 00 0 00 0 01 0 00 0 00 0 01 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 D 3 4 3 59 2 74 3 23 3 30 0 57 18 43 0 37 G 00 11 67 0 00 10 40 1 4 4 0 48 0 10 0 93 1473 0 07 3 33 0 00 0 00 3 37 0 00 Tear D O 1 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 2 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 3 0 20 0 32 0 14 1 15 0 02 1 85 3 4 0 78 0 37 0 52 1 27 0 17 3 13 4 4 8 1 2 26 1 27 3 05 1 15 9 22 Q li 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 1 2 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 2 3 3 4 4 4 0 20 0 43 0 44 0 07 1 22 The second required file is the legend nvleg file giving the paramet
131. rces eg Groundwater Vulnerability zones Ground stability maps etc Digital Terrain Model Model of surface of the solid Earth generally the boundary between geosphere and atmosphere or hydrosphere This is traditionally derived from OS contours and spot heights and should 132 Drift DSM Envelope GBASE GEOENTRY GEOHAZARD GeoSciML GSI3D GLOS GML GOCAD Grid GSD GSD2 therefore exclude all buildings trees hedges crops animals etc Sometimes also referred to as bald earth models Obsolete term for superficial quaternary deposits Digital Surface Models are elevation models that include height information from surface objects such as trees and buildings as well as from the terrain itself Examples include unfiltered LIDAR NEXTMap and photogrammetry produced elevation models Defined here as the extent of a geological deposit in plan view 2D forming a distribution map of the particular unit a presence absence map Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment Grid sampling of sediments from 0 1 and 0 4 m depth on 2km grid in rural and 0 5 km in urban areas Described with texture colour contamination etc and analysed for ca 50 elements an organics only Microsoft ACCESS based front end to SOBI BoGe and Bgprop developed by Ken Lawrie BGS Edinburgh Major BGS programme to produce national geohazard datasets for Great Britain Major deliverables are Scanned Borehole Im
132. re all written to the newest gxml file e g TM14v28 gxml et seq Al DTM borehole sticks coloured and outcrop intersections ticked 85 ar if N fans A2 DTM borehole sticks coloured and outcrop band coloured together with ticks largely hidden B Base of till showing nodes C Superficial geological units correlated 86 J E Levels of base LLTE inserted as arrows from crossing sections In southern East Anglia the 1 25 000 size tile has been adopted for systematic stratigraphical model building as the initial work with 1 10 000 tiles showed that this was too small as a workable unit for systematic section building and file handling The geological linework used should wherever possible be DiGMapGB 10k linework and if not available use DiGMapGB SOK In areas with higher data density York and Glasgow a 10K tiling was chosen instead Where possible major sections should aim to intersect structures and valleys close to right angles and the North South and West East sections should intersect at angles approaching 90 degrees but take account of surface topography and sub surface structure Smaller ancillary helper sections can fill in between the major sections to illustrate local variations and anomalies and incorporate linear bodies not well intersected by the major cross sections In working with 25K tiles a line spacing of about Ikm has proved acceptable in southern East Anglia and 0 5 km Manchester in s
133. re the solid geology shows the Red Crag to be overlain by a younger solid unit the Chillesford Sand 3 Update the map window and use the crosses and correlation lines on the sections and boreholes if any to extend the Red Crag polygon beneath the Chillesford Sand 4 Switch off edit and save gxml 95 Red Crag envelope 5 Lower London Tertiaries Envelope The Lower London Tertiaries envelope Lambeth Group and Thanet Sand Formation undifferentiated is again relatively straightforward where it is present it always rests on the Chalk and is not cut through in this area by any younger solid units 1 2 Select all polygons of the Lower London Tertiaries Thames Group Red Crag and Chillesford Sand and click on the Fill islands holes tool This yields two large polygons and three small ones the latter are minor outliers beneath the Orwell Gipping valley Identify any windows where quarries or drift deposits have cut through the Lower London Tertiaries to Chalk within the two major polygons there are 5 in all Select each of these 5 polygons individually using the nfo tool and then the insert polygon tool to cut out these areas as holes within the layer distribution NOTE this can only be done after merging the encircling polygons Switch off edit save the gxml 96 Bedrock geology of TM14 Lower London Tertiaries envelope 6 Glacial Channel deposits Envelope Glacial Channel deposits up to 50m thick occur
134. rking session If necessary choose the Transparency 3D properties Click OK and the horizontal slice appears as a map in the file tree of the map window The geocoded and displayed horizontal geophysical slices can be stored in the gxml project file 44 NOTE The coordinate setting properties can only be changed before the first visualization of the slice not during the first or any other working session NOTE The project gxml file only stores a link to the geophysical picture or grid referring to the location of the respective picture or grid while geocoding Changing the location of the picture or grid into another folder will result in loss of the data for the picture or grid But if these files are in the same directory as the gxml project file the system automatically checks this directory and chooses the indicated picture This enables the transfer of the complete folder gxml and slices into a differing directory environment Check all sections Check section s x Check section s for IV corresponding attributions of crossing corellation lines V elevation errors Maximum acceptable difference in metres 0 1000 10 5 reset checkpoints on Cancel This function enables the user to check all loaded sections for Corresponding attributes of crossing correlation lines which checks the consistent labelling of intersecting lines and for elevation errors which checks for corresponding elevation
135. rough take up mainly by the Urban and Systematic Survey programmes Many people have contributed to the process of supporting and developing the tool and methodology at the BGS To date over 90 BGS staff have been trained to use the software with over half of these actually going on to model within projects Whilst initial work as a test bed work was carried out in the Science Budget programme an increasing amount of commissioned models are being built for commercial clients including local government and the Environment Agency The feedback and suggestions for further development of the software and methodology generated by the staff working on these projects and customers are gratefully acknowledged With the release of Version 2 of GSI3D that this manual describes the software now represents a complete and finalized solution for the construction of geological models in superficial and structurally simple stratified bedrock sequences Especially thanks are due to Helen Rutter Simon Price Ricky Terrington Gerry Wildman Don Aldiss Kate Royse and Joanne Merritt for contributions edits and advice in rewriting this latest third version of this manual 1 Introduction Quotes Nur einfache L sungen sind gute L sungen Only simple solutions are good solutions Hans Georg Sobisch 2001 The familiarity which geologists and geophysicists have with this methodology working with cross sections suggests it as a sensible user friendly approach
136. s E geological units Eg cross sections BB maps GB volume others 3 2 1 Toolbar The toolbar contains the following icons Eusxzaa BR ROBB ilies 12 34 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 1415 16 17 1 Select background colour Click brings up the dialogue box below to select a suitable background colour in 3 different ways 49 is Select Oz colour x Att tf ff ttt zer Jessa _ 2171 eee Sample Text Sample Text Cancel Reset The Swatches tab shows 270 colour tiles the HSB Hue Saturation Brightness and RGB Red Green Blue tabs allows selection by interactive slider bars TIP This function is useful when constructing a bespoke Legend file 2 Save map window as image Saves the contents of the map window as a geo registered jpeg or tiff image Click this option to get the dialogue box asking for scaling for the image insert an appropriate m per pixel spacing to determine the definition of the image then save the image as a jpg or tif in a location of your choosing u Save map as image x Save in My Documents M g 2 Pixel scale m pixel Cancel My Pictures File name Po seve Files oftype BildformatTiFF ildformat JPEG JPG BildformatTIFF 2 je ue When saving a registration file is generated automatically jpgw or tfw enabling the import of the map to GIS systems The table below show the required values to export the images
137. s menu The tools sit under this menu BoreholeInterrogation mxd ArcMap ArcInfo File Edit View Insert Selection Tools Window f Borehole Tools i tal S GE FX gt cw E Borehole Composition Pa Find Boreholes a q Ar ca D x gt ee Change Grids Set Defaults o sey Alte cy Help m O if O ayib O alit Borehole Composition The borehole composition tool runs through each borehole selected and adds the lengths of the different lithologies together Before running the tool you must select the boreholes you wish to process You can do this in a number of ways 1 You can select the boreholes using the standard ArcMap Select Features tool This allows you to select the points by drawing a rectangle around the required boreholes QANA E E k eae 7 E 2 You can use the Define polygon for analysis tool This tool allows you to sketch a rubber band in ArcMap and all boreholes that fall within it are selected QANDAI Sok OMe E 3 You can select a polygon from a shapefile and any boreholes that intersect that polygon are selected To do this you must select a polygon from a shapefile and highlight the polygon shapefile in the Table of Contents Once activated the program will recognise this action and automatically select the boreholes The first time you activate the tool the Default Window will pop up asking you to enter the name of the borehole shapefile and the names of the fields that the pr
138. s 5000 Jahre BP S000 Jahre bis 8000 Jahre BR 10200 Jahre bis 9000 Jahre BP j ngeres Subatlantikum lteres Subatlantikum Subboreal Atlantikum Atlantikum Boreal Praboreal Zeit der Nutzungsw lder Buchenzeit Eichenzeit Eichen Hasel Zeit Eichenmischwald Hasel Zeit Eichenmischwald Hasel Zeit Eichenmischwald Hasel Zeit Kiefern Zeit Kiefern Hasel Zeit Birken Klilefern Zeit 1085 2 1086 2 10972 1099 2 1099 2 10902 1091 2 10922 1093 2 1094 2 1095 2 1096 2 10972 1098 2 1099 2 1100 2 1101 2 11022 11032 1104 2 1105 2 1106 2 11072 1106 2 1109 2 1110 2 11112 1114 2 1113 2 1114 2 1115 2 1116 2 11172 11182 11192 1120 2 11212 1122 2 1123 2 1124 2 1125 2 1126 2 1127 2 1126 2 1129 2 1130 2 03 15 03 16 13 21 03 23 03 24 03 00 03 11 03 11 03 12 03 12 03 12 03 13 03 14 13 21 3 22 03 23 03 00 03 12 03 13 03 14 03 15 04 00 04 00 04 00 04 10 04 20 04 30 04 00 04 10 04 11 04 12 04 13 04 10 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 11 04 12 04 12 Region Zone Zone Zahl Zahl E Kuerze aj 530 02 krt 530 530 530 Sai 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 540 550 Sol 550 550 550 O00 O00 O00 O00 O00 DO 100 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 Kim eS es es l 0 50I0 10 50 0 1 l1 0 5 0 0 10 0 5 0 50 0 0I I0 10 501010 0 510I10 0I0
139. s specified in the Legend file Send to front ticking this box gives the option to send the correlated section or parts of a section to the front overprinting any synthetic section panels this can be used when producing composite synthetic and correlated sections 73 TIP for checking a model it is useful to just display model calculated and correlation lines This way any discrepancy between correlation line black and modelled line blue is very obvious see Section 4 10 Lines at drill log positions In areas of crowded borehole data for ease of visualisation the borehole sticks and knick points can be displayed as vertical lines by ticking this function If Hang sticks on DTM is ticked the borehole start heights are adjusted to the DTM The accuracy of borehole levelling is likely to be more accurate than most current DTMs Also boreholes logs may not always start from ground level e g motorway routes now cut and filled gravel workings etc The cross points of correlation lines are shown using the symbol below this feature can also be switched on or off Y Display outcrop band ticking this option enables a coloured band of predetermined thickness showing the geological units at outcrop along the DTM trace see Section 3 1 1 2 TIP Section construction is often hindered by cluttered annotations Depending on the quality of data coloured up borehole sticks may be sufficient to enable good correlation lines to be construct
140. s the DTM but a surface geology map often combined superficial and bedrock should ideally be used as this is the geology at the DTM surface Then compare these tick arrows with the geological contacts along the section in the map window and the coloured borehole sticks This process can be helped by locking together the scales of the map and section windows see Section 3 3 1 Start to draw lines using the Draw line tool in the section window on the base of shallow drift units see B below such as till head alluvium and river terraces These are shallow dish shaped bases often running from one edge of the deposit at surface to the other Use the Zoom in where needed and produce precise lines with regularly spaced nodes giving geologically sensible shapes to the units Start with the youngest and work down the sequence its like exhuming progressively older palaeosurfaces erosional contacts and unconformities When each individual correlation lines is complete label it immediately activating the nfo tool in the section window toolbar and right clicking on the line select the Change line name option and type into the dialogue box the gvs code for the unit whose base it is eg alv for alluvium rtdu for river terraces undifferentiated etc The unit above the base should colour instantly via the gleg file as far up as the overlying unit base or the DTM whichever 84 comes first Any errors in colouring up indicate vertical stacking of units t
141. sections and an open fence diagram Useful for education visualisation and overviews eg catchment characterisation first pass assessments Systematic 0 5 1 5 km 5 10 kms Commonly 5 20 per square kilometre Formations and Members big lenses 2 10 square kilometres a day Compatible with 1 25K and 1 10K geological linework Computation of surfaces for export to GIS Builds a 3 D model stack for interrogation in site selection route planning resource assessment recharge and aquifer studies Detailed Site specific lt 500 m lt 5 km Often hundreds per square kilometre Members and thin individual beds and lenses Artificial Ground lt 2 square kilometres a day Compatible with detailed site plans at scales of 1 5 1000 Computation of surfaces and lenses for export to GIS Detailed 3 D model for analysis of thickness volumes flow paths providing bed by bed stratigraphy for use in Urban planning and site development etc Summary table of the various types of investigation and their characteristics 82 4 2 Borehole coding All BGS held borehole data should be examined Coding must be consistent with the BGS stratigraphical and lithological lexicons available on the intranet Only boreholes with reliable information that contribute to the understanding of the sediment body geometry or model should be coded For example where multiple closely spaced boreholes sho
142. sh the extent to which the terrace deposits are cut out and then use the polygon drawing tool to draw the area this then cuts it out from the envelope leaving an island within the polygon Outside the envelope there should be no crosses on the section lines if they occur there are two main possibilities If the correlation line has been poorly drawn in the section it may extend just beyond the mapped limit of the deposit in this case simply identify and display the section in the section window and reposition the final node in the section to fit the geology confirm the edit by using update for the map window The river terrace may however actually extend beyond its crop beneath another unit other then alluvium intertidal deposits and peat The only other possibility in this area is the occurrence of thin superficial deposits such as head Magnify any areas concerned and show the geological map and layer Select the edit polygon tool and drag the nodes of the river terrace unit layer into the head polygon to show that the river terrace extends some way beneath it query any boreholes to assist with repositioning the line Switch off the layer edit and save the gxml 92 River Terrace Deposits envelope 3 Kesgrave Sand and Gravels Envelope The drawing of the Kesgrave Sands and Gravels envelope is very complicated and is for the advanced or experienced user there are several ways to approach it The approach described below selects t
143. solution of 300 pixels per inch ppi SCALE M PIXEL 1 50000 1 25000 1 15000 1 10000 67 GSI3D will automatically generate a vertical scale along the x axis and will display the length of the section along the y axis In Paint Shop Pro or CorelDraw or similar graphics software set the image resolution to 300ppi and ensure that the original width of the image does not change Only one section can be exported at a time NOTE File extensions must be entered in the File name dialogue box 0 0 5198 8345 Exported jpeg from section window with scale bars TIP Occasionally where a high vertical exaggeration has been set on the 2D sections the m pixel resolution may result in part of the section being lost A lower resolution can be set to capture the entire section but the scale will be affected In these cases the section length at the required scale should be calculated and set after exporting from GSI3D into CorelDraw or Paint Shop Pro 3 Print Map Window Click on this icon to print the map window to a printer 4 Zoom to full extent Click fits the whole object to the dimensions of the section window 5 Zoom In Click on then click in window and hold down whilst dragging mouse to construct marquee around area to zoom in to release on completion 6 Zoom Out Click on click in window and repeat to incrementally reduce the magnification 7 PAN Click then click in window and hold drag to new position and release
144. surfaces such as Rockhead watertables can be imported in this format and viewed in 2D or 3D These surfacecan be selected to cap a GSI3D model with the resulting models truncated along surfaces other than the ground surface 2 1 2 Raster maps Rasters such as topographic maps air photos satellite images can be imported as geo registered JPEGs jpg with jpgw the jpgw registration file can be created directly from BGS corporate tfw registration files by changing the file extension The size of these rasters should not exceed 10 15 MB as that will seriously impact on the performance of the software Guidelines on the re sizing of rasters can be found in Section 6 4 NOTE The jpgw files used in GSI3D has its origin at its lower left corner 2 1 3 GIS data Points lines and polygons can be loaded into GSI3D as standard ESRI shape file shp and will be displayed in the map window Only polygons can currently be used to create envelopes Section 4 6 Colour information is not preserved with the GIS data and needs to be assigned via a separate legend file Section 2 1 8 14 The BGS digital map holdings DiGMapGB S DiGMapGB Data contain their information in separate layers these can be imported individually depending on need but merged theme layers can be created from the four primary data layers listed below in any required combination Artificial Mass movement Superficial deposits Bedrock geology The standard DiGMa
145. t and IPR terms and conditions 22sssssssnnnssseeeeennnnnnnnnnennennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnenn 126 6 4 Resizing and registering Rasters for the use in GSI3D 22200000snsssnennseeeeeen 127 6 5 Example of full hierarchical numerical GV ussssssesssseeeeesnesnnnnssseneennnnnnnnnnnnene nennen 128 6 6 Acronyms and GSI3D terminology seesssssssseereessssssseccressssssseccreossssssseceresssssecreesssssseees 132 Tee ETC Ne ae seele 137 Appendix t ACOSO TOOB ansetzen 139 Acknowledgements This user manual has been written and continuously updated by Holger Kessler and Steve Mathers at the British Geological Survey in collaboration with Dr Hans Georg Sobisch the programmer and developer of the GSI3D Geological Surveying and Investigation in 3 D software and his colleague Alexander Neber of LITHOSPHERE GbR It is a guide for geologists in BGS and elsewhere to using the software and methodology to construct cubic geological maps and models The GSI3D software was initially developed during the 1990s by Dr Sobisch for use in Quaternary sequences in northern Germany in collaboration with Drs Hinze and Mengeling at the NLfB Niedersaechsisches Landesamt fuer Bodenforschung which is the Soil and Geological Survey of Lower Saxony based in Hanover Over the past 5 years BGS has acted as a test bed for the accelerated development of the tool and methodology initially through the DGSM project and subsequently th
146. t of faulting 1 Where a fault has been observed on the geological map or deduced the bedrock units can be offset or stepped in successive sections see diagram Resulting model not following drawn Stepped units lines because not enough nodes were used 2 GSI3D prefers to model surfaces with curves rather than steps It is therefore necessary to add a large number of nodes to each step See diagram 3 This stepping should be carried out along the trend of the fault Achieving a smooth continuity between the same fault in different sections can only be accomplished by viewing the sections in 3D and by making sure that the down throw is the same in all sections 4 7 3 Boundary sections Bedrock models require boundary sections in order to the constrain the modelled surfaces where they have been projected to the edge of the model These sections bound the model on all sides typically forming a rectangle and contain all the bedrock units These sections will prevent GSI3D incorrectly calculating individual surfaces at the edge of the model Normally boundary sections are drawn after all the other sections have been created They need not include any data points and usually do not The bedrock surfaces can be constructed within the boundary sections by either of the two methods just described Where a new model adjoining an existing one is to be created the corresponding boundary section in the existing model
147. tensionStr null E 41CreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null 31 3 1 1 2 Add Objects Add objects Tools Analysis Help G Load DEM asc Load raster map jpg G Load polygons shp gt Load boreholes bid blg Load single section bid blg G Load sections gxml Load envelopes or TINs gxml Ca Load 345 qws Load legend gleg G Load point data xml EJ Show sample map xml Point parameter G Load point legend nvleg G Load vertical geophys sections gemi G Load horizontal geophys slices gxml This is the main menu for loading modelling data into GSI3D Load DEM asc Clicking on this option produces the loading and properties box shown below Load DEM asc Settings of surface Surface name INN show DTM line in sections Type of view v Elevation Slope Aspect Legend colours m _ Interval gt 0 I Shading factor 0 1000 o Transparency 2D 0 1 fo Transparency 3D 0 1 i OK Cancel Click the file locator icon at the top to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular DEM you wish to load Once located select and open the asc file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted into the Surface name box The name can be altered here 32 The show DTM line in sections box has to be ticked if the grid being loaded is to be displayed in s
148. the map or section window Once the windows are floating they can be docked again or shut down and activated again using the options below that replace the split windows button when it is utilised A Dock windows A Switch on 2 0 View Switch on 3 0 View A Switch on Section View 3 1 1 4 Analysis The Analysis pull down menu is shown below Calculate triangulated volumes Calculate gridded volumes NOTE Before calculating all volumes switch off editing on all geological units The calculate triangulated volumes function starts the calculation of all geological objects as Triangulated Irregular Networks TINs This process calculates all tops bases from loaded sections and envelopes Walls are calculated where the unit extends beyond the edge of the area to be calculated which is specified by the DTM see Section 4 6 for dtm trimming and Section 4 8 for model stacking After selecting the Calculate triangulated volumes option the following dialogue box appears 47 MODEL CALCULATION x Calculation of total model Begin calculation with START Used time c Cancel Simply press Start and watch the model calculate until the Start button becomes OK Hit OK and the calculated TINs are added to the geological units in the TOC and can be displayed in the Map Window by changing the Properties or in the 3 D Window by linking across The calculate gridded volumes function allows the creation of gridded geological
149. the unit in the map window in response to changes made to the correlation lines in the section window or its envelope It does not compute the TINs see section below Properties Right clicking on this produces a window for adjusting the properties of the individual geological unit layer display Envelopes and or TINs tm24_dtm a x Settings of unit GYS column fi D settings v Basal suface Top surface V Boundaries Contours Contour interval im 0 4 M Lines TIN Points Colour of unit in 2 D Transparency 2D 0 1 0 min border angle 0 45 fo 3 D Settings Basal surface Topsurface V both surfaces Colour of unit in 3 D Transparency ID 0 1 0 Type of view in 3D Contour Triangle mesh Flat V Gouraud OK Cancel NOTE If only Envelopes are loaded the only live properties are the GVS column Boundaries and Transparency2D as envelopes are 2 D forms whilst the remaining functions refer to 3 D surfaces The GVS column defines the colour of the unit s TINs top base combined or envelope The 2 D Settings include the ability to select either tick the Basal surface or the Top Surface Boundaries allows the user to switch on and off envelope boundaries Contours and Contour interval enables the user to contour the selected surface Lines TIN Points enables the user to select one or more options for displaying correlation lines triangles or nodes of the selected surface 55
150. this Use the zoom to full extent tool to refresh if needed Start your section either by selecting a borehole or if none is suitable selecting a start point in the map window using the Info tool Click on either the add borehole or add point icon whichever refers on the section window toolbar Pan along your intended line of section and select your next borehole or point on it then continue to add points and or boreholes until the section is complete NOTE as the section line is constructed it is highlighted as active and grows across the map window Sometimes you need to hit Update on right click or Zoom to full extent to refresh Use the zoom to full extent tool in the section window to examine the string of coloured boreholes sticks and points and the trace of the DTM produced see A below check it looks OK adjust properties by right clicking on window and selecting properties and vertical exaggeration by clicking on the icon and typing in an appropriate value try 15 for starters Untick the section in the table of contents and then tick it on again tick arrows should now appear on the refreshed version along the DTM where the section intersects geological boundaries see Al below Alternatively tick the Display map polygons box in the section window property dialogue box to show a coloured layer of the relevant geological map along the DTM as well as the ticks see A2 below NOTE It is possible to display multiple map bands acros
151. thout compromising the national GVS as they will both be referenced into a common over arching structure eg Pollen Stratigraphy and Terrace stratigraphy can exist side by side both sharing their Quaternary chronostratigraphy as shown in the example below 128 31 4 2 53 B4 ca 51 g 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 2211 231 241 25 1 26 1 271 20 1 2d 1 a0 1 41 1 321 331 a4 1 351 361 31 a0 1 391 40 1 411 421 431 441 45 1 46 1 47 1 40 1 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 00 11 00 01 00 11 10 11 20 11 11 01 11 11 O1 11 11 O1 11 11 11 11 11 11 O1 O1 01 11 O1 11 11 O1 11 11 11 O1 11 11 O1 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 11 10 Eile 11 12 13 10 11 12 ae 13 1 3 10 11 11 SF 12 12 Aa 13 10 11 11 12 12 12 Az 12 2 Ur ale 10 11 11 Region Region Zone Zahl Zahl Kuerze a O00 1 ne OO ogg O00 O00 O00 ood 100 200 100 100 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 110 110 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 120 120 120 m G OO oo O2 03 04 O0 01 O0 01 0z O0 01 O0 01 0z 03 04 05 06 O0 01 O2 03 04 05 0g 01 O2 03 04 05 06 OF O0 01 O2 03 04 05 06 OF 15 19 10 O0 01 O2 ms pl pr 3 201 q 3 201 000 qh qp 3 201 100 gh 3 201 101 qhty qh abg ghiprg qhij ghim
152. ting in reports maps and boreholes describing mainly sand and gravel resources in the UK Downhole log data is available on BoGe map data is available as digital polygons and grading data is available on a CD as an ACCESS database Short for Lexicon of Named Rock Units Mega ORACLE table containing the codes names definitions and parent child relationships of all mapped or recorded stratigraphical units in the UK Light Detection And Ranging Laser measured high accuracy lt 50cm high spatial resolution 1 2m DSM acquired from airborne platform London Computerised Underground and Surface Geology Major BGS project at the beginning of the 1990s generating 4 major geological surfaces for the London area within the M25 A map is the polygonal representation of geological units or domains projected to a plane perpendicular to the earth s surface A gxml file generated in GSI3D containing a calculated geological model Suite of elevation datasets and imagery products produced using airborne IFSAR Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar 5 metre cell size DSM and DEM filtered with 1 metre vertical accuracy Also 1 25 ORI Orthorectified Radar Imagery product Available for the whole of the England and Wales and southern Scotland with plans for complete UK coverage Geological units in a model stack comprising top base and walls a k a Volumes The area where a geological unit is intersected by the earth s surface DTM
153. tion For use n adding knick points whilst constructing sections with the location selected in the map window using the Info tool simply click on the icon to add the location to the section under construction 16 Set vertical exaggeration This input field enables the setting of vertical exaggeration after typing the desired value hit enter to make the change occur TIP In work on Quaternary sequences in several parts of Britain a value of about 15 has proved useful although the presence of any very deep boreholes means that those sections then becomes very large deep requiring careful navigation using the PAN and ZOOM options 3 3 2 Table of Contents 3 5130 E i cross sections 7 TM24NE_NSI 7 TM24NE_NS2 TM24NE_NS53 f TM24NE_NS4 7 TM24NE_NS5 TM24NE_WE1 dW TM24NE WER Double click on the GSI3D icon to expand the cross sections folder containing the sections loaded from the gxml file into the section window Only one section can be shown by ticking box at once Right click on the cross section folder gives a menu as follows Link all objects to 3 0 window Delete all objects Link all objects to 3D window Click this option to load all the sections into the 3D window 69 Delete all objects With the cross section folder opened right clicking on the individual sections enables their properties to be adjusted using the standard section windows properties box the option to invert the direction of a section
154. to the Name of map box The file name may be changed here if needed Check the Black and white picture box if appropriate and adjust the Transparency setting to suit Then click OK and the file will load into the map window NOTE The JPEG file must be accompanied by a jpgw registration file see Section 2 1 2 33 Load polygons shp Load polygon map Ext Hame of map bat Uk_comb_dritt LEX ROCK a Select field for legend E J Draw boundaries 7 Fill polygons 24 dtm _trim_plus2d asc Attach map to grid Height of outcrop band 100m 100m fi Transparency 2D 0 1 fo OK Cancel Load polygons shp Clicking on this button produces the load polygon map dialogue box Click the top file locator icon to enable navigation through the file structure to the particular digital map file you wish to load Once located select and open the shp file and this is loaded into the file box and the file name is inserted into the Name of map box The file name may be changed here if needed The Select the field for legend box displays the attributes of that particular shape file such as LEX for Stratigraphic Lexicon entry and ROCK for lithology in case of BGS DiGMapGB shapes Tick the Draw boundaries and Fill polygons options to show the coloured envelopes In the Select grid to attach shp file box all the DEMs that are loaded are listed it is important to highlight and select the correct DEM that corresponds to the
155. tudies of Quaternary Neogene and Palaeogene deposits producing 20 40 standard 8 10km long sections per 25K sheet NOTE If you want to add a borehole to the start the left hand side in the section window of the section simply reverse it right click on the section in the table of contents of the section window add the borehole and reverse it back to it s original direction 4 4 Fitting together and checking sections When a series of parallel say N S aligned sections have been constructed through the area being mapped or modelled a second series of sections are drawn broadly normal W E aligned 87 to the first to produce a representative fence diagram of the area As you construct this second set of sections each W E section will intersect most if not all of the N S sections GSI3D displays these intersections by positioning arrows corresponding to the bases of units in the intersecting sections so that the two sets of sections can be drawn to correspond at their mutual intersection point It is often the case that having first drawn a N S section that is displayed in the construction of an intersecting W E section the data available in the latter section suggests that the position of the base of a unit needs to be modified This is achieved by drawing the preferred base on the W E section and then using the info tool to right click on the intersection arrows and selecting the crossing cross section This takes you to the intersecting N S s
156. unit is active in table of contents Mainly used in editing polygon shapes or dragging nodes to overlap adjacent polygons to enable combination Click to activate right click to select any polygon displays all existing nodes Enables addition of nodes to line by clicking on it and removing nodes by double clicking on them 11 Split Polygon only active if unit is active in table of contents Very useful for chopping away chunks of a polygon during the construction of envelopes Click to activate click at point outside polygon to start a line for splitting then drag to beyond other side of polygon and double click to produce a line crossing the polygon splitting it in two Then use polygon info tool see below click on it to activate it then right click on any segment of line in the half of the polygon you wish to be deleted and select delete polygon from pull down menu finally confirm your decision 51 NOTE When splitting a polygon the initial and final clicks that define the cut line must be within the same polygon A cut line cannot be produced by starting the cut line in one polygon traversing a second to terminate in a third polygon ie A B A works A B C does not 0 0 6 12 Combine overlapping polygons only active if unit is active in table of contents Click automatically combines any polygons in the editable layer that overlap each other Useful for the drawing of envelopes that include surface outcrops and subcrops T
157. unit reduced levels as scattered x y z data for incorporation as additional data points in the calculation of the stacked model NOTE This function is redundant due to the availability of x y z export After export the above window will give the user the option to retain or delete the reduced borehole levels data Exit This button exits the application The user will get one chance to cancel this after that E Exit unsaved data is lost Clicking on the close icon on the GSI3D window has the same effect Exit program i i X N Are you confident you want to exit this program NOTE Closing the MS_DOS window below will automatically shut down the programme and any unsaved data will be lost E GSI3D2 local HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH GSI3D 2 8 ersion GEOLOGICAL SURVEYING AND INVESTIGATION IN 3D Sobisch lt c gt 1999 2805 ro 1 EJ G51302 local Hllss120 version 2 0 ceo by Dr MT TTITTTTIT TTT BE AE AE PE ETE TT Te Te TTT Tre TT Tr rr Tir Tr TTT Stereo false Sug lCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null wglCreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully lextensionStr null ARY ven p e Failed The operation completed successfully gextensionStr null BuglGreateContext Failed The operation completed successfully extensionStr null ee EEE Failed The operation completed successfully ex
158. ure it may also be used to link databases directly to the GVS The LINK_ID must be an integer number between 65000 and 65000 with no decimals Stratigraphy This field and any subsequent fields are used to provide the link to the legend file The legend field entries are caps sensitive and must match exactly the entry in the legend file There can be multiple fields in order to colour up the model by other parameters TIP It is recommended to generate the GVS in WordPad or EXCEL NOTE The legend file must NOT contain any header information The GVS file can but does not have to contain any headers However if the model is to be published using the SUBSURFACE VIEWER column header names are necessary as they will be displayed in the property pick list It is therefore important to give concise and meaningful names that can be understood by your envisaged client NOTE The gys file must not contain any special characters such as amp NOTE All GSI3D files but in particular the GVS file must NOT contain an empty row at the bottom of the data file 18 210 x A B D E F J T N m 1 name id Stratigraphy Strat_text Lithology Lith_notes Gen_code Genesis Age Colour H 2 dtm 0 DTM Any dtm 3 mgr 1 MGR Made Ground 4 wor 2 WGR Worked Ground 5 wmgr 3 WMGR Infilled Ground 6 bsa 9 BSA Blown sand S Aeol Aeolian Holocene brown 7 alvtop 6 ALV 8 stobco TISTOB Shoreface and beach upper 9 peat 10 PEAT
159. via a link ID with BoGe borehole units ORACLE legacy table containing the header information to BGS borehole records Precursor to SOBI ORACLE legacy table containing standard stratigraphical and lithological and property data for geological units Precursor to BoGe and BGprop Corporate ORACLE table containing standard stratigraphical and lithological data for geological units A loosely used term to refer to the nationally available DTM based on OS Ordnance Survey 10 metre contour data that has been hydrologically corrected by the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology in Wallingford using additional height information of rivers streams and watersheds Currently the only nationwide available seamless DTM Digital Elevation Model Collective term for DTMs and DSMs Digital Geoscientific Spatial Model Major BGS programme to standardise BGS data formats and working practices LINK Web based retrieval tool giving access to prime BGS corporate datasets such as DTMs raster maps DiGMapGB data Borehole information geochemical and geophysical data The digital geological map of Great Britain a database in 4 layers mass movement artificial deposits superficial deposits bedrock and 3 standard scales 250K 50K and 10K Served on the S drive and available as ARC and MapInfo polygons A 2 D area of similar setting or equal processes In BGS usually derived to satisfy a particular customer need by interpreting a number of data sou
160. w the same sequence only the deepest or best described logs have been coded The datasets should be edited cleaned to remove erroneous grid references and correct or supply start heights Boreholes whose logs are without recorded start heights can be estimated from the 1 10K topographical sheets or the DTM The choice of boreholes should be largely independent of any pre conceived geological model Whilst the project remit may require that boreholes offering a certain type of information are included care should be taken to ensure that an objective approach is used when including or excluding primary data The borehole stratigraphical classification held in BoGe tables can be revised as an iterative process during the development of the sections and the geological model The level of stratigraphical refinement of the coding is largely driven by the recognized geological mapping units at surface and the aimed resolution of the model Coding of distinct lithologies within members and formations is also recommended to permit subsequent analysis of facies patterns Complex glacial sequences present special problems as stratigraphical principles often break down When working in areas with poorly understood stratigraphy the coding of just lithological descriptions is recommended rather than trying to interpret the unknown NOTE Please note the difference between geological interpretation stratigraphy and codification of borehole descriptions eg litho
161. wards first computing the top unit that lies between the DTM and its base within the area of its distribution envelope The next unit in the sequence is then computed within its envelope its top may be a combination of the DTM where it crops out and the base of the overlying unit where it 1s concealed The following plan and section views show a likely arrangement of four units in a stratigraphical sequence 4 1 from oldest to youngest x Y Base atmosphere Unit 1 has its base and its distribution envelope defined by its surface outcrop the DTM forms its top i e base of atmosphere Unit 2 has its base and envelope defined by the limit of its surface outcrop and its subcrop beneath Unit 1 the top of this unit 1s a combination of part of the base of unit 1 where it rests on unit 2 and the DTM where it crops out 23 Unit 3 has its base and envelope comprising two polygons bounded by the limits of its subcrop whilst its upper surface corresponds to parts of the bases of units and 2 and also segments of the DTM where it crops out Unit 4 forms the base of the stack and its base is not encountered but it is entirely concealed and continuous as the unit is present throughout the area Therefore the envelope equals the project area The top of this unit comprises elements of the bases of Units 2 and 3 So the base of any unit is considered to be a single surface whilst the top which is not defined is composed of ele
162. well illustrated above by the Kesgrave Sand and Gravel and subcrop envelopes of entirely buried deposits The presence of a bedrock layer in DIGMAP in addition to the surface geology map also provides polygons that can be selected to help in drawing either outcrop and subcrop or purely subcrop envelopes for bedrock units 98 4 7 Techniques for bedrock modelling 4 7 1 Modelling surfaces It is possible to model layered bedrock within GSI3D The main problem with bedrock modelling is that the density of borehole points is commonly low relative to the number of cross sections so that it is difficult to model a bedrock surface smoothly Although each section may be precisely modelled small differences in the modelled attitude of a bedrock surface between adjacent sections can give rise to a ploughed field effect as shown below in an example of Thanet Sand Formation in the Thurrock area There are two methods that can be used to resolve this problem These methods can be applied whether the bedrock dip is uniform or varying large scale bedrock folding has been successfully modelled Where a succession of bedrock surfaces is to be constructed always start with the one for which there is most control Surfaces which lie either higher or lower in the sequence can then be modelled to follow the shape of the first taking account of any relevant control points and known or inferred thickness variations It must be understood that these
163. with the polygons switched off as this shows any mismatches very well Correlation lines can then be iterated and using the update function Section 3 3 3 the revised lines can be viewed instantly and more nodes can be added to the correlation line if necessary am su JER TAQ eH g r Eije s cross sections GRIMSBY 11 GRIMSBY _2 GRIMSBY 3 GRIMSBY 4 GRIMSBY 6 GRIMSBY T1 GRIMSBY SE GRIMSBY 9 GRIMSBY 10 GRIMSBY 11_1 GRIMSBY 121 GRIMSBY 14 GRIMSBY 16 I GRIMSBY 18 I GRIMSBY 21 M GRIMSBY 25_1 GRIMSBY 26 I GRIMSBY 27 L GRIMSBY 29 ie u GRIMSBY 32 GRIMSBY 331 GRIMSBY 35 GRIMSBY 36 GRIMSBY 37 GRIMSBY 38 GRIMSBY 39 Le I I I GRIMSBY 40 aS I GRIMSBY 4 H F I ff A E E II Ff gt 1 kee e b IE i ns al i Es p E Sl La L_ E Model checking where the lines appear yellow there is an exact match between correlation line black and model line blue A good way of checking the integrity of the entire model is to draw a rectangular grid with Ikm spacing for a systematic model across the whole area and view the resulting fence diagram of synthetic sections in the 3 D window see Section 4 9 2 Any mis matches in correlation will become apparent instantly Other useful ways of checking include viewing maps of the thickness variations of units and elevational maps of their bounding surfaces in the map wind

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