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MapCalc User`s Guide - Berry and Associates Spatial Information

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1. 35 Tools 37 Tools 22 36 U UNIS 15 Converting 24 Setting 13 1 5 14 User s 3 Variances 92 Variogram 9 86 89 93 View 14 View Data 22 24 View Histogram 27 View Layer Information 24 View 39 View 27 Viewing Maps 21 Window Menu 19 X 14
2. Zoom dis Zoom In Reset to Defaults Menus File Menu New Create a new map set using the Map Set Creation Wizard Open Open an existing rgs file Close Close the current file Save Save the current map set as a rgs file Save As Save the current map set as a rgs file with a different file name Export Map Set Saves the active file as a MapInfo table tab file ESRI shapefile shp dBASE dbf file comma delimited text csv file MapInfo Interchange mif file or AgLeader 3000 tgt file Send to MapInfo MapCalc Professional Launch MapInfo Professional and open all of the layers in the current map set The map set is opened as temporary files in the MapCalc Send To folder Each time you use the Send To MapInfo command the files in this folder are overwritten To save the layers in tab format use Save As in MapInfo and select a different folder in which to save the files Print Opens the Report Printing dialog box Image Registration Opens the Image Registration utility which enables you to geo register raster images in TIFF JPEG or BMP format Image Transformation Opens a Image Transformation utility for converting geo registered TIFF files to MapInfo tables Last Open Files A list of recently opened rgs files This shortcut allows you to open the last file you used by clicking on it here rather than going through the Open dialog
3. 5 5 Creating Modifying and Saving Creating a New Map 7 Adding Layers to the Current Map 10 10 Savine Sets MSG vesicles 10 Opening and Closing Map 2 22 2 0 00 11 12 Setting Program 05 Setting Startup Options siesatini an a ieii 13 Setting Default Map Display 13 Setting Default Map Title 14 Setting Default Map Legend 15 Setting Default Plot Cube 15 Setting Default Scatter Plot Display Options 2 16 Setting Default Histogram Display 17 Setting Default Graph Title 244400 17 Setting Default Graph Footer 18 Setting Default Graph Axes Options 18 Setting Default Report Options ccccccccccecessesssceeececeeeensssssseceeecseeensaaees 19 Setting Default Map Analysis 19 2 Working With Maps scscssccscccctscccccassescsceesencacssscaneseesesc
4. Exit Closes the program 36 Menus Map Set Menu This menu is available when a map set is open Manage Layers Opens the Manage Layers dialog box for selecting maps to view renaming and deleting map layers from the map set Map Analysis Opens the Map Analysis dialog box which enables you to perform advanced mathematical functions using data columns as variables Create Graph Scatter Plot for determining the correlation between two parameters Histogram for determining data value distribution Add New Layers Starts the Add Layers Wizard if you have already created a grid set and need to add more layers Graph Menu This menu is available when a graph scatter plot or histogram is open You can access menu options marked below with an asterisk by right clicking on a map to activate a Shortcut menu Properties Access to choices for marker style size and color for the selected graph Default graph options are in the Default Options dialog box Reset View Resets the properties for the selected graph to program defaults Regression Line Toggles the visibility of the regression line in scatter plots Save Picture As Saves the selected graph as a graphic image file Close Graph Closes the selected graph window Tools Menu This menu is available when a map set is open After making changes with tools you can u
5. The Confidence Interval reports the 95 percent confidence range on either side of the Percent Difference table mean and variance In this example there is a 95 percent confidence that the actual mean percent difference is between 1 25 and 2 33 actual variance is between 42 00 and 52 44 The T Test evaluates the distribution function of a Student s t random variable with the appropriate degrees of freedom The Chi Squared Test evaluates the chi squared distribution for the statistic and the appropriate degrees of freedom Wilcoxon W statistic 386028 00 2 E W W 395847 00 2 Wilcoxon W statistic is p value 0 22 rank sum test for identical population distribution Adjusted Wilcoxon statistic 387535 00 functions If the difference between the two Adjusted 2 E W W 394340 00 populations can be Adjusted p val 0 30 attributed solely to a ih aps difference in location then W statistics for averaged ranks 386781 50 the Wilcoxon test becomes a test of equality of the Standard error of W averaged ranks 6379 89 population means or medians and is the Standard normal score of W averaged 0 65 nonparametric equivalent ranks of the two sample t test Two sided p value of W averaged 0 51 ranks 77 Map Analysis Tools Correlate Correlate derives a correlation matrix from a stack of maps The correlation coefficient indicates the interrelation between two ma
6. Minority The least frequently occuring number among the stack of map values for each grid location Variety The number of different numbers occurring among the stack of map values for each grid location AllStats This option generates fifteen maps one for each of the summary statistics noted above For lt newMap gt 74 Statistical Tools Cluster Cluster is used to identify areas with similar characteristics on a set of map layers The procedure in effect spears a set of values through a stack of map layers then investigates the data pattern formed by values to determine other locations that are most similar For example a location with values 100 100 100 for three map layers would be more similar to another location with values 98 96 97 than to a location with values 15 12 17 The first step in clustering establishes arbitrary data centers for each cluster by assigning random data values The similarity or data distance is computed for a map location to the data center for each of the clusters The location is assigned to the cluster with the closest data center i e the most similar data pattern The procedure is repeated until all map locations have an initial cluster assignment The next step calculates the average of the data values for the assigned locations within the initial clusters The averages form updated data centers that reflect the typical data pattern of the c
7. Map 14 Analysis Posty Customizing Reports 29 2222001 16 D Report Header 29 18 19 29 Data B 91 G Background Colt 16 Discrete Global 13 17 18 isis 91 Legends 15 17 18 14 AXES 18 Border 14 15 18 Data pute nauriin 18 Boundary 7 17 Graph Map Data 16 17 18 paul Graph 22 87 49 2172 Graphing Map Data 22 Calculation 25 h Pooter Options ve Grid 15 18 Histogram Display Options Categorical 17 7 14 Map Analysis Options 19 Grid Wal an 22 222 8 Map Display Options 13 H Closing Map 11 Map Legend Properties 15 CHIMP 44 Map Title Properties 14 75 Plot Cube Properties
8. Default histogram display settings are found in the Default Options dialog box Setting Current Map Properties Maps are created with default properties that are set in the Default Options dialog box After you create maps you can set many properties individually To open the Map Properties dialog box select Map gt Properties The title bar displays the name of the map for which you are setting properties this is the map in the active window Note Many settings in the Map Properties dialog box are identical to those in the Default Options dialog box Refer to Chapter 4 for descriptions of tabs and options except as listed below After you select the properties for the current map you can use the buttons at the bottom of the dialog box to e Apply to see the changes in the current map while keeping the dialog box open e Apply to Open Maps to set these properties for all of the open maps e Use as Map Defaults to set these properties as the program defaults for all new maps Setting Map Title Properties The Title tab contains title display options for the currently selected map This tab is identical to the Title tab in the Default Options dialog box except for the following Use Default If you wish to enter a new title clear the Use Default check box The default setting displays the map name as the title You can type in the entry blank when Use Default is not checked 23 Working With Maps Conve
9. 64 Neighbors Analysis Tools Neighbors Analysis Tools Neighbors analysis tools include Interpolate Orient Profile Scan and Slope Interpolate Interpolate creates a continuous surface from point data by performing a nearest neighbor analysis to fill in missing values on a map Interpolated values may be determined by weighted nearest neighbor or discrete interpolation Example INTERPOLATE Locations AROUND Roads Discretely FOR Interpolated Locations Interpolate lt dataMap gt Around lt maskingMap gt Specifies a map with zeroes indicating areas not to be interpolated Within lt grid spaces gt default 5 Specifies search radius for values included in the interpolation Using lt data points gt default 6 Used with the Continuously option Specifies number of neighbors included in the interpolation MapCalc uses only the number of neighbors specified even if the WITHIN command includes more potential neighbor cells Select Continuously Indicates a weighted nearest neighbor interpolation is to be performed Discretely Indicates a simple nearest neighbor interpolation is to be performed Select Maximum Used only with the Discretely option If two or more neighbor cells are equidistant the greatest value of the equidistant cells will be used Minimum Used only with the Discretely option The minimum value among equidistant neighbor
10. Compare lt existingMap gt With lt anotherMap gt To lt newTextFile gt Example Output Note SCAN is used first for this example SCAN Elevation Average WITHIN 5 FOR Elevation_smoothed COMPARE Elevation WITH Elevation_smoothed TO Compare_table txt Difference of Cells of Map 32 942 to 28 280 4 0 64 28 279 to 23 617 7 1 12 23 616 to 18 955 7 1 12 The Percent Difference table is calculated by computing 18 954 to 14 292 27 4 32 the percent difference 14 291 to 9 629 33 5 28 Between the nape on ocell by cell basis The small 9 628 to 4 966 48 7 68 Average Difference of 1 79 indicates that the maps 4 965 to 0 304 183 29 28 are fairly similar Also the distribution of of Map 0 303 to 4 359 252 40 32 values are centered about zero with nearly 70 29 28 ae 40 32 between 4 965 and 9 023 to 13 686 19 3 04 4 859 percent difference NaN Values 0 0 00 1 79 lt Average Difference 6 84 lt Standard Deviation 76 Statistical Tools CI Variance CI Mean Lower Limit 42 00 Lower Limit 2 33 Upper Limit 52 44 Upper Limit 1 25 T Test df 624 degrees of freedom t 6 54 t statistic p_value 2 00 test probability Chi Squared Test df 624 degrees of freedom chi_squared chi squared 29192 46 statistic p_value 0 00 test probability
11. In a sense Intersect is a two map Renumber operation Instead of assigning a new value to an old value on a single map Intersect assigns a new value to a pair of values on two maps This function is frequently used in geo searches The Crosstab function provides a tabular summary of Intersect results The tabular summary provides additional information on the intersection Example INTERSECT Covertype WITH Water ASSIGNING 1 TO 3 AND 2 FOR Forested Streams Intersect lt existingMap1 gt With lt existingMap2 gt Assigning lt newValue gt To lt map1Value gt And lt map2Value gt Add Add the phrase to the command line Del Remove the highlighted phrase from the command line Completely Automatically assigns sequential values to all value pairs Select Zero Fill Assigns a 0 to unassigned pairs Old Fill Retains existing values at locations with unassigned value pairs For lt newMap gt 55 Map Analysis Tools Distance Analysis Tools Distance analysis tools include Drain Radiate Span Spread and Stream Drain Drain creates a map indicating the number of steepest paths optimal path density from a set of locations along a surface It calculates all downhill paths extending from a starting location specified on one map sourceMap over a three dimensional surface surface map The surface map may be a topographic surface map a cost surface map or any oth
12. Returns map to default view after changing viewing angle Copy View Copies the orientation and dimension of the current map to all other maps Does not copy theme Print Opens the Report Printing dialog box Save Picture As Saves the contents of the current map window grid legend and map title as a JPEG jpg PNG png metafile wmf emf or bitmap bmp image Close Map Closes the currently selected map This does not close the program Reopen map windows using the Manage Layers command from the Map Set Menu View Menu Options Open the Default Options dialog box which contains settings for global program properties including startup behavior standard units and the appearance of maps graphs and reports Toolbars Check which toolbars should appear on the MapCalc window toolbars are visible by default Data Inspection Opens the Data Inspection window allowing you to view the data contained in the entire map set as you hover the mouse over any map Status Bar The status bar is located along the bottom margin of MapCalc window As you hover the mouse over a map the status bar displays the lat lon coordinates X Y grid coordinates and the value in the current cell Window Menu Close Close the selected window To reopen a window use the Manage Layers dialog box to view the layer The map reopens with program defaults applied Close All Close a
13. 89 A Brief Overview of Interpolation 90 Glossary 11 Glossary For an online reference of mathematical terms try Eric Weisstein s World of Mathematics http mathworld wolfram com Affine Transformation Images are typically offset by some amount from the plane of the reference map Affine transformation is the mathematical method MapCalc uses to fit raster images to maps It is analogous to having the image printed on a rubber sheet that can be stretched in various directions to force it to conform geometrically align to the plane of the reference map Once the image has been corrected its values for example blue green red or NIR reflected energy can be used in MapCalc processing because all of the numbers in the stack of maps align Coefficient of Variation Coefficient of variation is a normalized measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value It is computed by dividing the standard deviation by the mean and multiplying by 100 to express as a percent Continuous Data A data type defined by a set of individual points describing the same parameter such as nitrogen sample results in soil which MapCalc interpolates across a grid to produce a continuous surface Discrete Data A data type defined by independent categorical values such as Sand Clay or other soil types This data type is not interpolated across a grid MapCalc assigns the value to all grid squares that contain it
14. Overlay tools include Calculate Composite Compute Cover Crosstab and Intersect Calculate Calculate is a manual equation editor that expands upon the more automated Compute function Calculate helps you build equations by letting you choose the individual elements from the menus Alternatively you can type the entire equation into the blank There is no limit to the length of an equation Use parentheses and brackets as needed to specify order of operations After a map has been created from an equation you can inspect the equation in the Map Properties dialog box Menu options include Maps lists the available mapped data sets to use as variables Selecting a map enters it in the editor window Functions select any function from the following submenus to enter it in the window e Operators basic mathematical operations i e sum difference e Common mathematical functions i e exponent square root e Logical relational operators 1 e and or e Grid statistical functions 1 maximum minimum Trig trigonometric functions i e sine tangent After you build the equation click Ok to generate the resulting map 49 Map Analysis Tools Composite Composite creates a map summarizing values from a data map which coincide with the categories of a template map In other words it is used to calculate composite attributes by combining two maps Each category on the template map is compared to th
15. ccccccccccccessessssecesececeesessseceeececeessnssaseeeeeeeesees 65 1 sh 73 Data Conversion Tools 410 0002000001001000000000000000000000000005 EANES 81 Tutorial Macro Tools 84 10 Brief Overview of 1 0 2 What is Spatial Interpolation 85 What is Inverse Distance 1 85 Whatis 86 How Should An Interpolation Method Be 87 When Is Interpolation 88 What Is Important About Variograms cccccccccescesssnsececececeeeesssseceeeeeess 89 11 Glossary Welcome to MapCalc MapCalc is a grid based data analysis program designed to enable you to visualize and manipulate spatially related data It builds graphic representations of data sets displaying data relationships across a grid layer or contour map offers an extensive set of high level spatial analysis tools in a Windows environment These advanced analysis tools make it easier for you to explore spatial relationships across multiple data sets and perform complex analytical operations without learning a programming language MapCalc creates map sets in which each
16. ASCII matrix of values row major order Surfer Surfer ASCII format Golden Software MIG MapInfo graphic format MapCalc Professional MIG files are exported with a default 3 color theme ranging from red minimum to green maximum With Commas Uses comma separated variable format Origin If checked the origin is in the lower left corner as in a Cartesian grid If not checked the origin is in the upper left corner as in a matrix Null Value lt nullValue gt The value entered will not be written to the exported data file Columns Output Line Number of columns output to one line in exported file To lt newTextFile gt 82 Data Conversion Tools Describe Describe provides information on map number map scale and map status Describe also reports information about each map category including value label number of cells and percent of total map area The output is written to a text file Example DESCRIBE Covertype Describe lt existingMap gt To lt newTextFile gt 83 Map Analysis Tools Tutorial Macro Tools Tutorial macro tools include Help Topic Pause Note and Remove Help Topic You can use the macro tools to create map analysis tutorials in MapCalc Select a help topic to appear at this step when your tutorial runs For instance if you have just inserted a command to run the Drain analysis tool then you can select the Drain
17. Inverse Distance The inverse distance weighting IDW method of interpolating data involves calculating the value of each cell as a distance weighted average of surrounding data points For example in an inverse square interpolation the weighting factor is 1 x Therefore data value that is 2 distance units from the location influences the determined value by 1 4 and a data value that is 4 distance units from the location influences the determined value by 1 16 Note that a large search radius or high number of points used in the calculation may not be the best choice for large data sets since the effect is a smoothing of the data 1 Not affiliated with Red Hen Systems Inc 91 Glossary Kriging Kriging is an interpolation method that involves a weighted moving average calculation of data values between observed points in which the weighting factors are derived from variograms also called semivariograms The variogram is fitted to one of several mathematical models in MapCalc the available models are spherical Gaussian or exponential The fitted variogram is then used to interpolate the values across the grid by ordinary kriging Kurtosis Kurtosis characterizes the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution compared with the normal distribution Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked distribution Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution Layer Data that has been interpol
18. No options need to be set when using discrete polygon data such as area labels There is also no need to inspect a variogram of such data MapCalc uses the value assigned to the polygon over the appropriate grid cell with no interpolation 4 Click Finish to create maps A separate map window is created for each data set map specific menus appear and the Map Toolbar is activated Adding Layers to the Current Map Set MapCalc features a Wizard that helps you add new data to an existing map set This Wizard is identical to the Map Set Creation Wizard described in the previous section except that you do not need to specify a boundary for an existing map set so the first screen is omitted Note MapCalc Learner and MapCale Learner Academic accept only spatial data recorded in the WGS84 datum Note If you need to import data from a gridded file bare ESRI grid or Surfer grid formats without interpolation select Map Set gt Map Analysis and use the Import tool For more information see Import in Chapter 9 for more information Select Map Set gt Add New Layers to begin The Wizard leads you through the steps to add new map layers from files in tab or shp format For more information see Adding Data Sets and Setting Interpolation Parameters in the previous section You can import data when you need to open map layers from data sets contained in grd files and when you do not wish to interpolate the layer
19. Number of Ranges Choose up to 100 ranges from the drop down list on the Calculations tab Setting the Rounding Value Select from the rounding values in the drop down list on the Calculations tab Setting Map Theme Selecting Colors Change colors by clicking on the desired color to activate the Windows color palette Select the new color and click Ok A color range may be interpolated by unlocking the colors see below selecting the color for the highest range then selecting the color for the lowest range The intermediate ranges will be automatically determined The methods by which the colors are determined color interpolation method are RGB red green and blue and HSV hue saturation and value Select the desired color interpolation method on the Calculations tab on the right side of the dialog box Setting Locks on Colors Toggle all color locks by clicking on the column heading Toggle individual color locks by clicking On or Off in the Lock column To interpolate colors between the lowest and highest ranges only the lowest and highest range colors should be locked Another common method of color distribution uses a locked midrange with intermediate colors interpolated between the low middle and high ranges Note when switching between RGB and HSV color interpolation methods only unlocked colors are affected 26 Using the Shading Manager Using Colors amp Ranges in Data Analysis You
20. Saving Map Sets Saving a Map Set 1 Select File gt Save or click the Save toolbar button 2 Ifnecessary use the drop down list to select a different folder 3 Ifyou are saving a new map set enter a name in the File name box 4 Click Save 10 Opening and Closing Map Sets Saving a Map Set as a New Map Set A 52 N You can save copy of the current set with a new name You should do this when you want to make changes or additions to a map set while keeping the original map set intact Select File gt Save Map Set As If necessary use the drop down list at the top to select a different folder Enter a name in the File name box Click Save Opening and Closing Map Sets Opening a Map Set You can open rgs files in MapCale Select File gt Open If necessary use the drop down list to locate the folder that contains the desired file Double click on the file name or Click on the file name then click Open Closing a Map Set Select File gt Close or click the Close toolbar button You will be prompted to save the map set if you have made any changes 11 Creating Modifying and Saving Map Sets Exporting a Map Set MapCalc allows you to save the current map set in a different file format You can export the map set in these formats tab shp csv mif or tgt Select File gt Export If necessary use the drop down list at the top to select a different folder Ente
21. and 8 can be viewed from the upper right northeast eye in the upper right profile runs SE NW and from the lower left southwest eye in the lower left profile runs NW SE Note that the viewing direction is perpendicular to the direction the profile is running In MapCalc reference north is always toward the top of the map The value assigned to each cell represents the inclination of the side slope through the cell Nine different inclinations are possible 1 Relative Height 1 2 3 Up Up constant upward rise 2 Relative Height 1 2 2 Up Over 3 Relative Height 1 2 1 Up Down inverted V 4 Relative Height 1 1 2 Over Up 5 Relative Height 1 1 1 Over Over flat line 6 Relative Height 2 2 1 Over Down 7 Relative Height 2 1 2 Down Up upright V 8 Relative Height 2 1 1 Down Over 9 Relative Height 3 2 1 Down Down constant downward For example the inverted shape of value 3 likely indicates a ridge a topographic profile The upright V shape of value 7 likely indicates a gully Each cell along a profile slice is assigned a value 1 through 9 indicating the shape of the surface at that location The result is a continuous map of cross sectional profiles along the direction specified by the user Example PROFILE Elevation FROM South 5 FOR S8 Looking N 68 Neighbors Analysis Tools Profile lt existingMap gt The MapCalc scale X Y horizontal cell distance and the map values Z vertical
22. distance must be the same or compatible units From Mode Select the direction from which the profile is to be viewed The view direction is perpendicular to the direction the profile is running The default North means the view originates at the top of the map directed South At lt percentRise gt default 5 Specifies that the slope from each neighboring cell to the next must be greater than the percent rise value to identify a different profile class For example AT 10 specifies that a rise of less than 10 between cells will be considered flat Suppose the center cell in the 8 8 diagram above is 100 ft elevation positions 4 is 120 ft and position 5 is at 140 ft When viewed from North the profile pattern is 140 100 120 left to right Using AT 10 this is profile class 4 Relative Height 1 1 2 Over Up However using AT 0 the pattern becomes profile class 7 Relative Height 2 1 2 Down Up AT 0 is very sensitive to profile class changes whereas AT 25 or greater is relatively insensitive The default is best for most topography AT 100 specifies a 100 slope forming a 45 degree angle For lt newMap gt 69 Map Analysis Tools Scan Scan is a smoothing operation that creates a map summarizing the values that occur within the vicinity of each cell A user defined Scan window is moved over the data map and each map location is assigned a value summarizing the cell values within the
23. many graphic formats including jpg bmp ico emf and wmf The image will be scaled and centered in the header area of the report You can set defaults for these properties in the Default Options dialog box 29 Printing Reports 30 7 Using Images Image registration available in MapCalc Professional Registration is a process of associating a small number of reference GPS data points with corresponding points on a raster image This process creates a tab file containing a small set of control points identifying specific locations on the image The file is saved as image tab in the MapCalc Data folder The reference GPS data points are copied from an existing tab file such as a file of GPS reference points or a field boundary The raster image is a photograph of the same location MapCalc accepts raster images in these formats Windows or OS 2 bitmap bmp Windows Metafile wmf Tagged Image File Format tif Zsoft pex JPEG jpg Portable Network Graphic png TARGA tga Sun Raster ras Adobe Photoshop psd Mac Registration of a raster image is a prerequisite step for transforming the image into an importable format for MapCalc If you want to add an image to your map set first register the image then transform it into a complete set of MapInfo table files Instructions for transforming registered images are at the end of this chapter 31 Using Images MapCale
24. maps then testing the results against known measurements aptly termed a test set Residual analysis summarizes the differences between map estimates and actual measurements 2 11 BENE 0 pieced BAUER A ANNE DAD A e 200 05 NNN eee eee QUAD LI 1 oa p ON 505 0 206 NONDWROVNOANNEE NNER Re on 1 1 1 8 3 9 5 5 9 19 23 2 3 2 2 9 RARARAAAAARAABRARARD ARAAAAARAAARABRAARA NNN AAN 14 Set Average 28 Average Estimate Sum of the Residuals Average Unsigned Residual Normalized Residual Index a A ANA N ohn wey Above A test set containing 16 random samples 17 32 Residual analysis table for average IDW and kriging estimates In the figure the Actual column lists the measured values for the test locations identified by the Col Row coordinates The difference between these values and those predicted by various interpolation techniques form the residuals shown in parentheses The Average column compares the whole field arithmetic mean of 23 guess 23 everywhere for each test location For example the first sample 17 guesses 23 but was actually 0 therefore it s off by 28 Note the sign of the re
25. online help topic to appear on screen when that command runs Pause You can use the macro tools to create map analysis tutorials in MapCalc Click this menu command when you want to insert a pause in your tutorial between macro commands When the macro is executed for instance when a student is observing the tutorial you created the program will pause and wait for the student to click a Continue command The Pause command gives a student time to observe what is happening in the tutorial for instance to examine a new map that has just been generated by running a map analysis tool Note You can use the macro tools to create map analysis tutorials in MapCalc The Note command opens a text entry box you can use to store a note The note will appear on screen when the tutorial runs at the step where it is inserted when you create the macro The student viewing the tutorial may close the note window and continue Remove You can use the macro tools to create map analysis tutorials in MapCalc The Remove command enables you to specify that at this step in your tutorial selected maps will be closed and removed from the map set This is helpful when you have generated many windows with map analysis commands To select more than one map hold the Ctrl key down while selecting the maps in the list 84 10 A Brief Overview of Interpolation The following was adapted with author s permission from The Precision Farmin
26. the cell values included in the Scan Majority Existing values are replaced with the most frequently occurring cell value included in the Scan Minority Existing values are replaced with the least frequently occurring cell value included in the Scan Diversity Existing values are replaced with number of different values included in the Scan 70 Neighbors Analysis Tools Deviation Calculates the difference between the center value and the average of the remaining values in the Scan This statistic indicates how different the center is from its surroundings This statistic assesses anomalies for interval and ratio data types Proportion Determines the percent of the window that is the same as the center cell value Existing values are replaced with the proportion of the window that has the same value as the center cell This statistic assesses anomalies for nominal and ordinal data types Ignoring lt nullValue gt default 0 Within default 1 Number of grid spaces indicating the orthogonal radius of the window Select Orient Shape Circle Scan window will approximate a circle Square Scan window will be a square Around lt maskingMap gt Specifies a map with zeroes indicating areas not to be scanned Areas with value 0 are automatically assigned the IGNORING value For lt newMap gt 71 Map Analysis Tools Slope Slope
27. the range calculation method e statistics for reviewing statistical data about the selected map e histogram for reviewing data distribution by range or standard deviation for the selected map e templates for saving or recalling themes Setting Map Ranges Selecting a Calculation Mode In the Shading Manager select the Calculations tab Choose how the ranges will be calculated by selecting a method in the drop down box If you choose Custom Min Max Increment you can manually input a minimum value and a maximum value or an incremental increase value Note the entry for Min is used as the upper limit of the lowest range and the entry for Max is used as the lower limit of the highest range 25 Working With Maps If you choose User Defined ranges you can click directly in the range column on the left side of the Shading Manager and make changes Note You set only the lower limits on the ranges except for the highest range which will accept an upper limit entry Other range calculation methods include 1 2 or 3 standard deviations equal ranges or equal counts Changing the calculation method does not change the shape of the map the map is created using the actual data points and interpolated values to generate the layer Changing the calculation method does change the way the theme is displayed on the grid See Using Colors amp Ranges in Data Analysis for more information Setting the
28. to cross than a value of 10 Friction values of zero or less are considered absolute barriers infinitely high friction Over lt surfaceMap gt The values on this map are assumed to form a 3 dimensional surface Movement up down and across this surface can be specified For example moving uphill over a detailed elevation surface can identify the watershed of a point Select Uphill Specifies that movement is in an uphill direction over surfaceMap 61 Map Analysis Tools Downhill Specifies that movement is in a downhill direction over surfaceMap Select Only Use with Uphill or Downhill to specify that Spread will stop if it encounters a flat area Across Allows movement over flat areas Select Simply Measures distance from a feature in cell units starting from 1 Explicitly Measures distance from a feature in cell units starting from the feature s cell value Weighted Measures distance from a feature in cell units times the starter cell value This distance is termed a gravity measure and is analogous to rates of movement of cars travelling different speeds For lt newMap gt 62 Distance Analysis Tools Stream Stream creates a map identifying the steepest or optimal path along a surface If the surface map depicts terrain elevation the optimal path is the one with the least friction in which water would follow If the surface is an a
29. values correspond to the highest and lowest numbers of points Viewing Range Bars Select to view bars overlaid on the graph to show the data separated by e ranges as defined by the calculation method on the Calculations tab e divisions of standard deviation where the mean is shown as a blue line 27 Working With Maps Saving a Template You can create a custom template to recall for theming other maps Set the ranges as described previously in Setting Map Ranges Set the theme as described previously in Setting Map Theme On the Template tab of the Shading Manager dialog box click Save Enter a name then click OK Or If you wish to start from an existing template and then make changes click Save As Enter a name then click OK Selecting a Template Choose a template from the list on the Template tab of the Shading Manager dialog box choose The template is applied to the Shading Manager settings You can click Cancel to close the Shading Manager dialog box and leave the original template unchanged 28 MapCalc provides customizable reporting capabilities along with prepared print formats to choose from You can print a report for any map s in the currently open map set 1 Select File gt Print or click the toolbar button 2 Select the maps to print You can use the arrow buttons between the Map List and the Selected List to move maps back and forth Move the desired maps into the Selected Lis
30. window Font Style and Size Click the Font button to open the Windows font dialog box Choose a font size and style for the numbers displayed at major tick marks along the axes Show Grid Lines Grid lines are dotted parallel lines forming a reference grid in the background of the graph area They are placed at major tick marks Clear the check box if you do not want grid lines displayed 18 Setting Default Report Options Setting Default Report Options The Report tab contains selections for printed report layout defaults To change properties for individual report printing click the Options button in the Report Printing dialog box Edit the Report Header and Footer If you do not want a header to appear on printed reports clear the Show Header check box You can enter Header Left Text to appear on the upper left side of the report and Header Right Text to appear on the upper right side of the report Click the Font button next to each entry to set the font color size and other attributes for each side of the header area Select a Logo for Reports To use your own logo or other graphic image click the Load button Locate the logo and click Open MapCalc accepts many graphic formats including jpg bmp and wmf The image is scaled and centered in the header area of the report Select Footer Options If you do not want a footer to appear on printed reports clear the Show Footer check box You can choose to show th
31. 15 Coefficient of Variation 91 Report 19 COLORS 15 16 Scatter Plot Display Options TH 26 Deleting Maps Colors amp Ranges 27 Describes 76 Discrete I Composite 50 Drain IDW 85 86 87 88 91 52 Image 82 Configure 45 Image Registration 31 36 Continuous Data 8 91 Edit Menu Commands 43 Image 32 18 Educational Version 7 Images Contour 18 Equations sasini 24 How to 33 Transforming Registered 34 81 Importing 10 Installing 1 5 Interpolate 2 65 Interpolation 85 Choosing Method 87 Interpolation Parameters 9 Intersect nsii ii Introduction Inverse Distance Weighting9 85 91 K Kriging 9 86 87 88 92 92 L 92 10 21
32. 3 Creating Modifying and Saving Map Sets Creating a New Map Set The Map Set Creation Wizard helps you create a new map set if you have data in tab or shp files and you want to interpolate the data across the map Under the following two conditions you should not use the Map Set Creation Wizard 1 If you need to import data into an existing map set from a gridded file bare ESRI grid or Surfer grid then you should close this wizard open the existing map set and select Map Set gt Map Analysis to use the Import tool 2 Ifyou need to import data into an existing map set from a table or shapefile tab or shp then you should close this wizard open the existing map set and select Map Set gt Add New Layers Note MapCalc Learner and MapCale Learner Academic accept only spatial data recorded in the WGS84 datum Select File gt New or click the New D toolbar button The Map Set Creation Wizard opens and leads you through the following steps for map set creation Specifying Boundary and Grid Cell Length e Specify a boundary file or fit the grid to the extents of the data This step sets up the size of the grid You can use a boundary file to define the grid perimeter Use the Browse button to select a tab or shp file If you do not have a boundary MapCalc can use the extents of the data for the grid boundary e Specify the grid cell length The larger the grid cell size the lower the number of cells in the
33. Adding 1 2220 10 Images 1 81 Managing 21 Viewing 21 19 Help Topic 84 Not 84 84 Remove 84 Main 35 Managing Open Map 21 Mapes isha riod 92 Map Analysis Tools 41 73 49 1 42 44 1 75 Compare 76 Composite 50 Compute 52 45 78 Default Options Shortcut Menu Map Title Properties Map Toolbar Display Options Viewing Data Viewing Histogram Viewing Information Opening Map 11 Orient 67 Perimeter 2 7 Plot Interior 18 8 Print Reports 19 29 68 69 Properties Current 23 Quick Start Options 18 Registering 1 5 40 Regression Line Relates Renami
34. The Image Registration Window To open the Image Registration window select File gt Image Registration File Menu Image Registration x Use the File Menu to close File Image Map Help the Image Registration 2 1 82 156058 33 42552 82 159206 33 416135 Edit Image Menu Use the Image Menu to open the raster image set zoom level and apply overlay the image with the selected tab file after you add control points Map Menu Use the Map Menu to open the tab file containing the GPS reference points move or zoom the map in the window or add control points You can use the Select pointer to choose 5 int feat d t 2 207 32 82 172857 33 41459 lines or polygons cannot be converted to control points Help Menu Use the Help menu to open online help for Image Registration Control Points Information The top area of the window contains a table that displays information about the control points you place on the map and the image For the image control points you see the X Y coordinates For the map control points you see the latitude and longitude Control Point Actions Select to add a new control point edit or remove a selected control point or remove all control points Image Toolbar Use this toolbar to open a raster image set the zoom level create control points and apply the image to the map 32 Registering an Image Image Window The raster image is
35. There are a variety of border styles to choose from in the drop down list The border width can be adjusted from 1 to 9 pixels 17 Setting Program Defaults Setting Default Graph Footer Options The Graph Footer tab contains selections for how footers are displayed in graph windows To change properties for individual graphs right click in the graph window and select Properties Show Footer The footer area contains the regression equation for scatter plots If you do not want a footer to appear on the graph clear the Show footer check box Select Font and Background Color The title will appear on printed reports and saved map images e Click the Font button to open the Windows font dialog Choose a font size and color Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog Choose a color for the background area around the map title Select Border There are a variety of border styles to choose from in the drop down list The border width can be adjusted from 1 to 9 pixels Setting Default Graph Axes Options The Graph Axes tab contains selections for how axes are displayed in graph windows To change properties for individual graphs right click in the graph window and select Properties Select Colors e Click the Axes button to set the color of the X Y axis lines e Click the Plot Interior button to set the fill color of the graph e Click the Plot Background button to set the background color for the graph
36. There is also a histogram displayed in the Shading Manager dialog box which shows divisions based on standard deviation or equal ranges Create a Scatter Plot 1 2 Select Map Set gt New Graph gt Scatter Plot In the Scatter Plot Variables dialog box select the map layers to plot on the X and Y axes The data in these map layers is graphed and a linear regression equation derived The correlation coefficient R is shown as a percentage It is an indicator of whether the two parameters are related R 100 indicates the best fitted lines for each parameter coincide completely A Graph menu is available when a scatter plot or histogram is the active window You can set the properties for the current graph by selecting Graph gt Properties Default scatter plot display settings are found in the Default Options dialog box 22 Setting Current Map Properties Create a Histogram 1 Select Set gt New Graph gt Histogram 2 Inthe Histogram Variable dialog box choose a map layer then click Ok A histogram shows how data values are distributed in intervals plotting the number of data values found in each range or interval For instance a histogram of elevation would show how many acres lie within each elevation range Histograms are available for continuous data A Graph menu is available when a histogram or scatter plot is the active window You can set the properties for the current graph by selecting Graph gt Properties
37. a data set does not exhibit spatial dependence then the data is not suitable for interpolation Click Back to return to Step 2 and remove that data set from the list Select interpolation options for each data set For each selected data set choose whether the grid values will be interpolated by the inverse distance method or by kriging For an overview of spatial interpolation topics and further discussion of the available methods refer to the educational resources provided on the MapCale CD e Ifyou choose the inverse distance method you can specify the number of nearest points or a search radius to use in determining each value If you clear both of these options MapCalc uses every data point in the interpolation If you select Skip Zeros MapCalc will not substitute another point but will simply skip any zero encountered in the search e Ifyou choose kriging you must select a suitable model to which the variograms are fitted MapCalc offers spherical Gaussian and exponential Also enter the values for the sill nugget and range based on the variogram you created in Step 1 To specify units click on the ellipsis next to the Units box to open the Select Unit dialog box MapCalc utilizes hundreds of different unit types Click on the data category on the left side then select from the unit list on the right When finished click OK to return to the Map Set Creation Wizard Creating Modifying and Saving Map Sets Note
38. ality tests e Point density maps e Geographic trend analysis e Spatial interpolation e Spatial autocorrelation e Residual analysis e Error mapping e Coincidence statistics e Change surfaces e Comparison tests e Spatial correlation and dependency e Multivariate regression e Clustering e Map similarity Spatial analysis tools derive new maps based on spatial context patterns surface configuration proximity connectivity and flows They include e Geographic search e Slope and aspect e Optimal path e Nearby neighbor summary e Narrowness e Confluence surfaces e Weighted proximity analysis e Visual exposure e Local regional amp map wide overlay Getting to Know e Edge shape and pattern characterization e Logical ranking rating and mathematical combination e Probability and propensity analysis Getting to Know MapCalc User s Guide The MapCalc User s Guide introduces you to all of MapCalc s functions and the primary operations of MapCalc such as creating map sets importing data exporting data printing reports and using the advanced map analysis tools This level of information is adequate for those who are skilled in spatial statistics and analysis but need to reference how to perform a particular function in MapCale You should be familiar with common Windows operations before using MapCalc such as moving files or folders opening or closing programs installing or
39. ap categories wherever they occur on the map If you desire shape summaries for individual parcels of each map category you must use the Clump function on the map before you configure it Example CONFIGURE Covertype FOR Perimeter Configure lt existingMap gt Summarizes the shape for entire map categories Use CLUMP then CONFIGURE for individual parcels Select Mode Edges Number of exterior cells Sides Number of exterior cell sides Convexity Index of boundary regularity Fragments Number of separated groups Holes Number of interior violations Euler Index of spatial integrity Select Mode Map Only Creates a new map Report Only Generates a tabular summary that can be directed TO a file Both Creates a map and generates a text file To lt filename gt Writes the report to a text file For lt newMap gt 45 Map Analysis Tools Renumber Renumber assigns new values to the category values of an existing map It is one of the most frequently used operations in MapCalc as it prepares maps for subsequent processing Renumbering can be made to individual values or to a range of existing values The function is used to create new maps out of old maps with the same spatial distribution of categories but with different values For example aesthetic value may be based solely upon vegetation type A vegetation map could be renumbered such that the categories expressed aesthet
40. apCalc Image transformation creates a full set of data points for a map based on the registration points A tab file is generated which you can access using either the Map Set gt Add New Layers command or the File gt New command To transform a registered image into a MapInfo Table Select File gt Transform Image Click Open Image File then choose the image file that you previously registered with the Register Image function Click Save As then enter a name for the tab file When you click Save the MapInfo table is created Note The More button expands the dialog box to show the affine transformation parameters These are available for users with special requirements to enter their own parameters but in most cases the entries should not be changed 34 8 Menus amp Toolbars Toolbars Toolbar buttons have corresponding menu commands See Menus for function descriptions Main Toolbar Map Analysis Tools Windows Verticall Close Map Set Layer Online New Map Manager 2 2 Tile Open Map Set I Reports Horizontally Save Map Set eos Map Set Cascade Windows Map Toolbar Copy View to Contour All Maps Lines Contour 1 Data ee Contour Lines Ceiling Contour Save Picture Floor Contour Floor Contour Lines 35 Menus amp Toolbars Tools Toolbar Rotate Select a 2 99
41. ata set For example ifa location has values of 98 96 and 97 for three map layers it will be identified as very similar to an evaluation data pattern of 95 95 and 95 In contrast a location that has values of 15 12 and 17 will be assigned a much lower similarity value Similarity results are best when all map layers exhibit interval or ratio data types e g 30 silt 60 silt etc where the data range forms a bounded linear gradient Unpredictable results occur if the values within a data map are categorical that is the numbers are identifiers with no numerical value such as soil type 1 2 etc Numbers exhibiting an ordinal relationship may be used such as 1 best soil through n worst soil Relate Map lt existingMap gt Weight default 1 A weighting factor of 2 means the map will be considered twice as important Comparison Val With Map lt anotherMap gt Weight default 1 A weighting factor of 2 means the map will be considered twice as important Comparison Val Add Click after entering values to add the set to the command line Repeat as needed Del Highlight a set then click to remove it from the command line For lt newMap gt 80 Data Conversion Tools Data Conversion Tools Data conversion tools include Import Export and Describe Import Import creates a new map from a gridded data file in bare ESRI grid Surfer grid or MapInfo grap
42. ated to a grid also called a map Map The 2D or 3D display of a data set also called a layer Data values in the map are distributed across a X Y coordinate grid Map Set A collection of maps or data layers interpolated to a common grid Mean Also called arithmetic mean or average The mean is an estimate of the central tendency typical value for normally distributed data Median Middle value of a distribution if sample size is odd or average of two middle values Skew Skew characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean Positive skew indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values Negative skew indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more negative values Standard Deviation The standard deviation identifies the data intervals above and below the mean that capture two thirds of the data Variance The variance is an estimate of the data dispersion about the mean for normally distributed data Variance is the square of the standard deviation 92 Glossary Variogram A variogram also called a semivariogram is a graph of average variance of differences between pairs of points within specified intervals vs distance It provides an idea of the average difference between any pair of data values separated by some distance When a data set is spatially autocorrelated or spatially dependent the variogram of the data disp
43. ating slope At each position along the path the surfaceMap values of the surrounding eight locations are considered The path moves to all location s containing the lowest surface value Thinned Steps to the center cell if three or more equally optimal steps are found For lt newMap gt 57 Map Analysis Tools Radiate Radiate creates a viewshed map indicating areas that are visible from locations on the viewersMap It can be used to identify all the cells that can be seen from a single location or groups of locations All cells on the viewshed are on an unobstructed line of sight between them and cells on the viewersMap If any portion of a cell can be seen then the entire cell is marked as seen The visual connection can be modified by cell position on a topological surface elevation viewer height on the surface for instance view from a fire tower effects of visual screens such as trees and height of special objects such as smokestacks Example RADIATE Housing OVER Elevation AT 15 Completely FOR Visual Exposure Note All maps must have same distance units 1 feet or meters Radiate lt viewersMap gt Over lt surfaceMap gt Surface over which the viewshed is to be constructed This map can be an elevation map describing topography a cost surface reflecting cut and fill heights and the cost to bring to grade or any other value that may con strain the view To lt g
44. by uniquely identifying individual clumps of cells that appear on an existing map A clump is defined as a group of one or more nonzero valued cells with the same assigned value that are adjacent or in the same vicinity Cells that are more than the specified cell distance apart AT lt spaces gt are placed in separate clumps You specify the reach with the AT keyword A reach over 1 allows cells that are not immediately adjacent to be considered as members of the same clump In habitat applications animals can move from one patch to another over short distances reach with the entire collection of patches forming a single habitat unit Example CLUMP Forests FOR Individual Parcels Clump lt existingMap gt At lt gridSpaces gt default 1 one cell Select Mode Diagonally Uses a box shaped reach Orthogonally Uses reach For lt newMap gt 44 Reclassification Tools Configure Configure assigns new values characterizing the shape and integrity of the area associated with each map category Two types of shape assessments are used boundary configuration and spatial integrity Boundary configuration uses relationships between the perimeter and area of features Features with more perimeter per unit area are said to be more irregular The keywords EDGES SIDES and CONVEXITY deal with boundary configuration Configure summarizes the shape for entire m
45. can use the Shading Manager to view your maps in many different ways to look for different relationships in the data Using different themes and numbers of ranges can help you visualize and discover new relationships in data sets The default settings for map creation are ranges 7 colors ranging from red to yellow to green colors locked on minimum maximum and midrange calculation mode 1 standard deviation Examples e Jane wants to see only the far outliers of the data She can select 3 for the number of ranges set the colors desired and change the calculation mode to 2 or 3 standard deviations e John has created a difference map i e 1991 Nitrogen 1995Nitrogen He sets the range from 100 to 100 to center the theme on zero There are countless ways to display data layers and many of your options can be adjusted to reflect your own personal preference A little experimentation will show you how to view each layer to best visualize the results you are searching for Viewing Statistics Select the Statistics tab in the Shading Manager dialog box to view statistical values for the data set including minimum maximum mean standard deviation and variance Viewing a Histogram Select the Histogram tab in the Shading Manager dialog box to view a graph showing the distribution of the data This can be helpful in determining the minimum and maximum values to include in grid calculations The histogram quickly shows which
46. ccasvescessesescectesste aly OPS i 21 22 GHA iv ede Baa eects 92 Setting Current 23 Using the Shading 25 Printing Reports Using Images 1 4 0 00 0 2 424040000 04444 The Image Registration 32 Registering 33 Transform a Registered Image for Use 34 Menus TOOL AV Ss 35 E 36 9 Analysis Using the Analysis Dialog 41 Ra ne 42 43 Reclassification Tools N 44 Overlay 0018 49 Distance Analysis Tools 56 Neighbors Analysis Tools
47. ccumulated distance map such as a travel time map the path is the shortest but not necessarily straight line connecting the target cell to the bottom of the surface This route represents the quickest path between the two locations If the surface is an accumulated cost surface the path is the least cost route The Drain function is similar to Stream except paths from all cells are summed to create an optimal path density surface Example STREAM Locations OVER Elevation Simply Steepest Downhill FOR Steepest Path Stream lt existingMap gt Starter Cell Enter row and column to originate the path from one cell Over lt surfaceMap gt Select Simply All cells along the path are assigned the value 1 Incrementally The value of each cell along the path equals the number of cells from the starting location Select Steepest Takes the steepest path Absolutely Steps via lowest neighbor Thinned Steps to the center cell if more than three equally optimal steps are found Select Downhill The path proceeds in a downhill direction Uphill The path proceeds in an uphill direction Select Only The path does not proceed across flat areas on the surface map areas of equal value Across The path proceeds across flat areas on the surface map Completely Identifies the number of paths passing through each cell For lt newMap gt 63 Map Analysis Tools
48. ccurrence as a percent of the entire map area Completely Includes coincidence statistics plus correlation and weighted frequency statistics This table contains the same information as the simple table in the first six columns The relative strength of the joint occurrence is contained in the next four columns The Map Area statistic is computed by dividing the of Cells by the of Cross and expressing it as a percent This statistic normalizes the frequency of joint occurrence to the total occurrence of each map category If the Map Area is low it indicates a fairly insignificant joint occurrence If it is high it indicates a coincidence between categories that is significant It indicates that the joint occurrence dominants the total occurrence of a category e g Category A on the primary map is very often found with Category Z on the secondary map if the Map1 Area is above 75 The final column and two rows separating the primary map categories on in the table summarize the score The Wtd Score weights the joint occurrence of Cross by multiplying it by the secondary map category value To lt fileName gt 54 Overlay Tools Intersect Intersect creates a map that assigns new values to pairwise combinations of values on two maps The operation compares values at the corresponding cell location of two existing maps If a specified pair of values is found it assigns a new value to the location
49. clay in the original data can also be used 2 Check the boxes for the data sets you wish to use Creating an Empty Map Set Use this option when you want to import data files but you do not have an existing map set into which to import the data Click the Create Empty Map Set button The Grid Parameters dialog prompts you to enter basic information from which to construct the grid e Ifyou selected a boundary file and cell length MapCalc has all the information it needs The empty map set is created Ifyou selected to construct the grid based on the extents of the data then you must enter latitude and longitude coordinates for the lower left corner of the grid You must also specify the size of grid cells and number of columns and rows This information will be based on the data layers you plan to import After the empty map set is created you can import data by either of these methods 1 If you need to import data from a gridded file bare ESRI grid or Surfer grid then select Map Set gt Map Analysis to use the Import tool 2 Ifyou need to import data from a table or shapefile tab or shp then select Map Set gt Add New Layers Creating a New Map Set Setting Interpolation Parameters 1 Inspect a variogram for each data set if necessary If you do not know whether your continuous data set exhibits spatial dependence view a variogram Highlight a data set then click Variogram If the variogram shows that
50. cover another map to isolate its values for just the area of interest Example COVER Covertype WITH ROADS FOR Roads Over Cover Cover lt bottomMap gt With lt topMap gt With lt anotherMap gt Enter another map to stack if necessary Ignore Optional value in lt topMap gt that will not cover values in other maps For lt newMap gt 53 Map Analysis Tools Crosstab Crosstab generates a spatial coincidence table of the relative occurrences of the categories of two maps and the result is output to a text file The output table contains the first map name and categories second map name and categories number of cells that occur in each pair of categories and the joint occurrence of both categories throughout the entire map area Select Completely mode to include statistics on weighted joint occurrence of map categories This information provides insight into the strength of spatial coincidence Example CROSSTAB Covertype WITH Soils COMPLETELY Crosstab lt firstMap gt With lt secondMap gt Select Mode Simply Generates a table of simple category frequency and coincidence The first six columns of the table contain the frequency of occurrence of cells for the categories on both maps considered separately The next column identifies the joint frequency of combinations of categories expressed in cell counts of cross The final column expresses the total joint o
51. creates a map indicating the slope 1st derivative along a continuous surface Slope values for each cell are calculated using the eight neighbor cells that is a 8 8 window is used for each calculation The value is applied as a percent to the centroid of the center cell The default procedure aligns a best fitted plane to the values in the window and assigns the slope of the plane to the center cell The window then shifts over one cell and the process repeats Other options use the maximum minimum or average of the eight individual slopes in the slope window Most often slope is determined for terrain elevation data However a first derivative or slope map can be generated for any data that forms a continuous distribution in geographic space Slope indicates rate of change For example a slope map of a barometric surface indicates how rapidly pressure is changing throughout the mapped area Locations of steep slopes rapid change indicate high winds Similar interpretations exist for the slope maps of cost surfaces marginal cost and travel time surfaces speed Note The Orient function determines the direction of the rate of change throughout a map Example SLOPE Elevation Fitted FOR Slope Map Slope lt surfaceMap gt Values on this map are treated as forming a 3 dimensional surface The MapCalc scale units X Y must correspond to the map values 2 For a topographic surface the units for X Y and Z should be consistent eithe
52. d another residual analysis performed What if different sampling designs were tried What would be the effect of different interpolation parameters window reach number of samples and data balancing Residual analysis gives us a place to start looking for answers To summarize we have developed a procedure for checking the reliability of an interpolated map It suggests holding back some of the field samples to empirically verify the estimated values at the sampled locations If you don t then you are simply accepting the map as perfect The difference between an interpolated guess prediction and what is measurement is a residual A table of all the residuals for a test set is analyzed to determine the overall accuracy of an interpolated map The residual analysis determines that the kriging interpolation procedure has the closest predictions to the test set measurements Its predictions on average are only 3 3 units off while the other techniques were considerably more The residual table identifies the best interpolated map and just how good it is but it fails to identify where in the field the map is likely predicting too high or too low That s the role of an error map for more information see A Map of Error in The Precision Farming Primer on the 1 CD When Is Interpolation Useful The reliability of any map based on point data depends on e the existence of spatial dependency within the data e the sampl
53. data map values corresponding to each template map category is included on the new map Minority The new map is given the value found least often in the data map for each category of the template map Total The total of the data map values corresponding to each template map category is included on the new map Diversity The new map is given the number of different cell values found in the data map for each category of the template map Maximum The maximum of the data map values corresponding to each template map category is included on the new map Minimum The minimum of the data map values corresponding to each template map category is included on the new map 50 Overlay Tools Deviation Gives each cell on the new map the difference between the average of the data map values and the value in the template map for that region Proportion Determines the percent of data values that are the same as the template value Ignore lt nullValue gt For lt newMap gt 51 Map Analysis Tools Compute Compute creates a map as the mathematical or statistical function of two or more maps or constants It is used for many calculations based on a cell by cell overlay procedure Compute creates a new map by calculating values as a function of several maps or constants The Compute operations provide basic arithmetic and trigonometric operators The Maximum and Min
54. degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean Positive skewness indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values Negative skewness indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more negative values Kurtosis Kurtosis characterizes the relative peakedness or flatness of a distribution compared with the normal distribution Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked distribution Negative kurtosis indicates a relatively flat distribution Minimum Minimum value among the stack of map values for each grid location Maximum Maximum value among the stack of map values for each grid location Range Data range maximum minimum among the stack of map values for each grid location CoeffVar Coefficient of variation is a normalized measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value It is computed by dividing the standard deviation by the mean and multiplying by 100 to express as a percent Median Middle value of a distribution if sample size is odd or average of two middle values AvgDev The average deviation from the Mean among the stack of map values for each grid location MedDev The average deviation from the Median among the stack of map values for each grid location Majority Most frequently occurring number among the stack of map values for each grid location Often referred to as the Mode
55. displayed in this area Map Window The map layer with the GPS reference points is displayed in this area This is also where you will check the accuracy of your control points after you use the Apply command Map Toolbar Use this toolbar to move the map in the window and set the zoom level center the map on the cursor add control points to the map or open the Layer Manager to add or remove map layers 1 Click the Image 2 button and select your raster image This step is optional you can manually enter reference coordinates if you like Click the Layer Manager button then click Add to select the tab containing the GPS reference points This step is optional you can manually enter reference coordinates if you like a Click the Control Point button x on the Map toolbar then click on a map reference point Click OK in the Control Point information window to add the map point information to the table Click New to add a new control point then click the map at a reference point Repeat to add at least two more control points To add control points to the map Click the Control Point button on the Map toolbar Click on the map where you want to place the point Click OK in the Control Point information window to add the map point information to the table Repeat to add at least two more control points To add control points to the image Click the Control Point Dx button on t
56. e quickest way of getting an answer about a specific object in a dialog box Introduction If you need more information about a dialog box click the Help button _ to open the help topic for the current task The help file doubles as an online book for reference as well as task based instructions Note that some sections apply only to a particular MapCalc product These sections are marked with the appropriate product name for example MapCalc Professional Installation 2 Getting Started To install MapCalc or supporting programs offered on the CD insert the CD into your CD drive Select Install Programs then choose the program to install from the list on screen If the MapCalc installation program does not start automatically select Run from the Windows Start menu then enter setup exe substitute the correct CD drive letter if not the D drive Start MapCalc by selecting it in the Windows Start menu 8 IMPORTANT MapCalc must be registered within the trial period If the trial period is exceeded before the program is registered MapCalc will no longer start The Registration Wizard assists you with entering your user information serial number and release code supplied with the serial number This Wizard opens automatically when you start MapCalc If you choose to cancel the process when the program starts you can complete it later by selecting Help gt Register Software
57. e accessed by right clicking on a map to activate a Shortcut menu Properties Opens the Map Properties dialog box Layer Expands to give the following options e Contour toggles display of ranges thematically over the 3D layer using the settings in the Shading Manager e Contour Lines toggles lines between ranges on the contour map e X Y Mesh toggles the X Y grid of cells on 3D layer only e Use Cells makes each cell one color rather than interpolating across cells e Data Type toggles whether the data is displayed as discrete data one value assigned to each grid element or continuous data values interpolated across the grid Floor amp Ceiling Each expand to offer the following Contoured toggles a 2D contour map of the 3D layer on the floor or ceiling Contour Lines toggles contour lines on the floor or ceiling Legend Toggles display of legend showing ranges by color and minima maxima Select None or select the location for the legend in relation to the map Overlay Allows selection of open data sets for thematic overlay on the current grid When using an overlay the 3D layer displays the values for the original data set The overlay is a themed contour map over the grid Not available for 2D maps 38 Menus 3D Toggles between 3D and 2D view Shading Manager Dialog box for specifying range calculations colors and templates Reset View
58. e aggregated values in corresponding positions on the data map To summarize individual clusters of a region first Clump the template map For instance Composite could be used for finding the average slope for cover type categories MapCalc keeps a record of each category value in the template map and the appropriate aggregate value in corresponding cells on the data map For each category of the Covertype map MapCalc determines the number of corresponding cells MapCalc then calculates the sum of corresponding cells for each category in the Slope map It divides the sum by the number of cells giving the average slope for each category The interpretation for any point on the resultant map is This location belongs to a cover type whose average slope is x Example COMPOSITE Districts WITH Covertype AVERAGE FOR Avg Cover Composite lt templateMap gt With lt dataMap gt Select Command Average The average of the data map values corresponding to each template map category will be included on the new map Median The midpoint of the data map values corresponding to each template map category will be included on the new map Stdev The standard deviation of the data map values corresponding to each template map category will be included on the new map Majority The new map is given the value found most often in the data map for each category of the template map Coffvar The coefficient of variation of the
59. e date the report was generated the map set name and the page number Multiple page reports are printed in the order shown in the Report Printing dialog box Setting Default Map Analysis Options The Analysis tab contains optional settings for the Map Analysis tools Quick Execute Analysis Statements Select this option if you want each map analysis command to execute as soon as you close the tool dialog box As soon as the command line is entered in the Map Analysis dialog box the analysis will run Display Analysis Results in Workspace Window Each map analysis tool normally outputs a resulting map in a separate window If you select this option all resulting maps will be displayed in one window Each map is replaced by any subsequent analysis operation Enable Macro Creation If you want to create and save tutorial scripts for others to use MapCalc provides a set of macro creation tools These include tools for displaying your notes on the screen to accompany specific steps displaying the online help topics for analysis tools pause the script and prompt the user to continue or output data descriptions of map layers 19 Setting Program Defaults 20 5 Working With Maps Managing Layers Select Map Set gt Manage Layers or click the EJ toolbar button to open the Manage Layers dialog box This dialog box assists you in selecting maps to view rename or delete from the map set You can select one la
60. e location depends on what is happening around it gt Variance Range Nugget Distance Distance Above Variograms displaying significant spatial dependence left and insignificant spatial dependence right A variogram or semivariogram is a plot of the similarity among pairs of values based on the distance between them Instead of simply testing whether close things are related it shows how the degree of dependency relates to varying distances between locations As the distance between points increases subsets of the data are scrutinized for their dependency The spatial dependency among points deteriorates with distance The range is the distance at which the sill or plateau occurs It identifies the distance beyond which the data values are considered to be independent of one another This tells us that using data values beyond this distance for interpolation actually can mess up the interpolation The value at the Y axis intercept or nugget is a measure of potential data collection error Therefore a variogram that intersects the origin implies that two samples taken at a single location would have no variation which is an unlikely scenario in the real world If the variogram is generally horizontal there is insufficient spatial dependency in the data set to warrant interpolation If you proceed with the interpolation a nifty colorful map will be generated but it ll be worthless
61. ence the average more Example ANALYZE Soils TIMES 5 WITH Districts FOR Nonsense Analyze lt existingMap gt Times lt weight gt default 1 With lt anotherMap gt Times lt weight gt default 1 Add Add the phrase to the command line Repeat for WITH as often as necessary Del Remove the highlighted phrase from the command line Ignoring lt nullValue gt You can use the Renumber function to set areas to the ignored value before using Analyze Around Identifies a map of locations to be processed Null locations will not be analyzed and simply retain the Null value Select Command Mean Also called arithmetic mean or average of the map values associated with each cell location on the set of specified maps The mean is an estimate of the central tendency typical value for normally distributed data Variance Calculates the variance of the map values associated with each cell location on the set of specified maps The variance is an estimate of the data dispersion about the mean for normally distributed data Variance is the square of the standard deviation 73 Map Analysis Tools StdDev Calculates the standard deviation of the map values associated with each cell location on the set of specified maps The standard deviation identifies the data intervals above and below the mean that capture two thirds of the data Skew Skewness characterizes the
62. er map in which the cell values are represented as height This function differs from the Stream function in that paths are calculated from all target cells rather than just a single cell Note Zeros 0 and Null values on the sourceMap indicate areas not to be drained Example DRAIN Housing DOWNHILL ACROSS OVER Elevation FOR Runoff Drain lt sourceMap gt Over lt surfaceMap gt Select Weight Simply Counts the number of paths through each cell The resultant map is termed an optimal path density surface Weighted Sums the sourceMap values of all paths passing through a cell The resultant map is termed a weighted optimal path density surface Be aware that the weighted sums can rapidly reach the maximum cell value of 32 767 particularly if the Absolutely option for path movement is specified 56 Distance Analysis Tools Select Mode Steepest Takes the steepest path along the surface This procedure is similar to water moving along a terrain surface At each position along the path the surfaceMap values of the eight surrounding locations are considered Surface values that are greater than uphill or equal to flat the path position are not considered The slope to each lower position is computed and the steepest is chosen as the next movement along the path If two positions are equally optimal the path moves to both Absolutely Steps via lowest neighbor without calcul
63. erties Show Grid Lines Toggles display of lines perpendicular to the Y axis which cross the major scale tick marks Show Units Toggles display of map scale units 15 Setting Program Defaults Select Colors e Click the Cube Color button to set the color of the lines axes that make up the outline of the cube e Click the Cube Interior button to set the fill color of the cube e Click the Background Color button to set the background color for the map window also visible in 2D view Font Size Enter a number in the blank or use the arrow buttons to set the font size for range intervals displayed on the axes Setting Default Scatter Plot Display Options The Graph Scatter tab contains selections for how all scatter plots are displayed To change properties for individual graphs right click in the graph window and select Properties Select Symbol Style e Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog and pick a color e Click the Style list to choose from a selection of graph markers e Enter the desired font size for the graph markers in the Size box Select Regression Line and Choose Style e The Show Regression Line check box is selected by default Clear the check box if you do not want to see a regression line on scatter plots If the line is not shown the regression equation is not shown e Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog and pick a color e Enter the desired
64. etermine how crop yield is affected by such factors as phosphorous potassium and pH levels Regression is used for developing a prediction model based on a set of sampled data The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is determined by fitting a line to the data that minimizes the deviations between the line and the data The mathematical equation for the line is used to estimate the dependent variable for any given set of values contained in the independent variables Note Regress does not work with maps containing categorical information such as a soil classification map Regress lt dependentMap gt With lt independentMap gt If using more than one independent map select as needed from the drop down list Click Add after each selection Add Click to add the independent map to the command line Del Click to delete a highlighted independent map from the command line To lt newTextFile gt For lt newMap gt The resulting map contains predicted values for the dependent map using the regression equation 79 Map Analysis Tools Relate Relate is used to quantify the similarity of a map to an evaluation data pattern or set of comparison values A map of similarity is generated that contains values from 0 least similar data pattern to 100 identical data pattern At each location Relate identifies the values on all specified maps and compares them to the evaluation d
65. g Primer by Dr Joseph Berry the complete and unedited version of which is provided on the MapCalc CD What is Spatial Interpolation Spatial interpolation refers to the generation of a continuous map surface from point samples All spatial interpolation techniques establish a roving window that 1 moves to a location in a field 2 calculates an estimate based on the point samples around it 8 assigns the estimate to the center of the window 4 moves to the next location The extent of the window both size and shape affects the result regardless of the summary technique In general a large window capturing a bunch of values tends to smooth the data A smaller window tends to result in a rougher surface with abrupt transitions Three factors affect the window s extent e its reach e the number of samples e balancing The reach or search radius sets a limit on how far the computer will go in collecting data values The number of samples establishes how many data values should be used If there are more than enough values within a specified reach the computer uses just the closest ones If there aren t enough values it uses all that it can find within the reach Balancing attempts to eliminate directional bias by ensuring that the values are selected in all directions around window s center Once a window is established the summary technique comes into play What is Inverse Distance Weighting Inverse distance weight
66. grid Changes in grid cell size have a noticeable impact on processing time If you notice very slow processing you may need to increase the size of grid cells Note MapCalc Learner allows a maximum grid size of 100 columns x 100 rows It is possible to exceed the maximum number of grid cells depending on the grid cell length you enter If the data set you select in Step 2 will generate a grid that exceeds the maximum Learner will prompt you to return to this step and increase the grid cell size Creating Modifying and Saving Map Sets Adding Data Sets Note See below to create empty map set and import existing data layers 1 Click Add File to choose tab or shp files Available data sets in the selected files are listed on the right If a file contains point and region polygon data the Use Centroids box is checked If you clear the check box the list shows all data columns both numeric and character For point data only numeric values can be used For polygon data you have two options e Treat polygons as points by using centroids geographic centers of the polygons as points e Use polygon data as is for instance to identify categorical distinctions In this case no interpolation is done and the grid cells that lie under the polygons will be assigned the polygon data value Because there is no interpolation in this type of layer character discrete values such as sandy loam or
67. he Image toolbar If you placed control points on a map in the map window select a point in the list at the top If not continue with the next step Click on the image at the location to place the control point If you do not have map reference points then enter the reference coordinates Click OK in the Control Point information window to add the image point information to the table Repeat to add the remaining control points 33 Using Images MapCale 3 4 Check the results Click the Apply 0 button on the Image toolbar The image is displayed in the map window with the reference map overlaid Ifthe control points are not well matched distortion occurs in the map layer To remove the image from the map window and try again click the Undo button See how to edit control points in Step 6 Ifthe control points are well matched the registration process is finished If you need to edit control points Click the Control Point X button on the Image or Map toolbar as applicable a b Click the label of the control point to edit Click the image or map to move the control point Repeat as needed then edit the corresponding points if necessary on the image or map e Click the Apply Lg button to check the result Transform a Registered Image for Use as a Layer You can use the image transformation function to prepare a raster image to be opened as a map layer in M
68. hic format The maximum line length in an imported file is 4095 characters Line breaks in the import file are ignored MapCalc imports data to fill the number of rows in the grid without regard for line breaks in the import file Example IMPORT FROM Cover grd Surfer FOR Covermap Import lt existingMap gt Select Format Bare Bare ASCII matrix of values row major order Grid Grid ASCII format ESRI Surfer Surfer ASCII format Golden Software MIG MapInfo graphic format MapCalc Professional Map Name lt mapName identified in the inputFile gt Null Value lt nullValue used in the inputFile gt Selections include PMAP_NULL which equals 3 4 38 the value that MapCalc uses to represent no data and SURFER_NULL which equals 1 70141 38 the value that Surfer uses to represent no data Any other number can be entered Origin If checked the origin is in the lower left corner as in a Cartesian grid If not checked the origin is in the upper left corner as in a matrix For lt newMap gt 81 Map Analysis Tools Export Export generates a data file of map values in a variety of formats for data transfer Example EXPORT Covertype TO Cover grd Surfer Export lt existingMap gt Export Map Name lt mapName identified in newTextFile gt Select Format Point X Y longitude latitude other point values Grid Grid ASCII format ESRI Bare Bare
69. ic values rather than vegetation type The Renumbered map does not carry over the labels from the old map This Renumbered map can now be relabeled stored and accessed independently of the vegetation map Note Values assigned can be interval or real numbers Last assignment for a value or range of values is used e g Assign 0 to 1 thru 100 assign 1 to 50 results in 0 assigned to all values except 50 which is assigned 1 Example RENUMBER ROADS ASSIGNING 5 TO 1 ASSIGNING 3 TO 2 ASSIGNING 1 TO 3 THRU 4 ASSIGNING 10 TO 21 THRU 43 FOR Road Friction Renumber lt existingMap gt New Value Enter the value to assign to Old Value Old Value Enter the value to be reassigned with New Value If assigning a value to a range enter the minimum of the range Old Upper Value If assigning New Value to a range enter maximum of the range here Add Click after entering values to add the ASSIGNING phrase to the command line Repeat as needed Del Highlight an ASSIGNING phrase then click to remove it from the command line For lt newMap gt 46 Reclassification Tools Size Size assigns new values according to the size of the area associated with each map category It calculates the area for entire categories map values which are often composed of numerous separate groupings Use Clump then Size to determine the area of individual groups of the same category For example a map of different forest ty
70. imum operations will combine maps to determine the maximum or minimum value at each location For most Compute operations a constant value may be specified instead of a map name Any number of Compute operators may be contained in one command string Maps are processed in the order specified Example COMPUTE Covertype Times 10 Plus Soils FOR Cover Soils Compute lt existingMap gt Operation Select an operator from the list Another Choose from the list if you want to use an open layer as an operand Constant Enter a constant if necessary Another Map Constant Add Add the phrase to the command line Del Remove the highlighted phrase from the command line For lt newMap gt 52 Overlay Tools Cover Cover creates a new map where values of the top map replace the values on the bottom map or stack of maps In other words it is used to combine maps such that the categories of the top map overlay take precedence over the values on any map beneath it This procedure is similar to overlaying several maps on a light table except numbers are substituted for opaque map colors Note A map value entered in the Ignore blank is analogous to a transparent location on a map This technique can be used to mask one map with another For instance a mask can be constructed by Renumbering an area of interest to zero with all other locations assigned a unique border value This mask can
71. ing IDW is an easy interpolation method to conceptualize It estimates the value for a location as an average of the data values within its vicinity The average is weighted in a manner that decreases the influence of the surrounding sample values as the distance increases In an inverse distance squared interpolation the estimate is the inverse distance squared 1 4 weighted average of the samples in the window The 85 A Brief Overview of Interpolation closest sample influences the average a great deal more than the farthest sample Because this is a static averaging method the estimated values can never exceed the range of values in the original field data Also inverse distance tends to pull down peaks and pull up valleys in the data The technique is best suited for data sets with random samples that are relatively independent of their surrounding locations i e minimal regional trend A surface generated by the inverse distance technique is sensitive to sampled locations and tends to put bumps around the sampled areas What is Kriging The inverse distance interpolation technique is fairly straight forward it is a distance weighted average of nearby sample points Kriging gives us another spatial interpolation tool to explore before we can consider which is the best technique to determine residual analysis Obliquely speaking the kriging interpolation technique uses regional variable theory based on an underly
72. ing design employed the interpolation algorithm applied So far we have discussed sampling designs and interpolation algorithms Now it s time to turn our attention to the general concept of spatial dependency Spatial dependency within a data set simply means that what happens at one location depends on what is happening around it formally termed positive spatial autocorrelation This simple concept is the foundation for all spatial interpolation One approach to determining spatial dependency is the variogram also called a semivariogram which plots the similarity among locations as a function of the distance between sample points If the variogram indicates there is a high degree of similarity among neighboring point samples then you can generate maps from the data if there isn t much similarity then you are wasting your time A pretty map can be generated regardless of the degree of spatial dependency but if dependency is minimal the map is just colorful gibberish 88 A Brief Overview of Interpolation What Is Important About Variograms The basic concept of spatial statistics involves spatial autocorrelation referring to the degree of similarity among neighboring points e g soil nutrient samples If they exhibit a lot similarity or spatial dependence they ought to derive a good map If they are spatially independent then expect a map of pure dense gibberish How can we measure whether what happens at on
73. ing linear variogram Without immersion into its theory it is enough to know that there is a lot of math behind the technique In effect it develops a custom window based on the spacing and directional trends it detects in the sample data The reach or size of the window is determined by intersample correlation The summary technique weights the data values aligning them along the trend s direction more than values opposing the trend This trend weighted moving average can result in estimated values that exceed the actual range of the sampled data Also there can be unexpected results in large areas without data values The technique is most appropriate for systematically sampled data exhibiting discernible trends In general the kriged surface may be somewhat smoother than the inverse distance plot INVERSE DISTANCE KRIGING Above Comparison of IDW and kriged surface By now you are likely to concede that spatial interpolation is a bit overwhelming Different techniques result in radically different renderings for the same set of data Which rendering is best 86 A Brief Overview of Interpolation How Should An Interpolation Method Be Chosen The only thing certain is that there isn t a single best method that covers all situations Some rules of thumb and general considerations have been discussed but the only good way to determine the best map is to empirically verify the results This involves generating several
74. lays a positive slope over some distance At a distance known as the range the data points are so far apart that they no longer exhibit a spatial correlation beyond this range the variogram levels off into what is known as the sill In practical terms generating variograms during the map creation process lets you inspect the data for spatial correlation It is important to use spatially Note that a few widely scattered data points over an area are less likely to exhibit spatial correlation than many data points distributed over the same area A spatially non correlated data set will have a generally horizontal variogram WGS84 This is the geographic projection or datum that GPS data in which GPS data must be recorded for compatibility with MapCalc Learner and MapCalc Learner Academic 93 Glossary 94 Index Floor and Ceiling 2 Control Points Data 10 Convert Map Units Correlation Coefficient 22 3 58 BD 13 Create tab File from Raster File 36 Image saioei 34 Font A Create Histogram Graph 18 Add Layers 10 Graph Footer 18 Adding Data 8 2 Graph 17 Adding Maps is Map Legend 15 Affine Transformation
75. ll open windows This does not close the map set Arrangement Tile the open windows vertically or horizontally or cascade stack Options offset the open windows Minimize all windows to clear the MapCalce screen while keeping the windows open in the current map set Selection List List of open windows Select a window to bring it to the front 39 Menus amp Toolbars Help Menu About Displays MapCalc version copyright and contact information Contents and Index Opens MapCalc Online Help Register Software MapCalc must be registered or it will not operate after the trial period Select this menu command to start the Registration Wizard This Wizard will lead you through the registration process You can register by phone or online Have your serial number ready when you begin 40 9 Analysis Tools Select Map Set gt Map Analysis or click the toolbar button to open the Analysis dialog box This dialog box contains many complex functions for statistical and spatial analysis manual equation entry and creating macros scripts for repeated use or custom tutorials The analysis commands are sorted in drop down lists When you select a function from a list a dialog box will open to assist you in entering the necessary parameters for the analysis To learn about the analysis functions select from the lists below or click the Help button i
76. map layer represents one data set or spreadsheet column You can view maps in two or three dimensions with optional gridlines contour lines and custom themes MapCalc exports maps to dBASE dbf comma delimited text csv or MapInfo Interchange mif MapInfo table tab ArcView Shapefile shp or AgLeader 3000 tgt formats It accepts data files in MapInfo table tab or ESRI shape shp format and imports data from ESRI or Surfer grid grd files You can save maps as graphic files in JPEG jpg PNG png bitmap bmp or metafile wmf emf formats Maps can easily be output to a printed report or exported as tab or shp files MapCale Products MapCalc is distributed in three different forms MapCalc Professional is the fully functional version which includes unlimited grid size and all the tutorial materials on the MapCalc Learner CD MapCalc Learner is designed for students and those who want an inexpensive way to learn about spatial analysis The CD contains several tutorial resources MapCalc Learner Academic is designed for instructors It offers two CDs and provides a wide selection of teaching resources Introduction Analysis Tools MapCalc s powerful modeling capabilities are divided into two classes spatial statistics and spatial analysis Spatial statistics tools investigate statistical patterns and relationships among maps They include e Descriptive statistics e Norm
77. n each analysis function dialog box Using the Map Analysis Dialog Box e you complete the dialog box entries for the map analysis functions script commands are entered in the script window the script building area located below the drop down function lists e You can edit a command by double clicking in the Detail column e You can move the command lines up or down by dragging the function name on the left side of the script window e You can run single command line by right clicking the command line then selecting Execute from the Shortcut menu e You can run a full script by right clicking on any command line then selecting Run Script from the Shortcut menu e remove an interim map generated by the script select the Clean Up check box for the command line e To set up options for when script commands run and whether maps open in new windows or a single workspace window make selections in the Default Options dialog box Analysis tab 41 Map Analysis Tools Tools By Category The analysis tools are sorted in lists within the Map Analysis dialog box as shown below The Macro list is available when selected in the Options dialog box Clump Calculate Drain Interpolate Analyze Import Note Configure Composite Radiate Orient Cluster Export Help Renumber Compute Span Profile Compare Describe Pause Size Cover Spread Scan Correlate Remove Slice Crosstab St
78. n zero categories The Spread function can be used to calculate relative edge proximity a related statistic The technique determines the distance to the nearest edge The narrowness statistic calculated by SPAN on the other hand calculates the shortest combined distance to opposing edge cells Many animals respond to feature narrowness which makes Span useful in assessing habitat The Configure function also contains several related feature shape statistics Example SPAN Covertype WITHIN 3 FOR Narrowness Note Span is a memory intensive operation so WITHIN should be as small as the application will allow Span lt existingMap gt Within lt gridSpaces gt default 3 cell radius Number of grid spaces around a cell to search for edges If all opposing edges are more distant than 2 times WITHIN this value is assigned to indicate that the edges are at least that far apart For lt newMap gt 60 Distance Analysis Tools Spread Spread creates a map indicating the shortest effective distance from all cells with non zero or non null values to other cells within the range specified in the To blank Spread replaces zero values with the distance to the nearest non zero cell within the specified distance range In order to return useful information the map selected in the Spread blank should contain isolated points to be used as starting points surrounded by zero value cells which will be re
79. ng 21 Renumber Report Header Adding Customize Resources for 3 26 5 Save a Template 28 Saving Map 10 Scales 15 70 71 Scatter 1 16 22 Script 19 Script Menu Commands 43 Select 1 28 1 89 Send to MapInfo 36 Set Current Map Properties 23 Set Default Graph Title Options 2 17 Set Default 13 Set Map Ranges and Theme25 28 Set Map 26 Set Program Defaults 13 Set Startup Options 13 Setting Locks on Colors 26 Setting Map Ranges 25 Setting 9 13 Shading Manager 25 Shortcut Menu Commands 43 Spatial Statistics Tools 2 Splash Screen on Startup 18 Standard Deviation 92 Statistics c 0 ceccccscessee 24 27 68 Symbol 16 Template Range and Theme 28 26 27 28 14
80. over the map To use the Zoom In tool select the tool then drag a box around the area for which you want a closer view To switch between 2D and views select Map gt 3D or click the 3D View button 3D views offer many different viewing options including floor and ceiling contour lines and the ability to change the view angle 21 Working With Maps To change the appearance of a map select Map gt Properties and adjust the settings in the Map Properties dialog box e change the data type click the Data Type H toolbar button to toggle between discrete and continuous data This may be necessary after using some of the Map Analysis tools for instance if you used analysis tools to convert an original map of continuous data to a map of zones with discrete values To view the data for the entire map set select View gt Data Inspection This opens a spreadsheet window that shows the value for every layer at any point Just move your Select tool over any map to see how this works A shortcut to open the Data Inspection window is to double click on any map Hover the Select tool over a point on any map to see the data value for that grid cell in a popup window Graphing MapCalc can create a scatter plot and a histogram to help you get a quick overview certain statistical behavior in your data A scatter plot can indicate correlation between 2 parameters A histogram shows how data values are distributed Note
81. pes can be Clumped to uniquely identify each forest stand then Sized to produce a map showing the acreage of each stand The size is reported in number of cells in each map category Example SIZE Covertype FOR Cover Size Size lt existingMap gt For lt newMap gt 47 Map Analysis Tools Slice Slice divides the range of values on a map into a specified number of evenly spaced intervals contours It is most often used to generalize a complex map such as elevation into a smaller set of values which can be visualized Zero is assigned to any location with an existing value outside the range specified Example SLICE Elevation INTO 10 FROM 500 THRU 2500 FOR 200 Foot Slice lt existingMap gt Into of intervals From Low boundary of the range to be Sliced Default is lowest existing map value Both positive and negative values are accepted however FROM must be smaller or more negative than THRU Thru High boundary of the range to be sliced Default is highest existing map value Both positive and negative values are accepted however THRU must be larger or more positive than FROM Select Fill Zero Fill Default setting Values outside the range are set to zero Completely Values less than the low boundary are set to 0 Values greater than the high boundary are set to the high boundary 1 For lt newMap gt 48 Overlay Tools Overlay Tools
82. placed by the calculated result The measurement can be affected by the nature of the movement and by the conditions in which the movement takes place For example a lake acts as an absolute barrier to a non swimmer so it has to be circumvented A steep densely forested area represents a relative barrier that slows down a hiker In addition to absolute and relative barriers Spread can be constrained to flow like water uphill or downhill over a surface These guides are not constrained to terrain conditions but can represent up and down wind by similar movement over a barometric surface Example SPREAD Roads TO 100 OVER Elevation FOR Prox Road Note UPHILL DOWNHILL ONLY and ACROSS work only with OVER Spread lt existingMap gt Distances are measured from all locations with non zero and non null values Null Value Enter a value to be ignored To lt gridSpaces gt default 5 cell distance Through lt frictionMap gt lt 1 absolute barrier Values on selected map represent resistance to movement or friction The distance diagonal or orthogonal is multiplied by the friction value to determine effective distance of each cell The values on the output map indicate multiples of increased friction For example a friction value of 5 is five times more difficult to cross than a friction value of 1 Fractional friction can be expressed as a two digit number For example a friction value of 15 is 1 5 times more difficult
83. ps A correlation of 1 00 indicates a perfect direct relationship between the maps a correlation of 1 00 indicates that one map s values change inversely in relation to the other s Between the two extremes is a range of less than perfect relationships including zero that indicates the lack of any sort of linear relationship at all uncorrelated Correlate lt independentMap gt With lt independentMap2 gt If using more than one independent map select as needed from the drop down list Click Add after each selection Add Click to add the independent map to the command line Del Click to delete a highlighted independent map from the command line To lt newTextFile gt Example Output CORRELATE Slope With Elevation TO SE_correlation txt Slope Elevation Slope 1 000 0 432 Elevation 1 000 The correlation value of 432 indicates that slope is somewhat positively correlated with elevation The 1 00 indices along the diagonal of the correlation matrix reports a perfect relationship of a map to itself 78 Statistical Tools Regress Regress performs linear regression analysis by using the least squares method to fit a line through a set of data points in multiple maps Each grid location identifies a series of values You can analyze how a single map the dependent variable is affected by the values of one or more other maps independent variables For example you can d
84. r a name in the File name box Select a file format from the Save as type drop down list CO N Click Save 12 Select View gt Options to open the Default Options dialog box This dialog box enables you to specify the global settings of MapCalc including the appearance of maps reports and graphs as well as what happens when the program starts The General tab contains selections for how the program starts Select What MapCalc Should Open The Quick Start selection tells MapCalc whether you want to e Open the program with the Map Set Creation Wizard e Open the program with the last used map set e Open the program with the Load Map Set dialog box e Open the program with a blank screen You can also select whether to display the Quick Start selection dialog and the splash screen every time the program opens Set Default Units Set the default distance and area measurements Setting Default Map Display Options The Map Display tab contains selections for how all maps are displayed Individual map properties can be changed in the Map Properties dialog box 3D View Toggles between 3D and 2D view Contour Selections e Layer Contour toggles display of ranges thematically over the 3D layer using the settings in the Shading Manager e Layer Contour Lines toggles lines between ranges on the contour map 13 Setting Program Defaults e Floor and Ceiling Contours toggle a 2D contour map of
85. r feet or meters For abstract surfaces such as a cost surface the range of map values should be at the same order of magnitude as the MapCalc scale Select Mode Fitted Assigns slope of the best fitted plane across the 3x3 window Default Best overall estimator of slope at a point Maximum Assigns the maximum of the four possible slopes drawn through the eight neighbors Tip water responds to maximum slope Minimum Assigns the minimum of the four possible slopes drawn through the eight neighbors Tip hikers tend to respond to minimum slope Average Assigns the average of the four possible slopes drawn through the eight neighbors A general slope index For lt newMap gt 72 Statistical Tools Statistical Tools Statistical Tools include Analyze Cluster Compare Correlate Regress and Relate Analyze Analyze creates a map of the simple or weighted average standard deviation coefficient of variation and several other descriptive statistics for two or more maps It is most frequently used to compute the arithmetic average of several maps Analyze creates a new map by computing the simple or weighted averages of two or more existing maps on a cell by cell basis The processing algorithm multiplies the values of each specified map by its assigned weight adds the weighted values for each cell and divides the total by the sum of the weights Maps with larger weights influ
86. r styles to choose from in the drop down list The border width can be adjusted from 1 to 9 pixels 14 Setting Default Map Legend Properties Setting Default Map Legend Properties The Map Legend tab contains selections for how all map legends are displayed Individual map properties can be changed in the Map Properties dialog box Select Font and Background Color The legend will appear on printed reports and saved map images e Click the Font button to open the Windows font dialog Choose a font size and color for the units shown in the legend Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog Choose a color for the background area around the legend Show Legend Toggles display of the legend in the map window Set Position The legend can be displayed on any side of the map Show Units Toggles display of units on the legend Select Border There are a variety of border styles to choose from in the drop down list The border width can be adjusted from 1 to 9 pixels Setting Default Plot Cube Properties The Map Plot Cube tab contains selections for how all maps are displayed Individual map properties can be changed in the Map Properties dialog box Except as noted plot cube properties are visible when you view maps in 3D mode Scale MapCalc determines a scale for each map based on the data it contains Scale can be set in the Map Properties dialog box for individual maps by selecting Map gt Prop
87. ream Slope Regress Intersect Relate 42 Menus Menus Script Menu New Start a new script scr file A script is a macro executed through the Map Analysis dialog box Open Open a saved script Close Close the current script Save Save the current script Save As Save the current script with a new name Execute Run the current script Exit Close the Map Analysis dialog box Edit Menu Edit Make changes to the selected script command Cut Remove the selected script command Copy Copy the selected script command Paste Paste the selected script command at the insertion point cursor Shortcut Menu Edit Make changes to the selected script command Delete Remove the current command from the script Execute Run a single selected command Run Script Run the entire script macro 43 Map Analysis Tools Reclassification Tools Reclassification tools include Clump Configure Renumber Size and Slice Clump Clump uniquely identifies groups of cells with the same value but geographically separated It 15 most often used to identify contiguous parcels of the same condition on a map Consider a map with lake cells assigned the value four As all of the lakes have the same value MapCalc cannot distinguish between the individual lakes until they are clumped and assigned unique numbers Clump creates a new map
88. respond to the map values 2 For a topographic surface the units for X Y and Z should be consistent either feet or meters For abstract surfaces such as a cost surface the range of map values should be at the same order of magnitude as the MapCalc scale Select Mode Octants Cells will be assigned the values NE SE 5 SW W NW or no aspect flat Precisely Cells will be assigned azimuth values of 1 360 or 361 meaning no aspect flat For lt newMap gt 67 Map Analysis Tools Profile Profile characterizes the cross sectional profile along a continuous surface The profile process is similar to slicing a loaf of bread then holding up each slice As you look at the side of a slice its top crust forms a line termed the surface s profile The up and down pattern of the profile line is summarized by the Profile function It creates a new map by assigning a value to each cell based on the inclination of a line through it and two diametrically opposed neighbor cells As shown below each cell X has eight neighbors 123 4 5 6718 Eight profiles can be drawn through the central cell A profile can be drawn from neighbor 1 through neighbor 8 similar profiles can be drawn through neighbors 2 and 7 3 and 6 and 4 and 5 Each of the four lines through three adjoining cells can be viewed from both sides of the line For example the line through neighbors 1
89. rger values indicate higher visual exposure to the set of weighted viewer locations For example each road type might be assigned a value indicating the relative volume of traffic The visual exposure from such a map characterizes each location as to the total sum of the weights visually connected to it A location connected to just a few heavy duty roads cells would receive a larger exposure index that a location which is connected to many more light duty roads Degrees Identifies the maximum prominence angle of connected viewer cells Larger values indicate areas dominating a viewshed The maximum degree of exposure is assigned to areas seen more than once For example a prominence map from a road network characterizes the maximum impact of any area as a person drives through the network The maximum degree of exposure is assigned to areas seen more than once For lt newMap gt 59 Map Analysis Tools Span Span creates a map indicating narrowness within all non zero areas on a map A narrowness value is assigned to each cell that is equal to the length in grid spaces of the shortest line connecting opposing edges of the feature For example the narrowness of square feature is small in the corners and becomes progressively larger toward the center An hourglass shaped feature is wider at its ends large narrowness values and smaller in the middle small narrowness values Values are only computed for no
90. ridSpaces gt default 5 Maximum horizontal radius of cells of a line of sight around each viewer location At lt viewer_heightValue gt default 0 Height of the viewpoint above the surfaceMap The default simulates the view from the surface bug s eye view Through lt screen_heightMap gt Map containing cells that block any line of sight For example a forest map with values of 75 feet per forested cell would constitute a screen map that automatically overlays the surface map when Through is specified Onto lt target_heightMap gt Map containing cell values reflecting the height of features above corresponding cells of the surface map For example visible height values might represent heights of smokestacks above the topographic surface map A possible analysis could be to deter mine at what viewing height any smokestack is visible above an intermediate range of hills Select Mode Simply Identifies all visible cells within the viewshed Locations with one or more visual connection are assigned the value 1 Completely Identifies the number of connected viewer cells Larger values indicate higher visual exposure to the set of viewer locations For example a visual exposure map from a road network characterizes each location as to how many road cells are visually connected to it 58 Distance Analysis Tools Weighted Calculates the sum of the values of connected viewer cells La
91. rting Map Units A WO N The Units tab enables you to change the units used in the currently selected map Convert Units Click the ellipsis button to open the Select Units dialog box Choose a category then select from the unit types in that category Click Ok to close the Select Units dialog box To convert units click Convert Viewing Data The Data tab displays the data contained in the currently selected map in a spreadsheet format Scroll to View Grid Values The datavalues for each grid square are shown as a spreadsheet in the window Use the scroll bars to move through the spreadsheet Raw or unconverted data values are shown Rows correspond to Y distance on the grid and columns correspond to X distance on the grid The data value corresponds to Z distance when the map is viewed in 3D mode You can also view the data contained in the entire map set by selecting View gt Data Inspection Viewing Layer Information The Statistics Values Equation and Source tabs display in depth information about the currently selected map View Statistics The Statistics tab displays common statistics if the currently selected map contains continuous data You can perform any other necessary calculations using the Map Analysis tools View Values The Values tab displays categorical data types and map coverage information if the currently selected map contains discrete data View Equation If this map was generated as a res
92. s is assigned to each interpolated cell 65 Map Analysis Tools Select Substituting New values are interpreted for all map locations including sample data locations This allows residual analysis of interpolation performance Retaining Retains all point data values Ignoring lt nullvalue gt Value used to indicate non sampled locations This value must be a number that is not included in the range of sample values For example 0 feet elevation is a valid height above sea level therefore the null value should be assigned a number such as 99 For lt newMap gt 66 Neighbors Analysis Tools Orient Orient produces a map of aspects or azimuths along a surface map It calculates azimuth degrees or aspect octants eight compass directions of each cell on a map representing a continuous three dimensional surface Vertical scale units must be consistent with the horizontal scale of the map If the map scale is in kilometers for example and the vertical scale units map cell values are meters all cell values must be divided by 1000 before the map is Oriented It is good practice to select equivalent map cell units whenever Orient Slope or Radiate operations are anticipated Example ORIENT Elevation PRECISELY FOR Aspect Map Orient lt existingMap gt The values on this map are treated as forming a 3 dimensional surface The MapCalc scale units X Y must cor
93. se the Reset View command from the Graph or Map menus to return to the default settings if desired Select The Select pointer is the default tool Use it to e Double click in the margin area of a map or graph window to open the Properties dialog box e Double click on a map to open the Data Inspection window e Double click a legend to open the Shading Manager e Float the Select tool over the grid to see the grid cell values pop up on screen Zoom In To zoom in drag a box around the area of the map to be magnified 37 Menus amp Toolbars Zoom Out This tool enables you to zoom the map scale either in or out To zoom click and hold the primary mouse button on the map as you slide the mouse forward or back You will see the view changing as the mouse moves When you release the mouse button the map is redrawn to the new scale Rotate This tool changes the view angle of the map when viewing in 3D mode With the rotate tool selected click and hold within the plot area as you move the mouse When finished release the mouse button and the map is redrawn Move The Move tool lets you click on the map and drag it within the window It is helpful if you are viewing at a high zoom level and you want to see a part of the grid that is outside the edge of the viewing area Map Menu This menu is available when a map set is open Menu options marked below with an asterisk can b
94. sidual indicates whether the guesses are too high positive or too low negative If it were a perfect data world you would expect the Sum of the Residuals to be 0 just as many high as low misses in other words balanced However in this case there is a net residual of 17 indicating a bias to underestimate The Average Unsigned Residual is simply the average magnitude of mistakes regardless whether more or less than For the Average expect errors of about 22 8 each time you guess The Normalized Residual Index is simply the ratio of the Average Unsigned Residual to the Test Set Average An index of 81 indicates that the Average technique isn t very good Now take a look at the residual analysis for the other techniques Both techniques are considerably better than the whole field average indices of 18 and 12 compared to a 87 A Brief Overview of Interpolation whopping 81 with the kriging technique best having a 3 3 Average Unsigned Residual and a tendency to underestimate a Sum of the Residuals of 28 The inverse distance technique is a close second with an index of 18 and a nearly identical underestimate bias 29 The asterisks identify test measurements outside the set of samples used for interpolation Is there a significant difference between the various techniques in their estimates for the two different populations Would the conclusions change if the test and interpolation samples are swapped an
95. t The single arrows move one selected map and the double arrows move the entire list You must click the Selected button beneath the Map List to use the arrows for selecting maps To sort selected maps in a different order use the Move Up and Move Down buttons beneath the list Reports will print in the order shown Select the report style Enter the number of columns and rows page blue image of a page next to the column and row entries shows you the layout you have chosen Also specify landscape or portrait printing and whether to show histograms and statistics 4 Enter a header footer and logo if desired Click the Options button if you wish to customize the report see Customizing Reports below for more information 5 Click Print Customizing Reports Click Options in the Report Printing dialog box to add page header information change fonts or add a logo to your printed reports Editing the Report Header and Footer Enter Header Left Text to appear on the upper left side of the report and Header Right Text to appear on the upper right side of the report Click Font next to each entry to set the font color size and other attributes for each side of the header area Select footer options by checking the boxes for the Date Map Set Name or Page Number as desired Selecting a Logo for Reports To use your own logo or other graphic image click Load Locate the logo and click Open accepts
96. the 3D layer on the floor or ceiling e Floor and Ceiling Contour Lines toggles contour lines on the floor or ceiling X Y Mesh For 3D maps only Toggles the display of an X Y grid over the map The display options allow you to set whether to show rows columns or both You can also enter a value to show every nth row or column Use Cells Assigns one value to each cell rather than interpolating across cells This results in a grid of squares each square having a single value The visual effect on the map is that each grid cell is themed with a single color Set View Angle For 3D maps only Use the up and down arrows to adjust values for the tilt and rotation Click Apply to see the result while the dialog box is open Do not click Apply to Open Maps unless you want all changes made to all maps Setting Default Map Title Properties The Map Title tab contains selections for how all map titles are displayed Individual map properties can be changed in the Map Properties dialog box Show Title If you do not want a title to appear on the map clear the Show title check box Select Font and Background Color The title will appear on printed reports and saved map images e Click the Font button to open the Windows font dialog Choose a font size and color Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog Choose a color for the background area around the map title Select Border There are a variety of borde
97. ult of an equation calculated by any of the Map Analysis tools the equation is shown on the View Equation tab View Source The View Source tab displays more information about how the current map was created and defining parameters such as grid size and the spatial coordinates at the origin 24 Using the Shading Manager The Shading Manager dialog box helps you customize the ranges and color theme applied to any map It also saves and recalls your custom themes To open the Shading Manager select Map gt Shading Manager or click the toolbar button You can also open the Shading Manager by double clicking on the legend in a map window The Shading Manager dialog box offers different settings depending on whether the selected map contains continuous or discrete data For discrete data there are no tabs on the right side of the dialog box Range Controls section The Range Display section shows only the category count and color for each data type Range Display Section The Range Display section on the left side of the Shading Manager contains the following columns for continuous data e minima and maxima for the current data ranges e count of cells distributed by range e acres and area for each range e color used in map theme Range Controls Section The Range Controls section on the right side of the Shading Manager contains four tabs if the selected map contains continuous data e calculations for changing
98. uninstalling programs mouse operation and using windows and dialog boxes Red Hen Systems does not offer technical support for operating Microsoft Windows Note that some sections apply only to a particular MapCalc product These sections are marked with the appropriate product name for example MapCalc Professional Other Learning Resources You must be familiar with spatial analysis to properly apply and understand the MapCalc analysis tools and the maps you can create with them Since spatial analysis and spatial statistics can be challenging topics a set of educational resources are included on the CD The Precision Farming Primer contains a wealth of information on spatial statistics applied to site specific agriculture The explanations of statistical concepts are extremely helpful for people in any industry Map Analysis Uncovering Spatial Relationships Through Grid Based Modeling is another online book that will help you further explore many analytical concepts you can apply with MapCale Additionally MapCalc Learner Academic comes with a selection of materials on a second CD for instructors to use in designing lesson plans and workshops Online Help 21 Many dialog boxes MapCalc have question mark button in the upper right corner next to the window controls To find out about a dialog box option click the question mark then click the part of the dialog box you need more information about This is th
99. urrent membership for each cluster The updated values are used to redistribute cluster membership by repeating the comparison of each location s data pattern to the updated data patterns of the clusters Iterations of the above steps are made until cluster assignment does not change or the maximum number of 30 iterations is completed Similarity results are best when all map layers exhibit interval or ratio data types e g 30 silt 60 silt etc where the data range forms a bounded linear gradient Unpredictable results occur if the values within a data map are categorical that is the numbers are identifiers with no numerical value such as soil type 1 2 etc Numbers exhibiting an ordinal relationship may be used such as 1 best soil through n worst soil Cluster lt dataMap1 gt With lt dataMap2 gt Repeat as necessary Click Add after selecting each map Add Add the phrase to the command line Del Remove the highlighted phrase from the command line Using lt clusters gt default 5 For lt newMap gt 75 Map Analysis Tools Compare Compare creates a summary table of various comparison statistics between two maps The comparison table summarizes the percent difference between the two specified maps on a cell by cell basis The statistical indices test for significant differences between the two sets of data Example COMPARE Slope WITH Slope_max TO SSm_compare txt
100. vf RED HEN 5 5 5 MapCale User s Guide gt MapCalc Professional gt MapCalc Learner gt MapCalc Learner Academic MapCalc User s Guide 2000 2001 Red Hen Systems Inc All Rights Reserved This document may not be copied or distributed in whole or in part by any means electronic or mechanical without the express written permission of Red Hen Systems Inc P O Box 2222 Fort Collins CO 80522 Red Hen Systems wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Dr Joseph K Berry to the content of the MapCalc documentation set Information in this manual is subject to change without notice Check the Red Hen Systems Web site at http www redhensystems com for current information on this product MapCalc is a registered trademark of Red Hen Systems Inc Other product or company names herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners Technical Support Send e mail to support redhensystems com or call 800 237 4182 9 00 AM to 4 00 PM Mountain Standard Time Monday through Friday RHS Document No MCSM 2 0 Contents TNGLO DUC ON cis oii e Welcome to 1 Analysis ea eas aR 2 Getting to Know 3 Getting Started 5522
101. width for the regression line in the Width box 16 Setting Default Histogram Display Options Setting Default Histogram Display Options The Graph Histogram tab contains selections for how all histograms are displayed To change properties for individual graphs right click in the graph window and select Properties Select Pattern Style Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog and pick fill color e Click the Pattern list to select a fill pattern N means no pattern Select Histogram Type e Bars you can view the data in discrete ranges using bars The height of the bars represents the area contained in each range Area you can view the data in a continuous graph The height of the graph at any point represents the total area corresponding to the variable Setting Default Graph Title Options The Graph Title tab contains selections for how titles are displayed in graph windows To change properties for individual graphs right click in the graph window and select Properties Show Title If you do not want a title to appear on the graph clear the Show title check box Select Font and Background Color The title will appear on printed reports and saved map images e Click the Font button to open the Windows font dialog Choose a font size and color Click the Color button to open the Windows color dialog Choose a color for the background area around the map title Select Border
102. window The default summary is the average value of cells in the window The size and shape of the window is controlled by specifying the number of cells radius from the center cell and whether to use a circular or square shape A portion of a map can be scanned by masking with the AROUND option The IGNORING option specifies a value to be excluded from the operation Scan has been shown to be very useful in producing accurate point data interpolations when combined with Interpolate Discretely Example SCAN Housing Total AROUND Roads FOR Road Housing Density Scan lt existingMap gt Select Orient Mode Average Existing values are replaced with the average of the cell values included in the Scan Stddev Existing values are replaced with the standard deviation of the cell values included in the Scan Coffvar Existing values are replaced with the coefficient of variation of the cell values included in the Scan Also termed relative standard deviation this statistic normalizes the standard deviation allowing comparison of variation between different data sets Total Existing values are replaced with the sum of the cell values included in the Scan Maximum Existing values are replaced with the largest of the cell values included in the Scan Minimum Existing values are replaced with the smallest of the cell values included in the Scan Median Existing values are replaced with the midrange value of
103. yer at a time in the list of map layers Viewing Maps Select a map in the list then click View you can also double click the map name This opens the selected layer in a new window and places it over other windows for viewing If the layer you select is already open the map window will move in front of any other windows To create a copy of any map select the layer and click Clone View Renaming Maps Select a map in the list then click Rename You are prompted to enter a new name for the selected layer Deleting Maps Select a map in the list then click Delete This removes a selected layer from the map set This does not alter or delete anything from the original data file The map is simply removed from the current map set If you want to restore the map layer later use the Add New Layers command More Tips for Viewing Maps e Ifa map window is open in the current map set but is hidden by other map windows you can bring it to the front by selecting it from the Windows menu To adda new map layer the current map set select Map Set gt Add New Layers and follow the instructions in the Wizard e To adjust the scale or angle at which you view the map try using the Rotate Pan and Zoom tools to adjust the viewing angle map position in the window and the zoom Rotate does not apply to 2D maps e To use the Rotate Pan or Zoom Out tools select the tool then hold down the primary mouse button while sliding the mouse

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