Optical Sensor in Vehicles - International Journal of Engineering
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1. Go ago Command 4 2 Description of microcontroller 89S52 The AT89S52 is a low power high performance CMOS 8 bit micro controller with amp Kbytes of in system programmable Flash memory The device is manufactured Using Atmel s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 micro controller The on chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer By combining a versatile 8 bit CPU with in system programmable flash one monolithic chip the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful micro controller which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications POO POT P20 P27 PORT DRIVERS PORT 2 DRIVERS FLASH le PORT 0 RAM LATCH PROGRAM ADDRESS REGISTER INTERRUPT A AND TIMER BLOCKS PORT 1 isi PROGRAM Ro PORT LOGIC T T P320 P37 P1 0 PLT Pin Configurations PDIP T2 P1001 400 voc T2 EX P1 102 39 O P0 0 ADO P1 2 03 38 O PO 1 AD1 P13 04 37 O PO 2 AD2 P1405 36 O P0 3 AD3 MOS P1 5 O06 35 O P0 4 AD4 MISO P1 6 O07 34 O P0 5 AD5 SCK P1 7 08 33 0 PO 6 AD6 RsToOs 32 0O PO 7 AD7 RXD P3 0 QO 10 31 O EAVPP TXD P3 1 0 11 230 D ALE PROG INTO P3 2 O 12 29 D PSEN ANTT P3 3 O 13 28 O P2 7 A15 T0 P3 4 14 27 O P2 6 A14 T2. be Accessed by the microprocessor either 4 bit or 8 bit International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology IJEAT 7 Numerous instructions 8 Clear Display Cursor Home Display ON OFF Cursor ON OFF Blink Character Cursor Shift Display Shift Several different LCD technologies exists supertwist types for example offer Improved contrast and viewing angle over the older twisted nematic types Some modules are available with back lighting so that they can be viewed in dimly lit conditions The back lighting may be either electro luminescent requiring a high voltage inverter circuit or simple LED illumination LCD PANEL 16 CHARACTERS ILINES Fig 7 block diagram of LCD 3 4 2 Power supply for ICD driving LCD MODULE Vdd V0 LCD Driving Voltage VR 10K 20K Fig 8 power supply of LCD 3 4 3 PIN DESCRIPTION Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins two pins are extra in both for back light LED connections Power Supply GND Power Supply 5V vo Contrast Adjust ss dd o S Instruction Data Register Select E K SYMBOL V V Vi R R W Data Bus Line E Enabe Signal DBO DB7 Data Bus Line A Power Supply for LED B L K Powe Supply for LED B L Table1 pin description 3 4 4 Control lines of LCD EN Line is called Enable This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sendin
3. 1 P3 50 15 26 O P2 5 A13 NR P3 6 O 16 25 D P2 4 A12 RD P3 7 O 17 24 O P2 3 A11 XTAL2 O 18 23 O P2 2 A10 XTAL1 QO 19 22 J P2 1 A9 GND 20 C P2 0 A8 Fig 11 architecture and pin configuration of microcontroller The AT89S52 provides the following standard features 8K bytes of Flash 256 bytes of RAM 32 I O lines Watchdog timer two data pointers three 16 bit timer counters full duplex serial port on chip oscillator and clock circuitry In addition the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for pertain down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM timer counters serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning The Power down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt Optical Sensor in Vehicles V CONCLUSION The developed system was put under a series of tests for ascertaining its performance as a protective device and very satisfactory results were obtained When the load current exceeds 10A the load was turned off The upper and lower level responses of this device were also found 5 to be sufficiently quick so that the safety of the equipment protection by the device under any undesired transient condition of the main supply was ensured This device had a very high sensitivity It was also simple in design reliable in operation and cost
4. ASM ASSIGN BreskDisable BreakEnable BreskRill BreakList BreakSet Bresk ccess COVERAGE DEFINE DIR Display Enter EVALuate EXIT FUNC Go 1S LET RBH A Commaned f Foin Fes 4 U Bie Edt Whew oet Debus Pestera Jock SCS Window Heb GEO REO SEALER JABS QOR 4OFB ANOPPI ARSSOE unning in Eval Mode 2K as ad D gt embedded x Pont Ch03_00 Hello Hell To ensure that the port activity is visible we need to start the periodic window update flag aru nning in Ev al Mode 2K Qi Load D embedded Post CB03_00 Hello Hello gt 4 STAT N E A Comand A Fret in Res 4 P Ge Eat pew poet Debug Perpheras ods JCS indo tiep asg E Zat Rap Qebug Session FS a amp uo oN JA SG Qn sears Paralel Port 1 Port PDF per eewey Pre DOF PERRE ASM ASSIGN BreakDisable BreskEneble BreskKill BreakList BreekSet BreakAccess COVERAGE DEFINE DIR Display Enter EVALuate EXIT FUNC Go i Corumand A fra w f s Le Pun Lica 224 ISSN 2249 8958 Volume 2 Issue 6 August 2013 J wn Perlormanmce Anatyre Eo we et etn D re e le x ised ers Al a Os a na ars amp 2OR Te gt i AETS nie eime avgiwe biie ort asam a2 aa in Eval Mode 25 al Miinnizg Load D embedded x Pont Ch03_00 Hel low Hel lo gt ASM ASSIGN BreekDisable SreakEnable Breekii l1 Sreakliet SreekSet BreskAccem COVERAGE DEFINE DIR Display Ester EVALuate EXIT FUNC
5. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology IJEAT ISSN 2249 8958 Volume 2 Issue 6 August 2013 Optical Sensor in Vehicles Aarathi Abstract When the vehicels turns in curve at night it can always appear the blind spot in the turn for the lights are unable to adjust the illumination angle In order to enhance safety driving at night an adaptive front lighting system AFS of automobile controlled by STCIZC5A60AD which is the core of electric control unit is designed in this work The AFS is based on the steering wheel angle and speed changes to adjust light axis angle to light up the road in the front so the drivers security vision are improved The work principles of the AFS 6 and control model and hardware circuits are particularly described Keywords optical sensor Relay LDR LCD I INTRODUCTION In vehicles switching the head light up and down when another vehicles are coming during night need to do manually In this work switching ON OFF of the head light is made automatically by using light sensors such as LDR Light depended resistors when the LDR senses the light then it automatically switch the down light else it will switch to head light In this work LED light emitting diodes are used for head light and down light indications Il THE BLOCK DIAGRAM Micro controller Unit Unit intensity control Unit Focus light Arrancement Fig 1 Block diagram of this work is i
6. LCD e RS 0 Instructions RS 0 1 Character 3 4 6 Writing data to the LCD 1 Set R W bit to low 2 Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 instruction or character 3 Set data to data lines if it is writing 4 Set E line to high 5 Set E line to low 3 4 7 Read data from data lines on LCD 1 Set R W bit to high 2 Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 instruction or character 3 Set data to data lines if it is writing 4 Set E line to high 5 Set E line to low 3 4 8 Initialization by Instructions a PowerON W A Wait 15 ms or more after Vpop reaches 4 5 V instruction Function Set 8 Bit Interface RS R W DB DBs DBs DBs DB2 DB2 DB DBo f Busy flag can t be checked before execution of this 0000 1 1 Wait 4 1 ms or more RS R W DB DB DBs DB DB DB DB DB f Busy flag can t be checked before execution of this instruction Function Set 8 Bit Interface 000 0 1 1 Wait 100 us or more RS R W DB DBs DBs DBs DB2 DB2 DB DBp Busy flag can t be checked before execution of this instruction Function Set 8 Bit Interface a Busy flag can be checked after the following instructions are completed If the busy flag is not going to be checked then a wait time longer than the total execution time of these instructions is required See Table 7 RS R W DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB 1 N F z z Function Set 8 Bit Interface Caution At this point Single Dual Line the display for
7. competitive with any other product available in the market From the above analysis it is concluded that this device can easily protect electrical appliances against fluctuation of line voltages and over load current REFERENCES 1 Hanwei Electronics Co LTD MQ 5 2 Theodore S Rappa port Wireless Communications 3 Karnataka State Fire and Emergency Services 4 Keil Embedded Development Tools for ARM User Manual for LPC2129 5 Wikipedia for list of light sensor 6 www al lighting com lighting headlamps afs 7 R Cucchiara and M Piccardi Vehicle detection under day and night illumination International ICSC Symposium on Intelligent Industrial Automation 1999 8 N Matthews P An D Charnley and C Harris Vehicle detection and recognition in greyscale imagery Control Engineering Practice vol 4 pp 473 479 1996 225
8. elay An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of electron flow If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil The greater the current the greater the strength of the magnetic field all other factors being equal Load Fig 5 Internal structure of Relay If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that object move when we energize the coil with electric current we have what is called a solenoid The movable magnetic object is called an armature and most armatures can be moved with either direct current DC or alternating current AC energizing the coil The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature Fig 6 block diagram of Relay A relay is an electrically operated switch Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw changeover switch contacts as shown in the diagram Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits the li
9. ello in Ch03_00 in Pont and open it 223 fle Eat Yew Project Debug Pertheras Too SCS Window Help Go to Project Select Device for Target Target1 Select 8052 all variants and click OK De ER Yew Project Debug Feypheras Toots SCS Window Help aaug wre Ja a root pison Propst Now we need to check the oscillator frequency Go to project Optionss for Target Target1 piison De Eat yen poet Debug Feapieroi oos PCS Window teip eakg Sifcl Fe lt n aanh za J ill Rw E h ts A r j Fed Fes J Ils Project cptions Make sure that the oscillator frequency is 12MHz Viswnd fhe Gat ymn Protect bg Puhara Joch SACS Widow ts Aaseg oe feeeaeal J4 9 2 BP cers SDO Kiop z aa Tort Om srol csi AST BLED Locate OLS3 Mie Debog Generic BOSI jal Vasaris International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology IJEAT Ge ER Hew bust Cetug Amphess Took SCS Window teb AT E Sn af a Bu ild ferset Target 1 Hello O Erroris Ps 0 Werning s The flashing LED we will view will be connected to Port 1 We therefore want to observe the activity on this port Ee GR je Propet Debug Pempheris Too JS Window tep OsO0 oe Beer pasai dajulele enloere uourin pae oes LED TLAS Change _State perme e L000 as meu pe tase 5 Rum Ang ia Eyal Maie oa al oad D bedded z Pont Ch03_00 HelloHelle gt
10. g it data To send data to the LCD your program should make sure this line is low 0 and then set the other two control lines and or put data on the data bus When the other lines are completely ready bring EN 222 ISSN 2249 8958 Volume 2 Issue 6 August 2013 high 1 and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet this varies from LCD to LCD and end by bringing it low 0 again 2 RS Line is the Register Select line When RS is low 0 the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction such as clear screen position cursor etc When RS is high 1 the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen For example to display the letter T on the screen you would set RS high RW Line is the Read Write control line When RW is low 0 the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD When RW is high 1 the program is effectively querying or reading the LCD Only one instruction Get LCD status is a read command All others are write commands so RW will almost always be low Finally the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines depending on the mode of operation selected by the user In the case of an 8 bit data bus the lines are referred to as DBO DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 and DB7 3 4 5 Logic status on control lines e E 0 Access to LCD disabled E 1 Access to LCD enabled e R W 0 Writing data to LCD R W 0 1 Reading data from
11. llustrated MI HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PART Hardware Power supply LDR and driver Unit Microcontroller Light control unit Focus light arrangement Software Keil Embedded C Proload burner software 3 1 1 Power Supply Power supply required for the micro controller 89C51 is 5 volts The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications Initially a step down transformer is used to step down the input voltage to be given to the rectifier which converts A C voltage to D C voltage Manuscript received on August 2013 Aarathi Assistant professor in B K I T Bhalki Karnataka India 220 AC D Regulat Fil AC C or te DC Fig 2 Block diagram of power supply A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled coils or windings A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core of the transformer This increasing magnetic field induces a increasing electromotive force EMF or voltage in the secondary winding This effect is called mutual induction If a load is connected to the secondary circuit electric energy or current will flow in the secondary winding of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected in the secondary circuit By appropriate selection of number of turns a transf
12. mat Display Off t 1 0 Display Display Font an t be changed 0 Display Clear 0 Entry Mode Set End of Initialization Fig 10 Block Representation of initialization by instruction Optical Sensor in Vehicles 3 4 9 LCD Display e A Liquid crystal display LCD is a low cost low power device capable of displaying text and images e The LCD controller provides a relatively simple interface between a processor and an LCD LCDs can be added quite easily to an application and use as few as three digital output pins for control Figure8 1 Schematic diagram ofan LCD There are different types of LCDs such as reflective LCD absorption LCD dot matrix LCD Each type of LCD is able to display multiple characters In addition each character may be displayed in normal or inverted fashion The LCD may permit a character to be blinking or may permit display of a cursor indicating the current character Such functionality would be difficult to be implemented using software Thus an LCD controller is used to provide a simple interface to an LCD perhaps eight data inputs and one enable input This byte may be a control word which can be an instruction or data word The most common connector used for the 44780 based LCDs is 14 pins in a row with pin centers 0 100 apart 3 5 Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device usually electronic typically used in automobiles household appliances such as a microwave oven or game sho
13. nk is magnetic and mechanical 221 Relays thus enables controlling an AC device through DC The relay s switch connections are usually labeled COM NC and NO e COM Common always connect to this it is the moving part of the switch e NC Normally Closed COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off e NO Normally Open COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on e Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on e Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off 3 2 Light Dependent Resistor LDR To detect the present of an object we have used LDR and a source of light LDR 1S a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it It has resistance of about 1 mega ohm when in total darkness but a resistance of only about 5k ohms when brightness illuminated It responds to a large part of light spectrum 2 1 LDR use should be sensitive before using in the circuits it should tested with the multimeter 2 IC should not be heated much while soldering too much heat can destroy the IC while placing the IC pin no should be make sure at right hole 3 Opposite polarity of the battery can destroy the IC so check the polarity before switching on the circuits one should use diode in series with switch for safety because diode allows current in only one direction 4 Each com
14. ormer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up by making Ns more than Np or stepped down by making it vice versa The transformer produces 12 volts D C This is given to the 7805 voltage regulator to produce 5 volts D C The voltage ranges of different 78xx series are given below VOLTAGE RANGE e LM7805C 5V e LM7812C 12V e LM7815C 15 For high power lamp switching one can connect Relay electromagnetic switch 3 1 2 Regulator 78XX It is a 3 pin IC use as a voltage regulator it converts unregulated DC current in to regulated dc current Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the filtered DC It can also be used in circuit to get low DC voltage from a high DC voltage 3 1 3 Relay contacts 2 relay output insulator pivoted iron armature iron core coil pivot Fig 3 Relay A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit it can be considered to be in a broad sense a form of an electrical amplifier Optical Sensor in Vehicles Relays are usually SPDT single pole double through switch or DPDT double pole double through switch but they can have many more sets of switch contacts for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available Fig 4 Relay2 3 1 3 1 Basic operation of a r
15. ponent should be soldered neatly and clean 5 LDR should be adjusted that it should not get light from streetlight 3 3 Light Emitting Diode LED Light emitting diodes or LEDs differ from regular diodes in that when a voltage is applied they emit light This light can be red most common green yellow orange blue not very common or infrared LEDs are used as indicators transmitters etc Most likely a LED will never burn out like a regular lamp will and requires many times less current LED are uses to obtain fixed voltage The voltage drop of LED is comparatively stable at just about 2v 6 3 4 LCD Liquid Cristal Display A liquid crystal display LCD is a thin flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector Each pixel consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes and two polarizing filters the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other Without the liquid crystals between them light passing through one would be blocked by the other The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the other 3 4 1 Features 1 Interface with microprocessor 2 Display data RAM 3 80x8 bits 80 characters 4 Character generator ROM 5 160 different 5x7 dot matrix character patterns 6 Display data RAM and character generator RAM may
16. ws a ceramic based piezoelectric sounder like a Son alert which makes a high pitched tone Usually these were hooked up to driver circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off IV SOFTWARE EXPLANATION 4 1 Keil Software Installing the Keil software on a Windows PC e Insert the CD ROM in your computer s CD drive e On most computers the CD will auto run and you will see the Keil installation menu If the menu does not appear manually double click on the Setup icon in the root directory you will then see the Keil menu e On the Keil menu please select Install Evaluation Software You will not require a license number to install this software e Follow the installation instructions as they appear Loading the Projects The example projects for this book are NOT loaded automatically when you install the Keil compiler These files are stored on the CD in a directory Pont The files are arranged by chapter for example the work discussed in Chapter 3 is in the directory Pont Ch03 00 Hello Rather than using this work on the CD where changes cannot be saved please copy the files from CD onto an appropriate directory on your hard disk Note you will need to change the file properties after copying file transferred from the CD will be read only 4 2 Configuring the Simulator Open the Keil uVision2 4 Go to Project Open Project and browse for H
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