the pdfTeX users manual
Contents
1. compress_level This integer parameter specifies the level of text and in line graphics compression PDFIfX uses ZIP compression as provided by zlib A value of 0 means no compression 1 means fastest 9 means best 2 8 means something in between Just set this value to 9 unless there is a good reason to do otherwise 0 is great for testing macros that use pdfliteral decimal digits This integer specifies the preciseness of real numbers in PDF page descriptions It gives the maximal number of decimal digits after the decimal point of real numbers Valid values are in range 0 5 A higher value means more precise output but also results in a much larger file size and more time to display or print In most cases the optimal value is 2 This parameter does not influence the precision of numbers used in raw PDF code like that used in pdfliterals and annotation action specifications image resolution When PDrFTIX is not able to determine the natural dimensions of an image it assumes a resolution of type 72 dots per inch Use this variable to change this default value page width amp page height These two dimension parameters specify the output medium dimensions the paper screen or whatever the page is put on If they are not specified the page width is calculated as Wpox being shipped out 2 X horigin Nhoffset The page height is calculated in a similar way horigin amp vorigin These dimension parameters can be used to set the offs2. to form a so called string When one analyzes a file produced by a less sophisticated typesetting engine whole sequences of words can be recognized In TpX however the text comes out rather fragmented mainly because a lot of kerning takes place Because viewers can search in these streams one can imagine that the average TX produced files becomes more difficult as soon as the typesetting engine does a better job TEX cannot do less This one page example uses an Adobe Times Roman font This is one of the 14 fonts that is always present in the viewer application and is called a base font However when we use for instance Computer Modern Roman we have to make sure that this font is available and the best way to do this is to embed it in the file Just let your eyes follow the object thread and see how a font is described The only thing missing in this example is the partially embedded glyph description file which for the base fonts is not needed In this simple file we don t specify in what way the file should be opened for instance full screen or clipped A closer look at the page object Type Page shows that a mediabox is part of the page description A mediabox acts like the bounding box in a POSTSCRIPT file PDFTEX users have access to this object by pdfpageattr Although in most cases macro packages will shield users from these internals PDFTEX provides access to many of the entries described here either automatically by transla
3. If not given then the page height will be calculated as mentioned above pdfpagesattr tokens Use this token list parameter to specify optional attributes common for all pages of the PDF output file Some examples of attributes are MediaBox the rectangle specifying the natural size of the page CropBox the rectangle specifying the region of the page being displayed and printed and Rotate the number of degrees in multiples of 90 the page should be rotated clockwise when it is displayed or printed pdfpageattr tokens This is similar to pdfpagesattr but it takes priority to the former one It can be used to overwrite any attribute given by pdfpagesattr for individual pages The document info and catalog pdfinfo info keys This allows the user to add information to the document info section if this information is provid ed it can be extracted by Acrobat Reader version 3 1 menu option Document Information Gen eral The info keys is a set of data pairs a key and a value The key names are preceded by a and the values being strings are given between parentheses All keys are optional Possible keys are Author CreationDate defaults to current date ModDate Creator defaults to TeX Producer defaults to pdfTeX Title Subject and Keywords 14 6 3 The pdfTpX user manual CreationDate and ModDate are expressed in the form D YYYYMMDDhhmmss where YYYY is the year MM is the month DD is the day
4. be viewed or printed To use this feature the font flags must be specified and it must have the bit 6 set on which means that only fonts with the Adobe Standard Roman Character Set can be simulated The only exception is in case of Symbolic font which is not very useful e If the font file name is preceded by a the font is not read at all and is assumed to be available on the system This option can be used to create PDF files which do not contain embedded fonts The PDF output then works only on systems where the resource of the used font is available It s not very useful for document exchange as the PDF is not portable at all On the other hand it is very useful when you wish to speed up running of PDFTIX during interactive work and only in a final version embed all used fonts Don t over estimate gain in speed and when distributing files always embed the fonts This feature requires Acrobat Reader to have access to installed fonts on the system This has been tested on Win95 and UNIX Solaris Note that the standard 14 fonts are never downloaded even when they are specified to be downloaded in map files encoding specifies the name of the file containing the external encoding vector to be used for the font The file name may be preceded by a lt but the effect is the same The format of the encoding vector is identical to that used by dvips If no encoding is specified the font s built in default encoding is used It may be o
5. content reuse We come to that later Unless such direct objects are part of something larger they will end up as isolated entities not doing any harm but not doing any good either When a viewer opens a PDF file it first goes to the end of the file There it finds the keyword startxref the signal where to look for the so called object cross reference table This table provides The pdfTpX user manual fast access to the objects that make up the file The actual starting point of the file is defined after the trailer The Root entry points to the catalog In this catalog the viewer can find the page list in our example we have only one page The trailer also holds an Info entry which tells a bit more about the document Just follow the thread Root object 8 Pages object 6 Kids object 2 page content As soon as we add annotations a fancy word for hyperlinks and alike some more entries are present in the catalog We invite users to take a look at the PDF code of this file to get an impression of that The page content is a stream of drawing operations Such a stream can be compressed where the level of compression can be set with pdfcompresslevel Let s take a closer look to this stream First there is a transformation matrix six numbers followed by cm As in POSTSCRIPT the operator comes after the operands Between BT and ET comes the text A font switch can be recognized as F The actual text goes between
6. document can be invalid Fonts font numberstretch numbershrink numberstep number Although still in an experimental stage and therefore subjected to changes the next extension to the T primitive font is worth mentioning font somefont somefile at 10pt stretch 30 shrink 20 step 5 15 The pdfTpX user manual The stretch 30 shrink 20 step 5 means as much as hey TeX when things are going to bad you may stretch the glyphs in this font as much as 3 or shrink them by 2 Because PDFTpX uses internal datastructures with fixed widths each additional width also means an additional font For practical reasons PDFT X uses discrete steps in this example a 5 one This means that for font somefile upto 11 differently scaled alternatives are used When no step is specified 1 steps are used Roughly spoken the trick is as follows Consider a text typeset in triple column mode When TrX cannot break a line in the appropriate way the unbreakable parts of the word will stick into the margin When PDFTIX notes this it will try to scale the glyphs in that line using fixed steps until the line fits When lines are too spacy the opposite happens PDFT X starts scaling the glyphs until the white space gaps is acceptable The additional fonts are named as somefont 10 or somefont 15 and TFM files with these names and appropriate dimensions must be available So each scaled font must have its own TFM file When no TEM file can be found PD
7. file called texmf cnf This file can be found via the user set environment variable TEXMFCNF or via the compile time default value if the former is not set It is strongly recommended to use the first option Next you need to edit texmf cnf so PDFTpxX can find all necessary files Usually one has to edit TEXMFS and maybe some of the next variables When running PDFTpX some extra search paths are used beyond those normally requested by TX itself VFFONTS the path where PDFT X looks for virtual fonts T1FONTS the path where PDFTEX looks for Typel fonts TTFONTS the path where PDFTEX looks for TrueType fonts PKFONTS the path where PDFTEX looks for PK fonts TEXPSHEADERS the path where PDFTIX looks for the configuration file pdftex cfg font mapping files map encoding files enc and pictures The PDFTE X configuration file One has to keep in mind that opposed to DvI output there is no postprocessing stage This has several rather fundamental consequences like one pass graphic and font inclusion When TEX builds a page the macro package used quite certain has a concept of page dimensions which is not the same as paper dimensions The reference point of the page is the top left corner Most DVI postprocessors enable the user to specify the paper size which often defaults to A4 or letter In most cases it does not harm that much to mix the two because one will seldom put too The pdfTpX user manual small paper in the printe
8. has a resolution 72 dots per inch in the output file but some images may contain data specifying the image resolution and in such a case the image will be scaled to the correct resolution The filename of the image must appear after the optional dimension parameters The dimension of the image can be accessed by enclosing the pdfimage command to a box and checking the dimensions of the box setbox0 hbox pdfimage somefile png Now we can use NwdO and ht0 to question the natural size of the image as determined by PDFTEX When dimensions are specified before the somefi le pdf the graphic is scaled to fit these The image type is specified by the extension of the given file name so png stands for PNG image tif for TIFF and pdf for PDF file Otherwise the image is treated as JPEG jpg pdfimageresolution number We already mentioned the default resolution of 72 dots per inch It is possible to overrule this value by using this register Of course this only applies to bitmap PNG TIFF and JPEG illustrations XObject Forms The next three primitives support a PDF feature called object reuse in PDFTfX The idea is to create a Form object in PDF The content of this XObject Form object corresponds to the content of a TEX box which can also contain pictures and references to other XObject Form objects as well After that the XObject Form can be used by simply referring to its object number This feature can be useful for l
9. hh is the hour mm is the minutes and ss is the seconds Multiple appearances of pdfinfo will be concatenated to only one If a key is given more than once then the first appearance will take priority An example of use of pdfinfo may look like pdfinfo Title Cexample pdf Creator Tex Producer pdfTex 0 15a Author Tom and Jerry CreationDate D 19980212201000 ModDate D 19980212201000 Subject Example Keywords pdfTeX pdfcatalog catalog keys openaction action Similar to the document info section is the document catalog where keys are URI which provides the base URL of the document and PageMode determines how Acrobat displays the document on startup The possibilities for the latter are explained in Table 2 value meaning UseNone neither outline nor thumbnails visible UseOutlines outline visible UseThumbs thumbnails visible FullScreen full screen mode Table2 Supported PageMode values In full screen mode there is no menu bar window controls nor any other window present The default setting is UseNone The openaction is the action provided when opening the document and is specified in the same way as internal links see section 6 7 Instead of using this method one can also write the open action directly into the catalog pdfnames text Inserts the text to Names array The text must be conform to the specifications as laid down in the PDF Reference Manual otherwise the
10. see below Destinations and links The first type of annotation mentioned before is implemented by three primitives The first one is used to define a specific location as being referred to This location is tied to the page not the exact location on the page The main reason for this is that PDF maintains a dedicated list of these annotations and some more when optimized for the sole purpose of speed pdfdest num n name refname appearance This primitive establishes a destination for links and bookmark outlines the link is identified by either a number or a symbolic name and the way the viewer is to display the page must be specified appearance must be one of those mentioned in table 3 keyword meaning fit fit the page in the window fith fit the width of the page fitv fit the height of the page fitb fit the Bounding Box of the page fitbh fit the width of Bounding Box of the page fitbv fit the height of Bounding Box of the page XyZ keep the current zoom factor Table 3 The outline and destination appearances xyz can optionally be followed by zoom factor to provide a fixed zoom in The factor is like Tex magnification i e 1000 is the normal page view pdfannotlink width dimension height dimension depth dimension attr attributes action Starts a hypertext link if the optional dimensions are not specified they will be calculated from the box containing the link The attributes are explained i
11. 1ogo8 logo8 pfb logo9 lt logo9 pfb 10go10 logo10 pfb logos18 logo8 pfb 25 SlantFont logos19 lt logo9 pfb 25 SlantFont logosl10 lt logos110 pfb logobf10 lt logobf10 pfb Use an ASCII subset of OTI and TI ectt1000 cmtt10 lt cmtt10 map tex256 enc Download a font entirely without reencoding pgsr8r GillSans pgsr8a pfb Partially download a font without reencoding pgsr8r GillSans lt pgsr8a pfb Do not read the font at all the font is supposed to be installed on the system pgsr8r GillSans pgsr8a pfb Entirely download a font with reencoding pgsr8r GillSans lt lt pgsr8a pfb 8r enc Partially download a font with reencoding 12 5 2 6 1 The pdfTpX user manual pgsr8r GillSans lt pgsr8a pfb 8r enc Sometimes we do not want to include a font but need to extract parameters from the font file and reencode the font as well This only works for fonts with Adobe Standard Encoding The font flags specify how such a font looks like so Acrobat Reader can generate similar instance if the font resource is not available on the target system pgsr8r GillSans 32 pgsr8a pfb 8r enc A TrueType font can be used in the same way as a Type 1 font verdana8r Verdana lt verdana ttf 8r enc TrueType fonts As mentioned above PDFTpX can work with TrueType fonts Defining TrueType files is similar to Type 1 font The only extra thing to do with TrueType is to create a TFM file There is a program called ttf2afm in the P
12. DF Positive value Means PDF output otherwise DVI output This parameter cannot be specified after shipping out the 13 6 2 The pdfTpX user manual first page In other words this parameter must be set before PDFT X ships out the first page if we want PDF output This is the only one parameter that must be set to produce PDF output All others are optional When PDFT X starts complaining about specials one can be sure that the macro package is not aware of this mode A simple way of making macros PDFT X aware is ifx pdfoutput undefined newcount pdfoutput fi ifcase pdfoutput DVI CODE else PDF CODE fi However there are better ways to handle these things pdfcompresslevel number This integer parameter specifies the level of text compression via zlib Zero means no compression 1 means fastest 9 means best 2 8 means something in between A value out of this range will be adjusted to the nearest meaningful value Use a value of 9 for normal runs pdfpagewidth dimension This dimension parameter specifies the page width of the PDF output If not given then the page width will be calculated as mentioned above Like the next one this value replaces the value set in the configuration file When part of the page falls of the paper or screen you can be rather sure that this parameter is set wrong pdfpageheight dimension Similar to the previous one this dimension parameter specifying the page height of the PDF output
13. DFT X distribution which can be used to extract AFM from TrueType fonts Usage is simple ttf2afm ttf lt encoding gt A TrueType file can be recognized by its suffix ttf The optional encoding specifies the encoding which is the same as the encoding vector used in map files for PDFTEX and dvips If the encoding is not given all the glyphs of the AFM output will be mapped to notdef ttf2afm writes the output AFM to standard output If we need to know which glyphs are available in the font we can run ttf2afm without encoding to get all glyph names The resulting AFM file can be used to generate a TFM one by applying afm2tfm To use a new TrueType font the minimal steps may look like below We suppose that test map is included in pdftex cfg ttf2afm times ttf 8r enc times afm afm2tfm times afm T 8r enc echo times TimesNewRomanPSMT times ttf 8r enc gt gt test map The POSTSCRIPT font name TimesNewRomanPSMT is reported by afm2tfm but from PDFT X version 0 121 onwards it may be left out The SlantFont transformation also works for TrueType fonts New primitives Here follows a short description of new primitives added by PDFTfX One way to learn more about how to use these primitives is to have a look at the file example tex in the PDFT X distribution Each PDFTEX specific primitive is prefixed by pdf Document setup pdfoutput number This Integer parameter specifies whether the output format should be DvI or P
14. FTpx will try to generate it by executing the script mktextfm when available and supported This mechanism is inspired on an optimization introduced first by Herman Zapf which in itself goes back to optimizations used in the early days of typesetting use different glyphs to optimize the greyness of a page So there are many slightly different a s e s etc For practical reasons PDFTEX does not use such huge glyph collections it uses horizontal scaling instead This is sub optimal and for many fonts sort of offending to the design But when using PDF it s not that illogical at all PDF viewers use so called Multiple Master fonts when no fonts are embedded and or can be found on the target system Such fonts are designed to adapt their design to the different scaling parameters It is up to the user to determine to what extend mixing slightly remastered fonts can be used without violating the design Think of an O when simply stretched the vertical part of the glyph becomes thicker and looks incompatible to an unscaled original In a multiple master one can decide to stretch but keep this thickness compatible pdfadjustspacing number The output that PDFTpX produces is pretty compatible with the normal TX output TpX s typesetting engine is unchanged The optimization described here is turned of by default At this moment there are two methods When set to 1 simple stretching is applied This alternative uses the normal TFM files and is
15. R CHOR EG FEE startxref Hans Hagen plusminus twosuperior threesuperior acute 2526 mu paragraph periodcentered cedilla AA EOF January 28 1999 The pdf IpX user manual The pdf IpX manual thanh informatics muni cz Han Th Thanh s rahtz elsevier co uk Sebastian Rahtz pragma wxs nl Hans Hagen January 28 1999 The title page of this manual represents the plain TeX coded text Welcome to pdfTpx pdfoutput 1 pdfcompresslevel 0 font tenrm tir tenrm Welcome to pdf Tex end The pdfTpX user manual Contents 1 Introduction 1 5 Setting up fonts 9 2 About PDF 1 6 New primitives 13 3 Getting started 2 7 Graphics and color 20 4 Macro packages supporting PDFTEX 8 8 Formal syntax specification 21 Introduction The main purpose of the PDFT X project was to create an extension of TX that can create PDF directly from T source files and improve enhance the result of TEX typesetting with the help of PDF When PDF output is not selected PDFIEX produces normal DvI output otherwise it produces PDF output that looks identical to the DvI output The next stage of the project apart from fixing any errors in the program is to investigate alternative justification algorithms possibly making use of multiple master fonts PDFTpX is based on the original TEX sources and WEB2C and has been successfully compiled on UNIX AMIGA WIN32 and MSDOs systems It is still under beta development and all features are liable to change De
16. TAFONT METAPOST MIKTEX MSDos PDF PDFE T X PDF TEX PERL PGC PK PNG POSTSCRIPT RGB TETEX TEX TpXEXEC TpXuTIL TFM TIFF TUG UNIX URL WEB WEB2C WIN32 ZIP The pdfTpX user manual EPS to PDF conversion tool an extension to TEX WIN32 WEB2C distribution Joined Photographic Expert Group general purpose macro package MacIntosh hardware platform graphic programming environment bitmap output graphic programming environment vector output WIN32 distribution Microsoft DOS platform Intel Portable Document Format E TpX extension producing PDF output TeX extension producing PDF output Perl programming environment PDF glyph container Packed Bitmap Font Portable Network Graphics PostScript Red Green Blue color specification UNIX WEB2C distribution typographic language and program CONTEXT command line interface CONTEXT utility tool TEX Font Metrics Tagged Interchange File Format TEX Users Group Unix platform Uniform Resource Locator literate programming environment official multi platform WEB environment Microsoft Windows platform compressed file format 22
17. XPDF 1 2 3 0 obj Length 4 0 R gt gt stream 1001 91 925 759 924 cm BT F51 9 963 Tf 0 0 Td W 80 elcome 250 to 250 pdfT TJ 67 818 2 241 Td E TJ 4 842 2 241 Td X TJ 138 923 654 744 Td 1 TJ ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj 162 endobj 10 obj Font lt lt F51 5 0 R gt gt ProcSet PDF Text gt gt endobj 2 0 obj Type Page Contents 3 0 R Resources 1 0 R MediaBox 0 0 595 273 841 887 Parent 6 0 R endobj 7 0 obj Type Encoding Differences 0 nothdef 5 dotaccent hungarumlaut ogonek 8 notdef 9 fraction 10 notdef 11 ff fi fl ffi ffl dotlessi dotlessj grave acute caron breve macron ring cedilla germandbls ae oe oslash AE OE Oslash space exclam quotedb1 numbersign dollar percent ampersand quoteright parenleft parenright asterisk plus comma hyphen period slash zero one two three four five six seven eight nine colon semi colon less equal greater question at A B C D E F G H T J K L M N 0 P Q R S T U N W X Y Z bracketleft backslash bracketright circumflex underscore quoteleft a b c d e f g h i j k 1 m n o p q r s t u v w x y z braceleft bar braceright tilde dieresis Lslash quotesingle quotesinglbase florin quotedblbase ellipsis dagger daggerdb circumflex perthousand Scaron guilsinglleft OE Zcaron asciici rcum minus 1slash quoteleft onesuperior ordmasculine guillemotright onequarter onehalf threequarters questiondown Agrave Aacute Ac
18. acro packages can be redefined to produce literal PDF using some macros written by Hans Hagen METAPOST Although the output of METAPOST is POSTSCRIPT it is in a highly simplified form and a METAPOST to PDF conversion written by Hans Hagen and Tanmoy Bhattacharya is implemented as a set of macros which reads METRPOST output and supports all of its features PDF tis possible to insert arbitrary one page only PDF files with their own fonts and graphics into a document The front page of this document is an example of such an insert it is an one page document generated by PDFIEX For new work the METAPOST route is highly recommended For the future Adobe has announced that they will define a specification for encapsulated PDF and this should solve some of the present difficulties The inclusion of raw POSTSCRIPT commands a technique utilized by for instance the pstricks package cannot be supported Although PDF is a direct descendant of POSTSCRIPT it lacks any programming language commands and cannot deal with arbitrary POSTSCRIPT Formal syntax specification The formal syntax specification Abbreviations AFM Adobe Font Metrics AMIGA Amiga hardware platform AMIWEB2C AMIGA distribution ASCII mi CMACTEX MACINTOSH WEB2C distribution CONTEXT general purpose macro package DJGPP T DVI natural TeX Device Independ fileformat EPS Encapsulated PostScript 21 EPSTOPDF E TpX FPTEX GNU JPEG BIEX MAC NTOSH ME
19. arge documents with a lot of similar elements as it can reduce the duplication of identical objects pdfform number Writes out the TEX box number as a XObject Form to the PDF file pdflastform Returns the object number of the last XObject Form written to the PDF file pdfrefform name Inserts a reference to the XObject Form called name As said this feature can be used for reusing information This mechanism also plays a role in typesetting fill in form Such widgets sometimes depends on visuals that show up on user request but are hidden otherwise Annotations PDF level 1 2 provides four basic kinds of annotations 17 6 7 The pdfTpX user manual e hyperlinks general navigation e text clips notes e movies e sound fragments The first type differs from the other three in that there is a designated area involved on which one can click or when moved over some action occurs PDFTfX is able to calculate this area as we will see later All annotations can be supported using the next two general annotation primitives pdfannot width dimension height dimension depth dimension text This primitive attaches an annotation at the current point in the text The text is inserted as raw PDF code to the contents of annotation pdflastannot This primitive returns the object number of the last annotation created by pdfannot These two primitives allow users to create any annotation that cannot be created by pdfannot1 ink
20. cated in web2c 7 2 web2c texmf cnf WEB2C run time configuration file located in web2c 7 2 kpathsea ttf2afm an external program to generate AFM file from TrueType fonts located in web2c 7 2 web2c pdftexdir ue The Linux binary is apparently compiled for the new libc 6 GNU glibc 2 0 which will not run for users of older Linux installations still based on libc 5 The DJGPP version is built by DJGPP cross compiler on Linux 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 The pdfTpX user manual Precompiled binaries are included in the zip archive pdftex zip Getting PDFTEX specific platform independent files Apart from above mentioned files there is another zip archive pdftexlib 0 12 zip in PDFIEX distribution which contains platform independent files required for running PDFTfX e configuration file pdftex cfg e encoding vectors enc e map files map e macros tex Unpacking this archive don t forget d option when using pkunzip will create a texmf tree containing PDFTEX specific files Placing files The next step is to place the binaries somewhere in PATH If you want to use EIrX you also need to make a copy or symbolic link of pdftex and name it pdflatex The files texmf cnf and pdftex pool and the directory texmf created by unpacking the file pdftexlib 0 12 zip should be moved to the appropriate place see below Setting search paths WEB2C based programs including PDFTfX use the WEB2C run time configuration
21. dump pdftex ini fmt pdflatex latex ltx In CONTEXT the generation depends on the interface used A format using the english user interface is generated with pdftex ini fmt cont en cont en When properly set up one can also use the CONTEXT command line interface TpXEXEC to generate one or more formats like texexec make en for an english format or texexec make tex pdfetex en de for an english and german one using PDFE TEX Indeed there is PDFTpEX as well as PDFE T X use it Whatever macro package used the formats should be placed in the TEXFORMATS path We strongly recommend to use PDFE TpX if only because the main stream macro packages will use it Testing the installation When everything is set up you can test the installation In the distribution there is a plain TrX test file example tex Process this file by saying pdftex example If the installation is ok this run should produce a file called example pdf The file example tex is also a good place to look how to use PDFTEX s new primitives 3 9 The pdfTpX user manual Common problems The most common problem with installation is that PDFIEX complains that something cannot be found In such cases make sure that TEXMFCNF is set correctly so PDFT X can find texmf cnf The next best place to look edit is the file texmf cnf When still in deep trouble set KPATHSEA DEBUG 255 before running PDFT X or run PDFTEX with option k 255 It will cause PDFTEX to w
22. e pdftex options which allow use of normal color text rotation and graphics inclusion commands e The CONTEXT macro package by Hans Hagen pragma wxs nl has very full support for PDFTEX in its generalized hypertext features Support for PDFTEX is implemented as a special driver and is invoked by saying Nsetupoutput pdftex or feeding TEXEXEC with the pdf option e Hypertexted PDF from texinfo documents can be created with pdftexinfo tex which is a slight modification of the standard texinfo macros This file is part of the PDFTEX distribution e A similar modification of webmac tex called pdfwebmac tex allows production of hypertext d PDF versions of programs written in WEB This is also part of the PDFTfX distribution Some nice samples of PDFT X output can be found on the TUG web server at http www tug org applications pdftex and http www ntg nl context D 5 1 The pdfTpX user manual Setting up fonts PDFIEX can work with Type 1 and TrueType fonts but a source must be available for all fonts used in the document except for the 14 base fonts supplied by Acrobat Reader Times Helvetica Courier Symbol and Dingbats It is possible to use METRFONT generated fonts in PDFTEX but it is strongly recommended not to use METAFONT fonts if an equivalent is available in Type 1 or TrueType format if only because bitmap Type 3 fonts render very poorly in Acrobat Reader Given the free availability of Type 1 versions of all
23. et of the TEX output box from the top left corner of the paper map This entry specifies the font mapping file which is similar to those used by many DVI to POSTSCRIPT drivers More than one map file can be specified using multiple map lines If the name of the map file is prefixed with a its values are appended to the existing set otherwise they replace it If no map files are given the default value psfonts map is used A typical pdftex cfg file looks like this setting up output for A4 paper size and the standard TrX offset of 1 inch and loading two map files for fonts 3 7 3 8 The pdfTpX user manual output format 1 compress level 0 decimal_digits 2 image resolution 300 page width 210mm page height 297mm horigin lin vorigin lin map standard map map cm map Dimensions can be specified as true which makes them immune for magnification when set The previous example settings apart from map can also be set during a TeX run This leaves a special case include form resources Sometimes embedded PDF illustrations can pose viewers for problems When set to 1 this variable makes PDFTpX take some precautions Forget about it when you never encounteres problems When all the programs you use conform to the PDF specifications you will never need to set this variable Creating formats Formats for PDFT X are created in the same way as for TX For plain TpX and EX it looks like pdftex ini fmt pdftex plain N
24. g vectors enc virtual fonts Type 1 fonts TrueType fonts or some image file Make sure that the required file exists and the corresponding variable in texmf cnf contains a path to the file See above which variables PDFTgX needs apart from the ones TpX uses Normally the page content takes one object This means that one seldom finds more than a few hun dred objects in a file This document for instance uses about 300 objects In demanding applications this number can grow especially when one uses a lot of widget annotations shared annotations or other shared things In these situations in texmf cnf one can enlarge PDFTEX s internal object table for instance obj tab size 400000 The pdfTpX user manual 4 Macro packages supporting PDFTpx When producing DVI output for which one can use PDFI X as well as any other TX part of the job is delegated to the DvI postprocessor either by directly providing this program with commands or by means of Nspecials Because PDFT X directly produces the final format it has to everything itself from handling color graphics hyperlink support font inclusion upto page imposition and page manipulation As a direct result when one uses a high level macro package the macros that take care of these features have to be set up properly Specials for instance make no sense at all Actually being a comment understood by DVI postprocessors given that the macro package speaks the specific langua
25. ge of this postprocessor a Nspecial would end up as just a comment in the PDF file which is of no use Therefore special issues a warning when PDFT X is in PDF mode When one wants to get some insight to what extend PDFT X specific support is needed one can start a file by saying pdfoutput 1 let special message or if this leads to confusion pdfoutput 1 def special 1 writel6 special 1 And see what happens As soon as one special message turns up one knows for sure that some kind of PDFTpxX specific support is needed and often the message itself gives a indication of what is needed Currently all main stream macro packages offer PDFTEX support in one way or the other When using such a package it makes sense to turn on this support in the appropriate way otherwise one cannot be sure if things are set up right Remember that for instance the page and paper dimensions have to be taken care of and only the macro package knows the details e For BIK users Sebastian Rahtz hyperref package has substantial support for PDFTX and pro vides access to most of its features In the simplest case the user merely needs to load hyperref with a pdftex option and all cross references will be converted to PDF hypertext links PDF out put is automatically selected compression is turned on and the page size is set up correctly Bookmarks are created to match the table of contents e The standard BIX graphics and color packages hav
26. i rcumflex Atilde Adieresis Aring AE Ccedi lla Egrave Eacute Eci rcumflex Edieresis Igrave Iacute Icircumflex Idieresis Eth Nti lde Ograve Oacute Oci rcumflex Otilde Odieresis multiply Oslash Ugrave Uacute Ucircumflex Udieresis Yacute Thorn germandb1s agrave aacute acircumflex atilde adieresis aring ae ccedilla egrave eacute ecircumflex edieresis igrave iacute icircumflex idieresis eth ntilde ograve oacute oci rcumflex otilde odieresis divide oslash ugrave uacute ucircumflex udieresis yacute thorn ydieresis gt gt endobj 5 0 obj lt lt Type Font Subtype Typel Encoding 7 0 R BaseFont Times Roman endobj 6 0 obj Type Pages Count 1 Kids 2 0 R endobj 8 0 obj Type Catalog Pages 60 R gt gt endobj 9 0 obj Creator TeX Producer pdfTeX 0 12r CreationDate D 19981205172300 endobj xref 0 10 0000000000 65535 f 0000000242 00000 0000000308 00000 0000000009 00000 0000000223 00000 0000002238 00000 0000002326 00000 0000000420 00000 0000002383 00000 0000002432 00000 c C CO GM G3 quoteright quotedb left quotedb1 right bul let trailer endash emdash ti lde trademark scaron lt lt guilsinglright oe zcaron asciitilde Size 10 Ydieresis space exclamdown cent sterling Root 8 0 R E currency yen brokenbar section dieresis Info 9 OR H n Th Th nh copyright ordfeminine guillemotleft Sebastian Rahtz Topical noty phEny registered I
27. is inserted as contents of an object If the optional keyword stream is given then the contents will be inserted as a stream pdflastobj Returns the object number of the last object created by pdfobj These primitives provide a mech anism allowing insertion of a user defined object into the PDF output pdffontprefix string In the PDF file produced by PDFTpX one can recognize a font switch by the prefix F for instance F12 or F54 This primitive can be used to force another prefix This is only needed when one expects or encounters viewing problems with included PDF illustrations that use similar prefixes pdfformprefix string Forms are reusable graphic textual or mixed objects In the files made by PDFT X such forms are internally identified by a number which is not to be confused with the object reference as reported by Npdflastform Like the previous and next primitive this one can be used to overrule the default prefix which is Fm like in Fm1 pdfimageprefix string Like pdffontprefix and pdfformprefix this primitive overrules a default prefix this time Im such as Im58 Forget about these three primitives when you never encountered viewing prob lems unless you want more fancy prefixes When you do encounter PDF inclusion problems change one or more of these prefixes in your document setup and in the configuration file set include form resources to 1 pdftexversion Returns the version of PDFTpX multi
28. mitted if you are sure that the font resource has the correct built in encoding In general this option is highly preferred and is required when subsetting a TrueType font special instructions can be used to manipulate fonts similar to the way dvips does Currently only the keyword SlantFont is interpreted other instructions are just ignored If a used font is not present in the map files first PDFT X will look for a source with suffix pgc which is a so called PGC source PDF Glyph Container If no PGC source is available PDF px will try to use PK fonts in a normal way as DVI drivers do on the fly creating PK fonts if needed Lines containing nothing apart from texname stand for scalable Type 3 fonts For scalable fonts as Type 1 TrueType and scalable Type 3 font all the fonts loaded from a TEM at various sizes will be included only once in the PDF output Thus if a font let s say csr10 is described in one of the map files then it will be treated as scalable As a result the font source for csr10 will be included only once for csr10 csr10 at 12pt etc So PDFIfX tries to do its best to avoid multiple downloading of identical font sources Thus vector PGC fonts should be specified as scalable Type 3 in map files like csri10 This is a text file containing a PDF Type 3 font created by METAPOST using some utilities by Hans Hagen In general PGC files can contain whatever allowed in PDF page description which may be used to support fo
29. n great detail in the PDF Reference Manual 18 6 8 6 9 The pdfTpX user manual and determine the appearance of the link Typically the attributes specify the color and thickness of any border around the link Thus C 0 9 0 0 Border 0 0 2 specifies a color in RGB of dark red and a border thickness of 2 points While all graphics and text in a PDF document have relative positions annotations have internally hard coded absolute positions Again we re dealing with a speed optimization The main disadvan tage is that these annotations do not obey transformations issued by pdfliteral s The action can do many things some possibilities are pagen jump to page n goto numn jump to point n goto name refname jump to a point established as refname with Npdfdest goto file filename open a local file this can be used with a name or page specification to point to a specific location on the file thread num n jump to thread identified by n thread name refname jump to thread identified by refname user specification perform a user specified action the PDF Reference Manual explains the possibilities a typical use of this is to specify a URL e g S URI URI http www tug org Npdfendlink This primitive ends a link All text between Npdfannotlink and Npdfendlink will be treated as part of this link PDFTEX may break the result across lines or pages in which case it will make several links with the same content Bookma
30. not related to the stretch and shrink as described in the previous section When set to 2 the previously described multiple font optimization comes into action Vefcode number We didn t yet tell the whole story One can imagine that some glyphs are more sensitive for scaling than others The efcode primitive can be used to influence the stretchability of a glyph The syntax is similar to sfcode and default to 1000 meaning 100 efcode A 2500 ef code 0 0 In this example an A may stretch 2 5 times as much as normal and the O is not to be stretched at all The minimum and maximum stretch is however bound by the font specification otherwise one would end up with more fonts inclusions than comfortable 16 6 4 gt 6 5 6 6 The pdfTpX user manual Graphics inclusion pdfimage width dimension height dimension depth dimension filename Inserts an image optionally changing width height depth or any combination of them Default values are zero for depth and running for height and width If all of them are given the image will be scaled to fit the specified values If some of them but not all are given the rest will be set to a value corresponding to the remaining ones so as to make the image size to yield the same proportion of width height depth as the original image size where depth is treated as zero If none of them is given then the image will take its natural size An image inserted at natural size often
31. nts that are not available in METAFONT At the moment PGC fonts are not very useful as vector Type 3 fonts are not displayed very well in Acrobat Reader but it may be more useful when Type 3 font handling gets better 11 The pdfTpX user manual It doesn t hurt much if a scalable Type 3 font is not given in map files except that the font source will be downloaded multiple times for various sizes which causes a much larger PDF output On the other hand if a font is in the map files is defined as scalable Type 3 font and its PGC source is not scalable or not available PDFTgX will use PK font instead the PDF output is still valid but some fonts may look ugly because of the scaled bitmap To summarize this rather confusing story we include some sample lines Use a built in font with font specific encoding i e neither a download font nor an external encoding is given A SlantFont is specified similarly as for dvips psyr Symbol psyro Symbol 167 SlantFont pzdr ZapfDingbats Use a built in font with an external encoding The preceded encoding file may be left out ptmr8r Times Roman 8r enc ptmri8r Times Italic 8r enc ptmro8r Times Roman lt 8r enc 167 SlantFont Use a partially downloaded font with an external encoding putr8r Utopia Regular lt 8r enc lt putr8a pfb putri8r Utopia Italic lt 8r enc putri8a pfb putro8r Utopia Regular lt 8r enc lt putr8a pfb 167 SlantFont Use some faked font map entries
32. one or two special characters which says how the font file should be handled e fitis preceded by a the font file will be partly downloaded which means that only used glyphs characters are embedded to the font This is the most common use and is strongly recommended for any font as it ensures the portability and reduces the size of the PDF output Partial fonts are included in such a way that name and cache clashes are minimalized e Incase the font file name is preceded by a double lt lt the font file will be included entirely all glyphs of the font are embedded including the ones that are not used in the document Apart from causing large size PDF output this option may cause troubles with TrueType fonts too so 10 IN The pdfTpX user manual itis not recommended It might be useful in case the font is untypical and can not be subsetted well by PDFTfX Beware some font vendors forbid full font inclusion e Incase nothing preceded the font file name the font file is read but nothing is embedded only the font parameters are extracted to generate the so called font descriptor which is used by Acrobat Reader to simulate the font if needed This option is useful only when you do not want to embed the font i e to reduce the output size but wish to use the font metrics and let Acrobat Reader generate instances that look close to the used font in case the font resource is not installed on the system where the PDF output will
33. ple by 100 e g for version 0 12x it returns 12 This document is typeset with version 13 a pdftexrevision Returns the revision of PDFT X e g for version 0 12x it returns x Graphics and color PDFTEX supports inclusion of pictures in PNG JPEG TIFF and PDF format The most common technique the inclusion of EPS figures is replaced by PDF inclusion EPS files can be converted to PDF by 20 The pdfTpX user manual GhostScript Acrobat Distiller or other POSTSCRIPT to PDF convertors The BoundingBox of a PDF file is taken from CropBox if available otherwise from the MediaBox To get the right BoundingBox from a EPS file before converting to PDF it is necessary to transform the EPS file so that the start point is at the 0 0 coordinate and the page size is set exactly corresponding to the BoundingBox A PERL script EPSTOPDF for this purpose has been written by Sebastian Rahtz The TpXurIL utility script that comes with CONTEXT can so a similar job Concerning this conversion it handles complete directories removes some garbage from files takes precautions against duplicate conversion etc Other alternatives for graphics in PDFT X are BIEX picture mode Since this is implemented simply in terms of font characters it works in exactly the same way as usual Xy pic If the POSTSCRIPT back end is not requested Xy pic uses its own Type 1 fonts and needs no special attention tpic The tpic Nspecial commands used in some m
34. r And if one does one will certainly not do that a second time In PDF the paper size is part of the definition This means that everything that is off page is clipped off it simply disappears Even worse just like in a POSTSCRIPT file the reference point is in the lower corner which is opposite to DVI s reference point And so we ve found one of the main reasons why PDFT X explicitly needs to know the paper dimen sions These dimensions can either be passed using the so called configuration file or by using the primitives provided for this purpose In this respect the PDFTpX configuration file can be compared to configuration files that come with DVI postprocessors and or command line options Both contain information on the paper used the fonts to be included and optimizations to be applied When PDFTpX starts it reads the WEB2C configuration file as well as the PDFT X configuration file called pdftex cfg searched for in the TEXPSHEADERS path As WEB2C systems commonly specify a private tree for PDFT X where configuration and map files are located this allows individual users or projects to maintain customized versions of the configuration file The configuration file sets default values for the following parameters all of which can be over ridden in the TeX source file output format This integer parameter specifies whether the output format should be DVI or PDF A positive value means PDF output otherwise we get DVI output
35. rd Roman Character Set 7 Italic 8 16 Reserved 17 All cap font 18 Small cap font 19 Force bold at small text sizes 20 32 Reserved Table 1 The meaning of flags in the font descriptor Bit 6 in the flags field indicates that the font s character set conforms the Adobe Standard Roman Character Set or a subset of that and that it uses the standard names for those char acters Finally bit 19 is used to determine whether or not bold characters are drawn with extra pixels even at very small text sizes Typically when characters are drawn at small sizes on very low resolution devices such as display screens features of bold characters may appear only one pixel wide Because this is the minimum feature width on a pixel based device ordinary non bold characters also appear with one pixel wide features and cannot be distinguished from bold characters If bit 19 is set features of bold characters may be thickened at small text sizes If the font flags are not given PDFT X treats it as being 4 a symbolic font If you do not know the correct value it would be best not to specify it as specifying a bad value of font flags may cause troubles in viewers On the other hand this option is not absolutely useless because it provides backward compatibility with older map files see the fontfile description below fontfile sets the name of the font source file This must be a Type 1 or TrueType font file The font file name can be preceded by
36. rite a lot of debugging information that can be useful to trace problems More options can be found in the WEB2C documentation Variables in texmf cnf can be overwritten by environment variables Here are some of the most common problems you can encounter when getting started e I can t read tex pool bad path TEXMFCNF is not set correctly and so PDFTEX cannot find texmf cnf or TEXPOOL in texmf cnf doesn t contain a path to the pool file pdftex pool e You have to increase POOLSIZE PDFTEX cannot find texmf cnf or the value of pool size specified in texmf cnf is not large enough and must be increased If pool size is not specified in texmf cnf then you can add something like pool size 500000 e I can t find the format file pdftex fmt I can t find the format file pdflatex fmt Format is not created see above how to do that or is not properly placed Make sure that TEX FORMATS in texmf cnf contains the path to pdftex fmt or pdflatex fmt e Fatal format file error I m stymied This appears if you forgot to regenerate the fmt files after installing a new version of the PDFTEX binary and pdftex pool e TEX POOL doesn t match TANGLE me again TEX POOL doesn t match TANGLE me again or fix the path This might appear if you forgot to install the proper pdftex pool when installing a new version of the PDFTf X binary e PDFI X cannot find the configuration file pdftex cfg one or more map files map encodin
37. rks pdfoutline action count n text This primitive creates an outline or bookmark entry The first parameter specifies the action to be taken and is the same as that allowed for pdfannotlink The count specifies the number of direct subentries under this entry specify 0 or omit it if this entry has no subentries If the number is negative then all subentries will be closed and the absolute value of this number specifies the number of subentries The text is what will be shown in the outline window note that this is limited to characters in the Pbr Document Encoding vector Article threads pdfthread num n name refname Starts an article thread the corresponding Npdfendthread must be in the box in the same depth as the box containing pdfthread All boxes in this depth level will be treated as part of this thread An identifier n or refname must be specified threads with same identifiers will be joined together pdfendthread Finishes the current thread 19 6 10 The pdfTpX user manual pdfthreadhoffset dimension Specifies a threads horizontal margin pdfthreadvoffset dimension Specifies a threads vertical margin Miscellaneous pdfliteral pdf code Like special in normal TEX this command inserts raw PDF code into the output This allows support of color and text transformation This primitive is heavily used in the METAPOST inclusion macros pdfobj stream text Similar to pdfliteral but the text
38. spite its B state PDFTEX produces excellent PDF code As PDFIfX evolves this manual will evolve and more background information will be added Be patient with the authors About PDF The cover of this manual shows a simple PDF file Unless compression and or encryption is applied such a file is rather verbose and readable The first line specifies the version used currently PDFTEX produces level 1 2 output Viewers are supposed to skip silently all those elements they are not able to handle A PDF file consist of objects These objects can be recognized by their number and keywords 8 0 obj lt lt Type Catalog Pages 6 0 R gt gt endobj Here 8 0 obj endobj is the object capsule The first number is the object number Later we will see that PDFTEX gives access to this number One can for instance create an object by using pdfobj after which pdflastobj returns the number So pdfobj Type Catalog Pages 6 O R inserts an object in the file while pdflastobj returns the number PDFT X assigned to this object The sequence 6 0 R is an object reference a pointer to another object The second number here a zero is currently not used in PDFTRX it is the version number of the object It is for instance used by PDF editors when they replace objects by new ones In general this rather direct way of pushing objects in the files is rather useless and only makes sense when implementing for instance fill in field support or annotation
39. the Computer Modern fonts and the ability to use standard POSTSCRIPT fonts most TX users should be able to experiment with PDFTEX Map files PDFIEX reads the map files specified in the configuration file see section 3 6 in which reencoding and partial downloading for each font are specified Every font needed must be listed each on a separate line except PK fonts The syntax of each line is similar to dvips map files and can contain up to the following some are optional fields texname basename fontflags fontfile encodingfile and special The only mandatory is texname and must be the first field The rest is optional but if basename is given it must be the second field Similarly if fontflags is given it must be the third field if basename is present or the second field if basename is left out It is possible to mix the positions of fontfile encodingfile and special however the first three fields must be given in fixed order texname sets the name of the TFM file This name must be given for each font basename sets the base POSTSCRIPT font name If not given then it will be taken from the font file Specifying a name that doesn t match the name in the font file will cause PDFTpX to write a warning so it is best not to have this field specified if the font resource is available which is the most common case This option is primarily intended for use of base fonts and for compatibility with dvips map files fontflags specif
40. ting the TpX data structures into PDF ones or directly by pushing entries to the catalog page info or self created objects Those who after this introduction feel uncomfortable in how to proceed are advised to read on but skip section 6 Before we come to that section we will describe how to get started with PDFTEX Getting started This section describes the steps needed to get PDFTEX running on a system where PDFT X is not yet installed Some TpX distributions have PDFTfX as a component like TEIEX FPTEX MIKTEX and CMACTRX so when you use one of them you don t need to bother with the PDFTIX installation Note that the installation description in this manual is WEB2C specific For some years there is a moderate successor to TpX available called E TrX Because the main stream macro packages start supporting this welcome extension PDFT X also is available as PDFE TpX Al though in this document we will speak of PDFT X we advise users to use PDFE TpX when available That way they get the best of all worlds and are ready for the future 3 1 3 2 The pdfTpX user manual Getting sources and binaries The latest sources of PDFT X are distributed together with precompiled binaries of PDFTI X for some platforms including Linux SGI IRIX Sun SPARC Solaris and MSDos DJGPP The primary location where one can fetch the source code is ftp ftp cstug cz pub tex local cstug thanh pdftex testing latest For WIN32 systems Windo
41. ws 95 Windows NT there are two packages that contain PDFTEX both in ctan systems win32 FPTpX maintained by Fabrice Popineau popineau ese metz fr and MIK TEX by Christian Schenk cschenkGberlin snafu de A binary version of PDFT X for the AMIGA is coming with the AMIWEB2C distribution ctan systems amiga amiweb2c by Andreas Scherer andreas scherer pobox com For the MACINTOSH there is CMACTEX Compiling If there is no precompiled binary of PDFT X for your system you need to build PDFTEX from sources The compilation is expected to be easy on UNIX like systems and can be described best by example Assuming that all needed files are downloaded to HOME pdftex on a UNIX system the following steps are needed to compile PDFT X cd HOME pdftex gunzip web 7 2 tar gz tar xvf gunzip web2c 7 2 tar gz tar xvf gunzip pdftex tar gz tar xvf mv pdftexdir web2c 7 2 web2c cd web2c 7 2 configure cd web2c make pdftex If you happen to have a previously configured source tree and just install a new version of PDFI X you can avoid running configure from the top level directory It s quicker to run config status which will just regenerate the Makefile s based on config cache cd web2c 7 2 web2c sh config status make pdftex Apart from the binary of PDFTgX the compilation also produces several other files which are needed for running PDFTEX pdftex pool so called pool file needed for creating formats lo
42. y some characteristics of the font The next description of these flags are taken with a slight modification from the PDF Reference Manual the section on Font Descriptor Flags The value of the flags key in a font descriptor is a 32 bit integer that contains a collection of boolean attributes These attributes are true if the corresponding bit is set to 1 Table 1 specifies the meanings of the bits with bit 1 being the least significant Reserved bits must be set to zero All characters in a fixed width font have the same width while characters in a proportional font have different widths Characters in a serif font have short strokes drawn at an angle on the top and bottom of character stems while sans serif fonts do not have such strokes A symbolic font contains symbols rather than letters and numbers Characters in a script font resemble cursive handwriting An all cap font which is typically used for display purposes such as titles or headlines contains no lowercase letters It differs from a small cap font in that characters in the latter while also capital letters have been sized and their proportions adjusted so that they have the same size and stroke weight as lowercase characters in the same typeface family 3 dvips map files can be used with PDFTEX without problems The pdfTpX user manual bit position semantics 1 Fixed width font 2 Serif font 3 Symbolic font 4 Script font 5 Reserved 6 Uses the Adobe Standa
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