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1. dalign fns fsimple ftrap none libmil nofstore x05 xlibmopt xtarget nativ features al a Enables disables various C language features named in a comma separated list Values In both compatibility mode compat 4 and standard mode the default mode a can have the following values TABLE 3 24 features Options for Compatibility Mode and Standard Mode Value of a Meaning 1 All the features options that are valid for the specified mode no altspell Do not Recognize alternative token spellings for example and for amp amp no anachronisms Do not Allow anachronistic constructs When disabled that is Features no anachronisms no anachronistic constructs are allowed no bool Do not Allow the bool type and literals When enabled the macro _BOOL 1 When not enabled the macro is not defined no conststrings Do not Put literal strings in read only memory Do not Allow C exceptions When C exceptions are 0 disabled that is features no except a throw specification on a function is accepted but ignored the compiler does not generate exception code Note that the keywords try throw and catch are always reserved no export Do not Recognize the keyword export no iddollar Do not Allow 8 5 as a non initial identifier character 3 24 C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE 3 24 features Options for Compatibility Mode an
2. Ldir Adds dir to list of directories to search for libraries This option is passed to 1d The directory dir is searched before compiler provided directories Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 39 3 2 38 3 2 40 llib Adds library 1iblib a or 1iblib so to the linker s list of search libraries This option is passed to 1d Normal libraries have names such as liblib a or liblib so where the lib and a or so parts are required You should specify the lib part with this option Put as many libraries as you want on a single command line they are searched in the order specified with Ldir Use this option after your object file name Interactions It is always safer to put 1x after the list of sources and objects to insure that libraries are searched in the correct order Warnings To ensure proper library linking order you must use mt rather than 1thread to link with libthread If you are using POSIX threads you must link with the mt and lpthread options The mt option is necessary because 1ibCrun standard mode and 1ibc compatibility mode need 110622688 for a multithreaded application See also Ldir mt C Library Reference and Tools h Class Library Reference libmieee Same as xlibmieee l Omi Same as xlibmil 3 40 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 41 library l Incorporates specified CC provided libraries into compilation and linking Values
3. xlibmil Inlines selected 1ibm library routines for optimization Note This option does not affect C inline functions There are inline templates for some of the 1ibm library routines This option selects those inline templates that produce the fastest executables for the floating point option and platform currently being used Interactions This option is implied by the fast option See also fast Numerical Computation Guide xlibmopt Uses library of optimized math routines This option uses a math routine library optimized for performance and usually generates faster code The results might be slightly different from those produced by the normal math library if so they usually differ in the last bit The order on the command line for this library option is not significant 3 74 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 108 3 2109 Interactions This option is implied by the fast option See also fast xnolibmopt xlic_lib sunperf SPARC Links in the Sun Performance Library This option like 1 should appear at the end of the command line after source or object files See also performance_library README xlicinfo Shows license server information This option returns the license server name and the user ID for each user who has a license checked out When you use this option the compiler is not invoked and a license is not checked out If a conflicting optio
4. Diagnosing the Compiler You can use the verbose option to display helpful information while compiling a program See Chapter 3 for more information Any arguments on the command line that the compiler does not recognize are interpreted as linker options object program file names or library names The basic distinctions are Unrecognized options which are preceded by a dash or 8 plus sign generate warnings Unrecognized nonoptions which are not preceded by a dash or a plus sign generate no warnings However they are passed to the linker If the linker does not recognize them they generate linker error messages In the following example note that bit is not recognized by CC and the option is passed on to the linker 1d which tries to interpret it Because single letter 1d options can be strung together the linker sees bit as b i t all of which are legitimate 1d options This might not be what you intend or expect example CC bit move cc lt bit is not a recognized CC option CC Warning Option bit passed to ld if ld is invoked ignored otherwise 2 8 C User s Guide May 0 2 3 6 In the next example the user intended to type the CC option fast but omitted the leading dash The compiler again passes the argument to the linker which in turn interprets it as a file name examples CC fast move cc lt The user meant to type fast move CC ld fatal file fast cann
5. F E P Prepares object code to collect data for profiling with prof This option invokes a runtime recording mechanism that produces a mon out file at normal termination See also xpg xprofile analyzer 1 man page Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop pentium IA Replace with xtarget pentium Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 49 3 299 3 2 60 3 2 61 3 2 62 3 2 63 3 2 64 pg Same as xpg PIC SPARC Same as xcode pic32 IA Same as Kpic pic SPARC Same as xcode pic13 IA Same as Kpic pta Same as template wholeclass pt ipath Specifies an additional search directory for template source This option is an alternative to the normal search path set by Ipathname If the pt ipath option is used the compiler looks for template definition files on this path and ignores the Ipathname option Using the Ipathname option instead of pt ipath produces less confusion See also Ipathname pto Same as instances static 3 50 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 65 3 2 66 32 67 ptr This option is obsolete and is ignored by the compiler Warnings Even though the ptr option is ignored you should remove ptr from all compilation commands because in a later release it may be reused with a different behavior See also For information about repository directories see Section 4 4 The Template Repository ptv
6. The library can be replaced at runtime without relinking with the application This is the primary mechanism that enables programs to take advantage of many improvements in the Solaris environment without requiring relinking and redistribution of programs The shared library can be loaded at runtime using the dlopen function call However dynamic libraries have some disadvantages Runtime linking has an execution time cost Distributing a program that uses dynamic libraries might require simultaneous distribution of the libraries it uses Moving a shared library to a different location can prevent the system from finding the library and executing the program The environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH helps overcome this problem 6 2 Building Static Archive Libraries The mechanism for building static archive libraries is similar to that of building an executable A collection of object 0 files can be combined into a single library using the xar option of CC You should build static archive libraries using CC xar instead of using the ar command directly The C language generally requires that the compiler maintain more information than can be accommodated with traditional o files particularly template instances The xar option ensures that all necessary information including template instances is included in the library You might not be able to accomplish this in a normal programming environm
7. 3299 filename Sets the name of the output file or the executable file to filename Interactions When the compiler must store template instances it stores them in the template repository in the output file s directory For example the following command writes the object file to sub a o and writes template instances into the repository contained within sub SunWS_cache example CC o sub a o a cc The compiler reads from the template repositories corresponding to the object files that it reads For example the following command reads from sub1 SunWS_Cache and sub2 SunWS_cache and if necessary writes to SunWS_cache example CC sub1l a o sub2 b 0 For more information see Section 4 4 The Template Repository Warnings The filename must have the appropriate suffix for the type of file to be produced by the compilation It cannot be the same file as the source file since the 00 driver does not overwrite the source file tp Ignore non standard preprocessor asserts Defaults If p is not present the compiler recognizes non standard preprocessor asserts 3 48 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 56 0 7 3 2 58 Interactions If p is used the following macros are not defined sun unix sparc 1386 P Only preprocesses source does not compile Outputs a file witha i suffix This option does not include preprocessor type line number information in the output See also
8. 4 8 3 4 8 4 Source File Extensions You can specify different source file extensions for the compiler to search for when the compiler is using its default Cfront style source file locator mechanism The format is extensions ext list The ext list is a list of extensions for valid source files in a space separated format such as extensions CC c cc cpp In the absence of this entry from the options file the valid extensions for which the compiler searches are cc c cpp C and cxx Definition Source Locations You can explicitly specify the locations of definition source files using the definition option file entry Use the definition entry when the template declaration and definition file names do not follow the standard Cfront style conventions The entry syntax is definition name in file 1 2 file n nocheck options The name field indicates the template for which the option entry is valid Only one definition entry per name is allowed That name must be a simple name qualified names are not allowed Parentheses return types and parameter lists are not allowed Regardless of the return type or parameters only the name itself counts As a consequence a definition entry may apply to several possibly overloaded templates The file n list field specifies the files that contain the template definitions The search for the files uses the definition sea
9. Same as verbose templat Qoption phase option option Passes option to the compilation phase To pass multiple options specify them in order as a comma separated list Values phase must have one of the following values SPARC IA ccfe ccfe iropt cg386 cg codegen CClink CClink ld ld Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 51 Examples In the following command line when 1d is invoked by the 00 driver Qoption passes the i and m options to 1d example CC Qoption ld i m test c Warnings Be careful to avoid unintended effects For example Qoption 0056 features bool castop is interpreted as Qoption ccf features bool Qoption ccfe castop The correct usage is Qoption ccf features bool features castop 3 2 68 goption phase option Same as Qoption 3 2 69 qp Same as p 3 52 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 70 3 2 71 72 Qproduce sourcetype Causes the CC driver to produce output of the type sourcetype Sourcetype suffixes are defined below Suffix Meaning sI Preprocessed C source from ccfe 0 Object file from cg the code generator 8 Assembler source from cg qproduce sourcetype Same as Qproduce Rpathname pathname Builds dynamic library search paths into the executable file You can have more than one pathname such as R path1 path2 This option is passed to 1d Defaults If the R option is not presen
10. Shows commands built by driver but does not compile This option directs the driver CC to show but not execute the subcommands constructed by the compilation driver Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 19 3 2 13 Runs the preprocessor on source files does not compile Directs the CC driver to run only the preprocessor on C source files and to send the result to stdout standard output No compilation is done no o files are generated This option causes preprocessor type line number information to be included in the output Examples This option is useful for determining the changes made by the preprocessor For example the following program foo cc generates the output shown in CODE EXAMPLE 3 2 CODE EXAMPLE 3 1 6 if _ cplusplus lt 199711L int power int int else template lt gt int power int int endif int main int x x power 2 10 CODE EXAMPLE 3 2 Output 1 6 Using E Option example CC E foo cc 4 500 00 template lt gt int power int int int main int x power 2 10 3 20 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 14 Warnings Output from this option is not supported as input to the C compiler when templates are used See also F e 0 1 Controls virtual table generation in compatibility mode compat 4 Invalid and ignored when in standard mode the default mode Values The e option can have the fol
11. fast Expansion 3 22 features Options for Compatibility Mode and Standard Mode 3 24 features Options for Standard Mode Only 3 25 features Options for Compatibility Mode Only 3 25 Compatibility Mode library Options 3 41 Standard Mode library Options 3 41 xarch Values for SPARC Platforms 2 xarch Values for IA Platforms 3 65 xchip Options 9 xcode Options 3 70 xprofile Options 3 85 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget 0 Libraries Shipped With the C Compiler 5 2 Compiler Options for Linking C Libraries 5 8 Header Search Examples 5 14 C User s Guide May 2000 Preface This manual instructs you in the use of the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler and provides detailed information on command line compiler options This manual is intended for programmers with a working knowledge of C and some understanding of the Solaris operating environment and UNIX commands Multiplatform Release This Sun WorkShop release supports versions 2 6 7 and 8 of the Solaris SPARC Platform Edition and Solaris Intel Platform Edition Operating Environments Note In this document the term IA refers to the Intel 32 bit processor architecture which includes the Pentium Pentium Pro and Pentium II Pentium II Xeon Celeron Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon processors and compatible microprocessor chips made by AMD and Cyrix Access to Sun WorkShop Development Tools Because Sun WorkShop product components and
12. libraries except for libCrun Defaults Compatibility mode 60 08 4 a If library is not specified library none 1100 is assumed The 1106 library always is included unless it is specifically excluded using library none or library no 1libc Standard mode the default mode a If library is not specified Library none Cstd Crun is assumed The libCstd library always is included unless it is specifically excluded using library none or library no Cstd The 1ibCrun library always is included unless it is specifically excluded using library no Crun Examples To link in standard mode without any C libraries except 1ibCrun use example CC library none To include the Rogue Wave tools h version 7 library and the iostream library in standard mode example CC library rwtools7 iostream Interactions If a library is specified with library the proper I paths are set during compilation The proper L Y P R paths and 1 options are set during linking C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 42 Use of the library option ensures that the 1 options for the specified libraries are emitted in the right order For example the 1 options are passed to 1d in the order lrwtool liostream for both library rwtools7 iostream and library iostream rwtools7 The specified libraries are linked before the system support libraries are linked Only one Rogue Wave tools libr
13. template compilation option 4 7 garbage collection debug compiler option 5 8 garbage collection compiler option 5 8 global instances 4 2 to 4 3 global linkage 4 2 to 4 4 0 compiler option 2 7 debugging option 3 3 option description 3 36 gprof C utilities 1 5 H H compiler option 3 3 3 6 3 36 hardware architecture 3 90 headers standard library 5 11 to 5 15 help compiler option 3 36 hname compiler option 3 5 3 36 to 3 37 l I compiler option 3 1 3 9 3 37 4 6 1 compiler option 3 5 3 37 i file name suffixes 2 4 i386 predefined macro 3 18 i386 predefined macro 3 18 i1 file name suffixes 2 4 ild compilation component 2 11 implicit instances 4 4 include directories template definition files 4 6 include files search order 3 37 include statement options files 4 8 incompatibility compiler versions 2 5 inline templates 3 74 inline compilation component 2 11 instances template 4 2 to 4 4 4 7 instances a compiler option 3 10 3 38 instances explicit template compilation option 4 4 instances extern template compilation option 4 2 instances global template compilation option 4 3 instances semiexplicit template compilation option 4 4 instances static template compilation option 4 3 instantiation compile time versus link time 4 7 internationalization implementation 1 5 invalid floating point 3 32 iostream
14. 3 3 3 7 3 54 S file name suffixes 4 s file name suffixes 2 4 50 compiler option 3 54 sbfast compiler option 3 54 search path definitions 4 6 dynamic library 5 5 searching standard header implementation 5 13 to 5 14 template definition files 4 6 semi explicit instances 4 2 4 4 sh 1 man page 2 12 shared libraries accessing from a C program 6 6 building 3 34 containing exceptions 6 4 disallow linking 3 18 naming 3 36 shell limiting virtual memory in 2 12 so file name suffix 2 4 6 1 so n file name suffix 4 Solaris platforms code and path names 1 2 libc library replacement 5 12 libraries 5 1 static library availability 3 12 Solaris versions supported P 1 source files execution order 3 1 location conventions 4 6 location definition 4 9 to 4 11 templates 4 9 source options 3 9 _ sparc predefined macro 3 17 sparc predefined macro 3 17 ___sparcv9 predefined macro 3 18 special template compilation option 4 12 to 4 13 standard C headers replacing 5 14 standard headers implementation 5 13 to 5 14 standard library replacing the C 5 11 to 5 15 standards conformance 1 1 static archive libraries 6 1 static instances 4 2 to 4 3 Index 6 C User s Guide May 2000 static linking 5 4 default libraries 5 8 template instances 4 3 static variables 4 3 to 4 4 static template class member specialization 4 13 staticlib compiler option 3 5 3 55 to 3 56 5 4
15. For compatibility mode compat 4 l must be one of the following values TABLE 3 27 Compatibility Mode library Options Value of Meaning no rwtools7 Do not Use Tools h version 7 no rwtools7_dbg Do not Use debug enabled Tools h version 7 no complex Do not Use libcomplex for complex arithmetic no 1ibc Do not Use 1106 the C support library no gc Do not Use libgc garbage collection no gc_dbg Do not Use debug enabled 1100 garbage collection all library all is the same as specifying library none rwtools7 complex gc 1libc Snone Use no C libraries For standard mode the default mode must be one of the following TABLE 3 28 Standard Mode library Options Value of Meaning no rwtools7 Do not Use Tools h version 7 no rwtools7_dbg Do not Use debug enabled Tools h version 7 no iostream Do not Use 1ibiostream the classic iostreams library no Cstd Do not Use LibCstd the C standard library Do not Include the compiler provided Cstd header files no Crun Do not Use 1ibCrun the C runtime library no Sjlgc Do not Use libgc garbage collection Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 1 3 42 TABLE 3 28 Standard Mode library Options Continued Value of Meaning no gc_dbg Do not Use debug enabled libgc garbage collection 1 library all is the same as specifying library Snone rwtools7 gc iostream Cstd Crun Snone Use no C
16. May 2000 CHAPTER 2 Using the C Compiler This chapter describes how to use the C compiler The principal use of any compiler is to transform a program written in a high level language like C into a data file that is executable by the target computer hardware You can use the C compiler to Transform source files into relocatable binary 0 files to be linked later into an executable file a static archive library a file using xar or a dynamic shared library so file Link or relink object files or library files or both into an executable file Compile an executable file with runtime debugging enabled g Compile an executable file with runtime statement or procedure level profiling pg 24 Getting Started This section gives you a brief overview of how to use the C compiler to compile and run C programs See Chapter 3 for a full reference to command line options Note The command line examples in this chapter show CC usages Printed output might be slightly different The basic steps for building and running a C program involve 1 Using an editor to create a C source file with one of the valid suffixes listed in TABLE 2 1 on page 2 4 2 Invoking the compiler to produce an executable file 2 1 2 2 3 Launching the program into execution by typing the name of the executable file The following program displays a message on the screen example
17. SUN microsystems C User s Guide Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto CA 94303 U S A 650 960 1300 Part No 806 3572 10 May 2000 Revision A Send comments about this document to docfeedback sun com Sun WorkShop 6 Copyright 2000 Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto CA 94303 4900 USA All rights reserved This product or document is distributed under licenses restricting its use copying distribution and decompilation No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors if any Third party software including font technology is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems licensed from the University of California UNIX is a registered trademark in the U S and other countries exclusively licensed through X Open Company Ltd For Netscape Netscape Navigator and the Netscape Communications Corporation logo the following notice applies Copyright 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation All rights reserved Sun Sun Microsystems the Sun logo docs sun com AnswerBookz2 Solaris SunOS JavaScript SunExpress Sun WorkShop Sun WorkShop Professional Sun Performance Library Sun Performance WorkShop Sun Visual WorkShop and Forte are trademarks registered trademarks or service marks of Sun Microsystems Inc in the U S
18. The following example shows the definition of a template member function As the example shows member functions are handled exactly like static member initializers CODE EXAMPLE 4 3 Template Member Function Definition foo h foo_funcs cc CC_tmpl_opt template lt class T gt class foo T foofunc T include foo h template lt class T gt T foo lt T gt foofunc T t definition foofunc in foo_funcs cc 4 10 C User s Guide May 2000 The following example shows the definition of template functions in two different source files CODE EXAMPLE 4 4 Definition of Template Functions in Different Source Files foo h template lt class T gt class foo fune T tyo Pte 7 Seg fool cc include foo h template lt class T gt T foo lt T gt func Tt foo2 cc include foo h template lt class T gt T foo lt T gt func Tt Tx CC_tmpl_opt definition func in fool cc foo2 cc In this example the compiler must be able to find both of the definitions of the overloaded function func The definition entry tells the compiler where to find the appropriate function definitions Sometimes recompiling is unnecessary when certain compilation flags change You can avoid unnecessary recompilation using the nocheck field of the definition option file entry which tells the compiler and template database manager to ignore
19. certain options when checking dependencies If you do not want the compiler to reinstantiate a template function because of the addition or deletion of a specific command line flag use the nocheck flag The entry syntax is definition name in file 1 6 2 file n nocheck options The options must be enclosed in quotes In the following example the compiler locates the template function foo in foo cc and instantiates it If a reinstantiation check is later required the compiler will ignore the g option CODE EXAMPLE 4 5 nocheck Option foo ce template lt class T gt T foo Tt CC_tmpl_opt definition foo in 500 00 nocheck g Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 11 4 8 5 foo h Template Specialization Entries Until recently the C language provided no mechanism for specializing templates so each compiler provided its own mechanism This section describes the specialization of templates using the mechanism of previous versions of the C compilers This mechanism is only supported in compatibility mode compat 4 The special entry tells the compiler that a given function is a specialization and should not be instantiated when the compiler encounters the function When using the compile time instantiation method use special entries in the options file to preregister the specializations The syntax is special declaration The declaration is a legal
20. libraries are linked dynamically examples CC a o Bstatic lfoo Bdynamic Warnings If you compile and link in separate steps and are using the Bbinding option you must include the option in the link step Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 13 3 2 5 3 2 6 When building a shared library in compatibility mode compat 4 do not use Bsymbolic if the library has exceptions in it Exceptions that should be caught might be missed See also nolib staticlib 1d 1 Section 5 5 Statically Linking Standard Libraries Linker and Libraries Guide C Compile only produce object o files but suppress linking This option directs the CC driver to suppress linking with 1d and produce a o file for each source file If you specify only one source file on the command line then you can explicitly name the object file with the o option Examples If you enter CC c x cc the x o object file is generated If you enter CC c x cc o y o the y o object file is generated Warnings When the compiler produces object code for an input file c i the compiler always produces a o file in the working directory If you suppress the linking step the o files are not removed See also o filename cg 89 92 Same as 68 89 92 3 14 C User s Guide May 2000 32 7 compat 4 5 Sets the major release compatibility mode of the compiler This option controls the ___SUNPRO_CC_COMP
21. multiplatform release 1 2 mwinline compilation component 2 11 N name rewriting standard header implementation 5 14 names changing directory 4 8 native compiler option 3 45 native language support application development 1 5 new delete exceptions 5 2 nocheck flag 4 11 noex compiler option 3 46 nofstore compiler option 3 4 3 46 nolib compiler option 3 46 5 5 nolibmil compiler option 3 46 nonoptions unrecognized 2 8 nonstandard features defined 1 1 noqueue compiler option 3 6 3 46 norunpath compiler option 3 5 3 47 5 5 0 o filename compiler option 3 7 3 48 o files option suffixes 2 4 preserving 2 6 0 compiler option 3 47 object files execution order 3 1 relocatable 6 3 objects library 6 1 Olevel compiler option 3 47 operating environment 1 2 optimization levels 3 79 math library 3 74 target hardware 3 90 optimizer out of memory 2 13 options See also individual options under alphabetical listings code generation 3 2 debugging 3 3 description subsections 3 11 expansion compilation 3 22 files 4 6 to 4 9 4 12 floating point 3 4 keyword file entries 4 8 language 3 4 library 5 4 to 5 5 library linking 3 5 licensing 3 6 obsolete 3 6 3 51 output 3 6 to 3 7 performance 3 7 to 3 8 preprocessor 3 8 processing order 2 3 3 1 profiling 3 9 reference 3 9 source 3 9 subprogram compilation 2 7 to 2 8 syntax format 3 1 template 3 10
22. o libx so 1 h libx so 1 a o b o c o i Tells the linker 1d to ignore any LD_LIBRARY_PATH setting Ipathname Add pathname to the include file search path This option adds pathname to the list of directories that are searched for include files with relative file names those that do not begin with a slash The preprocessor searches for include files in the following order 1 For include statements of the form include foo h where quotation marks are used the directory containing the source file is searched 2 For include statements of the form include lt foo h gt where angle brackets are used the directory containing the source file is not searched 3 The directories named with I options if any 4 The directories for compiler provided C header files ANSI C header files and special purpose files 5 The usr include directory Note The standard headers are treated differently For more information see Section 5 7 4 Standard Header Implementation on page 5 13 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 37 Interactions If ptipath is not used the compiler looks for template files in Ipathname Use Ipathname instead of pt ipath 3 2 33 instances a Controls the placement and linkage of template instances Values a must be one of the following values Value of a Meaning explicit Places explicitly instantiated instances into the current object file and gives
23. setting for the current system processor it is running on Compile for the SPARC V7 ISA Enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V7 ISA This is equivalent to using the best instruction set for good performance on the V8 ISA but without integer mul and div instructions and the fsmuld instruction Examples SPARCstation 1 SPARCstation 2 Compile for the V8a version of the SPARC V8 ISA By definition V8a means the V8 ISA but without the fsmuld instruction This option enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V8a ISA Example Any system based on the microSPARC I chip architecture Compile for the SPARC V8 ISA Enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V8 architecture Example SPARCstation 10 Compile for the V8plus version of the SPARC V9 ISA By definition V8plus means the V9 ISA but limited to the 32 bit subset defined by the V8plus ISA specification without the Visual Instruction Set VIS and without other implementation specific ISA extensions This option enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V8plus ISA The resulting object code is in SPARC V8 ELF32 format and only executes in a Solaris UltraSPARC environment it does not run on a V7 or V8 processor Example Any system based on the UltraSPARC chip architecture Compile for the V8plusa version of the SPARC V9 ISA By definition V8plusa means the V8plus arc
24. string Double quotation marks not angle brackets lt string gt string Path specified If the compiler does not find header SUNWCCh the compiler restarts the search looking for the name as provided in the include directive For example given the directive include lt string gt the compiler attempts to find a file named string SUNWCCh If that search fails the compiler looks for a file named string Replacing Standard C Headers Because of the search algorithm described in Section 5 7 4 Standard Header Implementation you do not need to supply SUNWCCh versions of the replacement headers described in Section 5 7 2 Installing the Replacement Library But you might run into some of the described problems If so the recommended solution is to add symbolic links having the suffix SUNWCCh for each of the unsuffixed headers That is for file utility you would run the command example ln s utility utility SUNWCCh When the compiler looks first for utility SUNWCCh it will find it and not be confused by any other file or directory called utility 5 14 C User s Guide May 2000 5 7 4 2 Replacing Standard C Headers Replacing the standard C headers is not supported If you nevertheless wish to provide your own versions of standard headers the recommended procedure is as follows m Put all the replacement headers in one directory m Create a SUNWCCh symbolic link to each of the replacem
25. 1170 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 ultra2 1200 v8 ultra 16 32 1 1024 64 1 ultra2 1300 v8 ultra2 16 32 1 2048 64 1 ultra2 2170 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 ultra2 2200 v8 ultra 16 32 1 1024 64 1 ultra2 2300 v8 2 16 32 1 2048 64 1 ultra2i v8 ultra2i 16 32 1 512 64 1 ultra3 v8 ultra3 64 32 4 8192 256 1 For IA platforms On IA platforms xtarget accepts the following values native or generic 386 Directs the compiler to generate code for the best performance on the Intel 80386 microprocessor 486 Directs the compiler to generate code for the best performance on the Intel 80486 microprocessor pentium Directs the compiler to generate code for the best performance on the Pentium or Pentium Pro microprocessor 3 94 C User s Guide May 2000 pentium pro Directs the compiler to generate code for the best performance on the Pentium Pro microprocessor Defaults On both SPARC and IA devices if xtarget is not specified xtarget generic is assumed Expansions The xtarget option is a macro that permits a quick and easy specification of the xarch xchip and xcache combinations that occur on commercially purchased platforms The only meaning of xtarget is in its expansion Examples xtarget sun4 15 means xarch v8a xchip micro xcache 2 16 1 Interactions Compilation for SPARC V9 architecture indicated by the xarch v9 v9alv9b option Setting xtarget ultra or ultra2 is not necessary or
26. 12 suffixes 6 1 understanding 6 1 to 6 2 using 5 1 to 5 11 libraries building dynamic shared 6 1 to 6 4 for private use 6 4 for public use 6 5 linking options 3 5 3 34 shared with exceptions 6 4 static archive 6 1 to 6 3 with C API 6 5 library compiler option 2 7 3 5 3 41 to 3 43 5 4 to 5 5 5 8 5 9 5 12 compiler option 5 12 librwtool library 5 2 to 5 3 librwtool_dbg library 5 2 libthread library 5 1 libw library 5 1 licensing information 3 75 options 3 6 requirements 1 3 limit command 2 12 __LINE__ predefined macro 3 17 linker 3 88 linking complex library 5 6 to 5 8 consistent with compilation 2 7 to 2 8 disabling system libraries 3 77 dynamic 5 10 dynamic shared libraries 6 1 to 6 2 increasing speed of 3 88 iostream library 5 6 5 8 libraries 5 1 5 3 Index 4 C User s Guide May 2000 library options 3 5 separate from compilation 2 6 static 5 4 5 8 static archive libraries 6 1 symbolic 5 13 template instances 4 2 to 4 4 M macros predefined 3 16 to 3 18 make command 2 15 to 2 16 man pages accessing 1 3 sh 1 2 12 swap 1M 2 12 math library optimized version 3 74 memory 2 11 to 2 13 migration compiler option 3 3 3 7 3 9 3 43 misalign compiler option 2 7 3 44 mt compiler option code generation option 3 2 compiling and linking with 2 7 library option 3 5 linking libraries 5 1 option description 3 45 thread option 3 10
27. 2 32 bytes abs44 SPARC Generates 44 bit absolute addresses which have moderate C User s Guide May 2000 speed and moderate range Code data bss size is limited to 2 44 bytes Available only on 64 bit architectures xarch v9 v9al v9b D299 TABLE 3 32 xcode Options Continued Value of a Meaning abs64 SPARC Generates 64 bit absolute addresses which are slow but have full range Available only on 64 bit architectures xarch v9 v9al v9b picl3 Generates position independent code small model which is fast but has limited range Equivalent to Kpic Permits references to at most 2 11 unique external symbols on 32 bit architectures 2 10 on 64 bit pic32 Generates position independent code large model which is slow but has full range Equivalent to KPIC Permits references to at most 2 30 unique external symbols on 32 bit architectures 2 29 on 64 bit Defaults For SPARC V8 and V7 processors the default is xcode abs32 For SPARC and UltraSPARC processors when you use xarch v9 v9alv9b the default is xcode abs64 xcrossfile n SPARC Enables optimization and inlining across source files Values n must be one of the following values Value of n Meaning 0 Do not perform cross file optimizations or cross file inlining 1 Perform optimization and inlining across source files Normally the scope of the compiler s analysis is limited to each separate file on the command l
28. 3 72 3 2 101 xhelp flags 3 73 3 2 102 xhelp readme 3 73 3 2 103 xildoff 3 73 3 2 104 xildon 3 73 3 2 105 xlibmieee 3 74 3 2 106 xlibmil 3 74 3 2 107 xlibmopt 3 74 3 2 108 xlic_lib sunperf 3 75 3 2 109 xlicinfo 3 75 3 2 110 Xm 3 76 3 2 111 xM 3 76 3 2 112 xM1 3 76 3 2 113 xMerge 3 77 3 2 114 xnolib 3 77 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 115 3 2 116 3 2 117 3 2 118 3 2 119 3 2 120 3 2 121 3 2 122 3 2 123 3 2 124 3 2 125 3 2 126 3 2 127 3 2 128 3 2 129 3 2 130 3 2 131 3 2 132 3 2 133 xnolibmil 3 79 xnolibmopt 3 79 xOlevel 3 79 xpg 3 82 xprefetch a a 3 83 xprofile p 3 84 xregs r7 r 7 xs 8 xsafe mem 3 88 xsb 9 xsbfast 3 89 xspace 3 89 xtarget t 3 90 xtime 3 96 xunroll n 3 96 xvector yes no 6 xwe 3 96 zarg 3 97 ztext 3 97 Compiling Templates 1 4 1 Verbose Compilation 1 4 2 Template Commands 1 4 3 Template Instance Placement and Linkage 4 2 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 5 External Instances 4 2 Static Instances 4 3 Global Instances 4 3 Explicit Instances 3 Semi Explicit Instances 4 Contents xi xii 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 The Template Repository 4 4 4 4 1 Repository Structure 4 5 4 4 2 Writing to the Template Repository 5 4 4 3 Reading From Multiple Template Repositories 4 5 4 4 4 Sharing Template Repositories 4 5 Template Definition Searching 4 6 4 5 1 Source File Location Conventions 4 6 4 5 2
29. 4 5 SUNWS_CONFIG_NAME 4 8 error messages compiler version incompatibility 2 5 failed links 2 7 linker 2 8 exceptions shared libraries 5 11 6 4 trapping 3 32 explicit instances 4 2 to 4 4 Index 2 C User s Guide May 2000 extension features defined 1 1 extensions source file 4 9 external instances 4 2 external linkage 4 2 F fast compiler option 2 7 3 7 3 22 to 3 24 fbe compilation component 2 11 features compiler option 3 4 3 24 to 3 26 file names SUNWCCh file name suffix 5 13 to 5 14 standard library 2 16 suffixes 2 4 template definition files 4 6 __FILE__ predefined macro 3 17 files See also source files executable program 2 6 multiple source 2 4 to 2 5 object 2 6 3 1 6 3 options 4 6 to 4 9 4 12 suffixes 5 13 51808 compiler option 3 26 floating point options 3 4 precision mode 3 28 fnonstd compiler option 3 26 fns yes no compiler option 3 4 3 27 to 3 28 fprecision p compiler option 3 4 3 28 to 3 29 froundsr compiler option 3 4 3 30 fsimple n compiler option 3 4 3 30 to 3 32 fstore compiler option 3 4 3 32 56280 compiler option 3 4 3 32 functions dynamic shared libraries 6 3 G G dynamic library command 6 3 to 6 4 library option 3 5 option description 3 34 to 3 35 output option 3 6 g code generation option 3 2 compiling and linking with 2 7 option description 3 35 debugging option 3 3
30. A mechanism that controls the scope of global names by allowing the global space to be divided into uniquely named scopes The ability to use the same operator notation to produce different outcomes A special form of function overloading The process of improving the efficiency of the object code that is generated by the compiler See compiler option To give the same name to more than one function or operator The ability of a pointer or reference to refer to objects whose dynamic type is different from the declared pointer or reference type A compiler preprocessor directive or special comment that instructs the compiler to take a specific action See dynamic binding A mechanism that provides a standard method for a program to determine an object type during runtime The variable that is located to the right of an assignment operator The rvalue can be read but not altered The range over which an action or definition applies A symbol table entry that is generated in the object code The same format is used in both a out files and ELF files to contain debugging information C User s Guide May 2000 stack static binding subroutine switch symbol symbol table template database template options file template specialization trapping type variable VTABLE A data storage method by which data can be added to or removed from only the top of the stack using a last in first out strategy Co
31. C User s Guide May 2000
32. Controls scratch register usage The compiler can generate faster code if it has more registers available for temporary storage scratch registers This option makes available additional scratch registers that might not always be appropriate Values r must be one of the following values The meaning of each value depends upon the xarch setting Value of r Meaning noS appl Does not Allow use of registers g2 g3 and g4 v8 v8a Does not Allow use of registers g2 g3 and g4 v8plus v8plusa v8plusb Does not Allow use of registers g2 g3 v9 v9a v9b In the SPARC ABI these registers are described as application registers Using these registers can increase performance because fewer load and store instructions are needed However such use can conflict with programs that use the registers for other purposes no float Does not Allow use of floating point registers as specified in the SPARC ABI You can use the floating point registers even if the program contains no floating point code With the no float option a source program cannot contain any floating point code Defaults If xregs is not specified xregs appl1 float is assumed Examples To compile an application program using all available scratch registers use xregs appl float To compile non floating point code that is sensitive to context switch use xregs no sappl no sfloat Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 87 312 122 3 2
33. Description Fortran Programming Guide Fortran User s Guide FORTRAN 77 Language Reference Interval Arithmetic Programming Reference Discusses issues relating to input output libraries program analysis debugging and performance Provides information on command line options and how to use the compilers Provides a complete language reference Describes the intrinsic INTERVAL data type supported by the Fortran 95 compiler Forte TeamWare 6 Sun WorkShop TeamWare 6 Sun WorkShop TeamWare 6 User s Guide Describes how to use the Sun WorkShop TeamWare code management tools Forte Developer 6 Sun WorkShop Visual 6 Sun WorkShop Visual User s Guide Describes how to use Visual to create C and Java graphical user interfaces Forte Sun Performance Library 6 Sun Performance Library Reference Sun Performance Library User s Guide Discusses the optimized library of subroutines and functions used to perform computational linear algebra and fast Fourier transforms Describes how to use the Sun specific features of the Sun Performance Library which is a collection of subroutines and functions used to solve linear algebra problems Numerical Computation Guide Numerical Computation Guide Describes issues regarding the numerical accuracy of floating point computations Standard Library 2 Standard C Class Library Reference Standard C Librar
34. Guide May 2000 TABLE P 1 TABLE P 2 TABLE P 3 TABLE P 4 TABLE P 5 TABLE 2 1 TABLE 2 2 TABLE 3 1 TABLE 3 2 TABLE 3 3 TABLE 3 4 TABLE 3 5 TABLE 3 6 TABLE 3 7 TABLE 3 8 TABLE 3 9 TABLE 3 10 TABLE 3 11 TABLE 3 12 TABLE 3 13 Tables Typographic Conventions 3 Shell Prompts 4 Related Sun WorkShop 6 Documentation by Document Collection 6 Related Solaris Documentation 9 Man Pages Related to C 9 File Name Suffixes Recognized by the C Compiler 2 4 Components of the C Compilation System 2 11 Option Syntax Format Examples 1 Code Generation Options 3 2 Debugging Options 3 Floating Point Options 4 Language Options 3 4 Library Options 3 5 Licensing Options 3 6 Obsolete Options 3 6 Output Options 6 Performance Options 3 7 Preprocessor Options 8 Profiling Options 9 Reference Options 3 9 xvi TABLE 3 14 TABLE 3 15 TABLE 3 16 TABLE 3 17 TABLE 3 18 TABLE 3 19 TABLE 3 20 TABLE 3 21 TABLE 3 22 TABLE 3 23 TABLE 3 24 TABLE 3 25 TABLE 3 26 TABLE 3 27 TABLE 3 28 TABLE 3 29 TABLE 3 30 TABLE 3 31 TABLE 3 32 TABLE 3 33 TABLE 3 34 TABLE 5 1 TABLE 5 2 TABLE 5 3 Source Options 3 9 Template Options 3 10 Thread Options 3 10 Option Subsections 1 SPARC and IA Predefined Symbols 3 16 UNIX Predefined Symbols 3 17 SPARC Predefined Symbols 3 17 SPARC v9 Predefined Symbols 3 18 IA Predefined Symbols 3 18
35. May 2000 TABLE 3 34 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget Continued xtarget xarch xchip xcache ss600 140 v7 old 64 32 1 ss600 41 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 412 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 51 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 512 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 514 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 61 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss600 612 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 sselc v7 old 64 32 1 ssipc v7 old 64 16 1 ssipx v7 old 64 32 1 sslc v8a micro 2 16 1 sslt v7 old 64 32 1 sslx v8a micro 2 16 1 sslx2 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ssslc v7 old 64 16 1 ssvyger v8a micro2 8 16 1 sun4 110 v7 old 2 16 1 sun4 15 v8a micro 2 16 1 sun4 150 v7 old 2 16 1 sun4 20 v7 old 64 16 1 sun4 25 v7 old 64 32 1 sun4 260 v7 old 128 1 sun4 280 v7 old 1 28 1 sun4 30 v8a micro 2 16 1 sun4 330 v7 old 128 1 sun4 370 v7 old 128 1 sun4 390 v7 old 128 1 sun4 40 v7 old 64 16 1 sun4 470 v7 old 28 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 TABLE 3 34 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget Continued xtarget xarch xchip xcache sun4 490 v7 old 128 32 1 sun4 50 v7 old 64 32 1 sun4 60 v7 old 64 16 1 sun4 630 v7 old 64 32 1 sun4 65 v7 old 64 16 1 sun4 670 v7 old 64 32 1 sun4 690 v7 old 64 32 1 sun4 75 v7 old 64 32 1 ultra v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 ultral 140 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 ultral 170 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 ultral 200 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 ultra2 v8 ultra2 16 32 1 512 64 ultra2
36. Obsolete option that will be removed in future release vdelx Output Options The following output options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 9 Output Options Action Option Compiles only produces object o files but suppresses linking c Shows options passed by the driver to the compiler but doesnot dryrun compile Runs only the preprocessor on the C source files and sends E result to stdout Does not compile Builds a dynamic shared library instead of an executable file G Prints path names of included files H 3 6 C User s Guide May 2000 3 19 TABLE 3 9 Output Options Continued Action Option Explains where to get information about migrating from earlier migration compilers Sets name of the output or executable file to filename o filename Only preprocesses source outputs to i file P Causes the CC driver to produce output of the type sourcetype Strips the symbol table out of the executable file Controls compiler verbosity Prints extra warnings where necessary Suppresses warning messages Displays a summary list of compiler options Displays the contents of the online README file Outputs makefile dependency information Generates dependency information but excludes usr include Produces table information for the WorkShop source code browser Produces only source browser information no compilation Reports execution time for each compilation phase Conve
37. Sun WorkShop 6 Compilers options Sun specific C capabilities such as pragmas the lint tool parallelization migration to a 64 bit operating system and ANSI ISO compliant C Forte C 6 C Library Reference Describes the C libraries Sun WorkShop 6 Compilers including C Standard C Library Tools h class library C Migration Guide C Programming Guide C User s Guide Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor User s Manual Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor Iostream and Complex Provides guidance on migrating code to this version of the Sun WorkShop C compiler Explains how to use the new features to write more efficient programs and covers templates exception handling runtime type identification cast operations performance and multithreaded programs Provides information on command line options and how to use the compiler Describes how the Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor solves the problems of memory management in C and C This manual is only available through your installed product see opt SUNWspro docs index html and not at the docs sun com Web site Forte for High Fortran Library Reference Performance Computing 6 Sun WorkShop 6 Compilers Fortran 77 95 Provides details about the library routines supplied with the Fortran compiler Preface 7 TABLE P 3 Document Collection Document Title Related Sun WorkShop 6 Documentation by Document Collection Continued
38. The following example shows how you would link statically with LibCrun and dynamically with libw libm and libc in the Solaris 2 6 Solaris 7 or Solaris 8 environment example CC test c xnolib 1Cstd Bstatic 1Crun Bdynamic lm lw lcx lc The order of the 1 options is important The 1Cstd 1Crun 1m lw and 106 options appear before 1c Note The 1cx option does not exist on the IA platform Some CC options link to other libraries These library links are also suppressed by xnolib For example using the mt option causes the CC driver to pass 1thread to 1d However if you use both mt and xnolib the CC driver does not pass lthread to ld See Section 3 2 114 xnolib for more information See Linker and Libraries Guide for more information about 1d 5 6 Using Shared Libraries The following shared libraries are included with the C compiler libCrun so 1 libC so 5 libcomplex so 5 librwtool so 2 libge so 1 11066 00 1 Chapter5 Using Libraries 9 5 10 The occurrence of each shared object linked with the program is recorded in the resulting executable a out file this information is used by 1d so to perform dynamic link editing at runtime Because the work of incorporating the library code into an address space is deferred the runtime behavior of the program using a shared library is sensitive to an environment change that is moving a library from one directory to another For
39. U compiler option 3 1 3 8 3 57 ulimit command 2 12 _ uname s _ uname r predefined macro 3 17 underflow 3 32 UNIX predefined symbols 3 17 tools 1 5 unix predefined macro 3 17 unix predefined macro 3 17 unroll n compiler option 3 58 utilities UNIX tools 1 5 V V compiler option 3 58 v compiler option 3 58 variables See also environment variables static 4 3 to 4 4 vdelx compiler option 3 6 3 58 verbose command line option 2 8 3 3 3 7 3 59 verbose no template template compilation option 4 1 verbose template template compilation option 4 1 virtual memory limits 2 12 to 2 13 W w compiler option 4 1 3 7 3 59 w2 compiler option 3 60 w compiler option 3 7 3 60 warnings C header replacement 5 15 code portability 3 23 unrecognized arguments 2 8 _WCHAR_T predefined UNIX symbol 3 17 workstations memory requirements 2 13 X xa compiler option 2 7 1 xar compiler option 3 5 3 61 4 2 6 2 to 6 3 xarch isa compiler option 2 7 3 7 3 62 to 3 66 xcache c compiler option 3 7 3 66 to 3 68 xcg386 compilation component 2 11 xcg89 compiler option 2 7 3 8 3 68 xcg92 compiler option 2 7 3 8 3 68 xchip c compiler option 3 8 3 68 to 3 70 compiler option 3 2 3 70 to 3 71 0006 0 xcrossfile n compiler option 3 71 to 3 72 xF compiler option 3 8 3 72 xhelp flags compiler option 3 3 3 7 3 9 3 73 xhelp readme c
40. User s Guide May 2000 3 2 119 See also xprofile p analyzer 1 man page Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop 4 0 6 566 26 SPARC Enable prefetch instructions on those architectures that support prefetch such as UltraSPARC II xarch v8plus v8plusa v9plusb v9 v9a or v9b a must be one of the following values Value Meaning auto Enable automatic generation of prefetch instructions no auto Disable automatic generation of prefetch instructions explicit Enable explicit prefetch macros nosexplicit Disable explicit prefetch macros yes xprefetch yes is the same as xprefetch auto explicit no xprefetch no is the same as xprefetch no auto notexplicit Defaults If xprefetch is not specified xprefetch no auto explicit is assumed If only xprefetch is specified xprefetch auto explicit is assumed The default of no auto is assumed unless explicitly overridden with the use of xprefetch without any arguments or with an argument of auto or yes For example xprefetch explicit is the same as xprefetch explicit no auto The default of explicit is assumed unless explicitly overridden with an argument of no explicit or an argument of no For example xprefetch auto is the same as xprefetch auto explicit Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 83 3 2 120 Interactions The sun_prefetch h header file provides the macros for specifying explicit prefetch instructions The p
41. and all of 1ibCstd if you replace any part The standard headers lt exception gt lt new gt and lt typeinfo gt are tied tightly to the compiler itself and to 1ibCrun and cannot reliably be replaced The library libCrun contains many helper functions that the compiler depends on and cannot be replaced Chapter5 Using Libraries 1 5 7 2 5 7 3 The 17 standard headers inherited from C lt stdlib h gt lt stdio h gt lt string h gt and so forth are tied tightly to the Solaris operating environment and the basic Solaris runtime library libc and cannot reliably be replaced The C versions of those headers lt cstdlib gt lt cstdio gt lt cstring gt and so forth are tied tightly to the basic C versions and cannot reliably be replaced Installing the Replacement Library To install the replacement library you must first decide on the locations for the replacement headers and on the replacement for 1ibCstd For purposes of discussion assume the headers are placed in opt mycstd include and the library is placed in opt mycstd 1lib Assume the library is called libmyCstd a It is often convenient if the library name starts with 1ib Using the Replacement Library On each compilation use the I option to point to the location where the headers are installed In addition use the library no Cstd option to prevent finding the compiler s own versions of the 1ibCstd headers For example example CC I
42. by implementing the abstract methods A method that has no implementation American National Standards Institute s definition of the C programming language It is the same as the ISO definition See ISO The American National Standards Institute and the ISO standard for the C programming language See ISO The binary system interface between compiled applications and the operating system on which they run A data structure that stores a collection of values of a single data type consecutively in memory Each value is accessed by its position in the array See inheritance The ability to link object files that are compiled by one release while using a compiler of a different release Associating a function call with a specific function definition More generally associating a name with a particular entity A C to C compiler program that translates C to C source code which in turn can be compiled by a standard C compiler A user defined data type consisting of named data elements which may be of different types and a set of operations that can be performed with the data A template that describes a set of classes or related data types Glossary 1 class variable compiler option constructor data member data type derived class destructor dynamic binding dynamic cast dynamic type early binding ELF file exception exception handler exception handling flag Glossary 2 A data it
43. describes any departures from requirements in the standard On SPARC platforms the compiler provides support for the optimization exploiting features of SPARC V8 and SPARC V9 including the UltraSPARC implementation These features are defined in the SPARC Architecture Manuals Version 8 ISBN 0 13 825001 4 and Version 9 ISBN 0 13 099227 5 published by Prentice Hall for SPARC International In this document Standard means conforming to the versions of the standards listed above Nonstandard or Extension refers to features that go beyond these versions of these standards The responsible standards bodies may revise these standards from time to time The versions of the applicable standards to which the C compiler conforms may be revised or replaced resulting in features in future releases of the Sun C compiler that create incompatibilities with earlier releases 2 Operating Environments The C compiler CC integrates with other Sun development tools such as Sun WorkShop and the C compiler The Sun C compiler and its runtime library are part of Sun Visual WorkShop C You can use these components to develop threaded applications in multiprocessor Solaris 2 6 Solaris 7 and in Solaris 8 operating environments Note For Solaris 7 the name of the operating environment is Solaris 7 but code and path or package path names might use Solaris 2 7 or SunOS 5 7 Always follow
44. example if your program is linked with libcomplex so 5 in opt SUNWspro release 1ib and the libcomplex so 5 library is later moved into opt2 SUNWspro release 1ib the following message is displayed when you run the binary code 18 50 libcomplex so 5 not found You can still run the old binary code without recompiling it by setting the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH to the new library directory In a C shell example setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH opt2 SUNWspro release 1ib LD_LIBRARY_PATH In a Bourne shell example LD_LIBRARY_PATH opt2 SUNWspro release 1ib LD_LIBRARY_PATH exampleS export LD_LIBRARY_PATH Note release is specific for each release of Sun WorkShop The LD_LIBRARY_PATH has a list of directories usually separated by colons When you run a C program the dynamic loader searches the directories in LD_LIBRARY_PATH before it searches the default directories Use the 1dd command as shown in the following example to see which libraries are linked dynamically in your executable example ldd a out This step should rarely be necessary because the shared libraries are seldom moved C User s Guide May 2000 Note When shared libraries are opened with dlopen RTLD_GLOBAL must be used for exceptions to work See Linker and Libraries Guide for more information on using shared libraries 7 5 7 1 Replacing the C Standard Library Replac
45. files into library llst compilation and linking Compiles and links for multithreaded code mt Does not build path for libraries into executable norunpath Builds dynamic library search paths into the executable file Rplst Indicates which C libraries are to be linked statically staticlib llst Creates archive libraries xar Causes libn to return IEEE 754 values for math routines in xlibmieee exceptional cases Inlines selected 1ibm library routines for optimization xlibmil Uses library of optimized math routines xlibmopt SPARC Links in the Sun Performance Library xlic_lib sunperflib Disables linking with default system libraries xnolib Cancels xlibmil on the command line xnolibmil Does not use the math routine library xnolibmopt Forces fatal error if relocations remain against non writable ztext allocatable sections Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 5 3 1 6 7 3 1 8 Licensing Options The following licensing options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 7 Licensing Options Action Option Disables license queueing noqueue SPARC Links in the Sun Performance Library xlic_lib sunperf Shows license server information xlicinfo Obsolete Options The following options are obsolete or will become obsolete TABLE 3 8 Obsolete Options Action Option Ignored by the compiler A future release of the compiler may ptr reuse this option using a different behavior
46. find its entry in the index then click the title P 10 Commercially Available Books The following is a partial list of available books on the C language The C Standard Library Nicolai Josuttis Addison Wesley 1999 Generic Programming and the STL Matthew Austern Addison Wesley 1999 C User s Guide May 2000 Standard C IOStreams and Locales Angelika Langer and Klaus Kreft Addison Wesley 2000 Thinking in C Volume 1 Second Edition Bruce Eckel Prentice Hall 2000 The Annotated C Reference Manual Margaret A Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup Addison Wesley 1990 Design Patterns Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software Erich Gamma Richard Helm Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides Addison Wesley 1995 C Primer Third Edition Stanley B Lippman and Josee Lajoie Addison Wesley 1998 Effective C 50 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Second Edition Scott Meyers Addison Wesley 1998 More Effective C 35 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers Addison Wesley 1996 Preface 1 P 12 C User s Guide May 2000 CHAPTER 1 The C Compiler This chapter provides a brief conceptual overview of Sun C and the C compiler 1 1 Standards Conformance The C compiler CC supports the ISO International Standard for C ISO IS 14882 1998 Programming Language C The README file that accompanies the current release
47. library 5 5 to 5 6 5 8 iostreams accessing files 3 43 classic 5 3 5 5 standard 5 3 5 5 using make with 2 16 100 compliation component 2 11 ISO International Standard for C standards conformance 1 1 ISO IS 14882 1998 standards conformance 1 1 ISO ANSI C standard one definition rule 4 5 K KEEP_STATE using with lt istream gt 2 16 keeptmp compiler option 3 3 3 39 keywords options file entries 4 8 KPIC compiler option 3 2 3 39 6 3 Kpic compiler option 3 2 3 39 6 3 L L compiler option 3 1 3 5 3 39 5 4 1 compiler option 3 1 3 5 3 40 5 1 5 4 languages options 3 4 support for native 1 5 10 option and IA platform 5 9 1d compilation component 2 11 LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable 5 10 6 2 ldd command 5 10 lex C utilities 1 5 1106 library 5 2 to 5 3 libc library 5 1 libcomplex library 5 2 to 5 3 libCrun library 5 2 libCstd library 5 2 to 5 3 5 12 libdemangle library 5 2 to 5 3 libgc library 5 2 to 5 3 libgc_dbg library 5 2 libiostreanm library 5 2 to 5 3 Index 3 libm library 5 1 libmieee compiler option 3 40 libmil compiler option 3 40 libraries class using 5 5 dynamically linked 5 10 execution order 3 1 linking options 3 5 5 8 linking with mt 5 1 naming a shared library 3 36 optimized math 3 74 replacing C standard library 5 11 to 5 15 shared 3 18 5 9 to 5 11 shipped with C compiler 5 2 static 3
48. line directives and other issues concerning the use of the compiler Command Syntax The general syntax of a compiler command line is as follows CC options source files object files libraries An option is an option keyword prefixed by either a dash or a plus sign Some options take arguments In general the processing of the compiler options is from left to right allowing selective overriding of macro options options that include other options In most cases if you specify the same option more than once the rightmost assignment overrides and there is no accumulation Note the following exceptions All linker options and the 1 1 pt i and R options accumulate they do not override All U options are processed after all D options Source files object files and libraries are compiled and linked in the order in which they appear on the command line In the following example CC is used to compile two source files growth C and 156 0 to produce an executable file named growth with runtime debugging enabled example CC g o growth growth cC fft C Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 3 222 223 File Name Conventions The suffix attached to a file name appearing on the command line determines how the compiler processes the file A file name with a suffix other than those listed in the following table or without a suffix is passed to the linker TABLE 2 1 File Name Suffixes Re
49. macros nor any macro definitions in source files You can specify multiple options on the command line Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 7 3 2 83 3 2 84 3 2 85 3 2 86 Interactions All U options are processed after any D options that are present unroll n Same as xunroll n V Same as verbose version V Same as verbose diags vdelx Compatibility mode only compat 4 For expressions using delete this option generates a call to the runtime library function _vector_deletex_ instead of generating a call to __vector_delete_ The function _vector_delete_ takes two arguments the pointer to be deleted and the size of each array element The function _vector_deletex_ behaves the same as _vector_delete_ except that it takes a third argument the address of the destructor for the class This third argument is not used by the function but is provided to be used by third party vendors Default The compiler generates a call to __vector_delete_ for expressions using delete 3 58 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 87 3 2 88 Warnings This is an obsolete option that will be removed in future releases Don t use this option unless you have bought some software from a third party vendor and the vendor recommends using this option verbose vj v Controls compiler verbosity Values v must be one of the following values Value of v Meaning no diags Do not Print
50. opt mycstd include library no Cstd compile During compiling the library no Cstd option prevents searching the directory where the compiler s own version of these headers is located On each program or library link use the library no Cstd option to prevent finding the compiler s own 1ibCstd the L option to point to the directory where the replacement library is and the 1 option to specify the replacement library Example example CC library no Cstd L opt mycstd lib lmyCstd link Alternatively you can use the full path name of the library directly and omit using the L and 1 options For example example CC library no Cstd opt mycstd lib libmyCstd a link During linking the library no Cstd option prevents linking the compiler s own version of libCstd 5 12 C User s Guide May 2000 5 7 4 Standard Header Implementation C has 17 standard headers lt stdio h gt lt string h gt lt stdlib h gt and others These headers are delivered as part of the Solaris operating environment in the directory usr include C has those same headers with the added requirement that the various declared names appear in both the global namespace and in namespace std On versions of the Solaris operating environment prior to Solaris 8 the C compiler supplies its own versions of these headers instead of replacing those in the usr include directory C also has a second version of each of t
51. scope See also class variable instance variable local variable A table that is created by the compiler for each class that contains virtual functions Glossary 5 Glossary 6 C User s Guide May 2000 Index NUMERICS 38 6 compiler option 3 12 48 6 compiler option 3 12 A a compiler option 3 12 a file name suffix 6 1 2 4 ABI application binary interface building libraries 6 4 to 6 5 aliases defining 2 14 API application programming interface building libraries 6 5 __ARRAYNEW predefined macro 3 16 assembler compilationvR component 2 11 Auto Read disabling for dbx 3 88 B bbinding compiler option 3 5 3 12 to 3 14 _BOOL predefined macro 3 16 Bsymbolic compiler option 6 4 ___BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR predefined macro 3 16 C C headers replacing 5 15 C standard library replacing 5 11 to 5 15 0 compiler option 2 6 3 6 3 14 C file name suffixes 2 4 6 file name suffixes 2 4 cache directory template 2 5 cache properties defining 3 66 caveats C header replacement 5 15 cc file name suffixes 2 4 CC_tmp1_opt options file 4 8 CCadmin 1 command 4 1 ccfe compilation component 2 11 CCFLAGS environment variable 2 14 CClink compilation component 2 11 cg compilation component 2 11 cg 89 92 compiler option 3 14 class libraries using 5 5 to 5 8 code generation options 3 2 optimizer 2 11 codegen compilation component 2 11 command l
52. simple test for whether or not a library is public is to ask if the application programmer can recompile the library easily Public libraries should be built in conformance with the system s application binary interface ABI In general this means that any processor specific options should be avoided For example do not use fast or xtarget The SPARC ABI reserves some registers exclusively for applications For V7 and V8 these registers are 502 503 and 504 For V9 these registers are 502 and g3 Since most compilations are for applications the C compiler by default uses these registers for scratch registers improving program performance However use of these registers in a public library is generally not compliant with the SPARC ABI When building a library for public use compile all objects with the xregs no appl option to ensure that the application registers are not used 6 7 Building a Library That Has aC API If you want to build a library that is written in C but that can be used with a C program you must create a C API application programming interface To do this make all the exported functions extern C Note that this can be done only for global functions and not for member functions If you also want to remove any dependency on the C runtime libraries you should enforce the following coding rules in your library sources Do not use any form of new or delete unless you provide your own correspo
53. the code or path as it is written The Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler is available in the Solaris 2 6 Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 operating environments on SPARC and IA devices Note Features that are unique to a particular operating environment or hardware platform are so indicated However most aspects of the compilers on these systems are the same including functionality behavior and features The multiprocessor features are available as part of the Sun WorkShop on the SPARC platform with Solaris 2 6 Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 software and require a Sun WorkShop license See the C README files for details 1 3 README s The READMEs directory contains files that describe new features software incompatibilities bugs and information that was discovered after the manuals were printed In a default installation the README files are in opt SUNWspro READMEs The README files for all compilers are easily accessed by the xhelp readm command line option For example CC xhelp readme displays the C README file directly To access the HTML version of a README in your Netscape Communicator 4 0 or compatible version browser open the following file opt SUNWspro docs index html 1 2 C User s Guide May 2000 If your Sun WorkShop software is not installed in the opt directory ask your system administrator for the equivalent pa
54. them global linkage Does not generate any other needed instances extern Places all needed instances into the template repository and gives them global linkage If an instance in the repository is out of date it is reinstantiated global Places all needed instances into the current object file and gives them global linkage semiexplicit Places explicitly instantiated instances into the current object file and gives them global linkage Places all instances needed by the explicit instances into the current object file and gives them static linkage Does not generate any other needed instances static Places all needed instances into the current object file and gives them static linkage Defaults If instances is not specified instances extern is assumed See also Chapter 4 3 38 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 34 3 2 00 3 2 36 7 keeptmp Retains temporary files created during compilation Along with verbose diags this option is useful for debugging See also verbose goed Olean SPARC Same as xcode pic32 IA Same as Kpic Kpic SPARC Same as xcode pic13 IA Compiles with position independent code Use this option to compile source files when building a shared library Each reference to a global datum is generated as a dereference of a pointer in the global offset table Each function call is generated in pc relative addressing mode through a procedure linkage table
55. using make Using Aliases Within the C Shell The following example defines an alias for a command with frequently used options example alias CCfx CC fast xnolibmil The next example uses the alias CCfx example CCfx any C The command CCfx is now the same as example CC fast xnolibmil any C Using CCFLAGS to Specify Compile Options You can specify options by setting the CCFLAGS variable The CCFLAGS variable can be used explicitly in the command line The following example shows how to set CCFLAGS C Shell example setenv CCFLAGS x02 xsb The next example uses CCFLAGS explicitly example CC 800912658 any cc 2 14 C User s Guide May 2000 2 5 3 2 5 3 1 22 When you use make if the CCFLAGS variable is set as in the preceding example and the makefile s compilation rules are implicit then invoking make will result in a compilation equivalent to CC x02 xsb files Using make The make utility is a very powerful program development tool that you can easily use with all Sun compilers See the make 1S man page for additional information Using CCFLAGS Within make When you are using the implicit compilation rules of the makefile that is there is no C compile line the make program uses CCFLAGS automatically Adding a Suffix to Your Makefile You can incorporate different file suffixes into C by adding them to your makefile The following
56. x04 or x05 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 81 3 2 118 Warnings If you optimize at x03 or x04 with very large procedures thousands of lines of code in a single procedure the optimizer might require an unreasonable amount of memory In such cases machine performance can be degraded To prevent this degradation from taking place use the limit command to limit the amount of virtual memory available to a single process see the csh 1 man page For example to limit virtual memory to 16 megabytes example limit datasize 16M This command causes the optimizer to try to recover if it reaches 16 megabytes of data space The limit cannot be greater than the total available swap space of the machine and should be small enough to permit normal use of the machine while a large compilation is in progress The best setting for data size depends on the degree of optimization requested the amount of real memory and virtual memory available To find the actual swap space type swap 1 To find the actual real memory type dmesg grep mem See also fast xcrossfile n xprofile p csh 1 man page 9 The xpg option compiles self profiling code to collect data for profiling with gprof This option invokes a runtime recording mechanism that produces a gmon out file when the program normally terminates Warnings If you compile and link separately and you compile with xpg be sure to link with Xpg 3 82 C
57. 123 See also SPARC V7 V8 ABI SPARC V9 ABI 5 Allows debugging by dbx without object o files This option disables Auto Read for dbx Use this option if you cannot keep the o files This option passes the 5 option to the assembler No Auto Read is the older way of loading symbol tables It places all symbol tables for dbx in the executable file The linker links more slowly and dbx initializes more slowly Auto Read is the newer and default way of loading symbol tables With Auto Read the information 15 placed in the o files so that dbx loads the symbol table information only if it is needed Hence the linker links faster and dbx initializes faster With lt 5 if you move executables to another directory you do not have to move the object 0 files to use dbx Without xs if you move the executables to another directory you must move both the source files and the object 0 files to use dbx xsafe mem SPARC Allows no memory based traps to occur This option grants permission to use the speculative load instruction on V9 machines Interactions This option is only effective if used with x05 optimization when xarch v8plus v8plusa v8plusb v9 v9a or v9b is specified 3 88 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 124 32125 3 2 126 Warnings You should use this option only if you can safely assert that no memory based traps occur in your program For most programs this assertion is appropriate a
58. 2 52 3 2 53 3 2 54 viii C User s Guide May 0 6 3 34 g 3 35 g0 3 36 H 3 36 help 3 36 hname 3 36 i 3 37 Ipathname 3 37 instances a 8 keeptmp 3 39 KPIC 3 39 Kpic 3 39 Ldir 3 39 llib 3 40 libmieee 3 40 libmil 3 40 library lL 1 migration 3 43 misalign 3 44 mt 3 45 native 3 45 noex 6 nofstore 3 46 nolib 3 46 nolibmil 3 46 noqueue 3 46 norunpath 3 47 0 3 47 Olevel 3 47 filename 3 48 3 2 55 p 3 48 3 2 56 P 3 49 3 2 57 p 3 49 3 2 58 pentium 3 49 3 2 59 pg 3 50 3 2 60 PIC 0 3 2 61 pic 3 50 3 2 62 pta 3 50 3 2 63 ptipath 3 50 3 2 64 pto 3 50 3 2 65 ptr 3 51 3 2 66 ptv 3 51 3 2 67 Qoption phase option option 1 3 2 68 qoption phase option 3 52 3 2 69 qp 3 52 3 2 70 Qproduce sourcetype 3 53 3 2 71 qproduce sourcetype 3 53 3 2 72 Rpathname pathname 3 3 2 73 readme 3 54 3 2 74 S 3 54 3 2 75 s 3 54 3 2 76 sb 3 54 3 2 77 sbfast 3 54 3 2 78 staticlib l J 3 55 3 2 79 temp dir 3 56 3 2 80 template wl w 3 57 3 2 81 time 3 57 3 2 82 Uname 7 3 2 83 unroll n 3 58 3 2 84 v 8 Contents ix 3 2 85 v 8 3 2 86 vdelx 3 58 3 2 87 verbose vf v 9 3 2 88 w 3 59 3 2 89 w2 3 60 3 2 90 w 0 3 2 91 xa 3 61 3 2 92 xar 3 61 3 2 93 xarch isa 3 62 3 2 94 xcache c 3 66 3 295 xcg89 3 68 3 2 96 xcg92 3 68 3 2 97 xchip c 3 68 3 2 98 xcode a 3 70 3 2 99 xcrossfile n 3 71 3 2 100 xF
59. 5 9 ___STDC__ predefined macro 3 17 string standard header implementation 5 13 to 5 14 subprograms compilation options 2 7 to 2 8 suffixes SUNWCCh 5 13 to 5 14 command line file name 2 4 files without 5 13 library 6 1 makefiles 2 15 to 2 16 ___SUNPRO_CC_COMPAT 4 5 predefined macro 3 17 ___sun predefined macro 3 17 sun predefined macro 3 17 ___SUNPRO_CC 0x510 predefined macro 3 17 SUNWCCh file name suffix 5 13 to 5 14 SunWS_cache 4 5 SunWS_config directory 4 8 __SVR4 predefined macro 3 17 swap s command 2 12 swap space 2 12 to 2 13 swap 1M man pages 2 12 symbols executable files 3 54 syntax CC commands 2 3 options 3 1 T tcov C utilities 1 5 temp dir compiler option 3 3 3 56 template classes specializing 4 13 template compilation 4 2 to 4 5 4 7 template definition file 4 6 template repositories 4 4 to 4 5 4 7 template compiler option 3 10 3 57 4 6 templates cache directory 2 5 commands 4 1 definitions separate vs definitions included organization 4 6 inline 3 74 instances 4 2 to 4 4 4 7 linking 2 8 options 3 10 sharing options files 4 8 source files 4 6 4 9 to 4 11 specialization entries 4 12 to 4 13 verbose compilation 4 1 thread options 3 10 time compiler option 3 57 __TIME__ predefined macro 3 17 Tools h version 7 compiler option 5 8 Tools h vertion 7 debug compiler option 5 8 trapping mode 3 32 U
60. AT and __cplusplus macros The C compiler has two principal modes The compatibility mode accepts ARM semantics and language defined by the 4 2 compiler The standard mode accepts constructs according to the ANSI ISO standard These two modes are incompatible with each other because the ANSI ISO standard forces significant incompatible changes in name mangling vtable layout and other ABI details These two modes are differentiated by the compat option as shown in the following values Values The compat option can have the following values Value Meaning compat 4 Compatibility mode Set language and binary compatibility to that of the 4 0 1 4 1 and 4 2 compilers Set the __cplusplus preprocessor macro to 1 and the __SUNPRO_CC_COMPAT preprocessor macro to 4 compat 5 Standard mode Set language and binary compatibility to ANSI ISO standard mode Set the __cplusplus preprocessor macro to 199711L and the __SUNPRO_CC_COMPAT preprocessor macro to 5 Defaults If the compat option is not specified compat 5 is assumed If only compat is specified compat 4 is assumed Regardless of the compat setting __SUNPRO_CC is set to 0x510 Interactions Use of compat 4 with xarch v9 xarch v9a or xarch v9b is not supported See also C Migration Guide Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 15 3 2 8 9 d Does not expand C inline functions Interactions This option is automatically turned on wh
61. C style declaration without return types For example CODE EXAMPLE 4 6 special Entry template lt class T gt T foo Tt main cc include foo h CC_tmpl_opt special foo int The preceding options file informs the compiler that the template function foo should not be instantiated for the type int and that a specialized version is provided by the user Without that entry in the options file the function may be instantiated unnecessarily resulting in errors CODE EXAMPLE 4 7 Example of When special Entry Should be Used foo h template lt classT gt T foo Tt return t t file c include foo h int func return foo 10 main cc include foo h int foo int i return i i the specialization int main int x foo 10 int y func return 0 4 12 C User s Guide May 2000 In the preceding example when the compiler compiles main cc the specialized version of foo is correctly used because the compiler has seen its definition When file cc is compiled however the compiler instantiates its own version of foo because it doesn t know foo exists in main cc In most cases this process results in a multiply defined symbol during the link but in some cases especially libraries the wrong function may be used resulting in runtime errors If you use specialized versions of a function you should register those specializations The special entri
62. Definitions Search Path 4 6 Template Instance Automatic Consistency 4 7 Compile Time Instantiation 4 7 Template Options File 7 4 8 1 Comments 4 8 4 8 2 Includes 8 4 8 3 Source File Extensions 9 4 8 4 Definition Source Locations 4 9 4 8 5 Template Specialization Entries 4 12 5 Using Libraries 5 1 5 1 52 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 The C Libraries 1 Libraries Provided With the C Compiler 5 2 5 2 1 C Library Descriptions 5 2 5 2 2 Default C Libraries 5 3 Related Library Options 5 4 Using Class Libraries 5 5 5 4 1 The iostream Library 5 5 5 4 2 The complex Library 5 6 5 4 3 Linking C Libraries 5 8 Statically Linking Standard Libraries 5 8 Using Shared Libraries 5 9 C User s Guide May 2000 5 7 Replacing the C Standard Library 5 11 5 7 1 What Can be Replaced 5 11 5 7 2 Installing the Replacement Library 2 5 7 3 Using the Replacement Library 5 12 5 7 4 Standard Header Implementation 5 13 Building Libraries 6 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 Understanding Libraries 6 1 Building Static Archive Libraries 6 2 Building Dynamic Shared Libraries 6 3 Building Shared Libraries That Contain Exceptions 6 4 Building Libraries for Private Use 6 4 Building Libraries for Public Use 6 5 Building a Library That Has a C API 6 5 Using dlopen to Access a C Library From a C Program 6 Building Multithreaded Libraries 6 6 Glossary Glossary 1 Index Index 1 Contents xiii xiv C User s
63. I 3 2 96 3 297 See also xtarget t xcg89 Same as xtarget ss2 Warnings If you compile and link in separate steps and you compile with xcg89 be sure to link with the same option or you might get unexpected results xcg92 Same as xtarget ss1000 Warnings If you compile and link in separate steps and you compile with xcg92 be sure to link with the same option or you might get unexpected results xchip c Specifies target processor for use by the optimizer The xchip option specifies timing properties by specifying the target processor This option affects The ordering of instructions that is scheduling m The way the compiler uses branches The instructions to use in cases where semantically equivalent alternatives are available Note Although this option can be used alone it is part of the expansion of the xtarget option its primary use is to override a value supplied by the xtarget option 3 68 C User s Guide May 2000 Values c must be one of the following values TABLE 3 31 xchip Options Platform Value of c Optimize for SPARC generic Using timing properties for good performance on most SPARC processors SPARC old Using timing properties of processors earlier than the SuperSPARC chip SPARC super Using timing properties of the SuperSPARC chip SPARC super2 Using timing properties of the SuperSPARC II chip SPARC micro Using timing properties of t
64. IA Same as xtarget 486 This option is provided for backward compatibility only 3 Same as xa Bbinding Specifies whether a library binding for linking is symbolic dynamic shared or static nonshared You can use the B option to toggle several times on a command line This option is passed to the linker 1d Note On the Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 platforms not all libraries are available as static libraries 3 12 C User s Guide May 2000 Values binding must be one of the following Value of binding Meaning dynamic Directs the link editor to look for liblib so shared files and if they are not found to look for liblib a static nonshared files Use this option if you want shared library bindings for linking static Directs the link editor to look only for 1iblib a static nonshared files Use this option if you want nonshared library bindings for linking symbolic See the 1d 1 man page No space is allowed between B and the binding value Defaults If B is not specified Bdynamic is assumed Interactions To link the C default libraries statically use the staticlib option The Bstatic and Bdynamic options affect the linking of the libraries that are provided by default To ensure that the default libraries are linked dynamically the last use of B should be Bdynamic Examples The following compiler command links 11 00 3 even if 1110 00 50 exists all other
65. Shop documentation TABLE P 1 Typographic Conventions Typeface Meaning Examples AaBbCc123 The names of commands files Edit your login file and directories on screen Use ls a to list all files computer output You have mail AaBbCc123 What you type when su contrasted with on screen Password computer output AaBbCc123 Book titles new words or terms Read Chapter 6 in the User s Guide words to be emphasized These are called class options You must be superuser to do this Preface 3 TABLE P 1 Typographic Conventions Continued Typeface Meaning Examples AaBbCc123 Command line placeholder text To delete a file type rm filename replace with a real name or value Square brackets contain compat n arguments that are optional Ca Parentheses contain a set of d y In choices for a required option The pipe or bar symbol d y n separates arguments only one of which may be used at one time The ellipsis indicates omission features a1 an in a series The percent sign indicates the ftrap all no division word has a special meaning Shell Prompts TABLE P 2 shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for the C shell Bourne shell and Korn shell TABLE P 2 Shell Prompts Shell Prompt C shell oe Bourne shell and Korn shell 4 C shell Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser P 4 C User s Guide May 2000 Related Documentatio
66. a single source file that contains many routines the compiler might run out of memory or swap space If the compiler runs out of memory try reducing the level of optimization Alternately split multiple routine source files into files with one routine per file Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 2 11 2 4 1 22 2 4 3 Swap Space Size The swap s command displays available swap space See the swap 1M man page for more information The following example demonstrates the use of the swap command example swap s total 40236k bytes allocated 7280k reserved 47516k used 1058708k available Increasing Swap Space Use mkfile 1M and swap 1M to increase the size of the swap space on a workstation You must become superuser to do this The mkfile command creates a file of a specific size and swap a adds the file to the system swap space example mkfile v 90m home swapfile home swapfile 94317840 bytes example usr sbin swap a home swapfile Control of Virtual Memory Compiling very large routines thousands of lines of code in a single procedure at x03 or higher can require an unreasonable amount of memory In such cases performance of the system might degrade You can control this by limiting the amount of virtual memory available to a single process To limit virtual memory in an sh shell use the ulimit command See the sh 1 man page for more information The following example shows h
67. advantages to organizing an 2 4 C User s Guide May 2000 2 4 application with one procedure per file as there are for gathering procedures that work together into a single file Some of these are described in C Programming Guide Compiling With Different Compiler Versions Beginning with the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler the compiler marks a template cache directory with a string that identifies the template cache s version This compiler checks the cache directory s version and issues error messages whenever it encounters cache version problems Future Sun WorkShop C compilers will also check cache versions For example a future compiler that has a different template cache version identification and that processes a cache directory produced by this release of the compiler might issue the following error SunWS_cache Error Database version mismatch SunWS_cache CC_version Similarly this release of the compiler will issue an error if it encounters a cache directory that was produced by a later version of the compiler Although the template cache directories produced by the Sun WorkShop C compiler 5 0 are not marked with version identifiers the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler processes the 5 0 cache directories without an error or a warning The Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler converts the 5 0 cache directories to the directory format used by the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler The Sun WorkShop C compiler 5 0 cannot
68. afe mem xspace xtarget t xunroll n The following preprocessor options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 11 Preprocessor Options Action Defines symbol name to the preprocessor Runs only the preprocessor on the C source files and sends result to stdout Does not compile Only preprocesses source outputs to i file Deletes initial definition of preprocessor symbol name Outputs makefile dependency information Generates dependency information but excludes usr include 3 8 C User s Guide May 2000 Option Dname def E Uname 1 1 3 1 12 JETS Profiling Options The following profiling options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 12 Profiling Options Action Option Prepares the object code to collect data for profiling using prof p Generates code for profiling xa Compiles for profiling with the gprof profiler xpg Collects or optimizes using runtime profiling data xprofile tcov Reference Options The following options provide a quick reference to compiler information TABLE 3 13 Reference Options Action Option Explains where to get information about migrating from earlier compilers Displays a summary list of compiler options Displays the contents of the online README file migration xhelp flags xhelp readme Source Options The following source options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 14 S
69. ame is the name of the program that is being analyzed The name is optional and if not specified is assumed to be a out At runtime a program compiled with xprofile collect name creates the subdirectory name profile to hold the runtime feedback information Data is written to the file feedback in this subdirectory If you run the program several times the execution frequency data accumulates in the feedback file that is output from prior runs is not lost use name Uses execution frequency data to optimize strategically The name is the name of the executable that is being analyzed The name is optional and if not specified is assumed to be a out The program is optimized by using the execution frequency data previously generated and saved in feedback files that were written by a previous execution of the program compiled with xprofile collect The source files and other compiler options must be exactly the same as those used for the compilation that created the compiled program that generated the feedback file If compiled with xprofile collect name the same program name name must appear in the optimizing compilation xprofile use name Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 85 3 86 TABLE 3 33 xprofile Options Continued Value of p Meaning tcov Basic block coverage analysis using the new style tcov This option is the new style of basic block profiling for tcov It has similar functionality to the xa opt
70. ance WorkShop Personal Edition except that the Fortran compilers in that product no longer support the creation of automatically parallelized or explicit directive based parallel code This capability is still supported in the Fortran compilers in Forte for High Performance Computing We appreciate your continued use of our development products and hope that we can continue to fulfill your needs into the future Contents Preface P 1 The C Compiler 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 Standards Conformance 1 1 Operating Environments 1 2 READMEs 1 2 Man Pages 1 3 Licensing 1 3 New Features of the C Compiler 1 4 C Utilities 1 5 Native Language Support 1 5 Using the C Compiler 2 1 2 1 2 2 Getting Started 2 1 Invoking the Compiler 2 3 2 2 1 Command Syntax 2 3 2 2 2 File Name Conventions 2 4 2 2 3 Using Multiple Source Files 4 2 2 4 Compiling With Different Compiler Versions 2 5 Contents v 2 3 Compiling and Linking 6 2 3 1 Compile Link Sequence 2 6 2 3 2 Separate Compiling and Linking 6 2 3 3 Consistent Compiling and Linking 7 2 3 4 Compiling for SPARC V9 8 2 3 5 Diagnosing the Compiler 8 2 3 6 Understanding the Compiler Organization 2 9 2 4 Memory Requirements 1 2 4 1 Swap Space Size 2 2 4 2 Increasing Swap Space 2 12 2 4 3 Control of Virtual Memory 2 12 2 4 4 Memory Requirements 2 13 2 5 Simplifying Commands 2 14 2 5 1 Using Aliases Within the C Shell 4 2 5 2 Using CCFLAGS t
71. and other countries All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International Inc in the U S and other countries Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems Inc The OPEN LOOK and Sun Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems Inc for its users and licensees Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry Sun holds a non exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface which license also covers Sun s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun s written license agreements Sun 90 95 is derived from Cray CF90 a product of Silicon Graphics Inc Federal Acquisitions Commercial Software Government Users Subject to Standard License Terms and Conditions DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT ARE DISCLAIMED EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID Copyright 2000 Sun Microsystems Inc 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto CA 94303 4900 Etats Unis Tous droits r serv s Ce produit ou document est distribu avec des licences qui en restreignent l utilis
72. ary can be used at a time The Rogue Wave Tools h version 7 library is built with classic iostreams Therefore when you include the Rogue Wave tools library in standard mode you must also include 1ibiostream For more information see the C Migration Guide If you include both 1106866 and libiostream you must be careful to not use the old and new forms of iostreams for example cout and std cout within a program to access the same file Mixing standard iostreams and classic iostreams in the same program is likely to cause problems if the same file is accessed from both classic and standard iostream code Programs linking neither 1106 nor 1ibCrun might not use all features of the C language If xnolib is specified library is ignored Warnings The set of libraries is not stable and might change from release to release See also I 1 R staticlib xnolib Section 2 5 3 3 Using make With Standard Library Header Files C Library Reference Tools h User s Guide Tools h Class Library Reference Standard C Class Library Reference For information on using the library no cstd option to enable use of your own C standard library see Section 5 7 Replacing the C Standard Library on page 5 11 migration Explains where to get information about migrating source code that was built for earlier versions of the compiler Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 43 3 2 43 misalign SPARC Permit
73. as s sur une architecture d velopp e par Sun Microsystems Inc L interface d utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun a t d velopp e par Sun Microsystems Inc pour ses utilisateurs et licenci s Sun reconna t les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le d veloppement du concept des interfaces d utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l industrie de l informatique Sun d tient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l interface d utilisation graphique Xerox cette licence couvrant galement les licenci s de Sun qui mettent en place l interface d utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et quien outre se conforment aux licences crites de Sun Sun 190 195 est deriv de CRAY CF90 un produit de Silicon Graphics Inc CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE EN L ETAT ET AUCUNE GARANTIE EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE N EST ACCORDEE Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE L APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE OU LE FAIT QU ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS CE DENI DE GARANTIE NE S APPLIQUERAIT PAS DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU Gd tem Ca Adobe PostScript Important Note on New Product Names As part of Sun s new developer product strategy we have changed the names of our development tools from Sun WorkShop to Forte Developer products The products as you can see are the same high quality products you have come to expe
74. ating environment with the 64 bit kernel e xarch v9 is only available when compiling in a 64 bit enabled Solaris environment v9a Compile for the SPARC V9 ISA with UltraSPARC extensions Adds to the SPARC V9 ISA the Visual Instruction Set VIS and extensions specific to UltraSPARC processors and enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V9 SPARC architecture The resulting o object files are in ELF64 format and can only be linked with other SPARC V9 object files in the same format The resulting executable can only be run on an UltraSPARC processor running a 64 bit enabled Solaris operating environment with the 64 bit kernel e xarch v9a is only available when compiling in a 64 bit enabled Solaris operating environment v9b Compile for the SPARC V9 ISA with UltraSPARC III extensions Adds UltraSPARC III extensions and VIS version 2 0 to the V9a version of the SPARC V9 ISA Compiling with this option uses the best instruction set for good performance in a Solaris UltraSsPARC III environment The resulting object code is in SPARC V9 ELF64 format and can only be linked with other SPARC V9 object files in the same format The resulting executable can only be run on an UltraSPARC III processor running a 64 bit enabled Solaris operating environment with the 64 bit kernel e xarch v9b is only available when compiling in a 64 bit enabled Solaris operating environment Also note the following SPARC instr
75. ation la copie la distribution et la d compilation Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peut tre reproduite sous aucune forme par quelque moyen que ce soit sans l autorisation pr alable et crite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence s il y en a Le logiciel d tenu par des tiers et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caract res est prot g par un copyright et licenci par des fournisseurs de Sun Des parties de ce produit pourront tre d riv es des syst mes Berkeley BSD licenci s par l Universit de Californie UNIX est une marque d pos e aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays et licenci e exclusivement par X Open Company Ltd La notice suivante est applicable a Netscape Netscape Navigator et the Netscape Communications Corporation logo Copyright 1995 Netscape Communications Corporation Tous droits r serv s Sun Sun Microsystems the Sun logo docs sun com AnswerBookz2 Solaris SunOS JavaScript SunExpress Sun WorkShop Sun WorkShop Professional Sun Performance Library Sun Performance WorkShop Sun Visual WorkShop et Forte sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques d pos es ou marques de service de Sun Microsystems Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Toutes les marques SPARC sont utilis es sous licence et sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques d pos es de SPARC International Inc aux Etats Unis et dans d autres pays Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont b
76. cat greetings cc include lt iostream gt int main std cout lt lt Real programmers write C lt lt std endl return 0 example CC greetings cc example a out Real programmers write C examples In this example CC compiles the source file greet ings cc and by default compiles the executable program onto the file a out To launch the program type the name of the executable file a out at the command prompt Traditionally UNIX compilers name the executable file a out It can be awkward to have each compilation write to the same file Moreover if such a file already exists it will be overwritten the next time you run the compiler Instead use the o compiler option to specify the name of the executable output file as in the following example example CC o greetings greetings C In this example the o option tells the compiler to write the executable code to the file greetings It is common to give a program consisting of a single source file the name of the source file without the suffix Alternatively you could rename the default a out file using the mv command after each compilation Either way run the program by typing the name of the executable file example greetings Real programmers write C examples C User s Guide May 2000 27 27 Invoking the Compiler The remainder of this chapter discuss the conventions used by the CC command compiler source
77. cognized by the C Compiler Suffix Language Action 0 C Compile as C source files put object files in current directory default name of object file is that of the source but with an o suffix 6 C Same action as c suffix 6 C Same action as c suffix Cpp C Same action as c suffix C Same action as c suffix 1 C Preprocessor output file treated as C source file Same action as c suffix 8 Assembler Assemble source files using the assembler Be Assembler Assemble source files using both the C language preprocessor and the assembler sil Inline Process assembly inline template files for inline expansion expansion The compiler will use templates to expand inline calls to selected routines Inline template files are special assembler files See the inline 1 man page Object files Pass object files through to the linker 8 Static Pass object library names to the linker archive library 50 Dynamic Pass names of shared objects to the linker SO n shared library Using Multiple Source Files The C compiler accepts multiple source files on the command line A single source file compiled by the compiler together with any files that it directly or indirectly supports is referred to as a compilation unit C treats each source as a separate compilation unit A single source file can contain any number of procedures main program function module and so on There are
78. comes with several libraries installed in usr lib Most of these libraries have a C interface Of these the 1106 libm and libw libraries are linked by the CC driver by default The library libthread is linked if you use the mt option To link any other system library use the appropriate 1 option at link time For example to link the 1ibdemangle library pass ldemangle on the CC command line at link time examples CC text c ldemangle The Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler has its own runtime support libraries All C applications are linked to these libraries by the Cc driver The C compiler also comes with several other useful libraries as explained in the following section 5 1 22 5 2 1 Libraries Provided With the C Compiler Several libraries are shipped with the C compiler Some of these libraries are available only in compatibility mode compat 4 some are available only in the standard mode compat 5 and some are available in both modes The libgc and libdemangle libraries have a C interface and can be linked to an application in either mode The following table lists the libraries that are shipped with the C compiler and the modes in which they are available TABLE 5 1 Libraries Shipped With the C Compiler Library Description Available Modes libCrun C runtime compat 5 libCstd C standard library compat 5 libiostream Classic iost reams compat 5 libC C runtime class
79. compatibility mode and links prog1 cc into an executable program called prog1 The classic iostream library is part of 6 which is linked by default in compatibility mode example CC compat progl cc o progl The next example uses standard iostreams file prog2 cc include lt iostream gt int main std cout lt lt Hello world lt lt std endl return 0 The following command compiles and links prog2 cc into an executable program called prog2 The program is compiled in standard mode and 1120560 which includes the standard iostream library is linked by default example CC prog2 cc o prog2 The complex Library The standard library provides a templatized complex library that is similar to the complex library provided with the C 4 2 compiler If you compile in standard mode you must use lt complex gt instead of lt complex h gt You cannot use lt complex gt in compatibility mode 5 6 C User s Guide May 2000 In compatibility mode you must explicitly ask for the complex library when linking In standard mode the complex library is included in libCstd and is linked by default There is no complex h header for standard mode In C 4 2 complex is the name of a class but in standard C complex is the name of a template It is not possible to provide typedefs that allow old code to work unchanged Therefore code written for 4 2 that uses complex numbers will need some straightfor
80. ct from Sun the only thing that has changed is the name We believe that the Forte name blends the traditional quality and focus of Sun s core programming tools with the multi platform business application deployment focus of the Forte tools such as Forte Fusion and Forte for Java The new Forte organization delivers a complete array of tools for end to end application development and deployment For users of the Sun WorkShop tools the following is a simple mapping of the old product names in WorkShop 5 0 to the new names in Forte Developer 6 Old Product Name New Product Name Sun Visual WorkShop C Forte C Enterprise Edition 6 Sun Visual WorkShop C Personal Forte C Personal Edition 6 Edition Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran Forte for High Performance Computing 6 Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran Forte Fortran Desktop Edition 6 Personal Edition Sun WorkShop Professional C Forte C 6 Sun WorkShop University Edition Forte Developer University Edition 6 In addition to the name changes there have been major changes to two of the products Forte for High Performance Computing contains all the tools formerly found in Sun Performance WorkShop Fortran and now includes the C compiler so High Performance Computing users need to purchase only one product for all their development needs Forte Fortran Desktop Edition is identical to the former Sun Perform
81. ction is cast to a shorter floating point type See also fstore 3 2 48 nolib Same as xnolib 3 2 49 nolibmil Same as xnolibmil 3 2 50 noqueue Disables license queueing If no license is available this option returns without queuing your request and without compiling A nonzero status is returned for testing makefiles 3 46 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 01 2 3 2 53 norunpath Does not build a runtime search path for shared libraries into the executable If an executable file uses shared libraries then the compiler normally builds in a path that points the runtime linker to those shared libraries To do so the compiler passes the R option to 1d The path depends on the directory where you have installed the compiler This option is helpful if you have installed the compiler in some nonstandard location and you ship an executable file to your customers Your customers do not have to work with that nonstandard location Interactions If you use any shared libraries under the compiler installed area the default location is opt SUNWspro lib and you also use norunpath then you should either use the R option at link time or set the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH at runtime to specify the location of the shared libraries Doing so allows the runtime linker to find the shared libraries O Same as xO2 Olevel Same as xOlevel Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 47 3 2 54
82. d Standard Mode Continued Value of a Meaning no localfor Do not Use new local scope rules for the for statement no mutable Do not Recognize the keyword mutable Snone Turn off all the features that can be turned off for the specified mode In standard mode the default mode can have the following additional values TABLE 3 25 features Options for Standard Mode Only Value of a Meaning no strictdestrorder Do not Follow the requirements specified by the C standard regarding the order of the destruction of objects with static storage duration In compatibility mode compat 4 a can have the following additional values TABLE 3 26 features Options for Compatibility Mode Only Value of a Meaning no arraynew Do not Recognize array forms of operator new and operator delete for example operator new void When enabled the macro ___ARRAYNEW 1 When not enabled the macro is not defined noSJexplicit Do not Recognize the keyword explicit no namespace Do not Recognize the keywords namespace and using 0 1 Do not Allow runtime type information RTTI RTTI must be enabled to use the dynamic_cast lt gt and typeid operators For more information see Runtime Type Identification in the C Programming Guide Note The no castop setting is allowed for compatibility with makefiles written for the C 4 2 compiler but has no affect on the 5 0 and Sun W
83. e instances static compiler option Global Instances With the global instances method all instances are placed within the current compilation unit As a consequence templates are reinstantiated during each recompilation they are not saved to the template repository Template instances receive global linkage These instances are visible and usable outside the current compilation unit As a consequence instantiation in more than one compilation unit results in multiple symbol definition errors during linking The global instances method is therefore suitable only when you know that instances will not be repeated Specify global instances with the instances global option Explicit Instances In the explicit instances method instances are generated only for templates that are explicitly instantiated Implicit instantiations are not satisfied Instances are placed within the current compilation unit As a consequence templates are reinstantiated during each recompilation they are not saved to the template repository Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 4 3 4 3 5 Template instances receive global linkage These instances are visible and usable outside the current compilation unit Multiple explicit instantiations within a program result in multiple symbol definition errors during linking The explicit instances method is therefore suitable only when you know that instances are not repeated such as when you construct libraries with expl
84. e description for each option to determine possible interactions The code generation option optimization level and use of inline template files can be overridden by subsequent options see examples The optimization level that you specify overrides a previously set optimization level The fast option includes fns ftrap none that is this option turns off all trapping Examples The following compiler command results in an optimization level of x03 example CC fast x03 The following compiler command results in an optimization level of x05 example CC x03 fast Warnings Code that is compiled with the fast option is not portable For example using the following command on an UltraSPARC III system generates a binary that will not execute on an UltraSPARC II system example CC fast test cc Do not use this option for programs that depend on IEEE standard floating point arithmetic different numerical results premature program termination or unexpected SIGFPE signals can occur In previous SPARC releases the fast macro expanded to fsimple 1 Now it expands to fsimple 2 In previous releases the fast macro expanded to x04 Now it expands 0 5 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 3 2 16 Note In previous SPARC releases the fast macro option included now it does not Nonstandard floating point mode is not initialized by 5886 6 the Numerical Computation Guide ieee_sun 3M See also
85. e optimized for the host system It determines the available architecture chip and cache properties of the machine on which the compiler is running generic Gets the best performance for generic architecture chip and cache The compiler expands xtarget generic to xarch generic xchip generic xcache generic This is the default value platform name Gets the best performance for the specified platform Select a SPARC platform name from TABLE 3 34 The following table details the xtarget SPARC platform names and their expansions TABLE 3 34 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget xtarget xarch xchip xcache generic generic generic generic cs6400 v8 super 16 32 4 2048 64 1 entr150 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 entr2 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 3 90 C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE 3 34 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget Continued xtarget xarch xchip xcache entr2 1170 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 entr2 1200 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 entr2 2170 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 entr2 2200 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 entr3000 v8 ultra L6 32 1 512 64 entr4000 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 entr5000 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 entr6000 v8 ultra 16 32 1 512 64 1 sc2000 v8 super 16 32 4 2048 64 1 5 v7 old 128 32 1 solb6 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ssl v7 old 64 16 1 ss10 v8 super L6 32 4 ss10 20 v8 super L6 32 4 ss10 30 v8 super L6 32 4 ss10 40 v8 super L6 32 4 ss10 402 v8 super L6 32 4 ss10 41 v8 su
86. e or Korn shells To use Sun WorkShop commands add the following to your PATH variable opt SUNWspro bin m To access Sun WorkShop man pages with the man command add the following to your MANPATH variable opt SUNWspro man For more information about the PATH variable see the csh 1 sh 1 and ksh 1 man pages For more information about the MANPATH variable see the man 1 man page For more information about setting your PATH and MANPATH variables to access this release see the Sun WorkShop 6 Installation Guide or your system administrator C User s Guide May 2000 How This Book Is Organized This book contains the following chapters Chapter 1 The C Compiler gives an overview of the C compiler Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler provides instructions for invoking the compiler and generally discusses the compilation process Chapter 3 C Compiler Options explains the C compiler options in detail and provides task oriented option groupings Chapter 4 Compiling Templates discusses the use of templates including template compilation definition searching and instance linkage Chapter 5 Using Libraries explains how to use the many C libraries Chapter 6 Building Libraries reviews the library building process The Glossary defines the terms used in this book Typographic Conventions TABLE P 1 shows the typographic conventions that are used in Sun Work
87. e with your source files For example if your source files are compiled with the g option debugging on the files you need from the database are also compiled with g In addition the template repository tracks changes in your compilation For example if you have the DDEBUG flag set to define the name DEBUG the database tracks this If you omit this flag on a subsequent compile the compiler reinstantiates those templates on which this dependency is set 4 7 Compile Time Instantiation Instantiation is the process by which a C compiler creates a usable function or object from a template The Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler uses compile time instantiation which forces instantiations to occur when the reference to the template is being compiled The advantages of compile time instantiation are Debugging is much easier error messages occur within context allowing the compiler to give a complete traceback to the point of reference Template instantiations are always up to date The overall compilation time including the link phase is reduced Templates can be instantiated multiple times if source files reside in different directories or if you use libraries with template symbols 4 8 Template Options File The template options file is a user provided optional file that contains the options needed to locate template definitions and to control instance recompilation In addition the options file prov
88. ect files to ensure the order in which libraries are searched In general processing of the compiler options is from left to right with the exception that U options are processed after all D options allowing selective overriding of macro options options that include other options This rule does not apply to linker options The I L pti and R options accumulate they do not override Source files object files and libraries are compiled and linked in the order in which they appear on the command line 3 1 3 1 al 3 2 Options Summarized by Function In this section the compiler options are grouped by function to provide a quick reference 1 Code Generation Options The following code generation options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 2 Code Generation Options Action Sets the major release compatibility mode of the compiler Does not expand C inline functions Controls virtual table generation Compiles for use with the debugger Produces position independent code Produces position independent code Compiles and links for multithreaded code Specifies the code address space Merges the data segment with the text segment Linker option Option compat d e 011 KPIC Kpic mt xcode a xMerge 2 arg C User s Guide May 2000 3 1 2 Debugging Options The following debugging options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 3 Debug
89. em associated with a particular class as a whole not with particular instances of the class Class variables are defined in class definitions Also called static field See also instance variable An instruction to the compiler that changes its behavior For example the g option tells the compiler to generate data for the debugger Synonyms flag switch A special class member function that is automatically called by the compiler whenever a class object is created to ensure the initialization of that object s instance variables The constructor must always have the same name as the class to which it belongs See destructor An element of a class that is data as opposed to a function or type definition The mechanism that allows the representation of for example characters integers or floating point numbers The type determines the storage that is allocated to a variable and the operations that can be performed on the variable See inheritance A special class member function that is automatically called by the compiler whenever a class object is destroyed or the operator delete is applied to a class pointer The destructor must always have the same name as the class to which it belongs preceded by a tilde See constructor Connection of the function call to the function body at runtime Occurs only with virtual functions Also called late binding runtime binding A safe method of converting a pointer or reference from i
90. en are invoked only with the O option yabe is invoked with g Sun IR Sun s Intermediate Representation As shown in the following table input files to the various compiler components have different file name suffixes The suffix establishes the kind of compilation that is done Refer to TABLE 2 1 on page 2 4 for the meanings of the file suffixes TABLE 2 2 Components of the C Compilation System Component Description Notes on Use ccfe Front end compiler preprocessor and compiler iropt SPARC Code optimizer x0 2 5 fast xcg386 IA Intermediate language translator Always invoked inline SPARC Inline expansion of assembly language 11 file specified templates mwinline IA Automatic inline expansion of functions x04 fbe Assembler cg SPARC Code generator inliner assembler codegen IA Code generator CClink Template pre linker ld Non incremental link editor ild Incremental link editor g xildon 2 4 Memory Requirements The amount of memory a compilation requires depends on several parameters including Size of each procedure Level of optimization Limits set for virtual memory Size of the disk swap file On the SPARC platform if the optimizer runs out of memory it tries to recover by retrying the current procedure at a lower level of optimization The optimizer then resumes subsequent routines at the original level specified in the xOlevel option on the command line If you compile
91. en you specify g the debugging option The g0 debugging option does not turn on d See also g0 g Dname def Defines the macro symbol name to the preprocessor Using this option is equivalent to including a define directive at the beginning of the source You can use multiple D options Values The following tables show the predefined macros You can use these values in such preprocessor conditionals as ifdef TABLE 3 18 SPARC and IA Predefined Symbols Name Note __ARRAYNEW __ARRAYNEW is defined if the array forms of operators new and delete are enabled See features no arraynew for more information _BOOL _BOOL is defined if type bool is enabled See features no bool for more information __BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR For the __builtin_alloca __builtin_va_alist and __builtin_va_arg_incr keywords in varargs h stdarg h and sys varargs h cplusplus __DATE__ 3 16 C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE 3 18 SPARC and IA Predefined Symbols Continued Name Note __FILE__ __LINE__ STDC sun __SUNPRO_CC 0x510 __SUNPRO_CC_COMPAT 4 5 __SVR4 TIME __ uname s _ uname r unix unix See Interactions The value of __SUNPRO_CC indicates the release number of the compiler See Section 3 2 7 compat 4 5 on page 3 15 Where uname s is the output of uname s and uname r is the output of uname r with the invalid characters such as
92. ent headers in that directory m Cause the directory that contains the replacement headers to be searched by using the I directives on each invocation of the compiler For example suppose you have replacements for lt stdio h gt and lt cstdio gt Put the files stdio h and cstdio in directory myproject myhdr In that directory run these commands example ln s stdio h stdio h SUNWCCh example ln s cstdio cstdio SUNWCCh Use the option I myproject mydir on every compilation Caveats m If you replace any C headers you must replace them in pairs For example if you replace lt time h gt you should also replace lt ctime gt Replacement headers must have the same effects as the versions being replaced That is the various runtime libraries such as libCrun libC libCstd libc and 11026001 are built using the definitions in the standard headers If your replacements do not match your program is unlikely to work Chapter5 Using Libraries 5 15 5 16 C User s Guide May 2000 CHAPTER 6 Building Libraries This chapter explains how to build your own libraries 6 1 Understanding Libraries Libraries provide two benefits First they provide a way to share code among several applications If you have such code you can create a library with it and link the library with any application that needs it Second libraries provide a way to reduce the complexity of very large applications Such ap
93. ent since make might not know which template files are actually created and referenced Without CC xar referenced template instances might not be included in the library as required For example CC c foo cc Compile main file templates objects are created CC xar o foo a foo o Gather all objects into a library oe 6 2 C User s Guide May 2000 The xar flag causes CC to create a static archive library The o directive is required to name the newly created library The compiler examines the object files on the command line cross references the object files with those known to the template repository and adds those templates required by the user s object files along with the main object files themselves to the archive Note Use the xar flag for creating or updating an existing archive only Do not use it to maintain an archive The xar option is equivalent to ar cr It is a good idea to have only one function in each o file If you are linking with an archive an entire o file from the archive is linked into your application when a symbol is needed from that particular o file Having one function in each o file ensures that only those symbols needed by the application will be linked from the archive 6 3 Building Dynamic Shared Libraries Dynamic shared libraries are built the same way as static archive libraries except that you use G instead of xar on the command line Yo
94. es a fatal error if any relocations remain against nonwritable allocatable sections This option is passed to the linker Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 97 3 98 C User s Guide May 2000 CHAPTER 4 Compiling Templates Template compilation requires the C compiler to do more than traditional UNIX compilers have done The C compiler must generate object code for template instances on an as needed basis It might share template instances among separate compilations using a template repository It might accept some template compilation options It must locate template definitions in separate source files and maintain consistency between template instances and mainline code 4 1 Verbose Compilation When given the flag verbose template the C compiler notifies you of significant events during template compilation Conversely the compiler does not notify you when given the default verbose no template The w option might give other indications of potential problems when template instantiation occurs 4 2 Template Commands The CCadmin 1 command administers the template repository For example changes in your program can render some instantiations superfluous thus wasting storage space The CCadmin clean command formerly ptclean clears out all instantiations and associated data Instantiations are recreated only when needed 4 3 4 3 1 Template Instance Placement and Linkage You can instr
95. es can be overloaded as in this example CODE EXAMPLE 4 8 Overloading special Entries foo h main cc template lt classT gt T foo Tt include foo h int foo int i char 100 char CC_tmpl_opt special foo int special foo char foo h main cc CC_tmpl_opt To specialize a template class include the template arguments in the special entry CODE EXAMPLE 4 9 Specializing a Template Class template lt class T gt class Foo various members include foo h int main Foo lt int gt bar return 0 special class Foo lt int gt foo h main cc CC_tmpl_opt If a template class member is a static member you must include the keyword static in your specialization entry CODE EXAMPLE 4 10 Specializing a Static Template Class Member template lt class T gt class Foo public static T func T include foo h int main Foo lt int gt bar return 0 special static Foo lt int gt func int Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 3 4 14 C User s Guide May 2000 CHAPTER 5 Using Libraries Libraries provide a way to share code among several applications and a way to reduce the complexity of very large applications The Sun WorkShop C compiler gives you access to a variety of libraries This chapter explains how to use these libraries 5 1 The C Libraries The Solaris operating environment
96. etic in compatibility mode compat 4 In the standard mode the complex arithmetic functionality is available in 1ibCstd librwtool Tools h 7 This is Rogue Wave s Tools ht version 7 library libgc This is the garbage collection library a component of Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor You can access documentation about this library by launching the Memory Monitor or by pointing your web browser to file install directory SUNWspro docs index html Replace install directory with the path to your Sun WorkShop installation directory In a default installation install directory is opt m libdemangle This library is used for demangling C mangled names Default C Libraries Some of the C libraries are linked by default by the CC driver while others need to be linked explicitly In the standard mode the following libraries are linked by default by the cc driver 1Cstd 1Crun 1 lw lcx lc In compatibility mode compat the following libraries are linked by default 16 im lw 8 10 lc See Section 3 2 41 library ll l on page 3 41 for more information Chapter5 Using Libraries 5 3 5 3 Related Library Options The Cc driver provides several options to help you use libraries Use the 1 option to specify a library to be linked Use the L option to specify a directory to be searched for the library Use the library option to specify the following libraries t
97. example adds cpp as a valid suffix for C files Add the SUFFIXES macro to your makefile SUFFIXES cpp cpp This line can be located anywhere in the makefile Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 5 2 5 3 3 2 16 Add the following lines to your makefile Indented lines must start with a tab cpp LINK cc 56 lt LDLIBS cpp GET GFLAGS p lt gt cpp S LINK cc o 56 cpp LDLIBS 1 S COMPILE cc OUTPUT_OPTION opp 0 GET GFLAGS p lt gt cpp S COMPILE cc OUTPUT_OPTION cpp at S COMPILE cc o lt S COMPILE cc xar RM cpp 3 GET GFLAGS p lt gt cpp S COMPILE cc o lt COMPILE cc xar 56 RM S lt S lt Using make With Standard Library Header Files The standard library file names do not have h suffixes Instead they are named istream fstream and so forth In addition the template source files are named istream cc fstream cc and so forth If in the Solaris 2 6 or 7 operating environment you include a standard library header such as lt istream gt in your program and your makefile has KEEP_STATI E x you may encounter problems For example if you include lt istream gt the make utility thinks that istream is an executable and uses the default rules to build istream from istream cc resulting in very misleading error messages Bot
98. face with the rest of the program A mechanism that allows you to write a single function that you can then use as a model or pattern for writing related functions The property of a header file that including it many times in one translation unit has the same effect as including it once A linker that creates a new executable file by linking only the changed o files to the previous executable A feature of object oriented programming that allows the programmer to derive new classes derived classes from existing ones base classes There are three kinds of inheritance public protected and private A function that replaces the function call with the actual function code The process by which a C compiler creates a usable function or object instance from a template Any item of data that is associated with a particular object Each instance of a class has its own copy of the instance variables defined in the class Also called field See also class variable International Organization for Standardization The de facto C programming language standard that was developed by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie before ANSI C A word that has unique meaning in a programming language and that can be used only in a specialized context in that language See dynamic binding The tool that connects object code and libraries to form a complete executable program A data item known within a block but inaccessible to code outs
99. ging Options Action Option Does not expand C inline functions d Shows options passed by the driver to the compiler but does not dryrun compile Runs only the preprocessor on the C source files and sends E result to stdout Does not compile Compiles for use with the debugger g Compiles for debugging but doesn t disable inlining g0 Prints path names of included files H Retains temporary files created during compilation keeptmp Explains where to get information about migrating from earlier migration compilers Only preprocesses source outputs to i file P Passes an option directly to a compilation phase Qoption Displays the content of the online README file readme Strips the symbol table out of the executable file Defines directory for temporary files temp dir Controls compiler verbosity Displays a summary list of compiler options Turns off the Incremental Linker Turns on the Incremental Linker Allows debugging with dbx without object o files Produces table information for the WorkShop source code browser Produces only source browser information no compilation verbose vlst xhelp flags xildoff xildon xS xsb xsbfast Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 3 1 3 3 1 4 Floating Point Options The following floating point options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 4 Floating Point Options Action Option Disables or enables the SPARC nons
100. h istream and istream cc are installed under the C include files directory One solution is to use dmake in serial mode dmake m serial instead of using the make utility An immediate work around is to use make with the r option The r option disables the default make rules This solution may break the build process A third solution is to not use the KE EP_STAT C User s Guide May 2000 E target CHAPTER 3 C Compiler Options This chapter details the command line options for the CC compiler running under Solaris 2 6 Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 The features described apply to all platforms except as noted features unique to one platform are identified as SPARC or IA See Multiplatform Release in the preface for more information The following table shows examples of typical option syntax formats TABLE 3 1 Option Syntax Format Examples Syntax Format Example option E optionvalue Ipathname opt ion value xunroll 4 option value o filename The typographical conventions in TABLE P 1 are used in this section of the manual to describe individual options Parentheses braces brackets pipe characters and ellipses are metacharacters used in the descriptions of the options and are not part of the options themselves Some general guidelines for options are The 1 ib option links with library liblib a or liblib so It is always safer to put 1lib after the source and obj
101. hapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 33 3 2 25 Warnings If you compile one routine with ft rap t compile all routines of the program with the same ftrap t option otherwise you might get unexpected results Use the ft rap inexact trap with caution Use of ftrap inexact results in the trap being issued whenever a floating point value cannot be represented exactly For example the following statement generates this condition x 1 0 3 0 This option is effective only if used when compiling the main program Be cautious when using this option If you wish to enable the IEEE traps use 26 rap common See also ieee_handler 3M man page G Build a dynamic shared library instead of an executable file All source files specified in the command line are compiled with Kpic by default When building a shared library that uses templates it is necessary in most cases to include in the shared library those template functions that are instantiated in the template data base Using this option automatically adds those templates to the shared library as needed Interactions The following options are passed to 1d if c the compile only option is not specified m dy m G m R Warnings Do not use 1d G to build shared libraries use CC G The CC driver automatically passes several options to 1d that are needed for C 3 34 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 26 See also dy Kpic xcode picl3 xildoff ztex
102. hared library The Kpic option specifies that the object files are to be position independent Note The cc G command does not pass any 1 options to 1d If you want the shared library to have a dependency on another shared library you must pass the necessary 1 option on the command line For example if you want the shared library to be dependent upon 1ibCrun so you must pass 10 on the command line Building Shared Libraries That Contain Exceptions When shared libraries are opened using dlopen you must use RTLD_GLOBAL for exceptions to work Note When building shared libraries that contain exceptions do not pass the option Bsymbolic to 1d Exceptions that should be caught might be missed 6 5 Building Libraries for Private Use When an organization builds a library for internal use only the library can be built with options that are not advised for more general use In particular the library need not comply with the system s application binary interface ABI For example the library can be compiled with the fast option to improve its performance on a known architecture Likewise it can be compiled with the xregs float option to improve performance 6 4 C User s Guide May 2000 6 6 Building Libraries for Public Use When an organization builds a library for use by other organizations the management of the libraries platform generality and other issues become significant A
103. hat are shipped with the Sun C compiler libCrun libCstd libiostream libc libcomplex librwtool librwtool_dbg libgce libgc_dbg A library that is specified using both library and staticlib options will be linked statically Some examples The following command links the Tools h version 7 and libiostream libraries dynamically example CC test cc library rwtools7 iostream The following command links the 11006 library statically example CC test cc library gc staticlib gc The following command compiles test 66 in compatibility mode and links 1ibC statically Because 110 is linked by default in compatibility mode you are not required to specify this library using the library option example CC test cc compat 4 staticlib 1ibC The following command excludes the libraries 1ibCrun and libCstd which would otherwise be included by default example CC test cc library no Crun no Cstd 5 4 C User s Guide May 2000 By default CC links various sets of system libraries depending on the command line options If you specify xnolib or nolib CC links only those libraries that are specified explicitly with the 1 option the command line When xnolib or nolib is used the library option is ignored if present The R option allows you to build dynamic library search paths into the executable file At execution time the runtime lin
104. he C standard headers lt cstdio gt lt cstring gt and lt cstdlib gt and others with the various declared names appearing only in namespace std Finally C adds 32 of its own standard headers lt string gt lt utility gt lt iostream gt and others The obvious implementation of the standard headers would use the name found in C source code as the name of a text file to be included For example the standard headers lt string gt or lt string h gt would refer to a file named string or string h in some directory That obvious implementation has the following drawbacks m You cannot search for just header files or create a makefile rule for the header files if they do not have file name suffixes If you put I usr include on the compiler command line you do not get the correct version of the standard C headers on Solaris 2 6 and Solaris 7 operating environments because usr include is searched before the compiler s own include directory is searched If you have a directory or executable program named string it might erroneously be found instead of the standard header file m On versions of the Solaris operating environment prior to Solaris 8 the default dependencies for makefiles when KEEP_STATE is enabled can result in attempts to replace standard headers with an executable program A file without a suffix is assumed by default to be a program to be built To solve these problems the c
105. he compiler needs to instantiate a template the directory is created for you Reading From Multiple Template Repositories The compiler reads from the template repositories corresponding to the object files that it reads That is this command line example CC subl a o sub2 b 0 reads from sub1 SunWS_cache and sub2 SunWS_cache and if necessary writes to SunWS_cache Sharing Template Repositories Templates that are within a repository must not violate the one definition rule of the ISO ANSI C standard That is a template must have the same source in all uses of the template Violating this rule produces undefined behavior The simplest though most conservative way to ensure the rule is not violated is to build only one program or library within any one directory Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 5 4 5 4 5 1 4 5 2 Template Definition Searching When you use the definitions separate template organization template definitions are not available in the current compilation unit and the compiler must search for the definition This section describes how the compiler locates the definition Definition searching is somewhat complex and prone to error Therefore you should use the definitions included template file organization if possible Doing so helps you avoid definition searching altogether See the C Programming Guide Note If you use the template no extdef option the compiler will not search fo
106. he microSPARC chip SPARC micro2 Using timing properties of the microSPARC II chip SPARC hyper Using timing properties of the hyperSPARC chip SPARC hyper2 Using timing properties of the hyperSPARC II chip SPARC powerup Using timing properties of the Weitek PowerUp chip SPARC ultra Using timing properties of the UltraSPARC I chip SPARC ultra2 Using timing properties of the UltraSPARC II chip SPARC ultra2i Using timing properties of the UltraSPARC Ili chip SPARC ultra3 Using timing properties of the UltraSPARC III chip IA generic Using timing properties of most IA processors IA 386 Using timing properties of the Intel 386 chip Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 9 3 2 98 3 70 TABLE 3 31 xchip Options Continued Platform Value of c Optimize for IA 486 Using timing properties of the Intel 486 chip IA pentium Using timing properties of the Intel Pentium chip IA pentium_pro Using timing properties of the Intel Pentium Pro chip Defaults On most SPARC processors generic is the default value that directs the compiler to use the best timing properties for good performance without major performance degradation on any of the processors SPARC Specifies the code address space Values xcode a a must be one of the following values TABLE 3 32 xcode Options Value of a Meaning abs32 Generates 32 bit absolute addresses which are fast but have limited range Code data bss size is limited to
107. hitecture plus the Visual Instruction Set VIS version 1 0 and with UltraSPARC extensions e This option enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the UltraSPARC architecture but limited to the 32 bit subset defined by the V8plus specification The resulting object code is in SPARC V8 ELF32 format and only executes in a Solaris UltraSPARC environment it does not run on a V7 or V8 processor Example Any system based on the UltraSPARC chip architecture Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 63 TABLE 3 29 xarch Values for SPARC Platforms Continued Value of isa Meaning v8plusb Compile for the V8plusb version of the SPARC V8plus ISA with UltraSPARC III extensions Enables the compiler to generate object code for the UltraSPARC architecture plus the Visual Instruction Set VIS version 2 0 and with UltraSPARC III extensions The resulting object code is in SPARC V8 ELF32 format and executes only in a Solaris UltraSPARC III environment Compiling with this option uses the best instruction set for good performance on the UltraSPARC III architecture v9 Compile for the SPARC V9 ISA Enables the compiler to generate code for good performance on the V9 SPARC architecture The resulting o object files are in ELF64 format and can only be linked with other SPARC V9 object files in the same format The resulting executable can only be run on an UltraSPARC processor running a 64 bit enabled Solaris oper
108. ic iostreams compat 4 libcomplex complex library compat 4 librwtool Tools h 7 compat 4 compat 5 librwtool_dbg libge libgc_dbg libdemangle Debug enabled Tools h 7 Garbage collection Debug enabled garbage collection Demangling compat 5 C interface compat 4 compat 5 C interface C interface C Library Descriptions A brief description of each of these libraries follows libCrun This library contains the runtime support needed by the compiler in the standard mode compat 5 It provides support for new delete exceptions and RTTI 5 2 C User s Guide May 2000 2 1100560 This is the C standard library In particular it includes iostreams If you have existing sources that use the classic 1086 reams and you want to make use of the standard iostreams you have to modify your sources to conform to the new interface See the C Standard Library Reference manual for details libiostream This is the classic iostreams library built with compat 5 If you have existing sources that use the classic iostreams and you want to compile these sources with the standard mode compat 5 you can use libiostream without modifying your sources Use library iostream to get this library 1ibc This is the library needed in compatibility mode compat 4 It contains the C runtime support as well as the classic iostreams libcomplex This library provides complex arithm
109. icit instantiation Specify explicit instances with the instances explicit option Semi Explicit Instances When you use the semi explicit instances method instances are generated only for templates that are explicitly instantiated or implicitly instantiated within the body of a template Implicit instantiations in the mainline code are not satisfied Instances are placed within the current compilation unit As a consequence templates are reinstantiated during each recompilation they are not saved to the template repository Explicit instances receive global linkage These instances are visible and usable outside the current compilation unit Multiple explicit instantiations within a program result in multiple symbol definition errors during linking The semi explicit instances method is therefore suitable only when you know that explicit instances will not be repeated such as when you construct libraries with explicit instantiation Implicit instances used from within the bodies of explicit instances receive static linkage These instances are not visible outside the current compilation unit As a result templates can have identical instantiations in several object files This has two undesirable consequences Multiple instances produce unnecessarily large programs Semi explicit instance linkage is therefore suitable only for programs where template bodies do not cause multiple instantiations Templates that contain static
110. ide the block For example any variable defined within a method is a local variable and cannot be used outside the method A set of conventions that are unique to a geographical area and or language such as date time and monetary format Glossary 3 lvalue mangle member function method multiple inheritance multithreading name mangling namespace operator overloading optimization option overloading polymorphism pragma runtime binding runtime type identification RTTI tvalue scope stab Glossary 4 An expression that designates a location in memory at which a variable s data value is stored Also the instance of a variable that appears to the left of the assignment operator See name mangling An element of a class that is a function as opposed to a data definition or type definition In some object oriented languages another name for a member function Inheritance of a derived class directly from more than one base class The software technology that enables the development of parallel applications whether on single or multiple processor systems In C many functions can share the same name so name alone is not sufficient to distinguish different functions The compiler solves this problem by name mangling creating a unique name for the function that consists of some combination of the function name and its parameters to enable type safe linkage Also called name decoration
111. ides features for controlling template specialization Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 7 4 8 1 4 8 2 and explicit instantiation However because the C compiler now supports the syntax required to declare specializations and explicit instantiation in the source code you should not use these features Note The template options file may not be supported in future releases of the C compiler The options file is named CC_tmp1_opt and resides within the SunWS_config directory This directory name may be changed using the SUNWS_CONFIG_NAME environment variable The options file is an ASCII text file containing a number of entries An entry consists of a keyword followed by expected text and terminated with a semicolon Entries can span multiple lines although the keywords cannot be split Comments Comments start with a character and extend to the end of the line Text within a comment is ignored Comment text is ignored until the end of the line Includes You may share options files among several template databases by including the options files This facility is particularly useful when building libraries containing templates During processing the specified options file is textually included in the current options file You can have more than one include statement and place them anywhere in the options file The options files can also be nested include options file 4 8 C User s Guide May 2000
112. ine For example when the x04 option is passed automatic inlining is limited to subprograms defined and referenced within the same source file With xcrossfile or 020851116 1 the compiler analyzes all the files named on the command line as if they had been concatenated into a single source file Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 71 3 2 100 Defaults If xcrossfile is not specified xcrossfile 0 is assumed and no cross file optimizations or inlining are performed xcrossfile is the same as xcrossfile 1l Interactions The xcrossfile option is effective only when it is used with x04 or x05 Warnings The files produced from this compilation are interdependent due to possible inlining and must be used as a unit when they are linked into a program If any one routine is changed and the files recompiled they must all be recompiled As a result using this option affects the construction of makefiles xF If you compile with the xF option and then run the Analyzer you can generate a map file that shows an optimized order for the functions A subsequent link to build the executable file can be directed to use that map by using the linker Mmapfile option It places each function from the executable file into a separate section Reordering the subprograms in memory is useful only when the application text page fault time is consuming a large percentage of the application time Otherwise reordering might not improve
113. ine recognized file suffixes 2 4 compat compiler option 3 2 3 4 3 15 compilation unit multiple source files 2 4 to 2 5 compilation memory requirements 2 11 to 2 13 compiler component invocation order 2 9 to 2 11 diagnosing 2 8 to 2 9 new features 1 4 compiling and linking 2 6 to 2 7 complex library 5 6 to 5 8 constructors static 6 3 _ cplusplus predefined macro 3 16 cpp file name suffixes 2 4 cxx file name suffixes 2 4 Index 1 D D compiler option 3 1 3 8 3 16 to 3 18 d compiler option 3 2 3 3 3 16 d compiler option 3 5 3 18 dalign compiler option 3 19 __DATE__ predefined macro 3 16 DDEBUG 4 7 debugging compile time instantiation 4 7 Fix and Continue 4 3 options 3 2 3 3 preparing programs for 2 7 default libraries static linking 5 8 definition name compiler option 4 9 definitions searching template 4 6 dependency on C runtime libraries removing 6 5 shared library 6 4 destructors static 6 3 directories changing names 4 8 8161086 function call 6 3 dlopen function call 6 2 6 4 to 6 6 dmesg actual real memory 2 13 dryrun compiler option 3 3 3 6 3 19 dynamic shared libraries 3 36 6 1 to 6 4 debugging options 3 3 option description 3 20 to 3 21 output options 3 6 preprocessor options 3 8 e 0 1 compiler option 3 2 1 environment variables CCFLAGS 2 14 LD_LIBRARY_PATH 5 10 6 2 RTLD_GLOBAL 5 11 6 4 SUNWS_CACHE_NAME
114. infinity Defaults When the fround option is not specified the rounding mode defaults to fround nearest Warnings If you compile one routine with fround r compile all routines of the program with the same fround r option otherwise you might get unexpected results This option is effective only if used when compiling the main program fsimple n Selects floating point optimization preferences This option allows the optimizer to make simplifying assumptions concerning floating point arithmetic 3 30 C User s Guide May 2000 Values If n is present it must be 0 1 or 2 Value of n Meaning Permit no simplifying assumptions Preserve strict IEEE 754 conformance Allow conservative simplification The resulting code does not strictly conform to IEEE 754 but numeric results of most programs are unchanged With fsimple 1 the optimizer can assume the following IEEE754 default rounding trapping modes do not change after process initialization Computation producing no visible result other than potential floating point exceptions can be deleted Computation with infinities or NaNs as operands needs to propagate NaNs to their results that is x 0 can be replaced by 0 Computations do not depend on sign of zero With fsimple 1 the optimizer is not allowed to optimize completely without regard to roundoff or exceptions In particular a floating point computation cannot be replaced b
115. ing the standard library that is distributed with the compiler is risky and good results are not guaranteed If you want to use a different version of the C standard library for reasons of performance features or compatibility with other systems WorkShop 6 C provides the means to do so The basic operation is to disable the standard headers and library supplied with the compiler and to specify the directories where the new header files and library are found as well as the name of the library itself What Can be Replaced You can replace most of the standard library and its associated headers The replaced library is LibCstd and the associated headers are listed in the following table lt algorithm gt lt bitset gt lt complex gt lt deque gt lt fstream lt functional gt lt iomanip gt lt ios gt lt iosfwd gt lt iostream gt lt istream gt lt iterator gt lt limits gt lt list gt lt locale gt lt map gt lt memory gt lt numeric gt lt ostream gt lt queue gt lt set gt lt sstream gt lt stack gt lt stdexcept gt lt streambuf gt lt string gt lt strstream gt lt utility gt lt valarray gt lt vector gt The replaceable part of the library consists of what is loosely known as STL plus the string classes the iostream classes and their helper classes Because these classes and headers are interdependent replacing just a portion of them is unlikely to work You should replace all of the headers
116. ing values Value of Meaning no library See library for the allowable values for library sall All libraries specified in the library option are linked statically snone Link no libraries specified in the library option statically Defaults If staticlib is not specified staticlib none is assumed Examples The following command line links 1ibCrun statically because Crun is a default value for library example CC staticlib Crun correct However the following command line does not link 11006 because libge is not linked unless explicitly specified with the library option example CC staticlib ge incorrect To link 11066 statically use the following command example CC library gce staticlib ge correct Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 55 3279 With the following command the 1ibrwtool library is linked dynamically Because librwtool is not a default library and is not selected using the library option staticlib has no effect example CC lrwtool library iostream staticlib rwtools 7 incorrect This command links the 1ibrwtool library statically example CC library rwtools7 iostream staticlib rwtools7 correct Interactions The staticlib option only works for C libraries that are selected explicitly with the library option or that are selected implicitly by default In compatibility mode compat 4 1ibC is selected by default In standard mode the defa
117. ings regarding serious anachronisms cannot be suppressed 3 60 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 91 3 2 92 See also w xa Generates code for profiling If set at compile time the TCOVDIR environment variable specifies the directory where the coverage d files are located If this variable is not set then the coverage d files remain in the same directory as the source files Use this option only for backward compatibility with old coverage files Interactions The xprofile tcov option and the xa option are compatible in a single executable That is you can link a program that contains some files that have been compiled with xprofile tcov and others that have been compiled with xa You cannot compile a single file with both options The xa option is incompatible with g Warnings If you compile and link in separate steps and you compile with xa be sure to link with xa or you might get unexpected results See also xprofile tcov tcov 1 man page Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop xar Creates archive libraries When building a C archive that uses templates it is necessary in most cases to include in the archive those template functions that are instantiated in the template database Using this option automatically adds those templates to the archive as needed Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 61 3 2 93 Examples The following command line archives the template func
118. ion but correctly collects data for programs that have source code in header files or make use of C templates Code instrumentation is similar to that of the xa option but d files are no longer generated Instead a single file is generated the name of which is based on the final executable For example if the program is run out of foo bar myprog profile then the data file is stored in fo0 bar myprog profile myprog tcovd When running tcov you must pass it the x option to force it to use the new style of data If you do not pass tcov uses the old d files by default and produces unexpected output Unlike the xa option the TCOVDIR environment variable has no effect at compile time However its value is used at program runtime Interactions The xprofile tcov and the xa options are compatible in a single executable That is you can link a program that contains some files that have been compiled with xprofile tcov and other files compiled with xa You cannot compile a single file with both options The code coverage report produced by xprofile tcov can be unreliable if there is inlining of functions due to use of x04 Warnings If compilation and linking are performed in separate steps the same xprofile option must appear in the compile as well as the link step See also xa tcov 1 man page Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop C User s Guide May 2000 1 xregs r r SPARC
119. ker searches these paths for the shared libraries needed by the application The Cc driver passes R opt SUNWspro lib to 1d by default if the compiler is installed in the standard location You can use norunpath to disable building the default path for shared libraries into the executable 5 4 5 4 1 Using Class Libraries Generally two steps are involved in using a class library 1 Include the appropriate header in your source code 2 Link your program with the object library The iostream Library The Sun Workshop 6 C compiler provides two implementations of iostreams Classic iostreams This term refers to the iostreams library shipped with the C 4 0 4 0 1 4 1 and 4 2 compilers and earlier with the cfront based 3 0 1 compiler There is no standard for this library but a lot of existing code uses it This library is part of 1126 in compatibility mode and is also available in libiostream in the standard mode Standard iostreams This is part of the C standard library 1ibCstd and is available only in standard mode It is neither binary nor source compatible with the classic iostreams library Chapter5 Using Libraries 5 5 5 4 2 If you have existing C sources your code might look like the following example which uses classic iostreams file progl cc include lt iostream h gt int main cout lt lt Hello world lt lt endl return 0 The following command compiles in
120. le of a program ild Links incrementally allowing insertion of modified object code into a previously built executable inline Expands assembler inline procedure calls lex Generates lexical analysis programs rpcgen Generates C C code to implement an RPC protocol sigfpe Allows signal handling for specific SIGFPE codes stdarg Handles variable argument list Preface 9 TABLE P 5 Man Pages Related to C Continued Title Description varargs Handles variable argument list version Displays version identification of object file or binary yacc Converts a context free grammar into a set of tables for a simple automaton that executes an LALR 1 parsing algorithm README File The README file highlights important information about the compiler including New and changed features Software incompatibilities Current software bugs Information discovered after the manuals were printed To view the text version of the C compiler README file type the following at a command prompt example CC xhelp readme To access the HTML version of the README in your Netscape Communicator 4 0 or compatible version browser open the following file opt SUNWspro docs index html If your Sun WorkShop software is not installed in the opt directory ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system Your browser displays an index of Sun WorkShop 6 HTML documents To open the README
121. llowing order Standard mode default mode 1Cstd 1Crun lm lw 10 lc Compatibility mode compat The order of the 1 options is significant The 1m 1w and 1cx options must appear before 1c Note If the mt compiler option is specified the compiler normally links with 162686 just before it links with 1m To determine which system support libraries will be linked by default compile with the dryrun option For example the output from the following command example CC 500 06 xarch v9 dryrun Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 77 3 78 Includes the following in the output 1Cstd 1Crun 1 lw lc Note that when xarch v9 is specified 1cx is not linked Examples For minimal compilation to meet the C application binary interface that is a C program with only C support required use example CC xnolib test cc lc To link libn statically into a single threaded application with the generic architecure instruction set use Standard mode example CC xnolib test cc 1Cstd 1Crun Bstatic lm Bdynamic lw lex lc Compatibility mode example CC compat xnolib test cc 1C Bstatic lm Bdynamic lw lex lc Interactions Some static system libraries such as libm a and libc a are not available when linking with xarch v9 xarch v9a or xarch v9b If you specify xnolib you must manua
122. lly link all required system support libraries in the given order You must link the system support libraries last If xnolib is specified library is ignored Warnings Many C language features require the use of 1ibC compatibility mode or 1ibCrun standard mode C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 115 3 2 116 3 2 117 This set of system support libraries is not stable and might change from release to release In 64 bit compilation modes 1cx is not present See also library staticlib 1 xnolibmil Cancels 1011 1 the command line Use this option with fast to override linking with the optimized math library xnolibmopt Does not use the math routine library Examples Use this option after the fast option on the command line as in this example example CC fast xnolibmopt xOlevel Specifies optimization level In general program execution speed depends on level of optimization The higher the level of optimization the faster the speed If xOlevel is not specified only a very basic level of optimization limited to local common subexpression elimination and dead code analysis is performed A program s performance might be significantly improved when it is compiled with an optimization level Use of x02 or the equivalent options 0 and 02 8 recommended for most programs Generally the higher the level of optimization with which a program is co
123. lowing values Value Meaning 0 Suppresses the generation of virtual tables and creates external references to those that are needed 1 Creates virtual tables for all defined classes with virtual functions Interactions When you compile with this option also use the features no except option Otherwise the compiler generates virtual tables for internal types used in exception handling See also C Migration Guide Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 1 3 2 15 fast Optimizes for speed of execution using a selection of options This option is a macro that selects a combination of compilation options for optimum execution speed on the machine upon which the code is compiled Expansions This option provides near maximum performance for many applications by expanding to the following compilation options TABLE 3 23 fast Expansion Option SPARC IA dalign X fns fsimple 2 x x x ftrap none nofstore xlibmil xlibmopt x05 lt x Xx lt gt x xK XxX XxX gt lt Xx xtarget native Interactions The fast macro expands into compilation options that may affect other specified options For example in the following command the expansion of the fast macro includes xtarget native which reverts xarch to one of the 32 bit architecture options Incorrect example CC xarch v9 fast test cc 3 22 C User s Guide May 2000 Correct example CC fast xarch v9 test cc See th
124. man pages do not install into the standard usr bin and usr share man directories you must change your PATH and MANPATH environment variables to enable access to Sun WorkShop compilers and tools P 1 P 2 To determine if you need to set your PATH environment variable Display the current value of the PATH variable by typing echo PATH Review the output for a string of paths containing opt SUNWspro bin If you find the paths your PATH variable is already set to access Sun WorkShop development tools If you do not find the paths set your PATH environment variable by following the instructions in this section To determine if you need to set your MANPATH environment variable Request the workshop man page by typing 9 man workshop Review the output if any If the workshop 1 man page cannot be found or if the man page displayed is not for the current version of the software installed follow the instructions in this section for setting your MANPATH environment variable Note The information in this section assumes that your Sun WorkShop 6 products were installed in the opt directory If your Sun WorkShop software is not installed in the opt directory ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system The PATH and MANPATH variables should be set in your home 68 0 file if you are using the C shell or in your home profile file if you are using the Bourn
125. me other macro option that includes 18 such as fast See Examples On some SPARC devices the nonstandard floating point mode disables gradual underflow causing tiny results to be flushed to zero rather than to produce subnormal numbers It also causes subnormal operands to be silently replaced by zero On those SPARC devices that do not support gradual underflow and subnormal numbers in hardware fns yes or fns can significantly improve the performance of some programs Values The fns option can have the following values Value Meaning yes Selects nonstandard floating point mode no Selects standard floating point mode Defaults If fns is not specified the nonstandard floating point mode is not enabled automatically Standard IEEE 754 floating point computation takes place that is underflows are gradual If only fns is specified fns yes is assumed Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 7 3 2 20 Examples In the following example fast expands to several options one of which is fns yes which selects nonstandard floating point mode The subsequent fns no option overrides the initial setting and selects floating point mode example CC foo cc fast fns no Warnings When nonstandard mode is enabled floating point arithmetic can produce results that do not conform to the requirements of the IEEE 754 standard If you compile one routine with the fns option then compile all
126. mpiled the better the runtime performance However higher optimization levels can result in increased compilation time and larger executable files Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 79 3 80 In a few cases x02 might perform better than the others and x03 might outperform x04 Try compiling with each level to see if you have one of these rare cases If the optimizer runs out of memory it tries to recover by retrying the current procedure at a lower level of optimization The optimizer resumes subsequent procedures at the original level specified in the xOlevel option There are five levels that you can use with 0 The following sections describe how they operate on the SPARC platform and the IA platform Values On the SPARC Platform x01 does only the minimum amount of optimization peephole which is postpass assembly level optimization Do not use x01 unless using x02 or x03 results in excessive compilation time or you are running out of swap space m x02 does basic local and global optimization which includes Induction variable elimination Local and global common subexpression elimination Algebraic simplification Copy propagation Constant propagation Loop invariant optimization Register allocation Basic block merging Tail recursion elimination Dead code elimination Tail call elimination Complicated expression expansion This level does not optimize references or definitions for external
127. n You can access documentation related to the subject matter of this book in the following ways Through the Internet at the docs sun com Web site You can search for a specific book title or you can browse by subject document collection or product at the following Web site http docs sun com Through the installed Sun WorkShop products on your local system or network Sun WorkShop 6 HTML documents manuals online help man pages component readme files and release notes are available with your installed Sun WorkShop 6 products To access the HTML documentation do one of the following In any Sun WorkShop or Sun WorkShop TeamWare window choose Help lt About Documentation In your Netscape Communicator 4 0 or compatible version browser open the following file opt SUNWspro docs index html If your Sun WorkShop software is not installed in the opt directory ask your system administrator for the equivalent path on your system Your browser displays an index of Sun WorkShop 6 HTML documents To open a document in the index click the document s title Preface 5 P 6 Document Collections TABLE P 3 lists related Sun WorkShop 6 manuals by document collection TABLE P 3 Related Sun WorkShop 6 Documentation by Document Collection Document Collection Document Title Description Forte Developer 6 Sun WorkShop 6 Release Documents About Sun WorkShop 6 Documentation What
128. n is used the latest one on the command line takes precedence and a warning is issued Examples Do not compile report license information example CC c xlicinfo any cc Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 75 3 2 110 1 12 Compile do not report license information example CC xlicinfo c any cc Xm Same as features iddollar xM Outputs makefile dependency information Examples The program foo cc contains the following statement include foo h When foo c is compiled with the xM the output includes the following line foo o foo h See also make 1S for details about makefiles and dependencies xM1 Generates dependency information but excludes usr include This is the same as xM except that this option does not report dependencies for the usr include header files 3 76 C User s Guide May 2000 3 3 2 114 xMerge SPARC Merges the data segment with the text segment The data in the object file is read only and is shared between processes unless you link with 1d See also 1d 1 man page xnolib Disables linking with default system libraries Normally without this option the C compiler links with several system libraries to support C programs With this option the 1lib options to link the default system support libraries are not passed to 1d Normally the compiler links with the system support libraries in the fo
129. nd can be safely made For a program that explicitly forces memory based traps to handle exceptional conditions this assertion is not safe Produces information for the Sun WorkShop source browser This option causes the CC driver to generate extra symbol table information in the SunWS_cache subdirectory for the source browser See also xsbfast Produces only source browser information no compilation This option runs only the ccfe phase to generate extra symbol table information in the SunWS_cache subdirectory for the source browser No object file is generated See also 6 SPARC Does not allow optimizations that increase code size Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 89 5 2127 xtarget t Specifies the target platform for instruction set and optimization The performance of some programs can benefit by providing the compiler with an accurate description of the target computer hardware When program performance is critical the proper specification of the target hardware could be very important This is especially true when running on the newer SPARC processors However for most programs and older SPARC processors the performance gain is negligible and a generic specification is sufficient Values For SPARC platforms On SPARC platforms t must be one of the following values Value of t Meaning native Gets the best performance on the host system The compiler generates cod
130. nding versions Do not use exceptions Do not use runtime type information RTTI Chapter 6 Building Libraries 6 5 6 8 Using dlopen to Access a C Library From a C Program If you want to use dlopen to open a C shared library from 8 C program make sure that the shared library has a dependency on the appropriate C runtime libC so 5 for compat 4 or libCrun so 1 for compat 5 To do this add 1C for compat 4 or add 1Crun for compat 5 to the command line when building the shared library For example example CC G compat 4 1C example CC G compat 5 1Crun If the shared library uses exceptions and does not have a dependency on the C runtime library your C program might behave erratically Note When shared libraries are opened with dlopen RTLD_GLOBAL must be used for exceptions to work 6 9 Building Multithreaded Libraries For information about building multithreaded libraries refer to the C Programming Guide 6 6 C User s Guide May 2000 Glossary ABI abstract class abstract method ANSI C ANSI ISO C application binary interface array base class binary compatibility binding cfront class class template See application binary interface A class that contains one or more abstract methods and therefore can never be instantiated Abstract classes are defined so that other classes can extend them and make them concrete
131. nnection of a function call to a function body at compile time Also called early binding A function In Fortran a function that does not return a value See compiler option A name or label that denotes some program entity A list of all identifiers that are present when a program is compiled their locations in the program and their attributes The compiler uses this table to interpret uses of identifiers A directory containing all configuration files that are needed to handle and instantiate the templates that are required by a program A user provided file containing options for the compilation of templates as well as source location and other information The template options file is deprecated and should not be used A specialized instance of a class template member function that overrides the default instantiation when the default cannot handle a given type adequately Interception of an action such as program execution in order to take other action The interception causes the temporary suspension of microprocessor operations and transfers program control to another source A description of the ways in which a symbol can be used The basic types are integer and float All other types are constructed from these basic types by collecting them into arrays or structures or by adding modifiers such as pointer to or constant attributes An item of data named by an identifier Each variable has a type such as int or void and a
132. o Specify Compile Options 4 2 5 3 Usingmake 2 15 3 C Compiler Options 1 3 1 Options Summarized by Function 2 3 1 1 Code Generation Options 2 3 1 2 Debugging Options 3 3 1 3 Floating Point Options 3 4 3 14 Language Options 3 4 3 1 5 Library Options 3 5 3 1 6 Licensing Options 3 6 3 1 7 Obsolete Options 3 6 3 1 8 Output Options 3 6 3 1 9 Performance Options 3 7 3 1 10 Preprocessor Options 3 8 3 1 11 Profiling Options 3 9 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 3 1 12 3 1 13 3 1 14 3 1 15 3 1 16 Reference Options 9 Source Options 3 9 Template Options 3 10 Thread Options 3 10 How Option Information Is Organized 3 11 Option Reference 3 12 3 2 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 5 3 2 6 3 2 7 3 2 8 3 2 9 3 2 10 3 2 11 3 2 12 3 2 13 3 2 14 3 2 15 3 2 16 3 2 17 3 2 18 3 2 19 3 2 20 3 2 21 3 2 22 3 2 23 3 2 24 386 3 12 486 3 12 a 3 12 Bbinding 3 12 c 3 14 cg 89 92 3 14 compat 4 5 3 15 d 3 16 Dname def 3 16 d y n 3 18 dalign 3 19 dryrun 3 19 3 20 e 0 1 3 21 fast 3 22 features al a 3 24 flags 3 26 fnonstd 3 26 fns yes no 3 27 fprecision p 3 28 fround r 3 30 fsimple n 0 fstore 3 32 ftrap tl t 2 Contents vii 3 2 25 3 2 26 3 2 27 3 2 28 3 2 29 3 2 30 3 2 31 3 2 32 3 2 33 3 2 34 3 2 35 3 2 36 3 2 37 3 2 38 3 2 39 3 2 40 3 2 41 3 2 42 3 2 43 3 2 44 3 2 45 3 2 46 3 2 47 3 2 48 3 2 49 3 2 50 3 2 51 3
133. ompat 5 library iostream complex compat 4 library complex compat 5 None needed Tools h version 7 compat 4 library rwtool7 compat 5 library rwtool7 iostream Tools h version 7 debug compat 4 library rwtool7_dbg compat 5 library rwtool7_dbg iostream Garbage collection compat 4 library gce compat 5 library gc Garbage collection debug compat 4 library gc_dbg compat 5 library gc_dbg 5 5 Statically Linking Standard Libraries The CC driver links in shared versions of several libraries by default including 1ibc and libm by passing a 1lib option for each of the default libraries to the linker See Section 5 2 2 Default C Libraries for the list of default libraries for compatibility mode and standard mode 5 8 C User s Guide May 2000 If you want any of these default libraries to be linked statically you can use the library option along with the staticlib option to link a C library statically This alternative is much easier than the one described earlier For example example CC test c staticlib Crun In this example the library option is not explicitly included in the command In this case the library option is not necessary because the default setting for library is none 0860 Crun in standard mode the default mode Alternately you can use the xnolib compiler option With the xnolib option the driver does not pass any 1 options to 1d you must pass these options yourself
134. ompiler include directory contains a file with the same name as the header along with a symbolic link to it that has the unique suffix SUNWCCh SUNW is the prefix for all compiler related packages CC is the C compiler and h is the usual suffix for header files When you specify lt string gt the compiler rewrites it to lt st ring SUNWCCh gt and searches for that name The suffixed name will be found only in the compiler s own include directory If the file so found is a symbolic link which it normally is the compiler dereferences the link exactly once and uses the result st ring in this case as the file name for error messages and debugger references The compiler uses the suffixed name when emitting file dependency information Chapter5 Using Libraries 5 13 5 7 4 1 The name rewriting occurs only for the two forms of the 17 standard C headers and the 32 standard C headers only when they appear in angle brackets and without any path specified If you use quotes instead of angle brackets specify any path components or specify some other header no rewriting occurs The following table illustrates common situations TABLE 5 3 Header Search Examples Source Code Compiler Searches for Comments lt string gt string SUNWCCh C string templates lt cstring gt cstring SUNWCCh C version of C string h lt string h gt string h SUNWCCh C string h lt fentl h gt fentl h Not a standard C or C header String
135. ompiler option 3 7 3 9 3 73 xildoff compiler option 3 3 3 73 xildon compiler option 3 3 3 73 xlibmieee compiler option 3 4 3 5 3 74 xlibmil compiler option 3 5 3 8 3 74 xlibmopt compiler option 3 5 3 8 3 74 xlic_lib compiler option 3 5 3 6 3 75 xlicinfo compiler option 3 6 3 75 to 3 76 Xm compiler option 3 76 xM compiler option 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 76 xM1 compiler option 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 76 xMerge compiler option 3 2 3 77 xnolib compiler option 3 5 3 77 to 3 79 5 5 5 9 xnolibmil compiler option 3 5 3 8 3 79 xnolibmopt compiler option 3 5 3 8 3 79 xOlevel compiler option 3 8 3 79 to 3 82 xpg compiler option 2 7 3 9 3 82 xprefetch al a compiler option 3 83 to 3 84 xprofile compiler option 2 7 3 84 to 3 86 xprofile tcov compiler option 3 9 xregs compiler option 3 8 3 87 xregs no appl compiler option 6 5 Index 7 xs compiler option 3 3 3 88 xsafe mem compiler option 3 8 3 10 3 88 to 3 89 xsb compiler option 3 3 3 7 3 89 xsbfast compiler option 3 3 3 7 3 89 xspace compiler option 3 8 3 89 xtarget t compiler option 2 7 3 8 3 90 to 3 95 xtime compiler option 3 7 3 96 xunroll n compiler option 3 8 3 96 xvector compiler option 2 7 3 96 xwe compiler option 3 7 3 96 Y yacc C utilities 1 5 Z z arg compiler option 3 2 3 7 3 97 ztext compiler option 3 5 3 97 Index 8
136. on has one or more values this section defines each value If the option has a primary or secondary default value it is stated here The primary default is the option value in effect if the option is not specified For example if compat is not specified the default is compat 5 The secondary default is the option in effect if the option is specified but no value is given For example if compat is specified without a value the default is compat 4 If the option has a macro expansion it is shown in this section If an example is needed to illustrate the option it is given here If the option interacts with other options the relationship is discussed here If there are cautions regarding use of the option they are noted here as are actions that might cause unexpected behavior This section contains references to further information in other options or documents If an option has become obsolete and has been replaced by another option the replacement option is noted here Options described this way may not be supported in future releases If there are two options with the same general meaning and purpose the preferred option is referenced here For example Same as x0 indicates that xO is the preferred option Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 11 a2 21 22 32 9 3 2 4 Option Reference 6 IA Same as xtarget 386 This option is provided for backward compatibility only 486
137. operating system lex Generates programs used in simple lexical analysis of text yacc Generates a C function to parse the input stream according to syntax prof Produces an execution profile of modules in a program gprof Profiles program runtime performance by procedure tcov Profiles program runtime performance by statement See Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop and associated man pages for further information on these UNIX tools 1 8 Native Language Support This release of C supports the development of applications in languages other than English including most European languages and Japanese As a result you can easily switch your application from one native language to another This feature is known as internationalization In general the C compiler implements internationalization as follows m C recognizes ASCII characters from international keyboards in other words it has keyboard independence and is 8 bit clean m C allows the printing of some messages in the native language C allows native language characters in comments strings and data Variable names cannot be internationalized and must be in the English character set You can change your application from one native language to another by setting the locale For information on this and other native language support features see the operating environment documentation Chapter 1 The C Compiler 1 5 1 6 C User s Guide
138. or indirect variables In general this level results in minimum code size Note The 0 options is equivalent to the x02 option lt 03 in addition to optimizations performed at the x02 level also optimizes references and definitions for external variables This level does not trace the effects of pointer assignments When compiling either device drivers that are not properly protected by volatile or programs that modify external variables from within signal handlers use 02 In general x03 results in increased code size If you are running out of swap space use x02 C User s Guide May 2000 x04 does automatic inlining of functions contained in the same file in addition to performing x03 optimizations This automatic inlining usually improves execution speed but sometimes makes it worse In general this level results in increased code size lt 05 generates the highest level of optimization It is suitable only for the small fraction of a program that uses the largest fraction of computer time This level uses optimization algorithms that take more compilation time or that do not have as high a certainty of improving execution time Optimization at this level is more likely to improve performance if it is done with profile feedback See Section 3 2 120 xprofile p On the IA Platform lt 01 preloads arguments from memory and causes cross jumping tail merging as well as the single pas
139. orkShop 6 C compilers The new style casts const_cast dynamic_cast reinterpret_cast and static_cast are always recognized and cannot be disabled Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 25 Defaults If features is not specified the following is assumed Compatibility mode compat 4 features none anachronisms except m Standard mode the default mode features all no iddollar See also C Migration Guide 3 2 17 flags Same as xhelp flags 3 2 18 fnonstd IA Causes nonstandard initialization of floating point hardware In addition the fnonstd option causes hardware traps to be enabled for floating point overflow division by zero and invalid operations exceptions These results are converted into SIGFPE signals if the program has no SIGFPE handler it terminates with a memory dump unless you limit the core dump size to 0 Defaults If fnonstd is not specified IEFE 754 floating point arithmetic exceptions do not abort the program and underflows are gradual See also fns ftrap common Numerical Computation Guide 3 26 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 19 fns yes no SPARC Enables disables the SPARC nonstandard floating point mode fns yes or fns causes the nonstandard floating point mode to be enabled when a program begins execution This option provides a way of toggling the use of nonstandard or standard floating point mode following so
140. ors without major performance degradation on any of them With each new release the definition of best instruction set may be adjusted if appropriate 386 generic and 386 are equivalent in this release 486 Compile for the Intel PentiumPro chip pentium 486 and pentium are equivalent in this release pentium_pro 486 and pentium_pro are equivalent in this release Defaults If xarch isa is not specified xarch generic is assumed Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 65 3 2 94 Interactions Although this option can be used alone it is part of the expansion of the xtarget option and may be used to override the xarch value that is set by a specific xtarget option For example xtarget ultra2 expands to xarch v8 xchip ultra2 xcache 15 32 1 512 64 1 In the following command xarch v8plusb overrides the xarch v8 that is set by the expansion of xtarget ultraz2 example CC xtarget ultra2 xarch v8plusb foo cc Use of compat 4 with xarch v9 xarch v9a or xarch v9b is not supported Warnings If this option is used with optimization the appropriate choice can provide good performance of the executable on the specified architecture An inappropriate choice however might result in serious degradation of performance or in a binary program that is not executable on the intended target platform xcache c SPARC Defines cache properties for use by the optimizer This option specifies
141. ot open file errno 2 ld fatal File processing errors No output written to a out Understanding the Compiler Organization The C compiler package consists of a front end optimizer code generator assembler template pre linker and link editor The CC command invokes each of these components automatically unless you use command line options to specify otherwise FIGURE 2 1 shows the order in which the components are invoked by the compiler Because any of these components may generate an error and the components perform different tasks it may be helpful to identify the component that generates an error Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 9 2 10 C source and header files Front end Sun IRt Optimizer optional iropt Sun IR Code generator cg codegen Assembler Template pre linker CClink Link editor 1d or ild FIGURE 2 1 The Compilation Process C User s Guide May 2000 4 Translates Sun IR 4 Assembly files r s files s files i C source C 66 600 632 Intermediate Language Translator 66386 Standalone Inliner Optional A only dA only Inline templates 11 files Object files and libraries archive a and shared so libraries Note Solid lines denote that the compiler calls each component Dotted lines denote the flow of data iropt and cg codeg
142. ource Options Action Option Adds pathname to the include file search path Ipathname Outputs makefile dependency information xM Generates dependency information but excludes usr include xM1 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 9 3 1 14 3 1 15 Template Options The following template options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 15 Template Options Action Option Controls the placement and linkage of template instances instances a Specifies an additional search directory for the template source ptipath Enables or disables various template options template wlst Thread Options The following thread options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 16 Thread Options Action Option Compiles and links for multithreaded code mt SPARC Allows no memory based traps xsafe mem 3 10 C User s Guide May 2000 3 1 16 How Option Information Is Organized To help you find information compiler option descriptions are separated into the following subsections If the option is one that is replaced by or identical to some other option see the description of the other option for full details TABLE 3 17 Option Subsections Subsection Contents Option Definition Values Defaults Expansions Examples Interactions Warnings See also Replace with Same as A short definition immediately follows each option There is no heading for this category If the opti
143. ow to limit virtual memory to 16 Mbytes exampleS ulimit d 16000 In 8 csh shell use the Limit command to limit virtual memory See the csh 1 man page for more information 2 12 C User s Guide May 2000 2 4 4 The next example also shows how to limit virtual memory to 16 Mbytes example limit datasize 16M Each of these examples causes the optimizer to try to recover at 16 Mbytes of data space The limit on virtual memory cannot be greater than the system s total available swap space and in practice must be small enough to permit normal use of the system while a large compilation is in progress Be sure that no compilation consumes more than half the swap space With 32 Mbytes of swap space use the following commands In an sh shell exampleS ulimit d 16000 In a csh shell example limit datasize 16M The best setting depends on the degree of optimization requested and the amount of real memory and virtual memory available Memory Requirements A workstation should have at least 24 megabytes of memory 32 Mbytes are recommended To determine the actual real memory use the following command example usr sbin dmesg grep mem mem 655360K 0x28000000 avail mem 602476544 Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 3 25 241 2 9 2 Simplifying Commands You can simplify complicated compiler commands by defining special shell aliases using the CCFLAGS environment variable or by
144. per L6 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 412 v8 super L6 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 50 v8 super 16 32 4 ss10 51 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 512 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 514 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 61 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 612 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 71 v8 super2 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss10 712 v8 super2 16 32 4 1024 32 1 5 1 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ssl10 hs12 v8 hyper 256 64 1 59 4 v8 hyper 256 64 1 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 91 TABLE 3 34 SPARC Platform Names for xtarget Continued xtarget xarch xchip xcache 9 1 v8 hyper 256 64 1 99 2 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss1000 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 sslplus v7 old 64 16 1 2 old 64 32 1 ss20 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 151 v8 hyper 512 64 1 ss20 152 v8 hyper 512 64 1 ss20 50 v8 super 16 32 4 ss20 502 v8 super 16 32 4 ss20 51 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 512 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 514 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 61 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 612 v8 super 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 71 v8 super2 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 712 v8 super2 16 32 4 1024 32 1 ss20 hs11 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss20 hs12 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss20 hs14 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss20 hs21 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss20 hs22 v8 hyper 256 64 1 ss2p v7 powerup 64 32 1 ss4 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss4 110 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss4 85 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss5 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss5 110 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss5 85 v8a micro2 8 16 1 ss600 120 v7 old 64 32 1 3 92 C User s Guide
145. periods replaced by underscores as in D__SunOS_5_7 and D__SunOS_5_8 See Interactions TABLE 3 19 UNIX Predefined Symbols Name _WCHAR_T Note TABLE 3 20 SPARC Predefined Symbols Name Note __sparc 32 bit compilation modes only sparc See Interactions Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 17 3 2 10 TABLE 3 21 SPARC v9 Predefined Symbols Name Note __sparcv9 64 bit compilation modes only TABLE 3 22 IA Predefined Symbols Name Note __ 1386 1386 See Interactions Defaults If you do not use def name is defined as 1 Interactions If p is used sun unix sparc and i386 are not defined See also d y n Allows or disallows dynamic libraries for the entire executable This option is passed to 1d This option can appear only once on the command line 3 18 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 11 2 2 Values Value Meaning dy Specifies dynamic linking in the link editor dn Specifies static linking in the link editor Defaults If no d option is specified dy is assumed See also 1a 1 Linker and Libraries Guide dalign SPARC Generates double word load and store instructions whenever possible for improved performance This option assumes that all double type data are double word aligned Warnings If you compile one program unit with dalign compile all units of a program with dalign or you might get unexpected results dryrun
146. plications can build and maintain relatively independent portions as libraries and so reduce the burden on programmers working on other portions Building a library simply means creating 6 files by compiling your code with the c option and combining the o files into a library using the CC command You can build two kinds of libraries static archive libraries and dynamic shared libraries With static archive libraries objects within the library are linked into the program s executable file at link time Only those o files from the library that are needed by the application are linked into the executable The name of a static archive library generally ends with a a suffix With dynamic shared libraries objects within the library are not linked into the program s executable file but rather the linker notes in the executable that the program depends on the library When the program is executed the system loads the dynamic libraries that the program requires If two programs that use the same dynamic library execute at the same time the operating system shares the library among the programs The name of a dynamic shared library ends with a so suffix Linking dynamically with shared libraries has several advantages over linking statically with archive libraries 6 1 The size of the executable is smaller m Significant portions of code can be shared among programs at runtime reducing the amount of memory use
147. processor Passes lthread in the correct order to Id Ensures that for standard mode the default mode 1ibthread is linked before libCrun Ensures that for compatibility mode compat libthread is linked before 10 The mt option is required if the application or libraries are multithreaded Warnings To ensure proper library linking order you must use this option rather than lthread to link with libthread If you are using POSIX threads you must link with the mt and lpthread options The mt option is necessary because 1ibCrun standard mode and 1ibC compatibility mode need 1310622688 for a multithreaded application If you compile and link in separate steps and you compile with mt be sure to link with mt as shown in the following example or you might get unexpected results example CC c mt myprog cc example CC mt myprog o See also xnolib C Programming Guide Multithreaded Programming Guide Linker and Libraries Guide C Library Reference native Same as xtarget native Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 45 3 2 46 noex Same as features no except 3 2 47 nofstore IA This option does not force the value of a floating point expression or function to the type on the left side of an assignment but leaves the value in a register when either of the following are true The expression or function is assigned to a variable or m The expression or fun
148. r separate source files Source File Location Conventions Without the specific directions provided with an options file the compiler uses a Cfront style method to locate template definition files This method requires that the template definition file contain the same base name as the template declaration file This method also requires that the template definition file be on the current include path For example if the template function foo is located in foo h the matching template definition file should be named foo cc or some other recognizable source file extension C c cc cpp or cxx The template definition file must be located in one of the normal include directories or in the same directory as its matching header file Definitions Search Path As an alternative to the normal search path set with 1 you can specify a search directory for template definition files with the option pt idirectory Multiple pt i flags define multiple search directories that is a search path If you use pt idirectory the compiler looks for template definition files on this path and ignores the I flag Since the pt idirectory flag complicates the search rules for source files use the I option instead of the pt idirectory option 4 6 C Users Guide May 2000 4 6 Template Instance Automatic Consistency The template repository manager ensures that the states of the instances in the repository are consistent and up to dat
149. rch path The file names must be enclosed in quotes Multiple files are available because the simple template name may refer to different templates defined in different files or because a single template may have definitions in multiple files For example if func is defined in three files then those three files must be listed in the definition entry The nocheck field is described at the end of this section Chapter 4 Compiling Templates 9 In the following example the compiler locates the template function foo in foo cc and instantiates it In this case the definition entry is redundant with the default search CODE EXAMPLE 4 1 Redundant Definition Entry foo cc template lt class T gt T foo Tt 1 CC_tmpl_opt definition foo in foo cc foo h foo_statics CC_tmpl_opt The following example shows the definition of static data members and the use of simple names CODE EXAMPLE 4 2 Definition of Static Data Members and Use of Simple Names template lt class T gt class foo static T fooref include foo h template lt class T gt T foo lt T gt fooref 0 definition fooref in foo_statics cc The name provided for the definition of fooref is a simple name and not a qualified name such as foo fooref The reason for the definition entry is that the file name is not foo cc or some other recognizable extension and cannot be located using the default Cfront style search rules
150. refetches will be approximately at the place in the executable that corresponds to where the macros appear To use the explicit prefetch instructions you must be on the correct architecture include sun_prefetch h and either exclude xprefetch from the compiler command or use xprefetch explicit or xprefetch yes If you call the macros and include the sun_prefetch h header file but pass xprefetch no explicit or xprefetch no the explicit prefetches will not appear in your executable With xprefetch xprefetch auto and xprefetch yes the compiler is free to insert prefetch instructions into the code it generates This may result in a performance improvement on architectures that support prefetch Warnings Explicit prefetching should only be used under special circumstances that are supported by measurements xprofile p Collects or optimizes with runtime profiling data This option causes execution frequency data to be collected and saved during the execution The data can then be used in subsequent runs to improve performance This option is valid only when a level of optimization is specified 3 84 C User s Guide May 2000 Values p must be one of the following values TABLE 3 33 xprofile Options Value of p Meaning collect name Collects and saves execution frequency for later use by the optimizer with xprofile use The compiler generates code to measure statement execution frequency The n
151. routines of the program with the fns option otherwise you might get unexpected results This option is effective only on SPARC devices and only if used when compiling the main program On IA devices the option is ignored Use of the fns yes or fns option might generate the following message if your program experiences a floating point error normally managed by the IEEE floating point trap handlers See also Numerical Computation Guide ieee_sun 3M fprecision p IA Sets the non default floating point precision mode The fprecision option sets the rounding precision mode bits in the Floating Point Control Word These bits control the precision to which the results of basic arithmetic operations add subtract multiply divide and square root are rounded 3 28 C User s Guide May 2000 Values p must be one of the following values Value of p Meaning single Rounds to an IEEE single precision value double Rounds to an IEEE double precision value extended Rounds to the maximum precision available If p is single or double this option causes the rounding precision mode to be set to single or double precision respectively when a program begins execution If p is extended or the fprecision option is not used the rounding precision mode remains at the extended precision The single precision rounding mode causes results to be rounded to 24 significant bits and double precision rounding mode causes result
152. rts all warnings to errors by returning non zero exit status Linker option Qproduce sourcetype s verbose vlst xhelp flags xhelp readme xM xM1 xsbfast xtime xwe 2 arg Performance Options The following performance options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 10 Performance Options Action Option Selects a combination of compilation options for optimum execution fast speed Strips the symbol table out of the executable s Specifies target architecture instruction set xarch isa SPARC Defines target cache properties for the optimizer xcache c Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 7 3 1 10 TABLE 3 10 Performance Options Continued Action Option Compiles for generic SPARC architecture xcg89 Compiles for SPARC V8 architecture xcg92 Specifies target processor chip xchip c Enables linker reordering of functions xF Inlines selected 1ibm library routines for optimization xlibmil Uses a library of optimized math routines xlibmopt Cancels xlibmil on the command line xnolibmil Does not use the math routine library xnolibmopt Specifies optimization level to level xOlevel SPARC Controls scratch register use SPARC Allows no memory based traps SPARC Does not allow optimizations that increase code size Specifies a target instruction set and optimization system Enables unrolling of loops where possible Preprocessor Options xregs rlst xs
153. s New in Sun WorkShop 6 Sun WorkShop 6 Release Notes Describes the documentation available with this Sun WorkShop release and how to access it Provides information about the new features in the current and previous release of Sun WorkShop Contains installation details and other information that was not available until immediately before the final release of Sun WorkShop 6 This document complements the information that is available in the component readme files Forte Developer 6 Sun WorkShop 6 Analyzing Program Performance With Sun WorkShop 6 Debugging a Program With dbx Introduction to Sun WorkShop Explains how to use the new Sampling Collector and Sampling Analyzer with examples and a discussion of advanced profiling topics and includes information about the command line analysis tool er_print the LoopTool and LoopReport utilities and UNIX profiling tools prof gprof and tcov Provides information on using dbx commands to debug a program with references to how the same debugging operations can be performed using the Sun WorkShop Debugging window Acquaints you with the basic program development features of the Sun WorkShop integrated programming environment C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE P 3 Related Sun WorkShop 6 Documentation by Document Collection Continued Document Collection Document Title Description Forte C 6 C User s Guide Describes the C compiler
154. s misaligned data which would otherwise generate an error in memory This is shown in the following code char b 100 int f int ar return int b 2 xar This option informs the compiler that some data in your program is not properly aligned Thus very conservative loads and stores must be used for any data that might be misaligned that is one byte at a time Using this option may cause significant degradation in runtime performance The amount of degradation is application dependent Interactions When using pragma pack on a SPARC platform to pack denser than the type s default alignment the misalign option must be specified for both the compilation and the linking of the application Misaligned data is handled by a trap mechanism that is provided by 1d at runtime If an optimization flag 0 1 2 3 4 5 or an equivalent flag is used with the misalign option the additional instructions required for alignment of misaligned data are inserted into the resulting object file and will not generate runtime misalignment traps Warnings If possible do not link aligned and misaligned parts of the program If compilation and linking are performed in separate steps the misalign option must appear in both the compile and link commands 3 44 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 44 3 2 45 mt Compiles and links for multithreaded code This option Passes D_REENTRANT to the pre
155. s of the default optimization x02 schedules both high and low level instructions and performs improved spill analysis loop memory reference elimination register lifetime analysis enhanced register allocation global common subexpression elimination as well as the optimization done by level 1 x03 performs loop strength reduction and inlining as well as the optimization done by level 2 x04 performs architecture specific optimization as well as the optimization done by level 3 lt 05 generates the highest level of optimization It uses optimization algorithms that take more compilation time or that do not have as high a certainty of improving execution time Interactions If you use g or g0 and the optimization level is x03 or lower the compiler provides best effort symbolic information with almost full optimization Tail call optimization and back end inlining are disabled If you use g or g0 and the optimization level is x04 or higher the compiler provides best effort symbolic information with full optimization Debugging with g does not suppress xOlevel but xOlevel limits g in certain ways For example the xOlevel options reduce the utility of debugging so that you cannot display variables from dbx but you can still use the dbx where command to get a symbolic traceback For more information see Debugging a Program With dbx The xcrossfile option is effective only if it is used with
156. s to be rounded to 53 significant bits In the default extended precision mode results are rounded to 64 significant bits This mode controls only the precision to which results in registers are rounded and it does not affect the range All results in register are rounded using the full range of the extended double format Results that are stored in memory are rounded to both the range and precision of the destination format however The nominal precision of the float type is single The nominal precision of the long double type is extended Defaults When the fprecision option is not specified the rounding precision mode defaults to extended Warnings This option is effective only on IA devices and only if used when compiling the main program On SPARC devices this option is ignored Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 29 1 07 fround r Sets the IEEE rounding mode in effect at startup This option sets the IEEE 754 rounding mode that m Can be used by the compiler in evaluating constant expressions Is established at runtime during the program initialization The meanings are the same as those for the ieee_flags subroutine which can be used to change the mode at runtime Values r must be one of the following values Value of r Meaning nearest Rounds towards the nearest number and breaks ties to even numbers tozero Rounds to zero negative Rounds to negative infinity positive Rounds to positive
157. sing the same option as well In the case of the library fast and xarch options you must be sure to include the linker options that would have been passed if you had compiled and linked together With p xpg and xprofile including the option in one phase and excluding it from the other phase will not affect the correctness of the program but you will not be able to do profiling With g and g0 including the option in one phase and excluding it from the other phase will not affect the correctness of the program but the program will not be prepared properly for debugging In the following example the programs are compiled using the xcg92 compiler option This option is a macro for xtarget ss1000 and expands to xarch v8 xchip super xcache 16 64 4 1024 64 1 example CC c xcg92 sbr cc example CC c xcg92 smain cc example CC xcg92 sbr o smain o Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 7 2 3 4 239 If the program uses templates it is possible that some templates will get instantiated at link time In that case the command line options from the last line the link line will be used to compile the instantiated templates Compiling for SPARC V9 The compilation linking and execution of 64 bit objects is supported only in a V9 SPARC Solaris 7 or Solaris 8 environment with a 64 bit kernel running Compilation for 64 bit is indicated by the xarch v9 xarch v9a and xarch v9b options
158. so d g0 xildoff xildon xs 10 1 man page Debugging a Program With dbx for details about stabs 9 0 Compiles and links for debugging but does not disable inlining This option is the same as g except that d is disabled See also d g xildon Debugging a Program With dbx H Prints path names of included files On the standard error output stderr this option prints one per line the path name of each include file contained in the current compilation help Same as xhelp flags hname Assigns the name name to the generated dynamic shared library This is a loader option passed to 1d In general the name after h should be exactly the same as the one after 0 A space between the h and name is optional The compile time loader assigns the specified name to the shared dynamic library you are creating It records the name in the library file as the intrinsic name of the library If there is no hname option then no intrinsic name is recorded in the library file 3 36 C User s Guide May 2000 1 272 Every executable file has a list of shared library files that are needed When the runtime linker links the library into an executable file the linker copies the intrinsic name from the library into that list of needed shared library files If there is no intrinsic name of a shared library then the linker copies the path of the shared library file instead Examples example CC G
159. sufficient If xtarget is specified the xarch v9 v9a or v9b option must appear after the xtarget For example xarch v9 xtarget ultra expands to the following and reverts the xarch value to v8 xarch v9 xarch v8 xchip ultra xcache 16 32 1 512 64 1 The correct method is to specify xarch after xtarget For example xtarget ultra xarch v9 Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 95 3 2 128 3 2 129 3 2 130 3 2 131 xtime Causes the cc driver to report execution time for the various compilation passes xunroll n Enables unrolling of loops where possible This option specifies whether or not the compiler optimizes unrolls loops Values When is 1 it is a suggestion to the compiler to not unroll loops When 7 is an integer greater than 1 unrol1 n causes the compiler to unroll loops n times 68 66602 SPARC Enable automatic calls to the SPARC vector library functions Defaults The compiler defaults to xvector no Specifying xvector by itself defaults to xvector yes Warnings If you compile and link in separate steps you must use the same xvector settings in each step XwWwe Converts all warnings to errors by returning nonzero exit status 3 96 C User s Guide May 2000 252 Zag Link editor option For more information see the 1d 1 man page and the Solaris Linker and Libraries Guide 3 2 133 ztext Forc
160. t 1d 1 man page C Library Reference g Instructs both the compiler and the linker to prepare the file or program for debugging The tasks include a Producing detailed information known as stabs in the symbol table of the object files and the executable a Producing some helper functions which the debugger can call to implement some of its features m Disabling the inline generation of functions m Disabling certain levels of optimization Interactions If you use this option with xOlevel you will get limited debugging information For more information see Section 3 2 117 xoOlevel on page 3 79 If you use this option and the optimization level is x03 or lower the compiler provides best effort symbolic information with almost full optimization Tail call optimization and back end inlining are disabled If you use this option and the optimization level is x04 or higher the compiler provides best effort symbolic information with full optimization When you specify this option the d option is specified automatically This option makes xildon the default incremental linker option in order to speed up the compile edit debug cycle This option invokes ild in place of 1d unless any of the following are true The 6 option is present The xildoff option is present m Any source files are named on the command line Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 35 Ia 3 2 28 3 2 29 3 2 30 See al
161. t the library search path that is recorded in the output object and passed to the runtime linker depends upon the target architecture instruction specified by the xarch option when xarch is not present xarch generic is assumed xarch Value Default Library Search Path v9 v9a or v9b install_directory SUNWspro lib v9 All other values install_directory SUNWspro 1lib In a default installation install directory is opt Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 53 3279 3 2 74 3 2 75 3 2 76 S277 Interactions If the LD_RUN_PATH environment variable is defined and the R option is specified then the path from R is scanned and the path from LD_RUN_PATH is ignored See also norunpath Linker and Libraries Guide readme Same as xhelp readme S Compiles and generates only assembly code This option causes the CC driver to compile the program and output an assembly source file without assembling the program The assembly source file is named with a s suffix s Strips the symbol table from the executable file This option removes all symbol information from output executable files This option is passed to 1d sb Replace with xsb sbfast Same as xsbfast 3 54 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 78 static li b lt 1 Indicates which C libraries specified in the library option including its defaults are to be linked statically Values l must be one of the follow
162. t compile and link in the same operation unless more than one source file gets compiled If the compilation fails you will receive a message for each error No o files are generated for those source files with errors and no executable program is written Separate Compiling and Linking You can compile and link in separate steps The c option compiles source files and generates o object files but does not create an executable Without the c option the compiler invokes the linker By splitting the compile and link steps a complete recompilation is not needed just to fix one file The following example shows how to compile one file and link with others in separate steps example CC c filel cc Make new object file example CC o prgrm 51161 0 file2 o file3 o Make executable file 2 6 C User s Guide May 2000 243 Be sure that the link step lists all the object files needed to make the complete program If any object files are missing from this step the link will fail with andefined external reference errors missing routines Consistent Compiling and Linking If you do compile and link in separate steps consistent compiling and linking is critical when using the following compiler options fast g g0 library misalign mt p xa xarch isa xcg92 and xcg89 XPg xprofile xtarget t xvector or xvector yes If you compile any subprogram using any of these options be sure to link u
163. tandard floating point fns nolyes mode IA Sets floating point precision mode fprecision p Sets IEEE rounding mode in effect at startup fround r Sets floating point optimization preferences fsimple n IA Forces precision of floating point expressions fstore Sets IEEE trapping mode in effect at startup ftrap tlst IA Disables forced precision of expression nofstore Causes libn to return IEEE 754 values for math routines in xlibmieee exceptional cases Language Options The following language options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 5 Language Options Action Option Sets the major release compatibility mode of the compiler compat Enables or disables various C language features features alst 3 4 C User s Guide May 2000 31 5 Library Options The following library linking options are listed in alphabetical order TABLE 3 6 Library Options Action Option Requests symbolic dynamic or static library linking Bbinding Allows or disallows dynamic libraries for the entire 8 executable Builds a dynamic shared library instead of an executable G file Assigns a name to the generated dynamic shared library hname Tells 1d 1 to ignore any LD_LIBRARY_PATH setting 1 Adds dir to the list of directories to be searched for libraries Ldir Adds liblib a or liblib so to the linker s library search 1lib list Forces inclusion of specific libraries and associated
164. te partial specialization a Explicit function template arguments Member templates a Sub aggregate initialization Extern inline functions a Ordering of static variable destruction Definitions separate template organization allowed for all instances options Prefetch instructions The following features were introduced in version 5 0 of the C compiler Implementation of the following C ISO standards a Namespaces and Koenig lookup a Type bool Array new and array delete a Extended support for templates The C standard library Covariant return types on virtual functions Compatibility with C 4 0 4 01 4 1 and 4 2 Sun WorkShop Memory Monitor for garbage collection and identifying memory leaks SPARC V9 support on Solaris 7 and Solaris 8 operating environments Binary and source compatibility features to aid a smooth transition to ISO C Multithread safe C standard library The C compiler package also includes Online README files containing new or changed features latest known software and documentation bugs and other late breaking information Man pages that concisely describe a user command or library function The C name demangling tool set dem and c filt Tools h class library to simplify your programming 1 4 C User s Guide May 2000 1 7 C Utilities The following C utilities are now incorporated into traditional UNIX tools and are bundled with the UNIX
165. template compilation 4 2 to 4 5 thread 3 10 unrecognized 2 8 output options 3 6 to 3 7 overflow 3 32 P P compiler option 3 3 3 7 3 8 3 49 p compiler option 2 7 3 9 3 49 p compiler option 3 48 pent ium compiler option 3 49 performance options 3 7 to 3 8 pg compiler option 3 50 P IC compiler option 3 50 pic compiler option 3 50 placement template instances 4 2 to 4 4 preprocessor defining macro to 3 16 options 3 8 processing order of options 2 3 processor specifying target 3 90 prof C utilities 1 5 profiling options 3 9 3 84 Programming Language C standards conformance 1 1 programs basic building steps 2 1 to 2 2 pta compiler option 3 50 ptclean command 4 1 pt i compiler option 3 1 3 10 3 50 4 6 pto compiler option 3 50 pt r compiler option 3 6 3 51 ptv compiler option 3 51 Q Qoption phase option option compiler option 3 3 3 51 to 3 52 qoption phase option option compiler option 3 52 qp compiler option 3 52 Qproduce sourcetype compiler option 3 7 3 53 qproduce sourcetype compiler option 3 53 R R compiler option 3 1 3 5 3 53 to 3 54 5 5 readme compiler option 3 3 3 54 READMEs 1 2 1 4 real memory display 2 13 reference options 3 9 release Sun WorkShop 5 10 RTLD_GLOBAL environment variable 5 11 6 4 rule one definition 4 5 Index 5 5 5 compiler option 3 54 s compiler option
166. th on your system Your browser displays an index of Sun WorkShop 6 HTML documents To open a README find its entry in the index then click its title 1 4 Man Pages Online manual man pages provide immediate documentation about a command function subroutine or collection of such things You can display a man page by running the command example man topic Throughout the C documentation man page references appear with the topic name and man section number CC 1 is accessed with man CC Other sections denoted by iecee_flags 3M for example are accessed using the s option on the man command example man s 3M 1606 8 1 5 Licensing The C compiler uses network licensing as described in the Sun WorkShop Installation and Licensing Reference If you invoke the compiler and a license is available the compiler starts If no license is available your request for a license is put in a queue and your compiler continues when a license becomes available A single license can be used for any number of simultaneous compiles by a single user on a single machine To run C and the various utilities several licenses might be required depending on the package you have purchased Chapter1 The C Compiler 1 3 1 6 New Features of the C Compiler The Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler offers the following new features Compliance with the C ISO standard including Class templa
167. the cache properties that the optimizer can use It does not guarantee that any particular cache property is used Note Although this option can be used alone it is part of the expansion of the xtarget option its primary use is to override a value supplied by the xtarget option 3 66 C User s Guide May 2000 Values c must be one of the following values Value of c Meaning generic Defines the cache properties for good performance on most SPARC processors 1 Defines level 1 cache properties 1 112 Defines level 1 and 2 cache properties s1 1 a1 s2 12 a2 s3 13 a3 Defines level 1 2 and 3 cache properties The definitions of the cache properties si li ai are as follows Property Definition si The size of the data cache at level i in kilobytes alah The line size of the data cache at level i in bytes ai The associativity of the data cache at level i For example i 1 designates level 1 cache properties s1 11 a1 Defaults If xcache is not specified the default xcache generic is assumed This value directs the compiler to use cache properties for good performance on most SPARC processors without major performance degradation on any of them Examples xcache 16 32 4 1024 32 1 specifies the following Level 1 Cache Has Level 2 Cache Has 16 Kbytes 1024 Kbytes 32 bytes line size 32 bytes line size 4 way associativity Direct mapping associativity Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 67 SL
168. the command line for each compilation pass nos template Do not Turn on the template instantiation verbose mode sometimes called the verify mode The verbose mode displays each phase of instantiation as it occurs during compilation no version Do not Direct the cc driver to print the names and version numbers of the programs it invokes Sall Invokes all of the above Snone verbose none is the same as verbose no Stemplate nosdiags nosversion You can specify more than one option for example verbose template diags Defaults If verbose is not specified verbose none is assumed W Identifies code that might have unintended consequences This option generates additional warnings about questionable constructs that are Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 59 3 2 89 3 2 90 Nonportable Likely to be mistakes Inefficient Defaults If w is not specified the compiler warns about constructs that are almost certainly problems See also w 2 w2 Emits all the warnings emitted by w plus warnings about technical violations that are probably harmless but that might reduce the maximum portability of your program Warnings Some Solaris and C standard header files result in warnings when compiled with See also w Suppresses most warning messages This option causes the compiler not to print warning messages However some warnings particularly warn
169. the overall performance of the application Interactions The xF option is only supported with features no except noex See also analyzer 1 debugger 1 1d 1 man pages 3 72 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 101 3 2 102 3 2 103 3 2 104 xhelp flags Displays a brief description of each compiler option xhelp readme Displays contents of the online README file The README file is paged by the command specified in the environment variable PAGER If PAGER is not set the default paging command is more 5 Turns off the incremental linker Defaults This option is assumed if you do not use the g option It is also assumed if you do use the G option or name any source file on the command line Override this default by using the xildon option See also xildon ild 1 man page 1d 1 man page Incremental Link Editor Guide xildon Turns on the incremental linker This option is assumed if you use g and not 6 and you do not name any source file on the command line Override this default by using the xildoff option See also xildoff ild 1 man page 1d 1 man page Incremental Link Editor Guide Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 73 3 2 105 3 2 106 3 2 107 xlibmieee Causes libm to return IEEE 754 values for math routines in exceptional cases The default behavior of 1ibm is XPG compliant See also Numerical Computation Guide
170. tions contained in the library and object files example CC xar o libmain a a o b o c o Warnings Do not add o files from the template database on the command line Do not use the ar command directly for building archives Use CC xar to ensure that template instantiations are automatically included in the archive See also Chapter 6 0 Specifies the target instruction set architecture ISA This option limits the code generated by the compiler to the instructions of the specified instruction set architecture by allowing only the specified set of instructions This option does not guarantee use of any target specific instructions Values For SPARC platforms TABLE 3 29 gives the details for each of the xarch keywords on SPARC platforms TABLE 3 29 xarch Values for SPARC Platforms Value of isa Meaning generic Compile for good performance on most systems This is the default This option uses the best instruction set for good performance on most processors without major performance degradation on any of them With each new release the definition of best instruction set may be adjusted if appropriate 3 62 C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE 3 29 Value of isa xarch Values for SPARC Platforms Continued Meaning native v7 v8a v8 v8plus v8plusa Compile for good performance on this system This is the default for the fast option The compiler chooses the appropriate
171. ts declared type to any type that is consistent with the dynamic type to which it refers The actual type of an object that is accessed by a pointer or reference that might have a different declared type See static binding Executable and Linking Format file which is produced by the compiler An error occurring in the normal flow of a program that prevents the program from continuing Some reasons for errors include memory exhaustion or division by zero Code specifically written to deal with errors and that is invoked automatically when an exception occurs for which the handler has been registered An error recovery process that is designed to intercept and prevent errors During the execution of a program if a synchronous error is detected control of the program returns to an exception handler that was registered at an earlier point in the execution and the code containing the error is bypassed See compiler option C User s Guide May 2000 function overloading functional polymorphism function prototype function template idempotent incremental linker inheritance inline function instantiation instance variable ISO K amp R C keyword late binding linker local variable locale Giving the same name but different argument types and numbers to different functions Also called functional polymorphism See function overloading A declaration that describes the function s inter
172. ts the IEEE 754 trapping modes that are established at program initialization but does not install a SIGFPE handler You can use ieee_handler to simultaneously enable traps and install a SIGFPE handler When more than one value is used the list is processed sequentially from left to right 3 32 C User s Guide May 2000 Values t can be one of the following values Value of t Meaning no division Do not Trap on division by zero no inexact Do not Trap on inexact result no invalid Do not Trap on invalid operation no overflow Do not Trap on overflow no underflow Do not Trap on underflow 1 Trap on all of the above snone Trap on none of the above common Trap on invalid division by zero and overflow Note that the no form of the option is used only to modify the meaning of the 811 and common values and must be used with one of these values as shown in the example The no form of the option by itself does not explicitly cause a particular trap to be disabled If you want to enable the IEEE traps ftrap common is the recommended setting Defaults If ftrap is not specified the ftrap none value is assumed Traps are not enabled automatically Examples When one or more terms are given the list is processed sequentially from left to right thus ftrap all no inexact means to set all traps except inexact Interactions The mode can be changed at runtime with ieee_handler 3M C
173. u should not use 1d directly As with static libraries the CC command ensures that all the necessary template instances from the template repository are included in the library if you are using templates Furthermore the C compiler does not initialize global variables if they are defined in a dynamic library unless the library is built correctly All static constructors in a dynamic library that is linked to an application are called before main is executed and all static destructors are called after main exits If a shared library is opened using dlopen all static constructors are executed at dlopen and all static destructors are executed at 6161086 Finally exceptions might not work unless you use the CC G command to build the dynamic library To build a dynamic shared library you must create relocatable object files by compiling each object with the Kpic or KPIC option of CC You can then build a dynamic library with these relocatable object files If you get any bizarre link failures you might have forgotten to compile some objects with Kpic or KPIC To build a C dynamic library named 1ibfoo so that contains objects from source files lsrcl cc and lsrc2 cc type CC G o libfoo so h libfoo so Kpic 18201 0 626 Chapter 6 Building Libraries 3 The G option specifies the construction of a dynamic library The o option specifies the file name for the library The h option specifies a name for the s
174. uct the compiler to use one of five instance placement and linkage methods external static global explicit and semi explicit External instances are suitable for all development and provide the best overall template compilation m Static instances are suitable for very small programs or debugging and have restricted uses Global instances are suitable for some library construction Explicit instances are suitable for some carefully controlled application compilation environments m Semi explicit instances require slightly less controlled compilation environments but produce larger object files and have restricted uses You should use the external instances method which is the default unless there is a very good reason to do otherwise See the C Programming Guide for further information External Instances With the external instances method all instances are placed within the template repository The compiler ensures that exactly one consistent template instance exists instances are neither undefined nor multiply defined Templates are reinstantiated only when necessary Template instances receive global linkage in the repository Instances are referenced from the current compilation unit with external linkage Specify external linkage with the instances extern option the default option Because instances are stored within the template repository you must use the CC command to link C objects that use e
175. uction set architectures V7 V8 and V8a are all binary compatible 3 64 C User s Guide May 2000 Object binary files 6 compiled with v8plus and v8plusa can be linked and can execute together but only on a SPARC V8plusa compatible platform Object binary files 0 compiled with v8plus v8plusa and v8plusb can be linked and can execute together but only on a SPARC V8plusb compatible platform xarch values v9 v9a and v9b are only available on UltraSPARC 64 bit Solaris environments Object binary files o compiled with v9 and v9a can be linked and can execute together but will run only on a SPARC V9a compatible platform Object binary files 0 compiled with v9 v9a and v9b can be linked and can execute together but will run only on a SPARC V9b compatible platform For any particular choice the generated executable may run much more slowly on earlier architectures Also although quad precision REAL 16 and long double floating point instructions are available in many of these instruction set architectures the compiler does not use these instructions in the code it generates For IA platforms TABLE 3 30 gives the details for each of the xarch keywords on IA platforms TABLE 3 30 xarch Values for IA Platforms Value of isa Meaning generic Compile for good performance on most systems This is the default This option uses the best instruction set for good performance on most process
176. ult mode Cstd and Crun are selected by default When using xarch v9 xarch v9a or xarch v9b some C libraries are not available as static libraries Warnings The set of allowable values for library is not stable and might change from release to release See also library Section 5 5 Statically Linking Standard Libraries temp dir Defines directory for temporary files This option sets the name of the directory for temporary files generated during the compilation process to dir 3 56 C User s Guide May 2000 3 2 80 3 2 81 3 2 82 See also keeptmp template w w Enables disables various template options Values w must be one of the following values Value of w Meaning no wholeclass Do not Instantiate a whole template class rather than only those functions that are used You must reference at least one member of the class otherwise the compiler does not instantiate any members for the class no extdef Do not Search for template definitions in separate source files Defaults If the template option is not specified template no wholeclass extdef is assumed time Same as xtime Uname Deletes initial definition of the preprocessor symbol name This option removes any initial definition of the macro symbol name created by D on the command line including those implicitly placed there by the CC driver It has no effect on any other predefined
177. use a cache directory that is produced by the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler or by a later release The Sun WorkShop C compiler 5 0 is not capable of recognizing format differences and it will issue an assertion when it encounters a cache directory that is produced by the Sun WorkShop 6 C compiler or by a later release When upgrading compilers it is always good practice to run CCadmin clean on every directory that contains a template cache directory in most cases a template cache directory is named SunWS_cache Alternately you can use rm rf SunWS_cache Chapter 2 Using the C Compiler 2 5 23 241 22 Compiling and Linking This section describes some aspects of compiling and linking programs In the following example CC is used to compile three source files and to link the object files to produce an executable file named prgrm example CC filel cc file2 cc file3 cc o prgrm Compile Link Sequence In the previous example the compiler automatically generates the loader object files filel o file2 oand file3 o and then invokes the system linker to create the executable program for the file prgrm After compilation the object files filel o file2 0 and file3 o remain This convention permits you to easily relink and recompile your files Note If only one source file is compiled and a program is linked in the same operation the corresponding o file is deleted automatically To preserve all o files do no
178. variables have many copies of the variable this is an unavoidable violation of the C standard Therefore use of the semi explicit instances method is not supported with static variables within templates Specify semi explicit instances with the instances semiexplicit option 4 4 The Template Repository The template repository stores template instances between separate compilations so that template instances are compiled only when necessary The template repository contains all nonsource files needed for template instantiation when using the external instances method The repository is not used for other kinds of instances 4 4 C User s Guide May 2000 4 4 1 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 Repository Structure The template repository is contained by default within the Sun WorkShop cache directory SunWS_cache The Sun WorkShop cache directory is contained within the directory in which the output files will be placed You can change the name of the cache directory by setting the SUNWS_CACHE_NAME environment variable Writing to the Template Repository When the compiler must store template instances it stores them within the template repository corresponding to the output file That is this command line example CC o sub a o a ce writes the object file to sub a o and writes template instances into the repository contained within sub SunWS_cache If the cache directory does not exist and t
179. ward editing to work with the standard library For example the following code was written for 4 2 and will compile in compatibility mode file exl cc compatibility mode include lt iostream h gt include lt complex h gt int main complex x 3 3 y 4 4 complex z x y cout lt lt x lt lt x lt lt y lt lt y lt lt z lt lt z lt lt endl The following example compiles and links ex1 cc in compatibility mode and then executes the program example CC compat exl cc library complex example a out x 3 3 y 4 4 2 0 24 Here is ex1 66 rewritten as ex2 cc to compile in standard mode file ex2 cc exl cc rewritten for standard mode include lt iostream gt include lt complex gt int main std complex lt double gt x 3 3 y 4 4 std complex lt double gt 2 x y std cout lt lt x lt lt x lt lt y lt lt y lt lt 25 lt lt z lt lt std endl Chapter5 Using Libraries 7 5 4 3 The following example compiles and links the rewritten ex2 cc in standard mode and then executes the program Linking C Libraries The following table shows the compiler options for linking the C libraries See Section 3 2 41 library ll l page 3 41 for more information TABLE 5 2 Compiler Options for Linking C Libraries Library Compile Mode Option Classic iostream compat 4 None needed c
180. xternal instances into programs If you wish to create a library that contains all template instances that it uses use the CC command with the xar option Do not use the ar command For example example CC xar o libmain a a o b o c o See Chapter 6 for more information 4 2 C User s Guide May 2000 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 Static Instances With the static instances method all instances are placed within the current compilation unit As a consequence templates are reinstantiated during each recompilation instances are not saved to the template repository Instances receive static linkage These instances will not be visible or usable outside the current compilation unit As a result templates might have identical instantiations in several object files This has the following undesirable consequences Multiple instances produce unnecessarily large programs Static instance linkage is therefore suitable only for small programs where templates are unlikely to be multiply instantiated Templates that contain static variables have many copies of the variable and this is an unavoidable violation of the C standard Therefore use of static instances is not supported with static variables within templates Compilation is potentially faster with static instances so this method might also be suitable during Fix and Continue debugging See Debugging a Program With dbx Specify static instance linkage with th
181. y User s Guide Provides details on the Standard C Library Describes how to use the Standard C Library Tools h 7 Tools h Class Library Reference Tools h User s Guide Provides details on the Tools h class library Discusses use of the C classes for enhancing the efficiency of your programs C User s Guide May 2000 TABLE P 4 describes related Solaris documentation available through the docs sun com Web site TABLE 4 Related Solaris Documentation Document Collection Document Title Description Solaris Software Developer Linker and Libraries Guide Describes the operations of the Solaris link editor and runtime linker and the objects on which they operate Programming Utilities Guide Provides information for developers about the special built in programming tools that are available in the Solaris operating environment Man Pages The C Library Reference lists the man pages that are available for the C libraries TABLE P 5 lists other man pages that are related to C TABLE P 5 Man Pages Related to C Title Description ct filt Copies each file name in sequence and writes it in the standard output after decoding symbols that look like C demangled names dem Demangles one or more C names that you specify fbe Creates object files from assembly language source files fpversion Prints information about the system CPU and FPU gprof Produces execution profi
182. y one that produces different results when rounding modes are held constant at runtime Permit aggressive floating point optimization that can cause many programs to produce different numeric results due to changes in rounding For example permit the optimizer to replace all computations of x y in a given loop with x z where x y is guaranteed to be evaluated at least once in the loop z 1 y and the values of y and z are known to have constant values during execution of the loop Defaults If fsimple is not designated the compiler uses fsimple 0 If fsimple is designated but no value is given for n the compiler uses fsimple 1 Interactions fast implies fsimple 2 Warnings This option can break IEEE 754 conformance Chapter 3 C Compiler Options 3 31 3229 3 2 24 See also fast fstore IA This option causes the compiler to convert the value of a floating point expression or function to the type on the left side of an assignment rather than leave the value in a register when the following is true The expression or function is assigned to a variable m The expression is cast to a shorter floating point type To turn off this option use the nofstore option Warnings Due to roundoffs and truncation the results can be different from those that are generated from the register values See also nofstore ftrap t t Sets the IEEE trapping mode in effect at startup This option se

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