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S.M.A.R.T. Document - C.I.Agent Solutions

1. Press lt Next screen gt back to SCROLL DATA LOG Press lt EXIT gt lt EXIT gt RUN DATA screen is on but run on hold Press again lt EXIT gt To continue RUN key EXIT O Press lt EXIT gt run will continue TERMINATE From run mode press lt EXIT gt then lt Terminate RUN gt DATA RUN DataRAM contrast O Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the DataRAM interface 49 SMART ISB Module Attachment 7 v 1 2000 3 7 ISB Monitoring Possible Locations Monitoring locations are dictated by the potential for smoke exposure to human populations In general the monitoring teams deploy where the potential for human exposure to smoke is most probable Precise monitoring locations should be flexible and determined on a case by case basis In the figure below one team is deployed at the upwind edge of a sensitive location e g a town A second team deploys at the downwind end of this location Both teams stay at the sensitive location moving only to improve sampling capabilities A third team is more mobile and deploys at the discretion of the Group Supervisor It should be emphasized that while visual observation is conducted continuously as long as the burn takes place air sampling using SMART is not required if there is no potential for human exposure to the smoke monitor nN mn TNN monitor monitor Figure 1 Possible locations of monitors not to scale 50 SMART ISB Module Attachment 8 v 1 200
2. etc Dispersant application systems mi e Platform boat helo plan e Encounter rate e Importance of droplet size e Dispersant to oil ratio dosage e Hitting the target e Dispersal into water column e Color changes e Herding effect e Missing the target e Oil remaining on surface e Coalescence and resurfacing e Identifying marine mammals and turtles e Rafting birds e Estimating surface coverage e Photographs sun reflection effects use of polarizing filter videotaping e Written notes and sketches e Calibrating eyeballs e Recommended format e Information to include e Who to report to e Coordination with water column monitoring 13 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 5 v 1 2000 3 5 Dispersant Observation Checklist Below is a dispersant observation checklist Check the items tasks accomplished Observation Aids OOOO Basemaps chansofthearea O O O OO O O O OOOO Clipboard and notebook SSCS ___ Pens7pencilsSOSOSOSOSOSOSCCCSCSY Checklists and reporting forms Handheld GPS with extra set of batteries SCS Observation job aids Oil on Water amp Dispersant Observation o Siama SSS D Extaflm SSSSSSOSCSCSCSOCCOCSCSCSCCC C Y __ Videocamera SSCS Binoculars SSS Safety Equipment Personal flotation device Emergency locator beacon Survival equipment NOMEX coveralls if available Coldwater flotation suit if water temperature requires Intercom Safety Brief Prefligh
3. 3 13 Dispersant Monitoring Water Sampling 3 13 1 Purpose Collection of water samples during Tier II and III monitoring should assist in correlating fluorometer readings in the field to actual dispersed oil concentrations in the water column The water samples collected post fluorometer 1 e at the outlet port of the water conduit after it passes through the fluorometer cell into a one liter bottle are analyzed at a laboratory at the end of the field operation to ascertain actual oil concentrations in the water The guidelines provided below are general and should serve as an initial starting point for water sample collection The number of samples collected may vary depending on the operation and the need for verification 3 13 2 Guidelines 3 13 2 1 Equipment 1 Certified pre cleaned amber 500 ml bottles with Teflon lined caps For Tier II a minimum of six bottles is required For Tier II a minimum of thirteen bottles is required 2 Labels for bottles documenting time and location of collection 3 Observation notes corresponding fluorometer readings to water sample collection and any other observations 3 13 2 2 Procedure 1 Open valve for water sample collection and allow water to run for ten seconds before opening and filling the bottle 2 Fill the bottle to the top and allow no headspace in bottles after sealing 3 Label bottle with exact time of initial filling from the fluorometer clock as well as
4. A 10 000 ppm working stock solution was prepared by weighing out 143 mg of fluorescein into 10 ml of de ionized water in a 10 ml volumetric flask Nine 9 microliters ul of the working stock solution was added to one liter of de ionized water in a one liter volumetric flask to obtain the 90 ppb fluorescent standard The 90 ppb standard should be transferred to an amber bottle so it will not photodegrade 25 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 3 11 7 2 Alternative option An alternative option for preparing the 90 ppb fluorescein sodium salt standard is the addition of 486 mg of fluorescein into a 1 liter amber bottle measured accurately of de ionized water This is a 340 ppm stock standard Agitate the 1 liter solution thoroughly to ensure complete mixing then remove 1 0 ml from the bottle into one gallon of de ionized water measured accurately The result should be a 90 ppb fluorescent green solution As described above the solution should be stored in amber glass and labeled with the preparation date and concentration Note Weigh out the fluorescein sodium salt very quickly and tightly reseal the original container because the compound is hygroscopic absorbs moisture If using pre weighed packets ensure that ALL material goes into the standard solution Rinsing the container with de ionized water into the bottle is strongly recommended Standard solutions should be stored in amber bottles to reduce photo deg
5. data mean trouble shooting recording the data and reporting it When done practice downloading the data 3 33 Group Supervisor Training Group Supervisor training may include two options e Independent training at each unit or e An additional structured day of training as suggested below Duration e Review of ICS and the role of the Monitoring Group in it 1 hour e Roles of Monitoring Group Supervisor e What the data mean e QA QC of data e Command and control of teams e Communication with the Technical Specialist Field exercise Practice deploying instruments in the field with emphasis 3 6 hours on reporting QA QC of data communication between teams and the group supervisor and group supervisor to the Technical Specialist Back to the base practice downloading the data 43 SMART ISB Module Attachment 3 v 1 2000 3 3 4 Refresher Training e Monitoring and reporting Who where and when 30 45 min e Level of concern e What do the data mean e Reporting the data e Work with the Technical Specialist SSC e Reading the data trouble shooting e Using GPS Downloading data e Field exercise Outside the classroom set up the instrument and measure 1 2 hours background readings Using a smoke source monitor particulate levels e Basic instrument operation hands on How the DataRAM works how 2 hours to operate it brief description of mechanism setup and calibration e Practice recording the da
6. down to background levels When transecting the dispersant treated slick as outlined for Tier II the team stops the vessel at location s where elevated fluorometry readings are detected at 1 meter and while holding position the team lowers the fluorometry sampling hose at several increments down to a maximum depth of 10 meters Readings are taken at each water depth and the data recorded both automatically in the instrument data logger and manually by the monitors Manual readings should be taken at discreet time intervals of 2 minutes 5 minutes etc as specified by the Monitoring Group Supervisor or as indicated in a written sampling plan developed by the Dispersant Technical Specialist Transect at two different depths This technique also looks at changes in concentration trends but uses two fluorometers monitoring at different depths as the monitoring vessel transects the dispersed oil slick while making continuous observations It is done as follows Monitoring is conducted at two different depths 1 and 5 meters or any two water depths agreed upon by the Incident Commander or the Unified Command Two sampling setups outriggers hoses etc and two different fluorometers are used all on a single vessel The vessel transects the dispersant treated slick as outlined in Tier II except that now data are collected simultaneously for two water depths While the data logger in each instrument automatically records the data separately the m
7. modules Each module is self sustaining and addresses monitoring of a single response technology The modules are divided into three sections Section 1 Background Information provides a brief overview of the response technology being monitored defines the primary purpose for monitoring and discusses monitoring assumptions Section 2 Monitoring Procedures provide general guidelines on what where when and how to monitor information on organization information flow team members and reporting of data Section 3 Attachments provide detailed information to support and expand sections 1 and SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 MONITORING DISPERSANT OPERATIONS 1 BACKGROUND 1 1 Mission Statement To provide a monitoring protocol for rapid collection of real time scientifically based information to assist the Unified Command with decision making during dispersant applications 1 2 Overview of Dispersants Chemical dispersants combine with oil and break a surface slick into small droplets that are mixed into the water column by wind waves and currents The key components of a chemical dispersant are one or more surface active agents or surfactants The surfactants reduce the oil water interfacial tension thus requiring only a small amount of mixing energy to increase the surface area and break the slick into droplets Several actions must occur for a surface oil slick to be chemically dispersed e The surfactant must be applied t
8. recommends monitoring methods equipment personnel training and command and control procedures that strike a balance between the operational demand for rapid response and the Unified Command s need for feedback from the field in order to make informed decisions SMART is not limited to oil spills It can be adapted to hazardous substance responses where particulates air emission should be monitored and to hydrocarbon based chemical spills into fresh or marine water General Information on SMART Modules A General Considerations and Assumptions Several considerations guided the workgroup in developing the SMART guidelines 1 SMART is designed for use at oil spills both inland and in coastal zones as described in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan 40 CFR Part 300 2 SMART does not directly address the health and safety of spill responders or monitoring personnel since this is covered by the general site safety plan for the incident as required by 29 CFR 1910 120 3 SMART does not provide complete training on monitoring for a specific technology Rather the program assumes that monitoring personnel are fully trained and qualified to use the equipment and techniques mentioned and to follow the SMART guidelines 4 SMART attempts to balance feasible and operationally efficient monitoring with solid scientific principles v 1 2000 5 In general SMART guidelines are based on the roles and capa
9. to continue or re evaluate use of dispersant Post monitoring Conduct debrief e What went right what went wrong e Problems and possible solutions e Capture comments and suggestions Preserve data e Send water samples to the lab e Download logged data from fluorometer to computer e Collect and review Recorder data logs e Correlate water samples to fluorometer readings e Generate report Prepare for next spill Clean recharge restock equipment 20 SMART Dispersants Attachment 10 v 1 2000 3 10 Dispersant Monitoring Equipment List For each team unless otherwise noted P Tumer Designs Fluorometer SSCS e E T CCST e SS a Snmontinesysems gt 3 mm on line systems Tong wavelength oil opticalki2 1 elecnonie chart recording oo electronic chart recording a il opti ees Power and signal cable 12 volts DC Sampling pump l 1 E fluorometer hose Davis drifters 27 Boat batteries 12 volts DC for ee accessory equipment B with ice packs Amber bottles Titer 6 OSS Packing material forbes S ___ Fitings extra hose repairkit SSS Es ompate sw I Chart ofthearea OS S Sd TOSS Should include downloading software fo Computer and cables 1 group Pinter SSOSC S a Recorder data shoes E ___ Rite in the rain notebooks pens _ Fluorometer user manual Ed Hob aid checklist OPS ee Extra batteries Tor
10. 0 3 8 ISB Monitoring Recorder Sheet Date General Location General information Weather information Recorder name Operator name Wind direction Vehicle vessel Wind speed DataRam Relative humidity Bum Calibration factors Comments should include location of the smoke plume relative to the instrument interfering particulate sources any malfunction of the instrument Time GPS reading Particulates Comments amp observations concentration lat Inst long TWA 51 SMART ISB Module Attachment 9 v 1 2000 3 9 ISB Monitoring Data Sample Graph The graph below represents field monitoring data from a test burn smoke plume near Mobile Alabama on September 25 1997 after the data were downloaded from the instrument The graph Figure 1 portrays the differences between the transient instantaneous readings Conc and the time weighted average readings TWA Note that while instantaneous readings varied widely the TWA remained relatively constant throughout the burn The TWA provides an indication of the concentration trends which is a more stable and reliable indicator of exposure to particulates Concentration 200 LOC Pre burn background Post burn background Data points Figure 1 Graph of instantaneous and TWA particulate concentrations 52
11. 2000 3 11 5 Operational Parameters From the Home screen display press lt ENT gt lt 1 gt then follow instructions on the screen to change the instrument settings Operational Parameters Instrument Settings Alm TCT CCS 2 Home Display Options SSCS SBarGrph J ooo Zopo Do o ooo e CSCS Ee O SSS S SSe Output J SSS 6 Misceaneouss O SSCS Note Any parameter not listed here does not affect data when using the dispersant monitoring procedure 3 11 6 Cleaning and Desiccant Procedures 3 11 6 1 Cleaning Drain the water or sample from the cuvette Take a screwdriver and remove the top metal screw from the cuvette cell make sure the inlet valve is closed then fill the cell with isopropanol Take the cuvette brush and gently clean the cell drain the isopropanol from the cell and reinstall the metal screw Using the syringe port flush the cell three to four times using de ionized water If the display reads near 0 or less your system is clean if not repeat the cleaning procedure until the instrument display reads 0 Raw or less 3 11 6 2 Desiccant Replace desiccant once every two to three months Unscrew the front panel eight Allen screws on the left side of front panel Replace the desiccant bag just beneath the panel 3 11 7 Fluorescein Standard Preparation 3 11 7 1 Preparation of standard and stock The 90 ppb standard was prepared from fluorescein sodium salt 70 CAS 518 47 8
12. Box Coordinates Method The observation aircraft identifies the target slick or target zone for the sampling vessel by a four corner box Figure 2 Each corner of the box is a specific latitude longitude and the target zone is plotted on a chart or map for easy reference The sampling vessel positions near the slick and configures the fluorometer sampling array The pre application sampling transect crosses the narrow width of the box After completing the sampling transect the sampling vessel waits at a safe distance during dispersant application Data logging may continue during this period Fifteen to twenty minutes after dispersants have been applied the observation aircraft generates a second box by providing the latitude and longitude coordinates of the four corners corresponding to any observed dispersed oil plume The post application transect is identical to the pre application transect If no plume is observed the sampling vessel samples the same transect used for pre application PRE APPLICATION POST APPLICATION Sampling S li vessel transect aiar itar x Ne x x x Untreated oll Oil drift 4 gt x a Lo Coordinates X Coordinates Figure 2 The box coordinates Method 3 12 3 2 Davis Drifter Method Two Davis type drifters Figure 3 set to one meter are consecutively deployed over time by the sampling boat at the same location to estimate the speed and direction of dispersed oil 30 SMART Dis
13. GPS____ _ a BRAM en E S Cellphone SSS SS Sr TTC Binoculars SS o Stopwatch 3 Tape measure eeo o 1 1 1 Camera 1 Digital camera or camcorder optional 21 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 3 11 Fluorometer Setup This is an initial operational guidance subject to change through continued use instrument improvements local requirements OSC needs and scientific re evaluation The Turner Designs Fluorometer should be maintained in an operationally ready state for the SMART Tier II or Tier II The following pages are step by step instructions to ensure the instrument is working in an acceptable manner prior to deployment Comments and noted changes on the instrument s status should be documented in a maintenance log 3 11 1 Instrument initialization Turn on by pushing red button Opening screen with readings is called Home on keypad press HOME Verify clock time and date to GPS parameters not Verify data reading RAW not Verify concentration readings in HIGH MAN not Verify time constant at 2 Sec not If not acceptable reset instrument to defaults and complete setup 3 11 1 1 Set calibration defaults At Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt for calibration screen lt 6 gt for defaults Follow instructions and press 9 five times Return to Home by either pressing lt Home gt or lt ESC gt back through t
14. Operations 3 11 4 1 Purge old data From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 5 gt lt 5 gt and follow the instructions by pressing 9 five times The instrument will indicate data erased Note data logger must be set to STOP prior to erasing 3 11 4 2 Check logging parameters From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 5 gt lt 2 gt The screen should read Interval 5 sec Method Average Strategy lt One Way gt If the parameter is different press the appropriate number and follow the directions by toggling settings with lt ENT gt Example Interval 3 sec Press lt 1 gt followed be lt ENT gt until 5 sec appears on the screen Then press lt ESC gt Once parameters are correct return Home 3 11 4 3 Visually check Home screen 1 Date and time corresponding to GPS readout 2 Raw in upper right corner of screen 3 Concentration range at High Man 4 Time constant to 2 sec If any readout is not correct go to section 1 3 11 4 4 Ready to begin logging data By pressing lt ENT gt lt 5 gt lt 5 gt the screen should indicate logging Return to the Home screen and verify that the parameters in section 4 3 plus Logging Data appear on the upper right hand part of the screen Begin Tier II or Tier III monitoring procedures and manually record data every five minutes plus observations 24 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1
15. Section that directs the monitoring effort The head of this group is the Monitoring Group Supervisor Under each group there are monitoring teams At a minimum each monitoring team consists of two trained members a monitor and assistant monitor An additional team member could be used to assist with sampling and recording The monitor serves as the team leader The teams report to the Monitoring Group Supervisor who directs and coordinates team operations under the control of the Operations Section Chief 2 6 Information Flow and Data Handling Communication of monitoring results should flow from the field Monitoring Group Supervisor to those persons in the Unified Command who can interpret the results and use the data Typically this falls under the responsibility of a Technical Specialist on in situ burning in the Planning Section of the command structure The observation and monitoring data will flow from the Monitoring Teams to the Monitoring Group Supervisor The Group Supervisor forwards the data to the Technical Specialist The Technical Specialist or his her representative reviews the data and most importantly formulates recommendations based on the data The Technical Specialist communicates these recommendations to the Unified Command Quality assurance and control should be applied to the data at all levels The Technical Specialist is the custodian of the data during the operation but ultimately the data belongs to the Unified Co
16. Technical Specialist in the Planning Section e The Monitoring Group Supervisor may not be needed for a Tier I deployment In these cases the Visual Monitoring Team monitor may perform the duties of the Monitoring Group Supervisor 3 1 4 Dispersant Monitoring Technical Specialist Federal NOAA SSC The Technical Specialist or his her representative Establishes communication with the Monitoring Group Supervisor Advises the Group Supervisor on team placement and data collection procedures Receives the data from the Group Supervisor Ensures QA QC of the data and analyzes the data in the context of other available information and incident specific conditions Formulates recommendations and forwards them to the Unified Command e Makes the recommendations and data available to other entities in the ICS e Archives the data for later use prepares report as needed SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 2 v 1 2000 3 2 Command Control and Data Flow In general dispersant monitoring operations take place as an integral part of the Incident Command System see Figures and 2 Dispersant monitoring operations are tactically deployed by the Operations Section Chief or designate in cooperation with the Technical Specialist SSC in the Planning Section regarding the specifics of the monitoring operations especially if they affect the data collected The Monitoring Group Supervisor provides specific on scene directions to the monitoring teams during fi
17. am should be on location to assist the monitoring efforts A critical point to keep in mind is that in the hectic and rapidly changing conditions of spill response flexibility and adaptability are essential for success The sampling plan is dictated by many factors such as the availability of equipment and personnel on scene conditions and the window of opportunity for dispersant application The need for flexibility in sampling design effort and rapid deployment possibly using a vessel of opportunity may dictate the nature and extent of the monitoring To assist the monitoring efforts it is important that the unified command agrees on the goals and objectives of monitoring and chooses the Tier or combination thereof to meet the needs of the response 2 4 Mobilizing Monitoring Resources Dispersant application has a narrow window of opportunity Time is of the essence and timely notification is critical It is imperative that the monitoring teams and technical advisors are notified of possible dispersant application and SMART monitoring deployment as soon as they are considered even if there is uncertainty about carrying out this response option Prompt notification increases the likelihood of timely and orderly monitoring The characteristics of the spill and the use of dispersants determine the extent of the monitoring effort and consequently the number of teams needed for monitoring For small scale dispersant applications a single vis
18. and 1 3 hours measure background readings Using fluoroscein or other common input sources monitor fluorescence levels Practice recording reporting and downloading data Lessons learned 30 45 min 18 SMART Dispersants Module Attachment 9 v 1 2000 3 9 Dispersant Monitoring Job Aid Checklist This checklist is designed to assist SMART dispersant monitoring by listing some of the tasks to accomplish before during and after the monitoring operations Check V Item Dd Cd Preparations o Activate personnel e Contact and mobilize the monitoring teams and Technical Specialist SSC where applicable Check equipment e Check equipment use checklists provided e Verify that the fluorometer is operational e Include safety equipment Obtain deployment Coordinate with incident Operations and platforms Planning Section regarding deployment platforms air sea land Amend site safety plan Amend the general site safety plan for monitoring operations ss Monitoring Operations pNP 7 Coordinate with Technieal Specials e Coordinate with Technical Specialist EO eo l e Monitoring what where who how e Safety and emergency procedures Deploy to Tocation Coordinate with Operations Section Setup instrumentation e Unpack and set up the fluorometer per user manual and or SMART attachment e Record fluorometer response using the check standards Evaluate monitoring site e Verify that the site is safe e Coordinate with spott
19. bilities of available Federal state and local teams and NOAA s Scientific Support Coordinators SSC The SSC is often referred to in the document as Technical Specialist Users may adopt and modify the modules to address specific needs 6 SMART uses the best available technology that is operationally feasible The SMART modules represent a living document and will be revised and improved based on lessons learned from the field advances in technology and developments in techniques 7 SMART should not be construed as a regulatory requirement It is an option available for the Unified Command to assist in decision making While every effort should be made to implement SMART or parts of it in a timely manner in situ burning or dispersant application should not be delayed to allow the deployment of the SMART teams 8 SMART is not intended to supplant private efforts in monitoring response technologies but is written for adoption and adaptation by any private or public agency Furthermore users may choose to tailor the modules to specific regional needs While currently addressing monitoring for in situ burning and dispersant operations SMART will be expanded to include monitoring guidelines for other response technologies 9 Itis important that the Unified Command agree on the monitoring objectives and goals early on in an incident This decision like all others should be documented B Organization The SMART document is arranged in
20. bove the EPA s National Ambient Air Quality Standard NAAQS It is important to keep in mind that real time particulate monitoring is one factor among several including smoke modeling and trajectory analysis visual observations and behavior of the smoke plume The Unified Command must determine early on in the response what conditions in addition to the LOC justify termination of a burn or other action to protect public health When addressing particulate monitoring for in situ burning NRT emphasizes that concentration trend rather than individual readings should be used to decide whether to continue or terminate the burn For SMART operations the time weighted average TWA 38 SMART ISB Module v 1 2000 generated by the particulate monitors should be used to ascertain the trend The NRT recommends that burning not take place if the air quality in the region already exceeds the NAAQS and if burning the oil will add to the particulate exposure concentration SMART can be used to take background readings to indicate whether the region is within the NAAQS before the burn operation takes place The monitoring teams should report ambient readings to the Unified Command especially if these readings approach or exceed the NAAQS 2 5 SMART as Part of the ICS Organization SMART activities are directed by the Operations Section Chief in the Incident Command System ICS It is recommended that a group be formed in the Operations
21. d trajectory of the smoke plume indicates that the smoke may reach population centers and the concentrations of smoke particulates at ground level may exceed safe levels Monitoring is not required however when impacts are not anticipated Execution of in situ burning has a narrow window of opportunity It is imperative that the monitoring teams are alerted of possible in situ burning and SMART operations as soon as burning is being considered even if implementation is not certain This increases the likelihood of timely and orderly SMART operations 2 2 Sampling and Reporting Monitoring operations deploy one or more monitoring teams SMART recommends at least three monitoring teams for large scale burning operations Each team uses a real time particulate monitor such as the DataRAM capable of detecting the small particulates emitted by the burn ten microns in diameter or smaller a global positioning system and other equipment required for collecting and documenting the data Each monitoring instrument provides an instantaneous particulate concentration as well as the time weighted average over the duration of the data collection The readings are displayed on the instrument s screen and stored in its data logger In addition particulate concentrations are logged manually every few minutes by the monitoring team in the recorder data log 37 SMART ISB Module v 1 2000 The monitoring teams are deployed at designated areas of concern t
22. data Continue monitoring as long as burn is on Monitor for background readings for 15 30 minutes after the smoke clears ae data Enter e Instantaneous and TWA readings every 3 5 minutes or other fixed intervals Initial position from GPS new position if moving Initial wind speed and direction air temperature relative humidity re enter if conditions change 45 SMART ISB Module Attachment 4 v 1 2000 Conduct quality assurance Verify that instrument is logging the data and control Record data location relative humidity temp wind interferences in the recorder data sheet Note and record interference from other sources of particulates such as industry vehicles vessels Report by team Report to Group Supervisor Initial background readings TWA readings every 15 min TWA readings when exceeding 150 ug m3 every 5 min Interferences Safety problems QA QC and monitoring problems Report by Group Supervisor Report to the Technical Specialist SSC e Initial background readings e TWA when exceeding 150 ug m3 e Data QA QC and monitoring problems Report by Technical Report to the Unified Command Specialist SSC e TWA consistently exceeding 150 ug m3 Recommend n go Post Monitoring Debrief and lessons learned What went Aas a what went wrong e Problems and possible solutions e Capture comments and suggestions Preserve data e Download logged data from DataRAM to computer e Collect and review Recorder data log
23. e 5 Deploying the first Davis Drifter following dispersant application Route of sampling vessel Deploy second Davis Drifter at original location of the first drifter First Davis Drifter moved with dispersed oil Dispersed subsurface oil Figure 6 Deploying the second Davis Drifter 3 12 4 Tier III Monitoring Operations If monitoring indicates that dispersant application is effective the Unified Command may request that additional monitoring be done to collect information on the transport and dilution trends of the dispersed oil Tier III may be conducted to address this information need 3 12 4 1 Multiple Depths with One Fluorometer This monitoring technique provides a cross section of relative concentrations of dispersed oil at different depths To conduct this operation the team stops the vessel while transecting the dispersant treated slick at a location where the fluorometry monitoring at the one meter depth indicated elevated readings While holding steady at this location the team 32 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 12 v 1 2000 lowers the fluorometer sampling hose at several increments down to approximately ten meters Figure 7 Monitoring is done for several minutes 2 3 minutes for each water depth and the readings recorded both automatically by the instrument s data logger and manually by the monitoring team in the data logging form This monitoring mode like Tier II requires one vesse
24. e intervals Global Positioning System GPS instruments are used to ascertain the exact position of each reading Water samples are collected in bottles to validate and quantify the fluorometry monitoring Samples are collected at the outlet port of the flow through water hose past the fluorometer cell Exact time and position are noted for each sample for correlation with fluorometer readings The number of water samples taken reflects the monitoring effort Generally five samples collected for each fluorometer data run is considered adequate in addition to background samples The water samples are stored in a cooler and sent to a laboratory for future analysis 2 3 SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 Tier Ill Additional Monitoring Tiers I and II provide feedback to the Unified Command on the effectiveness of dispersant application If dispersants are effective and additional information on the movement of the dispersed oil plume is desired SMART Tier III procedures can address this need Tier II follows Tier II procedures but collects information on the transport and dispersion of the oil in the water column It helps to verify that the dispersed oil is diluting toward background levels Tier III monitoring may be conducted as follows 1 Multiple depths with one fluorometer This monitoring technique provides a cross section of relative concentrations of dispersed oil at different depths measuring the dilution of dispersed oil
25. eld deployment and operations The observation and monitoring data flow from the Monitoring Teams to the Monitoring Group Supervisor After initial QA QC the Group Supervisor passes the data to the Technical Specialist to review apply QA QC if needed and most importantly formulate recommendations based on the data The Technical Specialist forwards these recommendations to the Unified Command COMMAND POST FIELD OPERATIONS Jo Untreated 2 oil L H Fin Ops j Log A Plan wale Monitoring Group Supervisor 1 Monitoring vessel 2 Aerial observation platform 3 Dispersant application platform 4 Spotter aircraft Dispersant Monitoring Group Visual Water Column Water Column Observation Team 1 Team 2 Figure 2 The Dispersant Monitoring Group in the ICS structure Planning Finance 10 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 3 v 1 2000 3 3 Dispersant Observation General Guidelines 3 3 1 Goal The goal of Tier I monitoring is to identify oil visually assess efficacy of dispersants applied to oil and report the observations to the Unified Command with recommendations The recommendations may be to continue to modify or to evaluate further monitoring or use because dispersants were not observed to be effective 3 3 2 Guidelines and Pointers 3 3 2 1 Reporting Observations e The obse
26. er Date Operator Time Span FS DI Water Reading Fluorescein Reading Desiccant Changed Comments 2 88 28 KE E K E K K K K K K K K K K K K ig K K K FAS K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Fluorometer Date Operator Time Span FS DI Water Reading Fluorescein Reading Desiccant Changed Comments 2 88 28 KE E K E E K fe K E K K K K K K K is K K K K K K K K is K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 27 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 3 11 10 Fluorometer Operational Parameters Prior to Data Logging Date Time Fluorometer Operators Weather Project Vessel Comments 1 Instrument initialization Verify clock time and date with GPS readout acceptable not Verify data reading RAW acceptable not Verify concentration readings in HIGH MAN acceptable not Verify time constant at 2 Sec acceptable not 2 Instrument Calibration Readings Span level from section 2 2 FS from section 2 2 Fluorescein 90 ppb reading section 3 3 De ionized Water reading section 3 2 3 4 Comments 28 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 12 v 1 2000 3 12 Dispersant Monitoring Field Guidelines 3 12 1 Overview Di
27. er aircraft if available Conduct monitoring e Background no oil present See attachment 11 for e Background not treated with dispersants details e Treated area Conduct data logging e Date and time see attachment 12 e Location from GPS e Verify that the instrument dataloger is recording the data e Manually record fluorometer readings every five minutes e Record relevant observations Conduct water sampling e Collect water samples post fluorometer in see attachment certified clean amber bottles for lab analysis Conduct photo and video e Document relevant images e g monitoring documentation procedures slick appearance evidence of dispersed oil Conduct quality assurance Instrument response acceptable and control e Check standards current e Control sampling done at oil free and at untreated locations e Water samples in bottles taken for lab analysis e Date and time corrected and verified e Any interfering factors 19 SMART Dispersants Module Attachment 9 v 1 2000 Report by Teams Report to Group Supervisor e General observation e g dispersed oil visually apparent e Background readings e Untreated oil readings e Treated oil readings Report by Group Report to Technical Specialist Supervisor e General observation e Background readings e Untreated oil readings e Treated oil readings Report by Technical Report to Unified Command Specialist SSC e Dispersant effectiveness e Recommendation
28. fic aspects of ISB interprets data provides recommendations to the Unified Command 41 SMART ISB Module Attachment 2 v 1 2000 3 2 Command Control and Data Flow In general in situ burn monitoring operations take place as an integral part of the Unified Command System Figures and 2 ISB monitoring operations are directed by the Operations Section Chief or designate The Operations Section Chief provides the Monitoring Group Supervisor with tactical directions and support regarding deployment resources communications and general mission as adapted to the specific incident The Operations Section consults with the ISB monitoring Technical Specialist about the specifics of the monitoring operations especially if they affect the data collected The Monitoring Group Supervisor provides specific direction to the monitoring teams during field deployment and operations The observation and monitoring data flow from the Monitoring Teams to the Monitoring Group Supervisor After initial QA QC the Group Supervisor passes the data to the Technical Specialist The Technical Specialist or his her representative reviews the data applies QA QC if needed and most importantly formulates recommendations based on the data The Technical Specialist forwards these recommendations to the Unified Command COMMAND POST FIELD Smoke plume Operational Log Ops control Fin Plan _ Ke lt G
29. ficials the monitoring teams are deployed where the potential exposure to the smoke may be most substantial Precise monitoring locations should be flexible and determined on a case by case basis In general one team is deployed at the upwind edge of a sensitive location A second team is deployed at the downwind end of this location Both teams remain at their designated locations moving only to improve sampling capabilities A third team is more mobile and is deployed at the discretion of the burn coordinator It should be emphasized that while visual monitoring is conducted continuously as long as the burn takes place air sampling using SMART is not needed if there is no potential for human exposure to the smoke 2 4 Level of Concern The Level of Concern for SMART operations follows the National Response Team NRT guidelines As of March 1999 NRT recommends a conservative upper limit of 150 micrograms of PM 10 per cubic meter of air averaged over one hour Furthermore NRT emphasizes that this LOC does not constitute a fine line between safe and unsafe conditions but should instead be used as an action level If it is exceeded substantially human exposure to particulates may be elevated to a degree that justifies action However if particulate levels remain generally below the recommended limit with few or no transitory excursions above it there is no reason to believe that the population is being exposed to particulate concentrations a
30. he menu until the Home screen appears 3 11 1 2 Set date and time to GPS parameters Note logging must not appear on the screen If logging appears press lt ENT gt lt 5 gt lt 3 gt lt ENT gt Stop should appear on the screen Return to Home Once logged off from the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 4 gt and follow instructions Press lt 1 gt to set hour lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Press lt 2 gt to set AM PM lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Press lt 3 gt to set minutes lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Press lt 4 gt to set Month lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Press lt 5 gt to set Date lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Press lt 6 gt to set Year lt ENT gt then lt ESC gt Return to the Home screen 3 11 1 3 Set data reading to RAW From Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 1 gt lt 2 gt lt 1 gt Press lt ENT gt until Raw Fluorescence Data appears on the screen Once found press lt ESC gt to save Return to the Home screen 3 11 1 4 Set concentration readings to High MANY From Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt lt 4 gt lt 3 gt To change reading to Auto press lt ENT gt until MAN appears on the screen PRESS lt ESC gt to save Then press lt 2 gt for setting range and toggle the lt ENT gt key until HIGH appears on the screen Press lt ESC gt to continue and return to the Home screen 3 11 1 5 Set time consta
31. herding effect on the oil This would cause the slick to appear to be shrinking when in fact it is the dispersant pushing the oil together Due to this effect in some cases the oil slick may even disappear from the sea surface for a short time e After dispersant application there may be color changes in the emulsified slick due to reduction in water content and viscosity and changes in the shape of the slick due to the de emulsification action of the dispersant e Many trials have indicated that dispersants apparently modify the spreading rates of oils and within a few hours treated slicks cover much larger areas than control slicks 3 3 2 4 Effective Ineffective Applications e Dispersed oil plume formation may not be instantaneous after dispersant application In some cases such as when the oil is emulsified it can take several hours A dispersed oil plume may not form at all 11 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 3 v 1 2000 e The appearance of the dispersed plume can range from brown to white cloudy to no visible underwater plume this is why Tier IT may be necessary e Sometimes other things such as suspended solids may resemble dispersed oil e The visibility of the dispersed plume will vary according to water clarity In some cases remaining surface oil and sheen may mask oil dispersing under the slick and thus interfere with observations of the dispersed oil plume e Dispersed oil plumes are often highly ir
32. icadexeeve oy csseg eos ena seu aaa seds 37 2 37 Montornes L cat hS secer iee n e e EE E TEE 38 aoe iEevelof Concer 24 escape feces eee ed cada E EAS EO EA EAEE AA 38 2 5 SMART as Part of the ICS Organization cece eee cence eee e es 39 2 6 Information Flow and Data Handling 0 e cece eee ee ee teen ees 39 3 ATTACHMENTS sis cles clues L a E E nate AEA 40 3 1 Roles and Responsibilities coc enrasath oes teoebadetcecnseeesnuss vauesssneestes 41 3 2 Command Control and Data Flow 00 cece cece cece eeeeees 42 3 3 ISB Monitoring Training Outlines 0es s x score bees aids uee een eee ees 43 3 4 ISB Monitoring Job Aid Checklist 0c cece cence ence eee e eee ees 45 3 5 ISB Monitoring Equipment List 00 ccc cece cence eee e een eeeeee es 47 3 6 ISB Monitoring DataRAM Setup 0 eee eee e cence eee eee ee ees 48 3 7 ISB Monitoring Possible Locations cceeeeeeee scene eee eeee ees 50 3 8 ISB Monitoring Recorder Sheet cece cece ee eee eee eee e eee eeae ees 51 3 9 ISB Monitoring Data Sample Graph 00 eece ences eee eeee eee ees 52 v 1 2000 INTRODUCTION The need for protocols to monitor response technologies during oil spills has been recognized since the early 1980s Technological advances in dispersant applications and in situ burning referred to as applied response technologies have resulted in their increased accepta
33. ispersant Surface area of slick Operational constraints imposed by agencies Percent slick treated Estimated efficacy Visual appearance of application Submerged cloud observed Recoalescence reappearance of oil Efficacy of application in achieving goal reduce shoreline impact etc Presence of wildlife any observed effects e g fish kill Photographic documentation Lessons learned 16 SMART Dispersants Module Attachment 8 v 1 2000 3 8 Fluorometry Monitoring Training Outline 3 8 1 General Training for Tier II and II monitoring consists of an initial training for personnel involved in monitoring operations Group Supervisor training and refresher training sessions every six months Emphasis is placed on field exercise and practice 3 8 2 Basic Training Monitor Level Training includes monitoring concepts instrument operation work procedures and a field exercise Tope Z Duration Brief overview of dispersant monitoring Review of SMART What is it 1 hour why do it what is it good for Monitoring strategy who where when Reporting Basic instrument operation hands on how the fluorometer works how to 3 hours operate brief description of mechanism setup and calibration reading the data what the data mean troubleshooting using Global Positioning Systems downloading data taking water samples Field exercise Set up instruments withi
34. l and one fluorometer with a team to operate it 3 12 4 2 Simultaneous Monitoring at Two Different Depths If two fluorometers and monitoring setups are available the transect outlined for Tier II may be expanded to provide fluorometry data for two water depths one and five meters are commonly used Two sampling set ups outriggers hoses etc and two different fluorometers are used all on a single vessel with enough monitoring personnel to operate both instruments The team transects the dispersant treated slick as outlined in Tier II but simultaneously collect data for two water depths Figure 7 While the data logger in each instrument is automatically recording the data separately the monitoring teams manually record the data from both instruments at the same time Comparison of the readings at the two water depths may provide information on the dilution trend of the dispersed oil If requested by the Unified Command water chemical and physical parameters may be collected by using a portable water quality lab such as Hydrolab in line with the fluorometer to measure water temperature conductivity dissolved oxygen content pH and turbidity These data can help explain the behavior of the dispersed oil MONITORING AT MULTIPLE DEPTHS TRANSECT AT TWO DIFFERENT DEPTHS dispersed monitoring points subsurface plume Figure 7 Monitoring options for Tier IIL 33 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 13 v 1 2000
35. les and responsibilities for responders filling monitoring positions Hse bcc Control and Data Flow An ICS structure for controlling monitoring units and transferring monitoring results Dispersant Observation General General guidelines for Tier I Guidelines monitoring 3 4 Dispersant Observation Training Outline of what should be covered for Outline Tier I observation training 3 5 Dispersant Observation Checklist Equipment and procedure checklist for Tier I monitoring 3 6 Dispersant Observation Pre Flight A checklist for getting air resources List coordinated and ready for Tier I monitoring 3 7 Dispersant Observation Reporting A form for recording Tier I Form observations 3 8 Dispersant Monitoring Training A training outline for water column Outline monitoring done in Tiers II and II 3 9 Dispersant Monitoring Job Aid A list of the tasks to accomplish before Checklist during and after the monitoring operations 3 10 Dispersant Monitoring Equipment A detailed equipment list for List performing Tier II and II monitoring 3 11 Fluorometer Setup A summary checklist for operating the Turner Design fluorometer 3 12 Dispersant Monitoring Field Field procedures for using Tier I and Guidelines II monitoring protocols 3 13 Dispersant Monitoring Water Procedures for collecting water samples Sampling for Tiers II and HI 3 14 Dispersant Monitoring Recorder A form for recording fluorometer Sheet readings for Tiers II and II SMART Dispersant Module Attach
36. ment 1 v 1 2000 3 1 Roles and Responsibilities 3 1 1 Visual Monitoring Team The Visual Monitoring Team is ideally composed of two persons a Monitor and an Assistant Monitor The Monitor e Functions as the team leader e Qualitatively measures dispersant effectiveness from visual observation e Communicates results to the Group Supervisor The Assistant Monitor e Provides photo and visual documentation of dispersant effectiveness e Assists the Monitor as directed 3 1 2 Water Column Monitoring Team The Water Column Monitoring Team is composed of a minimum of two persons a Monitor and Assistant Monitor They shall perform their duties in accordance with the Tier I and Tier III monitoring procedures The Monitor e Functions as the team leader e Operates water column monitoring equipment e Collects water samples for lab analysis e Communicates results to the Group Supervisor The Assistant Monitor e Provides photo and visual documentation of dispersant effectiveness e Assists Monitor as directed e Completes all logs forms and labels for recording water column measurements water quality measurements interferences and environmental parameters 3 1 3 Monitoring Group Supervisor The Monitoring Group Supervisor e Directs Visual Monitoring and Water Column Monitoring teams to accomplish their responsibilities e Follows directions provided by the Operations Section in the ICS e Communicates monitoring results to the
37. mmand The Unified Command should ensure that the data are properly archived presentable and accessible for the benefit of future monitoring operations 39 SMART ISB Module v 1 2000 3 ATTACHMENTS The following attachments are designed to assist response personnel in implementing the SMART protocol A short description of each attachment is provided below Number Title Description p 3 1 Roles and Responsibilities Provides detailed roles and responsibilities for responders filling monitoring positions 3 2 Command Control and Data Flow A suggested ICS structure for controlling monitoring units and transferring monitoring results 3 3 ISB Monitoring Training Outline General training guidelines for ISB monitoring 3 4 ISB Monitoring Job Aid Checklist A checklist to assist in assembling and deploying SMART ISB monitoring teams 3 5 ISB Monitoring Equipment List A list of equipment needed to perform SMART operations 3 6 ISB Monitoring DataRAM Setup Abbreviated instructions for the rapid setup of a DataRAM particulate monitor 3 7 ISB Monitoring Recorder Sheet A template for manual recording of burn data 3 8 ISB Monitoring Possible Locations An example of monitoring locations for offshore ISB operations ISB Monitoring Data Sample Graph An example of real ISB data 40 SMART ISB Module Attachment 1 v 1 2000 3 1 Roles and Responsibilities 3 1 1 Team Leader The Team Leader Selects specific team location Conducts m
38. monitoring the chemical dispersion of the oil slick s 3 12 2 4 _Fluorometry sampling of dispersed oil After establishing background levels outside the treated area the sampling boat intercepts the dispersed subsurface plume The sampling boat may have to temporarily suspend continuous sampling after collecting baseline values in order to move fast enough to intercept the plume The sampling boat moves across the path of the dispersed oil plume to a point where the center of the dispersed plume can be predicted based on the size of the treatment area and the locations of new coordinates or on the movement of the Davis Drifters as shown in Figures 2 4 5 and 6 When conducting the monitoring the transects consist of one or more legs each leg being as close as possible to a constant course and speed The recommended speed is 1 2 knots The monitoring team records the vessel position at the beginning and end of each leg The fluorescence data may be reviewed in real time to assess the relative enhanced dispersion of the water soluble fraction of the oil Figure 1 shows an example of how the continuous flow data may be presented 29 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 12 v 1 2000 Dispersed oil Response Control background No data Figure 1 Example of a graphical presentation of fluorometer data 3 12 3 Tier II Monitoring Locations Two methods are described for designating the area to be monitored 3 12 3 1 The
39. n available boat platforms measure 3 4 hours background water readings at various locations Using fluoroscein dye or other specified fluorescent source monitor for levels above background Practice recording reporting and downloading data 3 8 3 Group Supervisor Training Group Supervisor training may include e Independent training with the monitoring teams or e An additional structured day of training as suggested below Review of ICS and role of monitoring group in it roles of Monitoring 1 hour Group Supervisor what the data mean QA QC of data command and control of teams communication and reporting the data Field exercise Practice deploying instruments in the field with emphasis 3 6 hours on reporting QA QC of data communication between teams and the Group Supervisor and communication with the Technical Specialist Back to the base practice downloading the data 17 SMART Dispersants Module Attachment 8 v 1 2000 3 8 4 Refresher Training Review of SMART What is it why do it what is its purpose Monitoring and reporting Who where and when level of concern what the data mean communication and reporting the data Basic instrument operation hands on how the fluorometer works and how 2 hours to operate it brief description of the mechanism setup calibration reading data and troubleshooting using GPS Downloading data Field exercise Outside the classroom set up instrument on a platform
40. n interpret the results and use the data Typically this falls under the responsibility of a Technical Specialist on dispersants in the Planning Section of the command structure For the U S Coast Guard the technical specialist is the Scientific Support Coordinator Note that the operational control of the monitoring groups remains with the Operations Section Chief but the reporting of information is to the Technical Specialist in the Planning Section The observation and monitoring data will flow from the Monitoring Teams to the Monitoring Group Supervisor The Group Supervisor forwards the data to the Technical Specialist The Technical Specialist or his her representative reviews the data and most importantly formulates recommendations based on the data The Technical Specialist communicates these recommendations to the Unified Command Quality assurance and control should be applied to the data at all levels The Technical Specialist in the Planning section is the custodian of the data during the operation The data belong to the Unified Command The Unified Command should ensure that the data are properly stored archived and accessible for the benefit of future monitoring operations SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 3 ATTACHMENTS The following attachments are designed to assist response personnel in implementing the SMART protocol A short description of each attachment is provided below ee 1 Roles and Responsibilities Detailed ro
41. n wrench Adjust the sensitivity screw on left panel edge by the On Off switch to read as close as possible to 75 of 900 The screw setting is very sensitive so allow time for the instrument to stabilize Carefully tighten the front Allen screw and recheck the reading repeating if necessary Record the final reading on page 6 3 11 3 Instrument Calibration and Check 3 11 3 1 Setting Standard Concentration to 300 RAW From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt for calibration screen lt 2 gt for standard concentration Enter 300 lt ENT gt then press lt ESC gt Return to the Home screen 3 11 3 2 Setting Zero At the Home screen inject 180 ml of de ionized water by syringe into the cell drain then refill and record readings From Home press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt lt 1 gt lt 1 gt If the blank is less than 200 wait for the lower left LCD readout TC s to reach 8 then press lt 0 gt and wait 15 seconds then press lt ESC gt to save the changes Note If any key other than lt ESC gt is pressed first the reading will be aborted If blank is greater than 200 drain water flush the cell with an unopened bottle of de ionized water and recheck If the value still remains above 200 the cell must be cleaned See section 7 for cleaning Drain all of the water from the cell Return to the Home screen 3 11 3 3 Fluorometer One Point Calibration After the instrument i
42. nce in several regions in the U S Many regions have set up pre approval zones for dispersant and in situ burn operations and established pre approval conditions including the requirement for monitoring protocols This reaffirms the need for developing national protocols to standardize monitoring especially when the Federal Government assumes full responsibility for the response under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan Protocols are also needed to serve as guidelines for assisting or overseeing industry s monitoring efforts during spills In November 1997 a workgroup consisting of Federal oil spill scientists and responders from the U S Coast Guard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration the U S Environmental Protection Agency and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened in Mobile Alabama to draft guidelines for generating this protocol The workgroup built upon currently available programs and procedures mainly the Special Response Operations Monitoring Program SROMP developed in 1994 and lessons learned during spill responses and drills The result of this collaboration is the Special Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies SMART program SMART establishes a monitoring system for rapid collection and reporting of real time scientifically based information in order to assist the Unified Command with decision making during in situ burning or dispersant operations SMART
43. nd in consultation with the Technical Specialist should agree early on as to the trend or pattern that they would consider indicative or non indicative of a successful dispersant operation This decision should be documented 2 6 SMART as Part of the ICS Organization SMART activities are directed by the Operations Section Chief in the Incident Command System ICS A group should be formed in the Operations Section to direct the monitoring effort The head of this group is the Monitoring Group Supervisor Under each group there are teams Visual Monitoring Teams and Water Column Monitoring teams At a minimum each monitoring team consists of two trained members a monitor and an assistant monitor An additional team member could be used to assist with sampling and 6 SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 recording The monitor serves as the team leader The teams report to the Monitoring Group Supervisor who directs and coordinates team operations under the control of the Operations Section Chief Dispersant monitoring operations are very detailed They are linked with the dispersant application but from an ICS management perspective they should be separated Resources for monitoring should be dedicated and not perform other operational functions 2 7 Information Flow and Data Handling Communication of monitoring results should flow from the field Monitoring Group Supervisor to those persons in the Unified Command who ca
44. ng 35 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 14 v 1 2000 3 14 Dispersant Monitoring Recorder Form Date Fluorometer Project Platform Monitoring Start End Time Team members On scene weather log all possible entries Wind direction from Wind speed Sea state Cloud cover Visibility Air temp Sea temp Comments should include Presence or lack of surface oil or dispersed oil plume whether conducting background run transect in relation to slick instrument or gear problem or any other noteworthy event Positions should always be recorded when a sample is taken Otherwise a log entry every five minutes is sufficient Time Water Fluorometer GPS reading Sample Comments amp depth reading taken observations lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long lat long 36 SMART ISB Module v 1 2000 MONITORING IN SITU BURNING OPERATIONS 1 BACKGROUND 1 1 Mission Statement To provide a monitoring protocol for rapid collection of real time scientifically based information to assist the Unified Command with decision making during in situ burning operations 1 2 Overview of In situ Burning In situ burning of oil may offer a logistically simple rapid and relatively safe means for reducing the ne
45. nt to 2 Sec From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt lt 5 gt lt 2 gt Press lt ENT gt to set option to two seconds Press lt ESC gt to save Return to the Home screen 22 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 3 11 2 Instrument Sensitivity Check THE INSTRUMENT MUST WARM UP 10 to 15 MINUTES FROM POWER UP PRIOR TO CHECK e Verify SPAN level at 48 acceptable not 3 11 2 1 SPAN level From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 3 gt lt ENT gt In the lower portion of the screen will be the SPAN level If the SPAN level is not 48 return to the Home screen and follow directions 1 1 to reset to the defaults then return to 2 1 to read SPAN level again Return to the Home screen Record readings on page 6 3 11 2 2 Fluorescein reading Using the syringe port on the fluorometer system drain all of the water in the cell and close the drain Inject 60 ml of 90 ppb fluorescein into the cell three times to flush and fill the cell Allow instrument readings to stabilize From the Home screen press lt ENT gt lt 3 gt lt ENT gt The same screen as the SPAN level should appear The full scale FS readout should be as close as possible to 75 of 900 and must be between 65 and 85 of 900 If the full scale readout is not between 65 85 adjust the fluorometer reading by loosening the front panel Allen screw to the left of keypad sensitivity locking screw with an Alle
46. o determine ambient concentrations of particulates before the burn starts During the burn sampling continues and readings are recorded both in the data logger of the instrument and manually in the recorder data log After the burn has ended and the smoke plume has dissipated the teams remain in place for some time 15 30 minutes and again sample for and record ambient particulate concentrations During the course of the sampling it is expected that the instantaneous readings will vary widely However the calculated time weighted average readings are less variable since they represent the average of the readings collected over the sampling duration and hence are a better indicator of particulate concentration trend When the time weighted average readings approach or exceed the Level of Concern LOC the team leader conveys this information to the Burn Coordinator who passes it on to the Technical Specialist in the Planning Section Scientific Support Coordinator where applicable which reviews and interprets the data and passes them with appropriate recommendations to the Unified Command 2 3 Monitoring Locations Monitoring locations are dictated by the potential for smoke exposure to human and environmentally sensitive areas Taking into account the prevailing winds and atmospheric conditions the location and magnitude of the burn modeling output if available the location of population centers and input from state and local health of
47. o the oil in an appropriate ratio The surfactant must mix with the oil or move to the oil water interface The molecules must orient properly to reduce interfacial tension Energy such as waves must be applied to form oil droplets and The droplets must not recoalesce significantly Dispersants can be applied by air from airplanes and helicopters by land using pumping spray systems or by boat They are usually applied in small droplets and in lower volumes than the oil being treated 1 3 Monitoring Dispersant Application When dispersants are used during spill response the Unified Command needs to know whether the operation is effective in dispersing the oil The SMART dispersant monitoring module is designed to provide the Unified Command with real time feedback on the efficacy of dispersant application Data collected in Tier III of the SMART dispersant protocol may be useful for evaluating the dilution and transport of the dispersed oil SMART does not monitor the fate effects or impacts of dispersed oil Dispersant operations and the need to monitor them vary greatly Therefore SMART recommends three levels or tiers of monitoring 1 Tier employs the simplest operation visual monitoring 2 Tier I combines visual monitoring with on site water column monitoring teams that use fluorometry at a single depth with water sample collection for later analysis 3 Tier III expands fluorometry monitoring to several water depths may u
48. on ae eee eek een 9 3 2 Command Control and Data FIOW 0 c ccc cece cece cece eeeeeeees 10 3 3 Dispersant Observation General Guidelines ces cee ee seen ee eee 11 3 4 Dispersant Observation Training Outline cece eee ee eee eee eee 13 3 5 Dispersant Observation Checklist 0 ce ceeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeneeee ees 14 3 6 Dispersant Observation Pre Flight List cece cesses seen eee e ees 15 3 7 Dispersant Observation Reporting Form esceeeee cence eee e es 16 3 8 Fluorometry Monitoring Training Outline 00 c eee e eee eee e eee es 17 3 9 Dispersant Monitoring Job Aid Checklist cece cece cence ee eee 19 3 10 Dispersant Monitoring Equipment List 0 cece cee ce eee e eee ee eee 21 3 11 Fl orometer SEMI ecetsupcac stare cin E he eee Coen eco Cas ee 22 3 12 Dispersant Monitoring Field Guidelines e cesses sees eee ee ees 29 3 13 Dispersant Monitoring Water Sampling cece eee ee eee eee ees 34 3 14 Dispersant Monitoring Recorder Form sceeeeeee scene eee ees 36 MONITORING IN SITU BURNING OPERATIONS 37 Tas BACK GROUND aio is cscs iecivenducsiwthansvieccisnaa vee ta ciaw edad sovenanvearaueees 37 2 MONITORING PROCEDURES ccccecec cence e nett eens es 37 2 s General COnsideraons 442203 iaeei ee ow dee E eae ERRATE 37 2 2 Sampling and Reports lt yais ce chnge
49. onitoring Ensures health and safety of team Ensures monitoring QA QC Establishes communication with the group supervisor Conveys to him her monitoring data as needed 3 1 2 Monitoring Group Supervisor The Group Supervisor Oversees the deployment of the teams in the group Ensures safe operation of the teams Ensures QA QC of monitoring and data Establishes communication with the field teams and the command post Conveys to the command post particulate level trends as needed Addresses monitoring technical and operational problems if encountered 3 1 3 In Situ Burn Technical Specialist The Technical Specialist or his her representative Establishes communication with the Monitoring Group Supervisor Receives the data from the Group Supervisor Ensures QA QC of the data Analyzes the data in the context of other available information and incident specific conditions formulates recommendations to the Unified Command e Forwards the recommendations to the Unified Command e Makes the recommendations and data available to other entities in the ICS as needed e Archives the data for later use Lea the mentoring 1a Leads the monitoring team Training Monitor Assistant HAZWOPER 3 Asise withdatcottesion J Group Supervisor SMART Monitor training Group per group Coordinates and directs teams field Supervisor training QA QC of data links with UC Technical Specialist SMART Monitor training per response Overall QA QC of data reads and Scienti
50. onitoring team manually records the data from both instrument simultaneously at discrete time intervals of 2 minutes 5 minutes etc as specified by the Monitoring Group Supervisor or the sampling plan developed by the Dispersant Technical Specialist Comparison of the readings at the two water depths may provide information on the dilution trend of the dispersed oil Water parameters In addition to fluorometry data the Unified Command may request that water physical and chemical parameters be measured This can be done by using a portable lab such as the Hydrolab or similar instrument connected in line with the fluorometer to measure water temperature conductivity dissolved oxygen content pH and turbidity These data can help explain the behavior of the dispersed oil The turbidity data may provide additional information on increased concentrations of dispersed oil if turbidity is elevated The other physical and chemical parameters measure the characteristics of the water column that could possibly affect the rate of dispersion As in Tier II water samples are collected but in greater numbers to help validate the fluorometer readings SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 Calibration and documentation used for Tier II are valid for Tier III as well including the use of a check standard to verify instrument response Because of the increased complexity of Tier III a dispersant technical specialist e g member of the scientific support te
51. persant Module Attachment 12 v 1 2000 movement For this portion of the operation the sampling boat must have LORAN or GPS navigation capability 1 meter Figure 3 Davis Type Drifter set for one meter depth Before dispersant application the sampling boat is stationed upwind of the test application area and the spotter aircraft deploys a smoke marker to mark the beginning of the area to be treated with dispersant This position is recorded by GPS or LORAN instruments Figure 4 diar Sampling vessel Area Untreated to be surface treated slick with dispersants Smoke marker deployed from aircraft Figure 4 Position of sampling boat before dispersant application After dispersant applications are completed the Monitoring Group Supervisor directs the sampling boat to deploy the first Davis Drifter set to one meter at the position previously marked as the upper application boundary Figure 5 After approximately ten minutes the second Davis Drifter also set for a one meter depth is deployed as closely as LORAN or 31 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 12 v 1 2000 GPS will allow to the exact location of the first Davis Drifter The direction and speed of the dispersed oil plume can be estimated by observing the line established by these Davis Drifters and the distance between them Figure 6 Deploy first Davis Drifter Sampling vessel Treated surface slick Figur
52. radation of the compound Fresh standards should be made every 90 days to ensure consistent results 3 11 8 Downloading the Data Access screen 5 4 and download the data From the main menu press lt 5 gt then lt 4 gt When the IBM compatible computer is ready to receive data press lt 8 gt five times See Appendix 11 section F from the instrument manual An IBM compatible computer with the manufacturer s software program is necessary to download data from the fluorometer When using a PC access the c prompt then access the Turner IDL file Enter CD Turner IDL then enter IDL_1B1 This will bring up the main menu for downloading data from the fluorometer Choose steps 4 and 5 for downloading The computer is now ready to receive data After downloading data choose steps 8 and 9 to review data and exit the program To erase the data access screen 5 5 and erase the data From the main menu press lt 5 gt then lt 5 gt and press lt 9 gt five times Figure 1 Turner Designs continuous flow fluorometer 26 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 3 11 9 Fluorometer Maintenance Log Template Fluorometer Date Operator Time Span FS DI Water Reading Fluorescein Reading Desiccant Changed Comments 28 88 28 28 E KE E fe KE fe K K K K K K K K K K K K K FAS K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Fluoromet
53. regular in shape and non uniform in concentration This may lead to errors in estimating dispersant efficiency e Ifa visible cloud in the water column is observed the dispersant is working If a visible cloud in the water column is not observed it is difficult to determine whether the dispersant is working e If there are differences in the appearance between the treated slick and an untreated slick the dispersant may be working e Boat wakes through oil may appear as a successful dispersion of oil however this may be just the vessel wake breaking a path through the oil physically parting the oil not dispersing it 12 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 4 v 1 2000 3 4 Dispersant Observation Training Outline Below is a suggested outline for dispersant observation training Topics and sub topics Observation Platforms e Helo or fixed wing separate from application platform e Safety considerations daylight safe flying conditions e Logistical considerations personnel equipment communication e Planning an overflight 1hour e Physical properties e Different types of oil e Chemistry crude vs refined product e Appearance and behavior e Effects of wind waves and weather How dispersants work SSCSCSSCCC S in e Method of action e Compatible incompatible products e Appropriate environmental conditions wave energy temperature salinity etc e Oil weathering e Oil slick thickness e Beaching sinking
54. rou Data flow supervisor Team3 Team2 Team1 ISB monitoring group Figure 1 Command control and data flow during in situ burning monitoring operations ISB Monitoring Group Finance Planning Logistics Figure 2 ISB Monitoring Group in the ICS organization 42 SMART ISB Module Attachment 3 v 1 2000 3 3 ISB Monitoring Training Outline 3 3 1 General Training for in situ burning monitoring operations consists of an initial Monitor Level Training for all Group Supervisor Training for supervisors and refresher training sessions every six months for all 3 3 2 Monitor Level Training The Monitor Level Training includes monitoring concepts instrument operation work procedures and a field exercise Duration e Brief review of in situ burning 1 hour e Review of SMART What is it why do it what is it good for e Monitoring strategy Who where when 1 hour e Open water inland e Reporting What and to whom e LOC What is the LOC how to report it e Instantaneous reading vs TWA use of recorder data sheet e Using GPS e Downloading data Field exercise Set up the instrument outdoors and measure background 4 hours readings Using a smoke source monitor for particulate levels practice e Basic instrument operation hands on How the DataRAM works how 2 hours to operate it brief description of mechanism setup and calibration reading the data what do the
55. rver does not make operational decisions e g how much dispersant to apply or when and where to apply it These decisions are made at the command level and the observer makes observations based on those decisions e Different observers at the same site may reach different conclusions about how much of the slick has been dispersed This is why comprehensive standard reporting criteria and use of a common set of guidelines is important Use of the NOAA Dispersant Application Observer Job Aid is highly encouraged 3 3 2 2 Oil on the Water e Oil surface slicks and plumes can appear different for many reasons including oil or product characteristics time of day different sun angles weather sea state rate at which oil disperses The use of the NOAA Open Water Oil Identification Job Aid for Aerial Observation is highly recommended e Low contrast conditions e g overcast twilight and haze make observations difficult e For best viewing the sun should be behind the observer and with the aircraft at an altitude of about 200 300 feet flying at a 30 degree angle to the slick 3 3 2 3 Dispersant Applications e During dispersant application it may be impossible to determine the actual area of thickest oil concentrations resulting in variable oil dispersant application rates This could lead to variations in the effectiveness of application The observer should report these conditions e Initial applications may have a
56. s e Generate report __ Prepare for next burn Clean recharge restock equipment 46 SMART ISB Module Attachment 5 v 1 2000 3 5 ISB Monitoring Equipment List For each team unless otherwise noted P_ DawRAM E CdT CCS Accessories For each DataRAM OoOO Oo O O oS SoS S fe e r S e Omidan O OO SSS gt MOm OSS S P PM25acesoy OO OoOO e Canyingshippmgcass OO OOOO Water resistant cover Oo s E Other instrument PDR and e ee Computer and cables 1 group Should include downloading software C group CSCS Recorderdaa shes O oO SSS Write in the rain notebooks pens 3 O O O o GPS Oo O GPS Cid SS Extra batteries for GPS po po po e dl fp Radioys S S Cellphone S Binoculars ST CCS Stopwatch M digital camera or camcorder optional Thermometer SP Cd CCST ___ Humiditymeter Ss Cd TCC Anemometer Ss Cd TCS 47 SMART ISB Module Attachment 6 v 1 2000 3 6 ISB Monitoring DataRAM Setup The following is a setup procedure to assist in field operations of the DataRAM Words in quotation marks e g SPAN CHECK indicate statements on the instrument screen See Figure 1 for a diagram of the DataRAM interface Note Instruments should be set up side by side turned on and calibrated simultaneously Instruments should be synchronized with Global Positioning System time settings OPERATION PROCEDURE POWER ON Adjust 3 position locking switch on back
57. s zeroed inject 180 ml the fluorescein standard at 90 ppb into the cell to flush and fill it At the Home screen allow the reading to stabilize then press lt ENT gt lt 2 gt lt 3 gt The screen should appear as RANGE HIGH MEDIUM LOW FS RAW 1000 TC 8 s Range High Span 48 Press lt gt after reading is stable Figure 3 Screen depiction of the 1 point calibration and reading range 23 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 11 v 1 2000 Note represents approximate values The high scale should be around 1000 raw The medium and low scales are variable and will adjust to the high value Adjust the span using the up and down arrows until the FS reading for the High range is near 1000 RAW or slightly greater Allow the instrument to stabilize The lower left TC value will read 8 when stable Press lt gt and wait 15 seconds The instrument will indicate when complete Then press lt ESC gt to save changes Note lt ESC gt must be pressed first to save otherwise values will be aborted Return to the Home screen The reading should be 300 RAW Drain all liquid 3 11 3 4 Checking Blank Using the syringe port fill the cell with 180 ml de ionized water drain and refill Readings should be near O RAW on the fluorometer screen If the reading is greater than 1 RAW see section 7 for cleaning procedures Recheck with de ionized water Record final readings 3 11 4 Field
58. sampling depth transect and the distance of water hose from the outflow port of the fluorometer to the actual collection point of the water sample to account for residence time of water in the hose 4 Store filled bottles in a cooler with ice while on the monitoring vessel Keep refrigerated do not freeze after returning to shore and send to the laboratory as soon as possible 5 Measure and record the length of the hose between the fluorometer outlet and the bottle end hose diameter and flow rate by filling a bucket This will assist in accurately linking water sample results to fluorometer readings 3 13 2 3 Number of Samples 1 Collect one water sample per monitoring depth during the background no oil transect The fluorometer readings prior to collection should be relatively constant 2 Collect two samples per monitoring depth during the pre dispersant monitoring under untreated oil slick Try to collect water samples correlating with representative fluorometer values obtained 34 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 13 v 1 2000 3 Collect approximately three samples per monitoring depth during the post dispersant transects These samples should represent the range of high middle and low values obtained from the fluorometer screen 4 Label the bottles and store them in a cooler with ice Do not freeze Enter water sample number time and correlated fluorometer reading in the Recorder Log for future data processi
59. se a portable water laboratory and calls for additional water samples for lab analysis SMART Dispersant Module v 1 2000 2 MONITORING PROCEDURES 2 1 Tier I Visual Observations Tier I recommends visual observation by a trained observer A trained observer using visual aids can provide a general qualitative assessment of dispersant effectiveness Use of guides such as the NOAA Dispersant Application Observer Job Aid is recommended for consistency Observations should be photographed and videotaped to help communicate them to the Unified Command and to better document the data for future use When available visual monitoring may be enhanced by advanced sensing instruments such as infrared thermal imaging These and other devices can provide a higher degree of sensitivity in determining dispersant effectiveness Visual monitoring is relatively simple and readily done However visual observations do not always provide confirmation that the oil is dispersed Tier II provides a near real time method using fluorometry and water sampling 2 2 Tier Il Fluorometry for Efficacy Sometimes dispersant operations effectiveness is difficult to determine by visual observation alone To confirm the visual observations a monitoring team may be deployed to the dispersant application area to confirm the visual observations by using real time monitoring and water sampling This is called Tier II monitoring Tier II monitoring uses a continuous flow fl
60. spersant monitoring with fluorometers employs a continuous flow fluorometer Turner TM i p Design or equivalent at adjustable water depths Using a portable outrigger the sampling hose is deployed off the side of the boat and rigged so that the motion of the boat s propeller or the wake of the sampling boat does not disrupt the sampling line The fluorometer is calibrated with a check standard immediately prior to use in accordance with the operator s manual In addition water samples are collected for confirmation by conventional laboratory analysis 3 12 2 Tier II Monitoring Operations 3 12 2 1 Monitoring Procedures Monitoring the water column for dispersant efficacy includes three parts 1 Water sampling for background reading away from the oil slick 2 Sampling for naturally dispersed oil under the oil slick but before dispersants are applied and 3 Monitoring for dispersed oil under the slick area treated with dispersants 3 12 2 2 Background sampling no oil En route to the sampling area and close to it the sampling boat performs a fluorometry sampling run where there is no surface slick This sampling run at 1 meter depth will establish background levels before further sampling 3 12 2 3 Background sampling naturally dispersed oil When reaching the sampling area the sampling boat makes the sampling transects at l meter depths across the surface oil slick s to determine the level of natural dispersion before
61. t PARAMETERS to PARAMETRS I screen Ooo Oooo See AVE TIME Press Scroll through options 10 seconds is OK See CLEAR DATA Press lt CLEAR DATA gt lt CLEAR DATA gt See LOG DATA Press lt LOG DATAS gt to ON option e Adjust EVERY Use the arrow keys to adjust to 10 seconds If adjusted press lt EXIT gt then lt NEXT SCREEN gt If EVERY not adjusted press lt NEXT SCREEN gt to PARAMETER 2 screen 4 See AUTO ZERO Adjust to ON See ALARM Toggle to INST If no alarm needed toggle to OFF If alarm selected see CONC See CONC Use the arrow key to adjust the concentration to 150 ug m gt for SMART Press lt EXIT gt See CAL FACTOR Press Use the arrow keys to adjust the numbers to 100 lt EXIT gt if the calibration factor was adjusted Po FLOWRATE 2 0 Ipm is OK Toggle to adjust lt EXIT gt lt EXIT gt 48 SMART ISB Module Attachment 6 v 1 2000 START LOGGING RUN DATA Press lt RUN gt to start logging data The letter L will appear by MEMORY FREE key to indicate that instrument is logging data ADDITIONAL Press the menu button RUN MENU screen is on Press lt Scroll DATA OPTIONS _ Data Log gt SCROLL DATA LOG screen is on PF ___ Press lt Summary 1 Displ gt Data Summary I screen ison Press lt Next Display gt Data Summary 2 screen is on with Tag STEL and TWA information Press lt Next Display gt Data Summary 3 screen is on
62. t environmental impact of an oil spill Because a large portion of the oil is converted to gaseous combustion products in situ burning can substantially reduce the need for collection storage transport and disposal of recovered material In situ burning however has several disadvantages burning can take place only when the oil is not significantly emulsified when wind and sea conditions are calm and when dedicated equipment is available In addition in situ burning emits a plume of black smoke composed primarily 80 85 of carbon dioxide and water the remainder of the plume is gases and particulates mostly black carbon particulates known as soot These soot particulates give the smoke its dark color Downwind of the fire the gases dissipate to acceptable levels relatively quickly The main public health concern is the particulates in the smoke plume With the acceptance of in situ burning as a spill response option concerns have been raised regarding the possible effects of the particulates in the smoke plume on the general public downwind SMART is designed to address these concerns and better aid the Unified Command in decisions related to initiating continuing or terminating in situ burning 2 MONITORING PROCEDURES 2 1 General Considerations In general SMART is conducted when there is a concern that the general public may be exposed to smoke from the burning oil It follows that monitoring should be conducted when the predicte
63. t safety brief with pilot Safety features of aircraft fire extinguishers communications devices oe emergency locator beacon flotation release raft first aid kit etc Emergency exit procedures Purpose of mission Area orientation copy of previous overflight Route flight plan Duration of flight Preferred altitude Landing sites Number of people on mission Estimated weight of people and gear Gear deployment if needed 1 e dye marker current drogue Frequency to communicate back to command post 14 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 6 v 1 2000 3 6 Dispersant Observation Pre Flight List Title ETA Spotter s Sprayer s Observer s Monitor s Supervisor Safety Check Check all safety equipment Pilot conducts safety brief pny pit Supervisor to Monitor ground to vessel Monitor to Monitor vessel to vessel 15 SMART Dispersant Module Attachment 7 v 1 2000 3 7 Dispersant Observation Reporting Form Names of observers Agency Phone pager Platform Date of application Location Lat Long Distance from shore Time dispersant application started Completed Air temperature ____ Wind direction Wind speed Water temperature Water depth Sea state Visibility Altitude observation and application platforms Type of application method aerial vessel Type of oil Oil properties specific gravity viscosity pour point Name of d
64. ta and reporting it e Back to the base download data 44 SMART ISB Module Attachment 4 v 1 2000 3 4 ISB Monitoring Job Aid Checklist This checklist is designed to assist SMART in situ burning monitoring by listing some of the tasks to accomplish before during and after the monitoring operations Ee ea E Preparations Activate personnel SSIS TT monitoring personnel and the Technical Specialist SSC where applicable Conduct equipment check e Check equipment using equipment checkup list e Verify that the DataRAMs are operational and fully charged e Include safety equipment Coordinate logistics Coordinate logistics e g deployment platform with ICS Operations Amend Site Safety Plan Amend site safety plan to include monitoring operations Monitoring Operations ae e Coordinate with Operations Section Chief e Coordinate with Technical Specialist Monitoring what where who how Safety and emergency procedures Deploy to location EE with Operations Section Chief Select site e Safe e Consistent with monitoring plan e As little interference as possible e Communication with Group Supervisor and UC possible ee up instrumentation Unpack DataRAM set it up using instrument sep sheet Verify calibration p position Use GPS to mark position in recorder sheet e Re enter position if changing location Collect background data Start monitoring If possible record background ae before the burn begins ina burn
65. to INT BAT CHARGER position Remove metal cap from top sampler and press the ON button CHECK BATT Press lt SYSTEM DIAGNOSS gt All items should read NORMAL Main concern is BATCHRG Fully charged 12345 Numbers drop as battery charge decreases Press lt EXIT gt NEXT SCREEN lt NEXT SCREEN gt CHECK TIME See SET DATE TIME If correct press lt EXIT gt If incorrect press lt SET DATE TIMES use the arrow keys to move through and adjust the time and date as needed Press lt EXIT gt then lt EXIT gt again to start the clock PURGE Press lt PURGE gt when done purging press lt EXIT gt ZERO See ZERO Press lt ZERO gt See SPAN CHECK Press lt SPAN CHECK gt See INSERT CALIBRATOR Insert calibrator to In position by turning Span Check knob in rear until it stops See WAIT Wait until the span check is completed See RETRACT CALIBRATOR Turn the knob to out position until you hear a click Note Notice CALBR DIFF during Span Check If the percentage is 0 10 go to ADJUST PARAMS step If gt 10 go to the next step Adjusting CALBR Press lt EXIT gt lt EXIT gt lt EXIT gt then lt MENU3 gt Turn the DIFF calibrator key to the In position Wait for the RS number to settle between 150 and 250 Press lt EXIT gt then lt SYSTEM FAULT gt See RETRACT CALIBRATOR Turn calibrator knob to Out position Press lt EXIT gt Repeat SPAN step ADJUST PARAMS Sec PARAMETER Press l
66. ual monitoring team may suffice For large dispersant applications several visual and water column monitoring teams may be needed 2 5 Using and Interpreting Monitoring Results Providing the Unified Command with objective information on dispersant efficacy is the goal of Tier I and II dispersant monitoring When visual observations and on site water column monitoring confirm that the dispersant operation is not effective the Unified Command may consider evaluating further use If on the other hand visual observations and or fluorometry monitoring suggest that the dispersant operation is effective dispersant use may be continued When using fluorometry the readings will not stay steady at a constant level but will vary widely reflecting the patchiness and inconsistency of the dispersed oil plume Persons reviewing the data should look for trends and patterns providing good indications of increased hydrocarbon concentrations above background As a general guideline only a fluorometer signal increase in the dispersed oil plume of five times or greater over the difference between the readings at the untreated oil slick and background no oil is a strong positive indication This should not be used as an action level for turning on or off dispersant operations The final recommendation for turning a dispersant operation on or off is best left to the judgment of the Technical Specialist charged with interpreting the fluorometry data The Unified Comma
67. ulemaking by any agency and may not be relied upon to create right or benefit substantive or procedural enforceable by law or in equity by any person Any agency or person may take action at variance with this manual or its internal implementing procedures Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the USCG NOAA EPA CDC or the Government of the United States of America v 1 2000 INTRODUC TON G6 easier aes onan ees see ne eens tank Gases unt anon es 1 MONITORING DISPERSANT OPERAT IONS 3 1 BACKGROUND ysis oiits seuss vuisdtacen sani vptbcutien edna ade os tag dame adandwedav oat nites 3 2 MONITORING PROCEDURES c ccc cece een c cence eee eeeeeee es 4 2 1 Tier I Visual Observations eeesessssesrrreeerrerrressrrerrerreresesse 4 2 2 Tier I Fluorometry for Efficacy ceeeeseerrreerrrrrrrerrrerereeee 4 2 3 Tier II Additional Monitoring 00 cece cece cece eee e eee e ene e eee ees 5 2 4 Mobilizing Monitoring Resources 0 sees eee ence eee e eee eeeeae ees 6 2 5 Using and Interpreting Monitoring Results ccs cece seen ee eee 6 2 6 SMART as Part of the ICS Organization cece eee cence eee e es 6 2 7 Information Flow and Data Handling 00 e cece eee cence teens 7 3 ATTACHMENTS ean eea a EE EEE RE I aia 8 3 1 Roles and Responsibilities 72s2c eee eskeeet pote eck
68. uorometer Turner Designs or equivalent at an approximately l meter sampling depth The fluorometer measures the concentrations of hydrocarbons in the water column It measures all hydrocarbons and is therefore not oil specific It can be used however to show the relative increase of hydrocarbons over background concentrations This can be a good indication of oil dispersion Tier II requires water samples to be taken for later analysis which will help confirm that the increases observed were due to dispersed oil A water column monitoring team composed of at least one trained technician and a support person is deployed on a suitable platform Under ideal circumstances the team collects data in three primary target locations 1 background water no oil 2 oiled surface slicks prior to dispersant application and 3 post application after the oil has been treated with dispersants Data are collected in real time by both a built in data logging device and by the technician who monitors the readings from the instrument s digital readout and records them in a sampling log The sampling log not only provides a backup to the data logger but allows the results to be communicated near real time to the appropriate technical specialist in the Unified Command Data logged by the instrument are used for documentation and scientific evaluation The field team should record the time instrument readings and any relevant observations at selected tim
69. v 1 2000 SPECIAL MONTTORING of APPLIED IRESPONSE TECHNOLOGIES Developed by U S Coast Guard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U S Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Disease Control and Prevention v 1 2000 SMART is a living document SMART is a living document We expect that changing technologies accumulated experience and operational improvements will bring about changes to the SMART program and to the document We would welcome any comment or suggestion you may have to improve the SMART program Please send your comments to SMART Mail NOAA OR amp R 7600 Sand Point Way N E Seattle WA 98115 USA Fax 206 526 6329 Or email to smart mail noaa gov SMART approval status As of January 2000 EPA Regions II III and VI adopted SMART It was reviewed and approved by the Science and Technology committee of the National Response Team and will be forwarded to the full NRT for review and approval Acknowledgments Gracious thanks are extended to the members of the SMART workgroup for their tireless efforts to generate this document to the many reviewers who provided insightful comments and to the NOAA OR amp R Technical Information Group for assistance in editorial and graphic design SMART is a Guidance Document Only Purpose and Use of this Guidance This manual and any internal procedures adopted for its implementation are intended solely as guidance They do not constitute r

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