Home

"user manual"

1. Frequency Correction Deviation from nominal in ppm 1 40 Reference Resistor Values Impedance values organized in real and imaginary pairs 41 80 Open Circuit Values Admittance values organized as real and imaginary pairs 81 120 Short Circuit Values Impedance values organized in real and imaginary pairs 21 Necessary Equipment and Conditions To perform the amplitude frequency or standard resistor calibration the following equipment is needed e Atime interval counter with an accuracy of 1 ns or better e An AC DC voltmeter with 5 digit DC accuracy and true RMS AC measurements to 100 kHz e Standard resistors with resistance known to 0 01 and Q accuracy known to 25 ppm The resistor values needed are 95 300 5 970 R1 374 0 R2 and 25 10 R4 e Afixture to BNC adapter The conditions for calibration include a warm up time of at least 30 minutes and an ambient temperature of 23 C 5 C 73 F 9 F Amplitude Calibration This procedure calibrates the output amplitude at the different frequencies and output voltages To adjust the calbytes press the CAL key until the message cl I appears in the display where I is an integer The present value of that calbyte will appear in the right display The T and 4 frequency keys step through the different amplitude calbytes New values are entered using the numeric entry keys 1 Connect the AC DC voltmeter across the two sides of the
2. 1 1 1 1 1 Figure 4 2 Example of Sequential Bins With Different Nominal Values 38 Sequential Bins With a Single Nominal Value Suppose that the batch of nominally 100 resistors is to be sorted according to tolerance as in the first example but with the ability to distinguish between the low and high values Then the bins can be set up to have the same nominal values with each bin having asymmetric limits that are expressed as a percentage of the nominal value Bin 0 95 O R 970O 5 3 1 970 lt lt 990 3 1 2 990 lt lt 1010 7196 1 Bin 3 101 0 R 1030 4 196 3 Bin 4 1030 105 0 4 396 4 596 Bin 8 QDR failure if Q is too high Bin 9 General failure bin parts not falling into any other bin Figure 4 3 illustrates this example of sequential bins with different nominal values x Nominal value Bin 2 Bin 3 4 Bin 0 Bin 1 ELENCO 5 3 1 1 33 5 Figure 4 3 Example of Sequential Bins With a Single Nominal Value General Procedures Binning data can be entered manually using the BIN NOM and LIM keys or over the RS232 or optional GPIB interface A bin is defined by a bin number with a nominal value and upper and lower limits in per cent If a nominal value is not entered for a bin it will take the nominal value of the next lower bin Bin O is the exception if bin 0 does not have a nominal value and limits
3. all parts will fail Parts that fall into more than one bin are assigned to the lower numbered bin Thus the tightest tolerance should be assigned to the lowest bin number Any parts that fall into gaps between bins are assigned to the general failure bin Bin 9 If only one limit of a pair is entered the limits will be assumed to be a a symmetric pair X96 where X is the entered limit value Unused bins should be closed assigned 0 limits After bin clear or RCL 0 all bins are closed Parts that would fall into both the general failure bin Bin 9 and the QDR failure bin Bin 8 are assigned to the QDR fail bin only The QDR limits are maximums depending on which parameter is being measured If a Q value is negative for a resistor the absolute value should be entered and the meter performs a comparison between the absolute value of the QDR reading and the QDR limit There are no limits for the QDR bin only a nominal value To disable the QDR comparison set the nominal value to its extreme value as listed in Table 4 1 39 Table 4 1 QDR Limits and Extreme Values Measurement Mode QDR Limit Extreme Value R Q Q maximum 9999 9 0 C R parallel R minimum Setting Up the Bins Procedures Initial Setup To enter binning information the unit cannot be in the AUTO parameter mode Make certain that the unit is set to the correct measurement mode R Q L Q C D C R Press the BIN key which will b
4. indicating that the Model Z9216 is ready while the DTR signal pin 20 is an input to the meter that is used to control the Model Z9216 transmissions If desired the handshake pins may be ignored and a simple three wire interface pins 2 3 and 7 may be used Before communicating with the Model Z9216 the RS232 characteristics must be set As shown in Table 3 2 the RS232 interface is configured using the rear panel switches SW1 1 to SW1 7 The last three switches set the baud rate to 300 600 1200 2400 4800 or 9600 baud Parity may be enabled or disabled and set to even or odd and the number of bits in a data byte may be set to 7 or 8 Note the Model Z9216 must be set to eight data bits if binary data output formats are used Table 3 2 SW1 Settings for the RS 232 Parameters BAUD RATE Baud Rate 300 Hz 600 Hz 1200 Hz 2400 Hz 4800 Hz 9600 Hz 19 2 kHz FORMAT 4 wor Tse v owe remos ON 7 Data Bits BAUD RATE PARITY ON OFF ODD OR EVEN PARITY OF BITS DATA BYTE 7 8 Yy v v v 5 7 6 4 3 2 1 0 RS232 SWITCH CONFIGURATION ON THE 2600 2610 REAR PANEL THIS SETUP SHOWS SETTING FOR 9600 BAUD NO PARITY AND 8 DATA BITS 27 Optional GPIB IEEE 488 Interface Model 29216 4 Only The IEEE 488 Interface Standard The General Purpose Interface Bus GPIB also known as the IEE
5. 100nH T uH 10uH 100 uH 1 mH 10mH 100mH 1H 10H 100 10 7 0 55 Not 1 kH gt e 0 35 0 35 103 TE 10 A A J b A 10 gt qp 30 40t to 10 40 410 21410 Impedance in ohms Figure 2 2 Basic Impedance Accuracy for Inductance Table 2 4 Extreme Range Error Terms for Inductances K and K Frequency Ki Kn 100 Hz 120 Hz 1 pH Lm Ln 2 6 MH 0 1 pit 10 kHz 0 02 uH Lm 10 100 kHz 0 02 uH Lm Lm 100 H Note Lm Measured Inductance Value C4D Accuracy The basic impedance accuracy depicted in Figure 2 1 applies to capacitance measurements when the impedance is interpreted to be 1 21 f C where f is the test frequency in Hz and C is the capacitance in Farads For convenience Figure 2 1 is redrawn in Figure 2 3 with lines of constant capacitance superimposed Also Table 2 3 is recreated for capacitive impedances as Table 2 5 Note from Table 2 5 that the range error factor K is negligible for capacitances below 1590 f uF and is negligible for capacitances above 159 f uF The accuracy of the capacitance measurement is calculated from equation 1 above with the additional stipulation that if the measured D has a value less than 0 1 then the basic capacitance accuracy factor should be multiplied by the factor 1 D Let the basic capacitance accuracy factor be denoted Ag measured Ac x
6. A timing diagram for the handler interface is shown in Figure 3 1 In the states labeled a in the figure the Model Z9216 is waiting for a trigger to start measuring Previous bin data if any is still available on the data outputs In the states labeled b in the figure a negative going pulse on the START line triggers measurement The BUSY line goes low and stay low until the measurement is completed In the states labeled c in the figure after taking the measurement the Model Z9216 determines the proper bin to place the component During this time BDA bin data available line is activated to prevent reading invalid data After the proper bin location has been selected the BDA line will go high and the appropriate bin line will be pulled low only a single bin line will be low at any time The external handler can now remove the component place it in the specified location and insert a new one into the fixture The Model Z9216 returns to the states labeled a Note Some handlers can be programmed to remove the component under test to the sorting area as soon as the BUSY line goes high Mechanical Description The handler interface is part of the Option 01 GPIB Handler board and is accessed via a 25 pin connector on the rear panel of the Model Z9216 A DB25 female connector metal housing and sheath are provided to simplify construction of a cable to the external handler The connector pin out for the handler is s
7. Kj x 100 x 4a Then the accuracy of the D calculation is given by Accuracy of D A100 4b Note that the accuracy of D is specified as a magnitude not as a percentage 10uF 1gF 100nF 10nF 1nF 100pF 10pF 1pF 100 fF N 0 35 NN 1 mF 0 35 0 35 on 108 LL LS X N MU AN for for 10 02 x 10 109 107 70 mm in ohms Figure 2 3 Basic Impedance Accuracy for Capacitances 10 Table 2 5 Extreme Range Error Terms for Capacitances C D mode Kn and Frequency Ki Kn 100 Hz 120 Hz 2 pF Cm C 1600 mF 0 1 pF Cm Cr 160 mF 10 kHz 0 01 pF Cm C 16 mF 100 kHz 0 02 pF Cm Cm 200 uF Note Cm Measured Capacitance Value Table 2 6 Extreme Range Error Terms for Capacitances R mode and Frequency K Kn 100 Hz 120Hz 2pF Cm C 2000 mF 0 1 pF Cm C 200 mF 10 kHz 0 01 pF Cm 10 mF 100 kHz 0 01 pF C 100 uF C48 Accuracy The basic impedance accuracy depicted in Figure 2 1 applies to capacitance measurements when the impedance is interpreted to be 1 2 f C where f is the test frequency in Hz and C is the capacitance in Farads For convenience Figure 2 1 is redrawn in Figure 2 3 with lines of constant capacitance superimposed Also Table 2 3 is recreated for capacitive impedances in the C R measurement mode as Table 2 6 Note from Table 2 6 tha
8. code set the eighth bit 0108 being used for parity when parity is used m Handshaking or Data Byte Transfer Control Bus three lines NRFD not ready for data NDAC not data accepted and DAV data valid The use of these lines together with the settling time properties of the line and its termination determine the speed of the data transfer m General Interface Management Bus five lines attention IFC interface clear REN remote enable SRQ service request and EOI end or identify 28 Table 3 3 GPIB IEEE 488 Connector and Pin Assignments DIOI 2 DIOS DIO2 DIO6 DIO3 k DIO7 DIO4 DIO8 EOI i REN DAV GND TW PAIR W DAV NRFD GND TW PAIR W NRFD NDAC 8 20 GND TW PAIR W NDAC IFC 21 GND TW PAIR W IFC SRQ GND TW PAIR W SRQ ATN L 11 23 GND TW PAIR W ATN SHIELD _12 24 J SIGNAL GROUND Description 1to4 DIOT to 0104 Data lines EOI End or Identify The Talker uses the EOI to mark the end of a message string while the Active Controller uses it to tell devices to identify their responses in a parallel poll DAV Data Invalid Indicates the data lines are stable and can be sampled NRFD Not ready for data Used by receiving devices NDAC Not data accepted Used to signal when a device accepts data FC Interface clear Used by the Controller to initialize the bus 10 RQ Service request Used by a device to request service from Controller 11 ATN At
9. fixture A small piece of wire inserted in each side of the fixture is a convenient way to connect the DVM Do not connect either end to ground Set the meter to AC volts autoranging Set the Model Z9216 to its default conditions by pressing the keys RCL 0 ENTER Set the unit to constant voltage mode 2 Measure the amplitude and frequency for amplitude calbyte O 0 10 V and 100 Hz If the value is not within 296 of the nominal value enter the new calbyte using the formula y NewCalbyte 2 meas x CurrentCalbyte rounded to the nearest integer 3 Verify that the amplitude is within 296 of the nominal value See Table 2 12 below for the acceptable limits for each amplitude 4 Repeat steps 2 and 3 for 120 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz and 100 kHz Calbytes 1 2 3 and 4 at this amplitude 0 10 V Note that for each amplitude the calbyte numbers are in order of ascending frequency 5 Repeat steps 2 to 4 for each amplitude in the table At each amplitude repeat the measurement for each frequency starting with 100 Hz and increasing to 100 Hz 22 Table 2 12 Amplitude Limits Calbyte Nominal Voltage Limits 0 4 0 100 0 098 0 102 5 9 0 150 0 147 0 153 10 14 0 200 0 196 0 204 15 19 0 250 0 245 0 255 20 24 0 300 0 294 0 306 25 29 0 350 0 343 0 357 30 34 0 400 0 392 0 408 35 39 0 450 0 441 0 459 40 44 0 500 0 490 0 510 45 49 0 550 0 539 0 561 50 54 0 600 0 588 0 612 55 59 0 650 0 637 0 663 60 64 0 700 0 686 0 714 65 69
10. from top to bottom then left to right 6 The unit must be switched off to leave this mode 14 Self Tests The internal self tests verify the functionality of the Model Z9216 Turn on the unit The ROM program and model name will be displayed for about three seconds Next the message tESt will be displayed while the unit performs its self tests After the tests are completed the unit should display tESt PASS to indicate that the tests were successful If not an error message will appear See the TROUBLESHOOTING section for a description of the error messages Output Voltage This test checks the Model Z9216 output voltage for the correct frequency and amplitude 1 Setthe Model Z9216 to 1 kHz 1 V and constant voltage Set the scope to 1 V div vertical and 0 5 ms div horizontal Connect a x10 probe to the scope 2 Place the tip of the probe into the side of the fixture and connect the ground clip to the center guard 3 The scope should display a sine wave that occupies two divisions horizontally and about 5 5 divisions peak to peak vertically 1 0 Vrms 2 83 V peak to peak There should be no irregularities in the waveform 4 Change the amplitude setting of the Model Z9216 to 0 25 and 0 10 V in succession and verify that the output is within 296 of nominal 5 Set the amplitude back to 1 0 V Change the Model Z9216 and scope settings to verify that the output at 100 Hz 120 Hz 10 kHz and 100 kHz is within 296 of nom
11. measured is the measured or published resistance accuracy and A is the basic resistance accuracy The basic resistance accuracy which can be taken from Figure 2 1 by substituting impedance Z with resistance R With the basic resistance accuracy factor denoted The accuracy of the measurement of Q is given by Accuracy of Q 100 x 1 Q 2b Note that the accuracy of Q is specified as a magnitude not as a percentage L Q Accuracy The basic impedance accuracy depicted in Figure 2 1 applies to inductance measurements when the impedance is interpreted to be 2x f L where fis the test frequency in Hz and L is the inductance Henrys For convenience Figure 2 1 is redrawn as Figure 2 2 with lines of constant inductance superimposed Also Table 2 3 is recreated for inductive impedances and named as Table 2 4 Note from Table 2 4 that the range error factor K is negligible for inductances above 15 9 H and Ku is negligible for inductances below 159 f H The accuracy of the inductance measurement Aj measured is calculated by applying equation with the additional stipulation that if the measured Q has an absolute value less than 10 then the basic inductance accuracy factor Aj should be multiplied by the factor 1 1 Q measured Aj x Kj x Ky 100 x 3a Then the accuracy of the Q calculation is given by equation 3b Accuracy of Q 100 x 1 02 3b
12. series i 0 or parallel i 1 CONV i Set query constant voltage mode on i 1 or off i 0 FREQ i Set query drive frequency to 100 Hz 0 120 Hz 1 1 kHz 2 or 100 kHz 4 MMODY i Set query measurement mode to continuous i 0 or triggered i 1 NAVG i Set query number of measurements to be averaged from 2 to i 10 PMOD i Set query parameter mode to Auto 0 R Q 1 L Q 2 C D 3 or C R 4 RATE i Set query measurement rate to Fast 0 Medium 1 or Slow 2 RNGE i Set query meas range to 100 0 6 4 1 400 2 25 3 RNGH i Set query range hold to enabled i 1 or disabled i 0 VOLT x Set query drive voltage to 0 1 V x lt 1 00 V with 0 05 V resolution MEASUREMENT CONTROL PREL x Set query nominal parameter value for deviation and deviation to x Q F H STRT Starts a measurement STOP Stops the current measurement Same as STRT MEASUREMENT OUTCOME OUTF i Set query the output format to verbose 0 or concise 1 ASCII or verbose 2 or concise 3 binary XALL Returns major and minor parameters plus bin number XBIN Returns bin number of current measurement XDLT Returns deviation between major parameter and nominal value XMAJ Returns value of the major parameter XM1N Returns value of the minor parameter XPCT Returns percent deviation between major parameter and nominal value 3
13. to use this address when writing programs for the Model Z9216 Any address from O to 30 may be set using the rear panel switches SW2 The Model Z9216 will ignore its front panel keypad when Remote Enable REM has been asserted by the GPIB This REMOTE state is indicated by the REM LED To return to LOCAL operation i e to enable the front panel press the backspace key Controlling programs may inhibit the ability to return to LOCAL operation by asserting the Local Lockout state LLO A linefeed character is sent with End or Identify EOI to terminate strings from the Model 29216 Be certain that your GPIB controller has been configured to accept this sequence RS 232 Problems Make sure that the RS 232 baud rate parity and word size are set to match that expected by the controlling computer The default settings are 1200 baud no parity 8 bit data The Model Z9216 always sends two stop bits and will correctly receive data sent with either one or two stop bits When connecting to a PC use a standard PC serial cable not a null modem cable The Model Z9216 is a DCE Data Communications Equipment device and so should be connected with a straight cable to a DTE device Data Terminal Equipment The minimum cable will pass pins 2 3 and 7 For hardware handshaking pins 5 and 20 CTS and DTR should be passed Occasionally pin 6 and 8 DSR and CD will be needed these lines are always asserted by the Model 29216 46 Model 2921
14. 0 750 0 735 0 765 70 74 0 800 0 784 0 816 75 79 0 850 0 833 0 867 80 84 0 900 0 882 0 918 85 89 0 950 0 931 0 969 90 94 1 000 0 980 1 020 Frequency Calibration This procedure measures the accuracy of the Model Z9216 clock The exact clock frequency is used in calculating capacitance and inductance values The clock correction factor is stored in parts per million ppm 1 Set the Model Z9216 to its default conditions by pressing the keys RCL 0 ENTER Set the unit to constant voltage mode at 1 kHz and remove any part from the fixture 2 Install the BNC adapter to the fixture Connect the IH lead to the frequency counter Determine the new calbyte by the formula Calbyte frequency 1000 000 x 1000 4 To adjust the clock calbyte press the CAL key until Std CAL appears on the display Press ENTER once to get into this menu structure and then press CAL until the message df appears on the left alohanumeric display and the current value on the right display Enter the new value in ppm using the entry keys To exit the standard cal menu press CAL until the quit CAL message appears and then press ENTER 23 Standard Resistor Calibration This procedure determines the value of the internal standards for the different frequencies and ranges The Model Z9216 does this by measuring a precisely known resistor and recomputing the values it uses when calculating the impedance of a part These values are the primary accuracy standar
15. 3 BINNING BCL Clears nominal values and limits for all bins All bins are closed BING i Set query binning to enabled i 1 or disabled i 0 BLIM i j x Set query upper i 0 or lower i 1 limit of bin 0 7 to x BNOM i Set nominal value of bin i to x SETUP CONTROL IDN Returns the Model 29216 identification string OPC Set bit in Standard Event Status byte when measurement is complete RCL i Recall setting i RST Reset unit to default configuration SAV i Save current setup as setting i WAI Wait until all measurements are completed before proceeding STATUS CLS Clear all status registers ESE i Set query the Standard Event Status Byte Enable register to value i 0 255 ESR i Query Standard Status byte If i is included only bit i is queried PSC i Set query power on status clear bit to clear i 1 or maintain i 0 status values SRE i Set query the Serial Poll Enable register to value i 0 255 STB i Query Serial Poll status byte If iis included only bit i is queried SENA i Set query LCR Status Enable register to value i 0 255 STAT i Query LCR Status byte If i is included only bit i is queried Performing a Remote Calibration and Hardware Test via RS232 or GPIB Many automated setups require frequent open and short circuit calibrations The Model Z9216 allows the user to perform open and short circuit calibrations
16. 6 Test Performance Record Serial Date Tested By Equipment Used Model RH 96 Temperature Notes FUNCTIONAL TESTS Test Values Pass Fail Front Panel Test Self Test Drive Voltage Resistance Test 24 9 Q 0 15 402 Q 0 1596 6 34 0 15 100 0 0 15 Capacitance Test 22 nF FREQUENCY ACCURACY Test Frequency Minimum Actual Maximum 100 Hz 0 01 99 99 Hz 100 01 Hz 120 Hz 0 01 119 99 Hz 120 01 Hz 1 kHz 0 01 999 90 Hz 1000 1 Hz 10 kHz 0 01 9999 0 Hz 10001 0 Hz 100 kHz 0 01 99990 0 Hz 100010 0 Hz AMPLITUDE ACCURACY Amplitude Frequency Minimum Actual Maximum 1 0 Vims 2 0 1 kHz 0 98 Vims 1 02 Vims 1 0 Vims 2 0 100 Hz 0 98 Vims 1 02 Vims 1 0 2 0 120 Hz 0 98 Vims 1 02 Vims 1 0 Vims 2 096 10 kHz 0 98 Vims 1 02 Vims 1 0 Vims 2 096 100 kHz 0 98 Vims 1 02 Vims 0 25 Vims 2 0 1 kHz 0 245 Vims 0 255 Vins 0 1 Vims 2 0 1 kHz 0 098 Vims 0 102 Vims Internal Bias 2 0 VDC 2 0 1 96 VDC 2 04 VDC 47 IMPEDANCE ACCURACY Minimum Actual Maximum 1 000 0 02 999 3 Q 1000 7 Q RESISTANCE ACCURACY Resistance Range Conditions Minimum Actual Maximum Pass Fail 10 00 3 1kHz Series 25 00 3 1kHz Serie
17. 978 10022 10000 2 KHS Series 9978 1022 40000 2 KHS Series 3912 40088 40 00 2 10kHz Series 39802 40108 400 09 2 100kHz Series 39 52 40148 L600 O 2 kHz Parallel 159648 160352 160 1 Parallel 159648 160352 6400KO 1 Parallel 638592 641408 6400KO 1 1OkHzParale 6348272 641728 6400KO 1 100kHz Parallel 6376 52 642368 25000 1 1kHzParalel 295 2555 2500 0 1kHz Parallel 4945 25055 100 000KO 0 1kHz Parallel 99780 1020 10002009 0 10kHz Paralel 5992730 1020 400 000 0 1kHz Parallel 399120 400880 Hi W w w w CO if the Q value is greater than 0 1 the allowed tolerance must be multiplied by 1 0 18 Capacitance Accuracy 1 Connect the adapter ground leads of IH and IL to ground terminal of the decade capacitor Connect the and PH leads to the terminal of the decade capacitor Connect the IL and PL leads to the terminal of the decade capacitor box Set the Model 29216 to its default conditions by pressing the key sequence RCL 0 ENTER then select the RtQ measurement mode and the 1 kHz test frequency Unplug the IH PH leads from terminal of the decade capacitor box and plug them into the terminal of the decade capacitor box Perform short circuit calibration Unplug the IH PH l
18. E 488 interface is an 8 bit parallel bus common on test equipment The IEEE 488 standard was proposed by Hewlett Packard in the late 1970s and has undergone several revisions HP documentation including data sheets and manuals calls it HP IB or Hewlett Packard Interface Bus It allows up to 15 intelligent devices to share a single bus with the slowest device participating in the control and data transfer handshakes to drive the speed of the transaction The maximum data rate is about one megabit per second In June 1987 the IEEE approved a new standard for programmable instruments called ANSI IEEE Std 488 2 1987 Codes Formats Protocols and Common Commands It is backward compatible with the IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation ANSI IEEE 488 1978 now 488 1 HP IB is Hewlett Packard s implementation of IEEE 488 1 The Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments SCPI portion of IEEE 488 2 uses the command structures defined in IEEE 488 2 to create a single comprehensive programming command set for use with any SCPI instrument GPIB devices communicate with other GPIB devices by sending device dependent messages and interface messages on the bus The devices can be Talkers Listeners or Controllers A Talker sends data messages to one or more Listeners which receive the data The Controller manages the flow of information on the GPIB by sending commands to all devices A digital voltmeter for example is a Tal
19. Error i Freq Error i Gain Error Out Error CPU RAM failed a read write test The square wave multiplier failed its DC rejection test The output drive circuitry failed its test is an error code indicating the failure point error 100 Hz amplitude failure 120 Hz amplitude failure 1 kHz amplitude failure 10 kHz amplitude failure 100 kHz amplitude failure 0 25 V amplitude attenuator failure 0 1 V attenuator failure O E GM 0 The frequency clock generator failed its test is error code indicating the failure point error 100 Hz failure 120 Hz failure 1 kHz failure 10 kHz failure 100 kHz failure The instrumentation amplifier failed its gain test is an error code indicating the failure point BONO error the x2 gain failed the x4 gain failed the x8 gain failed the x20 gain failed ON gt The source impedance selection circuitry failed its test This error can occur if a part is in the fixture during the test i is an error code indicating the failure point error the 100 kO range failed the 6 4 kO range failed the 400 range failed the 25 O range failed WO ND 45 Calibration Errors These error messages can be generated by the open short and standard calibration procedures If the Model Z9216 fails calibration try running the procedure again Repeated failure can indicate a hardware problem The parameter limits are fixed and are set so that all units sh
20. PH and purple PL signal leads to the and terminals on the decade box Plug the red signal lead IH into the orange signal lead and plug the blue IL signal lead into the purple signal lead Set the Model Z9216 to its default conditions by pressing RCL 0 ENTER then press the R Q key and set the test frequency to 1 kHz Unplug the red orange lead pair from the terminal of the decade box and plug them into the blue purple lead pair Perform short circuit calibration Remove the red orange lead pair form blue purple lead pair and locate them at the same separation from the blue purple pair as they will be during operation Perform open circuit calibration Connect the red orange lead pair to the terminal of the decade box Set the dials to all zeros Note the resistance value that the Model Z9216 measures This is the resistance of the switch contacts and connectors Enter this as a relative value in the entry display Set the Model Z9216 to the DEV display mode 17 4 Set the decade resistor and the Model Z9216 according to the values in the Resistance Accuracy Table below Verify that the readings fall within the acceptable values Record the results Resistance Accuracy Table Resistance Range Conditions Minimum Maximum 1000 3 1kWz Series 9978 1002 2509 3 KHS Seres 24945 2505 250 3 Seres 2493 25067 2500 3 100kHz Series 24 08 2502 10000 3 KHS Series 9
21. Protek 29216 High Accuracy Wide Range LCR Meter MANUAL VOL 2 p g 1 D pe a oz zy fS 5 o lt oo gt a m 1 Background on Components and Measurements Properties of Resistors Inductors and Capacitors The measurements made by the Model Z9216 Digital LCR Meter are based on the definitions of impedance and the properties of discrete components designed to provide impedances in electronic circuits Definitions of Resistive and Reactive Parameters Let the sinusoidal voltage and current in an electronic circuit at a particular frequency f be represented in the complex or phasor notation given by V t JV cos t 1 ee V e 1b I t I cos t 6 2a 1 _ I je 2b where j 1 2x f and 0 and 0 are symbols for phases of the voltage and current relative to the frequency f The impedance of a circuit component is defined as the complex number 2 in ohms that gives the ratio of the voltage across the component to the current in the component 3 Component Categories From equation 3 we observe that if the phases of the voltage across the component and the current in it are equal then the impedance is a real number FF gil 4 In this situation the impedance is purely resistive as an ideal resistor would be If the phase of
22. S display is on See the Handler section for more information on the Handler interface Using a Worksheet and Reusing Setups Before entering binning information it is usually better to write down the desired binning setup since it is a fairly complicated procedure See the binning worksheet below in Table 4 2 Also be sure to save setups that are used often Certain setups can be edited for example one percent resistors using the same nominal value a different value of resistance can be sorted by simply changing the nominal value if the only nominal value entered was for Bin 0 For this reason it is often better to enter sequential binning data with a single nominal value and different percentage limits instead of with different nominal values It is advisable to check the nominal values and limits before making measurements to be certain that they have not been modified The binning setup can be viewed in the same manner as it was entered just do not press the ENTER key unless a value needs to be changed 41 Table 4 2 Binning Worksheet Date 2 NowiVawofCompment tobe eme Summary of Binning Setups Pass Fail Setup Enter the nominal value and limits for Bin O Enter the QDR fail value for Bin 8 Make sure no other bins are open set their limits to zero Parts that pass fall into Bin 0 and all other parts fall into Bin 8 or Bin 9 Nested or Overlapping Bins Enter the nominal value
23. al Recommended Model Specifications Analog Oscilloscope with x 10 10MHz probes 100MHz Bandwidth Tektronix 2445 24 9 Resistor Dale CMF55 or equivalent 402 Resistor Dale CMF55 or equivalent 6 34 kO Resistor Dale CMF55 or equivalent 100 0 Resistor Dale CMF55 or equivalent 22 nF Capacitor 1 NDO Murata Erie RPE series or equivalent Front Panel Test This test verifies the front panel display digits LEDs and keypad 1 Tum on the unit while holding down the DISP key A single segment in the third digit of the left display should be on 2 Press the down arrow key to light each segment seven total and the decimal for the third and fourth digits of the left display for a total of 16 segments Only one segment or decimal point should be on at a time Pressing the up arrow key T will step backward through the pattern 3 Press the down arrow key J again 17th time to light all the segments of all 12 digits The AUTO LED will also be on 4 Press the down arrow key J repeatedly to light the 25 LEDs in the display and the 26 LEDs on the keypad The LEDs turn on one at a time from top to bottom and left to right first for the display and then for the keypad Only one LED should be on at a time 5 After all of the LEDs have been tested further pressing of the front panel keys will display the key code associated with each key Each key has a different key code starting with 01 at the upper left and increasing
24. alibrations standard resistor calibration and amplitude calibration The open and short circuit calibrations described in Volume 1 of this manual are offset corrections to correct for any stray impedances of the test fixture These Calibrations may be performed at any time and should be done whenever the fixture is changed The standard resistor calibration sets the accuracy of the Model 29216 since it allows the LCR meter to determine the values of its internal standard resistors The Standard Resistor Calibration need only be performed periodically to account for component aging and drift Amplitude calibration sets the amplitude of the AC test signal and only needs to be done periodically The amplitude calibration does not affect the Model Z9216 s accuracy Calibration Enable The Model Z9216 is shipped with amplitude calibration disabled When calibration is disabled only the open and short circuit calibrations are allowed The internal calibration enable jumper must be set to enable amplitude and resistor calibration To set the jumper remove the Model Z9216 top cover by removing its four retaining screws this will break the calibration seal In the rear center of the circuit board is a three pin jumper labeled JP1001 Use the jumper to connect the center pin and the cal pin to enable calibration Connecting the center pin and the normal pin will disable calibration Calbytes The Model Z9216 calibration is controlled by calibr
25. and limits for Bin 0 For subsequent bins enter only the limits making sure the tighter tolerance parts use the lower bins If the limits are symmetrical only enter the upper limit Enter the QDR limit for Bin 8 Make sure all other bins are closed Parts that pass fall into one of the pass bins Parts that fail the QDR test fall in Bin 8 and parts that fall into no other bin fall into Bin 9 Sequential Bins For sequential bins with a single nominal value follow the same procedure as for nested bins mentioned above For sequential bins with multiple nominal values enter the nominal value and limits for each open bin If the limits are symmetrical only enter the upper limit Enter the QDR fail value for Bin 8 Make sure that unused bins are closed limits set to zero and there are no unwanted gaps between bins Parts that pass fall into one of the pass bins Parts that fail the QDR test fall in Bin 8 and parts that fall into no other bin fall into Bin 9 42 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting General Problems Nothing Happens at Turn on Make sure that the power entry module on the rear panel is set for the AC line voltage for your region that the correct fuse is installed and that the line cord is inserted all the way into the power entry module The selected line voltage may be seen through the clear window just below the fuse When the unit is plugged in and turned ON the unit s program version number will be briefly disp
26. arameters R and C can be expressed in terms of the parallel parameters R and C When that is done and substituted in equation 12a we find that the quality factor for a capacitor also is written Q oC R 12b W L Everett and E Anner Communication Engineering McGraw Hill New York 1956 4 Using the quality factor the impedance of an inductor is seen to be Z R jol 61 jQ oL j 170 13a and the inductors series equivalent circuit components can be expressed in terms of its parallel equivalent circuit components as R L Rz 2 L 9 5 130 1 0 1 0 The impedance of a capacitor terms of the quality factor is Z RA joC Rl j9 D j 14a and the capacitors series equivalent circuit components can be expressed in terms of its parallel equivalent circuit components as R Re 1 14b 2 Accuracy and Calibration How to Assess and Control the Accuracy The accuracy achieved by the Model Z9216 Digital LCR Meter depends on several factors In this chapter equations are given for estimating the accuracy of a specific measurement and procedures are given for calibrating the meter Accuracy Specifications Note The accuracy of the Model Z9216 that is stated in this chapter is valid for the following conditions a a warm up time of at least 30 minutes b a temperature of 23 C 5 C 73 F 9 F c the use of the built in fixture and d the completion of the op
27. ation constants calbytes that the firmware uses to adjust the impedance calculations These calbytes are stored in the Model 29216 RAM Recalibration of the Model 29216 involves determining new values of the calbytes and storing them in the RAM The calbyte values that are determined at the time of the Model Z9216 manufacture are also stored in ROM and may be recalled at any time The standard resistor calbytes are automatically determined by the standard resistor calibration subroutines amplitude calbytes must be manually determined The 95 amplitude calbytes which are one byte integers in the range of O to 255 are directly adjustable from the front panel and are organized as shown in Table 2 10 The 120 floating point frequency correction reference resistor values and open and short circuit calbyte values whose organization is given in Table 2 11 are automatically determined by the Model Z9216 s calibration subroutine These calbytes cannot be directly changed from the front panel but they may be changed via the computer interfaces 20 Table 2 10 Organization of Amplitude Calbytes to Amplitude and Frequency Amplitude Frequency ozv 5 tv 5 orv e amp 6 e ozv e e 6 6 s e amp s 9 osv s w 1 00V Table 2 11 Organization of Floating Point Calbytes Calbyte Number Name Meaning
28. components from the fixture Perform open and short circuit calibration Plug the RO calibration resistor into the fixture Enter the cal menu as described above and enter range O e Press CAL until r Std resistance standard is displayed Enter the resistance of RO e Press CAL to display Std standard and enter the of the standard in ppm Press CAL to display StArt CAL start cal Begin the calibration by pressing ENTER making sure to keep hands and any other objects away from the fixture 4 Repeat step 3 for the other three ranges 1 2 and 3 When finished exit the cal menu by pressing CAL until quit CAL is displayed and then press ENTER 5 After calibration verify that the calibration is accurate Perform open and short circuit calibration Insert the standards in the fixture and measure them at 1 kHz series equivalent circuit The R and Q readings should agree to within one least significant digit of the standard values 6 Check the standards at different frequencies Use the series equivalent for the two smaller resistors and the parallel equivalent for the two larger ones should remain relatively constant and Q should scale with frequency i e Q at 10kHz is 10 x Q at 1 kHz If any of the values are too far from the nominal values recalibrate that range 7 Before making measurements run open and short circuit calibration with the fixture configuration to be used 24 Chapter j Remo
29. d bit in the LCR status register has been set 3 4 The GPIB output queue is non empty 5 An unmasked bit in the standard status byte has been set RQS MSS SRQ Service Request bit 7 Nocommand There are no unexecuted commands in the input queue 35 Standard Event Name Usage OPC Set by the OPC command when all measurements are complete SSS 2 Query Error Set on output queue overflow too many responses waiting to be transmitted sw SSCS 4 Execution err Set by an out of range parameter or non completion of some command due a condition such as an incorrect operating mode Set by a command syntax error or unrecognized command una Settyanykey pres 7 PON Set by power on Measurement Name Usage Math Error Set on a floating point error Set when an A D conversion fails Set when the gain stage is overloaded Under range Set when a measurement is below the nominal range of values for the present range Over range Set when a measurement is below the nominal range of values for the present range Out of Range Set when the unit is unable to make a valid measurement on the current range PO 7 mem err The stored settings were invalid on power up 36 Chapter 4 Binning Using the LCR Meter to Sort Components The Model Z9216 has built in features to aid in component sorting which is useful for production testing incoming inspection de
30. d of the instrument so the exact value of the calibration resistor both real and imaginary parts must be known In addition the Model Z9216 and the calibration resistors must be placed in temperature controlled room and allowed to stabilize at least 30 minutes before attempting calibrate The standard cal menu is entered as follows Press the CAL key until Std CAL appears on the alphanumeric display Press ENTER once to get into this menu structure Next press CAL until the rAngE message appears on the left display From here the desired range can be entered using the 0 to 3 numeric keys and ENTER and will appear on the right display After the range has been entered pressing CAL will cycle through a series of menus Pressing ENTER in any of these will either load that value or begin the action listed Two different parameters must be set r Std standard resistor resistance value and q Std Q of the standard resistor Resistance values are entered using the and keys and Q is entered in ppm Negative Q s denote capacitive resistors and positive Q s denote inductive ones The different actions are StArt CAL start cal Fctry CAL factory cal and quit CAL quit cal These activities will in order begin calibration of the current range recall the factory default values or exit the cal menu 1 Inspect the fixture contacts for dirt or waxy build up If the fixture appears dirty clean it Remove any adapters or
31. ded This can happen transiently as parts are changed or if a part with too small an impedance is measured on the constant drive voltage setting The impedance is beyond the Model Z9216 measurement ability on the current range If range hold is active change to a higher range Parameter in command is out of allowed range for that command Non volatile RAM has been corrupted User calibrations and settings may be lost If this error occurs frequently check the battery The command syntax is invalid command syntax See the programming section for correct These errors may occur during the Model 29216 self test In general these messages indicate Model Z9216 hardware problems If the errors occur repeatedly the unit may have an electrical problem The messages are listed alphabetically Also listed is the status value returned by the command Message AD Error Bias Error Cal Error Code Err XX CPU Error Status Meaning 6 The A D converter failed its test The test measures 0 V and 2 VDC 7 The Model Z9216 internal DC bias source failed its test 4 The RAM calibration data has become corrupt The factory values will be reloaded from ROM This message is not a problem unless it occurs frequently which could indicate a problem with the battery backup circuits 2 The Model Z9216 ROM has a checksum error XX is the checksum value The Model Z9216 has detected a problem in its CPU 44 Data Error Det Error Drv
32. e to a current it is expressed in ohms Often it is desirable to express the impedance in ohms as a scalar real quantity in that case its magnitude Z VR X is used The unit of resistance is the ohm with the symbol omega A 1 Q resistor drops 1 volt across its terminals when one Ampere is flowing through the resistor The unit of inductance is the Henry with the symbol H For a one amp AC current a 1 H inductor would produce an AC voltage across it whose magnitude is numerically equal to 2x times the frequency in Hertz The unit of capacitance is the Farad with the symbol F For a one amp AC current a 1 F capacitor would produce an AC voltage across it whose magnitude is numerically equal to the inverse of 2r times the frequency in Hertz Series and Parallel Equivalent Circuits The impedances of Actual resistors inductors and capacitors are combinations of resistance inductance and capacitance The simplest models for actual inductors and capacitors are the series and parallel equivalent circuits shown in Figure 1 1 For example the complex impedance of an inductor is Z R jX R series equivalent circuit 8a R joL R jRAR oL ELE RUNS JUR 2 5 p parallel equivalent 8b R joL R loL R R Rp L Rp C wal 8a Inductor Series 8b Inductor Parallel 9a Capacitor Series 9b Capacitor Parallel Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Figure 1 1 Equivalent circuits for
33. eads from terminal of the decade capacitor box then perform open circuit calibration Connect the IH PH leads to the terminal of the decade capacitor box Set the capacitance to zero Note the capacitance value the Model Z9216 measures This is the capacitance of the switch contacts and connectors Enter this as a relative value in the entry display Set the Model Z9216 to the DEV display mode Set the decade capacitor and the Model Z9216 according to the values in the Capacitance Accuracy Table below Verify that the readings fall within the acceptable values Record the results Capacitance Accuracy Table Capacitance Frequenc Range Minimum Maximum 10nF KHS 10 99 7800nF 1002nF 10008 10 9978nm 1002nmF won 1 11 9978nF 10020 100nF 12 9973nF 10027nF 100nF 100 2 09963nF 100708 0 1 02 9998 10022nF 0 2 99978nF 10022nF 1000nF 60 12 J9973n 1002718 1000n 100 3 909963nF 100371 aop 90 2 99978pF 1 2 9978gF 1002yF 0 3 10027yF 100g 1 2 999078g 1002 10 0 uF P N 1 kHz UJ 9 9978 10 022 19 Calibration Procedures Introduction Calibration of the Model Z9216 is composed of several parts open and short circuit c
34. en and short circuit calibrations In addition the component being measured must have the following characteristic D lt 0 1 for a capacitor Q lt 0 1 for a resistor or Q gt 10 for an inductor General Accuracy Equation The accuracy of a measurement is a function of the basic impedance accuracy at the specific frequency measurement rate signal amplitude and the impedance of the device under test DUT relative to the measurement range The basic instrument accuracy can be determined from graphs given below Additional factors affecting the accuracy are related to the measurement conditions and the impedance of the DUT From these the accuracy of a particular measurement in its optimal range is calculated See below for the effects on measurements made out of an optimal range The basic equation for impedance measurement accuracy equation is given by A z measured SE Az Kj x Ky 100 x where 1 Az the basic impedance accuracy from Figure 2 1 which should be multiplied by two if the unit is in constant voltage mode Figure 2 1 is based on the fact that the best accuracy occurs when the impedance to be measured is greater than 74 the source resistance and less than 4 times that resistance and when the test frequency is 1 kHz or less Kj integration time factor as given in Table 2 1 Ky drive voltage error factor as given in Table 2 2 Note from Table 2 2 that Ky is defined as equal to 1 0 for the
35. ernal Bias Fuse Check If the unit makes unstable or wildly inaccurate reading when an external bias is applied the external bias fuse may be blown To change it power off and unplug the unit Use a screwdriver to remove the fuse holder and the fuse from the rear panel Check the fuse with an Ohmmeter if it is damaged replace it with a 250V F250mA fuse Replace the fuse holder and fuse and verify that the unit operates correctly Error Messages The following lists explain all of the error messages that the Model Z9216 can generate The messages are divided into operational errors errors in using the instrument self test errors and calibration errors The messages are listed alphabetically Operational Errors These error messages may appear during normal front panel operation and generally are warnings for incorrect operation Message Bias For C Cony Error Float Error F R Error Over Load Over Range Range Error Error Syn Error Selftest Errors Meaning The Model Z9216 DC bias function may only be used for capacitance measurements Set the parameter mode to either C D or C R to use DC bias An A D conversion that is either too short or too long can produce this error Continued errors may indicate a hardware problem An error in a floating point math routine occurred Frequency Range incompatibility The 100kQ range may not be used with the 100 kHz drive frequency The Model Z9216 input is overloa
36. ested Bins Suppose that a batch of 100 resistors are to be sorted according to tolerance The bins can be set up for this purpose as follows Bin 0 99 O R 1010 196 Bin 1 98 O R 99 O 101 O R lt 1020 X296 Bin 2 97 O R 98 Q 1020 R lt 1030 53 Bin 3 96 O R 97 Q 103 lt lt 104 O 4 Bin 8 QDR quality deficiency report failure if Q is too high Bin 9 General failure bin parts not falling into any other bin Figure 4 1 illustrates this example of nested bins Nominal value 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 k 0 1 gt gt gt gt 2 lt 4 Bin 3 Figure 4 1 Example of Nested Bins Sequential Bins With Different Nominal Values Suppose that the batch of nominally 100 resistors is to be sorted according to actual value instead of according to tolerance as in the previous example Then the bins can be set up to have different nominal values with each bin width expressed as a percentage of the nominal value Bin 0 98 O 1 Bin 1 100 O 196 Bin 2 102 O 1 Bin 3 1040 1 4 106 O 1 8 QDR failure if Q is too high Bin 9 General failure bin parts not falling into any other bin Figure 4 2 illustrates this example of sequential bins with different nominal values BinO Bin1 Bin2 Bin 3 Bin 4 980 1000 1020 1040 1060
37. eys and the ENTER key If itis necessary to enter a non symmetrical limit pair press the LIM key a second time to display the present lower limit value The LIM LED will turn on Enter the lower limit in the same fashion as the upper one For symmetric limits enter only the upper value the lower limit will be the negative of the upper limit If no limits are entered for a bin that bin will remain closed even if it has a nominal value 40 Values for Fail Bins 8 and 9 To set the QDR limit value select Bin 8 using the keys BIN 8 ENTER and press the NOM key This action will generate a display of the present QDR limit or in the right alphanumeric display and turn on the NOM LED Input the value with the numeric keys and press the ENTER key Resistors for the C R mode are entered in the allowable range of resistance values is only 0 to 9999 so no or MO key is needed There are no limits for the QDR bin Bin 9 the general failure bin cannot be set Parts that do not fall into any other bin are assigned to this bin Enable Binning To enable or disable binning press the BIN key until the Sort Off or Sort On message appears Pressing the ENTER key from this display toggles binning sorting on and off When binning is enabled the BINNING LED is on the BINS display is active and the handler interface if installed is active The handler interface is active whenever binning is enabled whether or not the BIN
38. hin 0 01 100 ppm of the nominal value 1 Set the Model Z9216 to its default conditions by pressing the key sequence RCL 0 ENTER Set the unit to constant voltage mode 1 kHz test freqency and remove any part from the fixture Install the BNC adapter on the fixture Connect the IH lead to the frequency counter Verify that the frequency counter reads 1 kHz 0 1 Hz 0 010 Record the result Repeat step 3 at 100 Hz 120 Hz 10k Hz and 100 kHz The frequencies should all be within 0 0196 of the nominal frequency Record the results 16 Amplitude Accuracy This test measures the amplitude accuracy of the drive output It should be within 2 0 of the nominal value for all of the amplitude settings 1 Connect the AC DC voltmeter across the two sides of the fixture A small piece of wire inserted in each side of the fixture is a convenient way to connect the DVM Do not connect either end to ground Set the DVM to AC volts auto ranging Set the Model Z9216 to its default conditions by pressing the key sequence RCL 0 ENTER Set the unit to constant voltage mode The output voltage should be 1 0 Vrms at 1 kHz Verify that the voltage reading is between 0 98 and 1 02 Vrms Record the result Repeat step 2 for 100 Hz 120 Hz and 100 kHz All voltage readings should be between 0 98 and 1 02 Vrms Record the results Set the frequency to 1 kHz Set the voltage sequentially to 0 25V and 0 10V The DVM should read within 2 0 of the nomi
39. hown in Table 3 4 30 BUSY Figure 3 1 Handler Interface Timing Diagram Table 3 4 Pinout for Handler Interface Connector 13 Bin 0 31 Electrical Description The trigger input START line is active low and requires a pulse width of at least 50 ns to activate the edge triggered circuitry which uses 1N4148 diodes to protect against voltages exceeding TTL levels Outputs are provided by 7406 inverting buffers which have open collector outputs and therefore need pull up resistors on the handler for proper operation NOTE The maximum high level output voltage is 30 V and the maximum low level output current is 40 mA For example when connecting the output to a 5 V supply at the handler the pull up resistors should be no smaller than 5 V 40 mA 125 ohms Flyback diodes should be added if the outputs are used to drive relay coils but such a direct connection is not recommended Ideally opto isolators should be used on all data lines to prevent noise from the handler from interfering with measurements Using Commands Communications with the Model Z9216 use ASCII characters Commands may be in either UPPER or lower case and may contain any number of embedded space characters A command to the Model Z9216 consists of a four character command mnemonic arguments if necessary and a command termination The terminator may be either a carriage return CR or line feed lt LF gt on RS232 or a li
40. inal Resistance Measurement This test verifies that the Model Z9216 operates and is able to measure a component in each of its ranges The readings obtained should be within tolerance of the component tolerance of the Model 29216 Press the key sequence RCL 0 ENTER to put the unit in its default setup 2 Perform open and short circuit calibrations for the fixture configuration to be used See Volume 1 for details on these null calibrations 3 Set the unit to the R Q measurement mode series equivalent circuit and 1 kHz test frequency Install the 24 9 resistor 4 Verify that the meter reads the resistance correctly to within 0 15 Verify that Q is a small value about 0 0001 or smaller Install the 402 resistor Verify that the meter reads the resistance correctly to within 0 1596 Verify that is a small value about 0 0001 or smaller 5 Change the equivalent circuit to parallel Install the 6 34 resistor Verify that the meter reads the resistance correctly to within 0 15 Verify that Q is a small value about 0 0001 or smaller 6 Install the 100 resistor Verify that the meter reads the resistance correctly to within 0 1590 Verify that is a small value about 0 0002 or smaller 15 Capacitance Measurement This test verifies that the Model Z9216 is able to measure components at different frequencies The limits of the readings are the same as before component tolerance meter to
41. inductors and capacitors The complex impedance of a capacitor is Z R jX R j C series equivalent circuit 9a R W joc R R jeC R R l jeC 1 joC R 1 oC R parallel equivalent 9b Quality Factor Originally the quality factor was defined for an inductor as a measure of the efficiency of energy storage in the inductor when an AC current is passed through it Mathematically the definition is 2n max energy stored energy dissipated per Hz 10a 2n f max energy stored average power dissipated 10b Since the average power dissipated the inductor with series resistance R is 2 and the maximum energy stored the inductor is Z the quality factor for an inductor is given by 11a By equating 8a and 8b the series equivalent circuit parameters R and L be expressed in terms of the parallel parameters R L When that is done and substituted in equation 10a we find that the quality factor also is written O R ol 11b While the concept of the quality factor was originally applied to inductors it may be extended so that the efficiency of energy storage in a capacitor may be expressed in terms of the circuit components and frequency Thus if the series resistance and capacitance of a capacitor are respectively R and C as in Figure 1 1 then 10b is evaluated to be Q 1 CR 12a By equating 9a and 9b the series equivalent circuit p
42. ker and also a Listener The GPIB is similar to a computer bus but instead of connecting different PC cards on a motherboard the GPIB connects them by standard cables The role of the GPIB Controller is comparable to that of a computers CPU or more aptly that of switching center of a telephone system The switching center Controller monitors the communications network GPIB When the Controller notices that a party device wants to make a call send a data message it connects the caller Talker to the receiver Listener The Controller usually addresses enables a Talker and a Listener before the data message can be sent Some GPIB configurations do not require a Controller such as when a device that is always a Talker is connected to one or more listen only devices A Controller is necessary when the active Talker or Listener must be changed The Controller function is usually handled by a computer which with the appropriate software and hardware can perform the roles of Controller and Talker Listener As detailed in Table 3 3 the GPIB interface system utilizes a 24 pin ribbon type connector with 16 signal lines and eight ground return or shield drain lines The 16 signal lines within the passive interconnecting HP IB IEEE 488 cable are grouped into three clusters according to their functions m Data Bus eight lines 0101 to 0108 data lines that carry either data or command messages All commands and most data use the 7 bit ASCII
43. layed Then the self tests should execute Reset Procedure If the unit displays no sensible message the cold boot procedure may fix the problem To reset the instrument turn the unit off Then while holding the backspace key lt turn the unit ON This procedure initializes the RAM and recalls the factory calibration and default values The default parameter values and instrument settings are listed in Volume 1 of this manual Internal Fuse Check If the unit powers on correctly but makes unstable or wildly inaccurate readings the internal fuse may be blown This can also cause the unit to fail the self test Out Err3 To change this fuse the top of the unit must be removed To do this first turn off and unplug the unit Next remove the four screws located on the bottom at the comers of the unit Place the unit right side up on its feet and gently slide the plastic top off the metal base It is necessary to slide the top gradually off the fixture and the back panel since it fits tightly over these When the top is removed stand it on its left side near the unit to avoid damaging the front panel cables The internal fuse is located near the fixture on the right hand side of the unit Remove the old fuse and inspect it for damage it is damaged replace it with a 250V F250mA fuse Replace the top taking care to align it over the fixture and rear panel Finally replace the four screws and verify that this fixed the unit Ext
44. lerance If the fixture configuration has changed perform open and short circuit calibration 2 Set the Model 29216 to the C D measurement mode parallel equivalent circuit and 1 kHz test frequency 3 Install the 22 nF capacitor Verify that the unit reads the capacitance correctly to within 1 10 Verify that D is below 0 0001 4 Setthe unit to 100 Hz Verify that the capacitance reading is close to the value measured above and within the tolerance stated above Repeat for 120 Hz D values should be below 0 0001 5 Repeat for 10 kHz At 10kHz the tolerance is 1 15 For 100 kHz the tolerance is 1 2596 D values should be below 0 001 for 10 kHz and 0 01 for 100 kHz Performance Tests These tests are intended to measure the Model Z9216 s conformance with its published specifications These test results along with the results of the functional tests can be recorded on the test sheet at the end of this manual Necessary Equipment Instrument Critical Specifications Time Interval Counter Time Interval Accuracy 1 ns max DC AC Voltmeter 5 digit DC accuracy true RMS AC to 100 kHz Resistance decade box Accuracy 0 02 1 Q to 1 Capacitance decade box Accuracy 0 0296 1000 pF to 10 uF Test conditions at least 30 minutes of warm up time and a temperature in the range of 23 C 5 C 73 F 9 F Frequency Accuracy This test measures the accuracy of the different output frequencies They should be wit
45. mand errors and execution errors Command errors are errors in the command syntax For example unrecognized commands illegal queries lack of terminators and non numeric arguments are examples of command errors Execution errors are errors that occur during the execution of syntactically correct commands Eor example out of range parameters and commands that are illegal for a particular mode of operation are classified as execution errors The NO COMMAND bit is a bit in the serial poll register that indicates that there no commands waiting to be executed in the input queue This bit is reset when a complete command is received in the input queue and is set when all of the commands in the queue have been executed This bit is useful in determining when all of the commands sent to the Model Z9216 have been executed This is convenient because some commands such as taking a measurement or auto calibration take a long time to execute and there ia no other way of determining when they are done The NO COMMAND bit may be read while commands are being executed by doing a GPIB serial poll There is no way to read this bit over RS232 Note that using the STB query to read this bit will always return the value 0 because it will always return an answer while a command is executing the STB command itself Definitions of Status Bytes Serial Polling Name Usage D The Model Z9216 is ready to perform a measurement Notused T Notused T An unmaske
46. most common RS232 signals are the following m Request to Send RTS and Clear to Send CTS The RTS signal line is asserted by the computer to inform the modem that it wants to transmit data If the modem decides that it is read to receive data it will assert the CTS line Typically once the computer asserts RTS it will wait for the modem to assert CTS before transmitting data m Data Terminal Ready DTR and Data Set Ready DSR This line is asserted by the computer to inform the modem that it is ready to receive data In response the modem will assert DSR to indicate that it is turned on m Carrier Detect CD This control line is asserted by the modem informing the computer that it has established a physical connection to another modem and is ready to transfer data In the application of the RS232 interface to the remote control of the LCR Meter the meter plays the role of a modem and the flow of data is primarily measurements transmitted from the meter to the computer 25 Table 3 1 RS 232 Signals and Pin Assignments 14 25 Atthe DTE 25 14 At the DCE en Sarat meum sms gt Secondan pennger 5 Test Indicator STF a 26 Setting Up to Use the RS 232 Interface The Model Z9216 is configured as a DCE transmit on pin 2 receive on pin 3 and supports the CTS DTR hardware handshaking discussed above The CTS signal pin 5 is an output of the meter
47. nal values between 0 245 and 0 255 and between 0 098 and 0 102 respectively Record the results Set the DVM to DC volts Set the Model Z9216 to the C D measurement mode 100 kHz test frequency 0 10 V drive voltage with internal Bias on Verify that the DC voltage is 2 0 VDC 2 Impedance Accuracy These tests confirm that the Model Z9216 meets its impedance measurement accuracy specification Precision impedance standards are required The minimum and maximum acceptable values are determined by adding the tolerance of the Model Z9216 and that of the standard For example for 1 000 1 kHz the basic meter tolerance is 0 20 the tolerance of the resistance standard is 30 0296 and thus the total tolerance is 0 22 or 02 2 So the range of acceptable values is 997 8 to 1002 2 If standards with different tolerances are used the acceptable limits will have to be calculated and adjusted The sheets at the end of this manual contain blank columns so that the verifying technician may add custom ranges based on the accuracy of the resistance decade box used Resistance Accuracy 1 Connect the Fixture Adapter to the Model Z9216 Install a BNC to stacking banana plug adapter on the end of each BNC cable Tape over or cut off the ground leads of the plugs connected to the orange PH and purple PL cables Connect the ground leads of the red IH and blue IL cables to the case ground of the decade box Plug the orange
48. ne feed lt LF gt or EOI on GPIB No command processing occurs until the meter receives a command termination All commands function identically on GPIB and 5232 Commands may require one or more parameters Multiple parameters are separated by commas Multiple commands may be sent on one command line by separating them by semicolons The difference between sending several commands on the same line and sending several independent commands is that when a command line is parsed and executed the entire line is executed before any other device action proceeds There is no need to wait between commands The Model Z9216 has a 256 character input buffer and processes commands in the order received If the buffer fills up the Model 29216 will hold off handshaking on the GPIB and attempt to hold off handshaking on RS232 If the buffer overflows the buffer will be cleared and an error reported The GPIB output buffer may be cleared by using the Device Clear universal command The present value of a particular parameter may be determined by querying the Model 29216 for its value A query is formed by appending a question mark to the command mnemonic and omitting the desired parameter from the command If multiple queries are sent on one command line separated by semicolons of course the answers will be returned in a single response line with the individual responses separated by semicolons The default response delimiter that the Model 29216
49. nt for each range These values are calculated from parameters tabulated below in Tables 2 7 to 2 9 for resistive inductive and capacitive measurements respectively Table 2 7 Parameters for Calculating K and for Resistive Measurements Ri K x Zm Ru Kn x Zm Frequency R2 Ri RO R R Ri RO 100 kHz 4mQ 0 080 040 200 3 50 me 12 Table 2 8 Parameters for Calculating K and K for Inductive Measurements LEK Lr Lh Kn x Lm Fey TRT TET 100 kHz 1 uH 20 300 uH 5 mH 630 H 10 kH 160kH 2 6 MH Table 2 9 Parameters for Calculating K and for Capacitive Measurements C Kj x Ch x Ro R m m m R m RO 100 kHz 8 pF 2 4pF 0 02 pF 200 uF 80 uF 4 uF i 13 Verification of Meter Performance The performance verification procedures in this section test and verify the performance of Model Z9216 and compare it to the specifications listed in Volume 1 of the Users Manual The first set of tests verifies the basic functionality of the unit second set of tests verifies the critical specifications of the Model Z9216 The results of each section can be recorded on the test sheets located at the end of this manual Functional Tests These simple tests verify the basic functionality of the Model Z9216 They are not intended to verify the accuracy of the unit Necessary Equipment Item Critic
50. ould easily calibrate within those limits The messages are listed alphabetically also listed is the status value returned by the CAL command Message Status Meaning Cal Error 1 The measurement is bad due to overload A D error or math error This error can occur during short circuit open circuit and standard resistor calibration Cal Error 2 The impedance measured in the short circuit calibration was too large The Model Z9216 expects the impedance to be lt 50 Q and the resistance to be less than 10 Make sure that the fixture has a good low impedance short in it during short circuit calibration Cal Error 3 The impedance measured in the open circuit calibration is too small The Model 29216 expects the impedance to be gt 10 at all frequencies and ranges Make sure that there are no parts in the fixture during open circuit calibration Also keep hands and other objects away from the fixture during calibration Cal Error 4 Standard resistor calibration error Model 29216 expects that standard resistor calibration will not change the value of the internal resistors by more than 3 Check to be sure that the correct calibration resistor for the range being calibrated is in the fixture GPIB Problems First make sure that the GPIB interface is installed Second the GPIB address of the Model 29216 must be set to match that expected by the controlling computer The default GPIB address is 17 so it is a good idea
51. primary drive voltages 1 0 0 5 and 0 25 Vrms extreme range error terms as given in Table 2 3 Note from Table 2 3 that Kj is negligible for impedances above 100 and Kg is negligible for impedances below 1 both at all frequencies Frequency in Hz NEN Qt S 105 FO E Impedance in ohms Figure 2 1 Basic Impedance Accuracy Table 2 1 Integration Time Accuracy Factor Meas Rate Frequency Ze Ki Slow Medium All All other 2 Table 2 2 Drive Voltage Error Factor Ky Vout Vrms Ky 0 55 to 1 0 0 3 to 0 5 0 5 Vout 0 15 to 0 25 0 25 Vout 0 10 0 11 Vout Table 2 3 Extreme Range Error Terms For Impedance and Resistance Kn and Kj Frequency K 100 Hz 120 Hz 1 kHz 1 mQ Z 7 2 10 2 1 mO Z 2 1 5 100 kHz 4 mO Z 2 50 Accuracy Equations for Specific Measurement Modes R Q Accuracy In the R Q measurement mode the basic impedance accuracy Az in equation 1 may be read from Figure 2 1 directly while interpreting the impedance as resistance The resistance accuracy is calculated from equation 2a with the additional stipulation that if the measured Q has an absolute value greater than 0 1 then the basic resistance accuracy factor should be multiplied by the factor 1 Q A r measured Ar x Kj x Ky 100 Kn 2a Where
52. remotely so that no external interference is required Thus allowing the manufacturing process to continue uninterrupted The open and short circuit calibration may be performed by initiating the i command The following tables summarize the variations and return values for the CAL command Warning The Standard Resistance Calibration should only be performed by qualified personnel Variations of the CAL Command Retin elles TUE DIE Value for i Calibration Type Result Value Remark The Calibration was successfully accomplished Short Circuit Measurement Error Standard 2 Short Circuit Error Impedance too 2 i High Resistance Standard Resistance Calibration Error The Value of Calibration is out of Range 3 Open Circuit Error Impedance too Low 4 34 Status Displays and Error Messages Adjacent to the right alphanumeric displays the Model 29216 has three front panel status LEDs that provide positive indication of commands and communications to help verify operations during the development of control programs The ACT LED flashes whenever a character is received or sent over either interface The ERR LED flashes when an error has been detected such as an illegal command or parameter out of range The REM LED is lit whenever the Model Z9216 is in a remote state front panel locked out The Model Z9216 reports two types of errors that may occur during command execution com
53. ring up the bin entry display and put the unit in the entry mode If any previous binning information needs to be cleared press the BIN key until the bin CLEAR message appears Press the ENTER key to clear all bin data and display CLEAR donE To enter new bin data or to edit old bin data if it was not previously cleared press the BIN key until displays bin x Enter the desired bin number press a numeric key 0 through 8 then ENTER The bin number will appear on the right display This is the bin for which subsequent nominal and limit values will be entered Nominal Values for Pass Bins O to 7 To enter the nominal value press the NOM key The NOM LED below the alphanumeric display will turn on The display will show the present nominal value or if the bin was previously shown closed in the left display If a nominal value is needed for this bin enter the desired nominal value with the numeric keys and the unit entry keys The new nominal value including units will be displayed Note that a nominal value does not have to be entered for each bin If a bin does not have a nominal value it will use the one from the bin below it Limits for Pass Bins O to 7 To enter the limits press the LIM key The display will show the present upper limit value or if no limit was given previously The LIM LED below the display will turn on Enter the limit value in percent using the numeric k
54. s 25 00 3 10kHz Series 25 00 3 100kHz Series 100 00 3 1kHz Series 100 00 2 1kHz Series 400 00 2 1kHz Series 400 00 2 10kHz Series 400 00 2 100kHz Series 1 600KQ 2 1kHz Parallel 1 6000 KQ 1 1kHz Parallel 6 4000 KQ 1 1kHz Parallel 6 4000 KQ 1 10kHz Parallel 6 4000 KQ 1 100kHz Parallel 25 0000 1 1kHz Parallel 25 0000 KQ 0 1kHz Parallel 100 0000 KQ 0 1kHz Parallel 100 0000 KQ 0 10kHz Parallel 400 0000 0 1kHz Parallel f the Q Value is Greater Than 0 1 the allowed tolerance must be multiplied by 1 0 CAPACITANCE ACCURACY Capacitance Frequency Range Minimum Actual Maximum Pass Fail 1 0 nF 1 kHz 0 1 0 nF 10 kHz 1 1 0 nF 100 kHz 2 10 0 nF 100 Hz 0 10 0 nF 1 kHz 1 10 0 nF 10 kHz 2 10 0 nF 100 kHz 2 100 0 nF 100 Hz 1 100 0 nF 1 kHz 2 100 0 nF 10 kHz 2 100 0 nF 100 kHz 3 1 0 100 Hz 2 1 0 1 kHz 2 1 0 pF 10 kHz 3 10 0 UF 100 Hz 2 10 0 UF 1 kHz 3 48
55. sends with any answer to a query is carriage return line feed CR LF on RS232 and line feed plus EOI on GPIB except for binary answers which are delimited by a line feed signal lt LF gt on both interfaces All commands return integer results except as noted in individual command descriptions Example command formats are given in Table 3 5 32 Table 3 5 Examples of Command Formats lt LF gt Sets the drive frequency to 100 Hz one parameter command FREQ lt LF gt Queries the drive frequency query of one parameter command BLIM 0 3 100 lt LF gt Sets the upper limit of bin 3 to 1000 Q three parameter command BLIM 0 3 lt LF gt Queries the upper limit of bin 3 query of a three parameter command IDN lt LF gt Queries the device identification query with no parameters lt LF gt Triggers a measurement command with no parameters FREQ 1 FREQ lt LF gt Sets frequency to 120 Hz then queries the frequency List of Commands VARIABLES ij Integers Real Number MEASUREMENT SETUP STL i Set query settling time to between i 2 and i 99 milliseconds AVGM i Set query averaging on i 1 or off i 0 BIAS i Set query DC bias to internal i 1 external i 2 or off i 0 CAL i Enable Calibration Mode short circuit i 0 open circuit i 1 amp Standard Resistance i 2 See Below for more details CIRC i Set query equivalent circuit to
56. t the range error factor K is negligible for capacitances below 1590 f uF For small values of D D lt 0 1 the accuracy of the capacitance measurement in the C R mode is calculated from equation 4a above and the accuracy of the resistance measurement is given by Accuracy of R in Ac 1 1 D 5a where A is the accuracy of the capacitance measurement and D R2 f C 50 11 For D gt 0 1 the impedance accuracy must first be calculated do this first calculate the impedance of the DUT by adding the resistive and capacitive elements either in series or parallel as appropriate Use the impedance accuracy graph to obtain an impedance accuracy and let it be denoted The accuracies of C and R are calculated from the impedance accuracy as follows Accuracy of C in Az x 1 D 6 Accuracy of R in A x 1 1 D 7 Accuracy When Holding a Nonoptimal Range When a component is measured outside of its nominal range in range hold the accuracy of the measurement is reduced The nominal ranges are defined as approximately four times above and below the nominal impedance value Range Nominal Impedance Range RO 100 Hz to 10 kHz 25 6 to 400 RO is not defined for 100 kHz Components that are measured while auto ranging have only one set of extreme range terms Kj per frequency For components measured in the range hold mode the values of Ky and K are differe
57. te Control of the LCR Meter Remote Programming Reference The Model Z9216 LCR meter may be controlled and programmed remotely using either an RS 232 or the optional GPIB 488 interface Any computer supporting either of these interfaces may be used with the Model Z9216 Both interfaces are simultaneously active and are accessed via the connectors on the rear panel The Model Z9216 responds to commands from either interface and returns answers to the interface from which the command came All front and rear panel features except power may be controlled Using the Interfaces RS232 Interface The RS232 interface specifies how to transfer data between a DTE data terminal equipment device such as a computer and a DCE data communications equipment device such as a modem The interface includes two signal lines that can be used for half duplex one way or full duplex simultaneous two way operation Additional lines are used for controlling the flow of the data in the sense that data cannot be transferred unless the appropriate flow control line is first asserted changed from 0 to 1 The RS232 Interface Standard The RS232 interface standard specifies a 25 pin connector as the standard interface in data communications networks a 25 pin D SUB male connector at the DTE data terminal equipment and a 25 pin D SUB female connector at the DCE data communications equipment with the pins designated as shown in Table 3 1 The
58. tention TRUE during Controller use of the data lines 17 REN Remote enable Used by Controller to enable selected devices 18 GND w DAV Return lines in twisted pairs with the signal lines indicated 19 GND w NRFD 20 GND w DAC 21 GND w IFC 22 GND w SRQ 23 GND w ATN 24 Signal Ground Ground return line for the data 29 Setting Up to Use the IEEE 488 Interface The Model Z9216 supports the IEEE 488 1 1978 interface standard It also supports the required common commands of the IEEE 488 2 1987 standard Before attempting to communicate with the Model Z9216 over the GPIB interface the Model Z9216 device address must be set The address is set by the rear panel dip switch SW2 The address may be set between 0 and 30 by setting the binary value of the address on switches 0 to A4 Each switch may have the value 0 down or 1 up The address is set by the formula Address AO 2 A1 4 A2 8 A3 16 A4 Connect IEEE 488 cable Dual Centronics 24 pin connector to the IEEE 488 GPIB and secure the connector by tightening the screw Optional Handler Interface Introduction The optional handler interface for the Model Z9216 allows the unit to be operated with external hardware to measure and physically sort components Data lines for ten sorting bins are provided as well as control lines START BUSY BDA to coordinate measurements See Chapter 4 for information on bin setup procedures and options
59. the voltage is 90 degrees 1 2 radians ahead of the phase of the current then the impedance is a positive imaginary number z luem 5 Units In this situation of positive imaginary impedance the impedance is purely inductive as an ideal inductor would be The impedance of an ideal inductor with inductance L is a linear function of frequency given by Z 2 joL If the phase of the voltage is 90 degrees 1 2 radians behind the phase of the current then the impedance is a negative imaginary number ES AM 6 In this situation of negative imaginary impedance the impedance is purely capacitive as an ideal capacitor would be The impedance of an ideal capacitor with capacitance C is the inverse of a linear function of frequency given by 2 1 joC Jj oC Actual circuit components are not purely resistive inductive or capacitive From a practical standpoint capacitors and inductors have impedances with resistive parts and their impedances may not be linear functions of frequency or independent of the voltage The general expression for impedance considers a real part containing the resistive component of the entire impedance R and the reactance or imaginary part of the impedance being Xj Xc or the algebraic sum of the two This complex impedance is represented by Z R jX 7 Where X oL for an inductor and X 1 oC for a capacitor Since the quantity X is traceable to the ratio of a voltag
60. vice matching or tests in which multiple components of similar value must be measured The binning feature simplifies parts sorting by eliminating the need to read the major and minor parameters and then deciding what to do with the part The STO and RCL keys allow up to nine binning configurations to be entered and recalled The configuration can also be programmed over one of the computer interfaces The Model Z9216 can sort components into as many as ten separate bins eight pass bins a minor parameter failure bin and a general failure bin Binning operations can either be performed using the keys in the BINS group of keys over the standard RS232 computer interface or over the optional GPIB or Handler interface Binning Options Three different types of binning schemes are supported by the Model Z9216 Pass Fail Overlapping and Sequential Pass Fail has only two bins good parts and all others Overlapping nested bins have one nominal value and are sorted in progressively larger bins for example 1 2 3 etc Sequential bins can have different nominal values each separated by a percentage for example 0 9 nom 0 95 nom 1 0 nom 1 05 nom with 5 limits Alternatively sequential bins can be set up with a single nominal value and asymmetrical limits for example 3 to 196 196 to 1 to 3 Bin limits are pairs and can be symmetrical for example 2 or asymmetrical for example 596 to 196 Binning Examples N

"user manual"

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

&quot;user manual&quot;

Contents

Download Pdf Manuals

Related Search

Related Contents

"user manual"