Interest Rate Derivatives Assignment Hull-White one
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1. 15 14 13 the interest rate derivatives You should not produce very detailed description about the code in the report and I am certainly not expecting a user manual All spreadsheets computer codes and detailed information about the running of your computer codes and understanding your implementation must be attached as appendices I was able to modify matlab code for LSMC simulation but the variable is the interest rates not the bond prices Can I just just assume that call option on interest rates must be equal to a put option on the bond prices and vice versa shp I assume you are referring to the regressor used in the least regression to approximate early exercise decision The regressor x in my note should be a swap rate calculated from the spot rate from the Hull White model in this case to match the coupon bond I find it is challenging to work on the assignment with max three people in the group Right now two of us in the group are not from banking industry studying on part time basis and there are also some gaps of knowledge of prep and obtaining needed data Given that other RMI modules allows max of 5 people in one group and their assignment is relatively easier to handle could we combine with the other group of two with the needed skills and share of workload to form a group of 4 5 for the assignment Appreciate your understanding and approval shp The collaboration can extend to infinite number but the report2. Since risk of option is non linear it does not make sense to analyse the short position of the option itself You can consider however the counter party risk that the option holder faced if he she held a call or a put option The option has a 1 year to maturity So the risk profile is 1 year the x axis Assuming that you have 250 days worth of historical data to allow you to price the options 250 times then the y axis is the VaR Value at Risk at 1 tile of the option holder should the seller default Unlike the banking sector one considers the VaR of loss distribution negative end for counter party risk you take the VaR at the high end That is the more valuable the option the larger is your loss should the seller of option default
3. must be submitted by a group of no more than three members So you can have 5 people working on the project together but write two reports You must make sure the data sets underlying the two reports are slightly different different sample period or interest rate on different currencies Provided you submit different reports based on different data sets you can share all the codes and all the spreadsheets among all 5 members I managed to calibrate using results from my workplace Yield Curve and Bloomberg Vol and obtained alpha as 0 0803 I wasn t expecting a negative value as I can t see how the rate of reversion should be negative deceleration However when I input this into our pricing model the prices thrown out seems reasonable Thus will you be able to advise if a negative alpha is reasonable and if so what are the possible reasons for this to occur shp A negative alpha or a in the lecture note is theoretically wrong as it is the opposite of mean reversion The implication is that when the rate is above the long run mean it will forever be above and when it is below it will never return to the mean or go above the long run mean The fact that the price impact is small when you put the negative a back in the valuation equation is I suspect because the value is very close to zero I suggest you re do the optimisation and constrain the parameter a to take positive values only Could you explain how to do a
4. seen from tO for the period starting t 3D 1 year and thus use the Bt 0 1 1 5 fo r the first coupon and Bt 0 1 2 for the second coupon etc shp The HW model is a spot rate model and is based on spot measure At every node of the trinomial tree there is a spot rate that is the rate you use for discounting By the way there is close form solution for bond price in the HW model So you do not have check the cash flow up to year 5 The spot rate at the end of year 1 is sufficient in deriving the 4 year maturity coupon bond price at the end of year 1 Is it practical to use AR or MA models to estimate sigma or theta What I meant was using econometrics models to obtain the sigma or theta from the market data so that we can use the estimates as inputs to HW model shp The time series AR or MA estimates of sigma and a not theta can give you some idea what the physical measures of these variables look like They are very likely NOT to be the same as that used in risk neutral pricing The objective of the assignment is on calibration and hence it is a preferred choice to have these values extracted from derivative prices 6 Does this mean we accumulate the option values monthly or daily over one year historical data The y axis will be cumulative option values while the x axis will be time to maturity Does the credit risk refers to the option positions and not the 5 year bond shp Yes the risk profile is that of the option holder
5. the Jamshidian trick a the coupon payments on the forward coupon bond are determined via the forward starting swap rate derived from the yield curve for the same time period b the option on the forward par yield coupon bond is ATM thus the option strike notional c when pricing a receiver payer swaption we are pricing a call put on coupon bond via individual calls put on the discounted coupons shp a yes for a par bond the coupon rate is equal to the swap rate over the same tenor b yes c receiver receives fixed rate which is the same as a long position on coupon bond the swaption part is equivalent to a call The second part is exact what Jamshidian has proved Instantaneous forward rate at time t may be approximated from the slope of the log zero coupon bond price curve from t dt to t dt choosing small dt shp Yes the HW C code on my home page shows how this is done Is it acceptable to use yield curve information from Bloomberg directly i e we do not have to build our own shp Yes that will be fine How do I go about doing the credit risk profile Do I take the relative changes in interest rate and swap vols for each scenario Or do I use the actual yield curve and swap vols on each historical day as the scenario Further in a l yr period there are 25 periods of 10 days each Do I recalibrate and reprice 250 scenarios for every period ie a total of 250 x 25 times 6250 times shp If
6. work because there is a non negligible probability of negative interest rates Can we instead calibrate to historical yield curve and volatility structure which have higher interest rates and lower volatilities shp Yes this is fine also so long as you state clearly which date you are calibrating your model to Calibrating a and sigma together in C may need extra numerical library functions other than the existing Newton Raphson method which can solve for one variable only Can we use NAG or other libray shp Yes this is fine You can use routines and numerical recipes that you have access to Your reply below suggests that we should use the closed form solution for bond pricing at every node is that correct Also based on your reply below is it correct to say that we should use the closed form solution the one which involves deriving r to calculate the European option value at each node It works but may take a lot of computational time as we may have to use goalseek to derive r at each node Instead of doing this closed form calculation and derivation of r can we work out the option value by backward induction from the terminal nodes shp Yes you can use simulation or trinomial tree to work out the zero coupon bond price though I am not sure if this will be faster than the very popular Jamshidian s trick It will be good if you could time it and let me know how much time your programme took Should the formulas at y
7. 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 Interest Rate Derivatives Assignment Hull White one factor spot rate model This version 16 September 2011 For 25 Perhaps I am not understanding correctly The spreadsheet that you provided has got 2 sections The first section displays the HW interest rate tree and the second one display the probability and the bond option pricing My question is can I use the HW interest rate trees in the first part directly by feeding our a and sigma to build my own backward induction algorithm or is the tree in the top section displayed dependent on the types of instrument to be priced as well shp Yes You can use the tree for other purposes The bond price calculated is that of a five year coupon bond For the Couderc s swaption volatility approximation similarly we minimize squared difference between our model vol calc from Couderc s formula and the Black volatility same market data shp Correct again by changing a and sigma Since swaptions are quoted ATM is it correct to assume the forward swap rate as the strike shp Yes VOLM on Bloomberg gives us 2 kinds of volatility Black amp Normal We are using the Black volatility to obtain our Market swaption prices BS swaption formula which is minimized against our Model swaption price calculated via the Jamshidian s Trick shp Correct by changing a and sigma Given that the implementation of Hull_White trinomial tree
8. credit risk exposure for the bond option ie part iii Since the swap valued at par on inception how can we predict the values of the fixed and floating cash flows over 5 years The fixed cash flow is easy to predict but we don t know what Libor will be in future so how do we know the discount factor to value the future cash flows How do we get the top and bottom 1 values for the cash flows since we don t know what Libor will be in future shp I suspect you were not in the class last week when I explained the credit risk profile You have bought a bond option assume American style today to allow you to buy a coupon bond at a fixed price using the market data i e term structure and swapvol today and produce a price for this bond option You take some historical data and from this history you understand e g the possible amount of 10 day change to all these input variables If you have 250 different historical 3 12 11 10 scenarios you re price the same bond option with 10 day less in maturity Each time when you re price the bond option you have to calibrate to the term structure and swap vol of that day using Jamshidian 1989 or Couderc 2006 From the 250 valuation the 2 or 3 highest value is the potential loss you may suffer should your counter party default This is the opposite tail to the usual VaR which is normally taken as the lower tail Since your bond option has one year to maturity your exposure to
9. he bond with considering the coupons as zero coupon bond using the closed form solutions and then start to discount follow the steps from 3 as above shp First of all you must realise that with the Hull White model there is closed form expression for zero coupon ZC bond prices and there is closed form solution for European option on ZC bond These results can be extended to coupon bond if we strip coupon bonds into a collection of ZC bonds The closed form solution for European option on coupon bond is a bit more complicated as we need to follow Jamshidian 1989 to repackage European option on coupon bond into a collection of European options on ZC bonds So if your objective is to price and manage European options you may not need to build the trinomial tree The tree is built for more exotic payoff but calibrate to fit the European options Next is about Approach 1 vs Approach 2 in your question Basically approach 1 ignore the close form solution and price option and coupon bond numerically through the tree whereas Approach 2 prices the bond using the closed form solution but use numerical method to price the bond option If implemented correctly both approaches should give you the same answer It is like pricing a Black Scholes call option using the formula or by simulations or binomial tree Given today s virtually zero interest rate and high volatility market environment the Hull White model as a normal model doesn t seem to
10. is provided does that mean we can use the tree directly to price our instrument directly after calibration of a and sigma shp That code was written specifically for pricing American option on coupon bond You will have to make some adjustments for the other interest rate instrucments To price the floater do we assume that the spot rate on the HW trinomial tree is the coupon rate before taking into account the collar floater shp Yes provided that dt on tree matches your floater reset period I tried to calibrate a and sigma by running the Coudrec s matlab code to 31st Aug Swaption vol but the program returned NaN would you be able to provide some advice shp I suggest you stick to the code and data format as close as possible You should also run the code as it is i e with the data set provided If that works then the problem will be your new input data 22 21 20 19 18 17 calibration to cap vol a we must strip the cap vol from Bloomberg into caplet vol then get the caplet price via Black s forumla which we use for calibration against HW analytical caplet price Is this process described correct b would you be able briefly describe how we should strip the cap vol shp Try to read my chapter 8 section 8 4 1 on volatility I have explained the bootstrap procedures for getting caplet vol from capvol Let me know if you still do not understand after reading that secition When solving
11. librate using mkt vol for the 4 year swap and 5 year swap in the 1 month 3 month 6 month 9 month and 1 year expiry period ii For calibration using the Jamsidian trick we have only 1 equation where a European option on a coupon bond is equal to the sum of european options on zero bonds However we have 2 unknowns a and sigma to solve for Do we make an assumption for a or am i missing something out here shp These two questions are related You are right that you cannot solve two unknown with one equation This is why you need more than one price or market implied vol In Hull s exercise a and sigma are given and the students were asked to back out the implied vol from bond option price So in this context you need a few swaption vol or bond option prices to produce the a and sigma that give the smallest pricing error You have basically a 1x5 swaption so you should use implied vol or option prices of similar specification A 10x20 swaption will perhaps be too long My group is doing the trinomial tree We need to value all the cash flows from the bond for the next four years and discount them to the end of year 1 What rate do we use to discount these cash flows Do we use the short rate ie rt at the end of year 1 Is it correct to use this rate although there are eight cash flows occurring at different future dates from the semi annual coupons and principal up to Year 5 Or should we use the forward rates on the yield curve as
12. our changingmeasure pdf and the corresponding slide be the ones shown in the attachment The first one is after process such that and the second immediately after f 02 ds lt 1 T 1 pT At exp Os dW 7 2 So 0 ds 2 shp Yes you are absolutely right and spot on In the closed form hull white bond price equation there is this forward rate parameter f 0 t Is this instantaneous forward rate obtained from the term structure of interest rates built using mkt cash rates and swap rates shp In the file bond h the routine double CalcA is used to calculate alpha in Hull White bond price formula that contains f 0 t In this subroutine f 0 t is calculated as log Price t e Price t e 2 e with e 0 0001 and when you check the routine for calculating Price i e bond price given term structure you will notice that the routine simply take linear interpolation between two rates When the extrapolation goes below the six month rate i e 4 5 the routing assume 0 at t 0 and linearly interpolate to get the rate at six month or 0 5 0 0001 You could replace the 6 month rate with the shortest maturity spot rate that you have i Do the mkt swaption vol data input into the calibration procedure to obtain a and sigma require the same option and bond time to maturity as the bond option which we are trying to price I e for the 1x5 american bond option with semi annual coupon payment is it correct to ca
13. s you will have to think about and figure it out yourself as part of the requirement of the exercise Can you elaborate how to use Jamshidian s trick to calibrate a and sigma In this case do we keep r as another free variable or fix it at some approximate value Leaving it as free variable may minimize the optimization procedure to zero for any particular set of a and sigma What s the right way shp r should not be in the same level of optimisation as a and sigma but should be estimated conditioned on the given value of a and sigma Start with one set of a and sigma then change r till coupon bond price equal strike price of option followed by all the steps in Section 5 4 of the lecture note Then keep changing a and sigma via an optimiser till European option prices are the closest to their market prices We have managed to form the interest rate tree as per Hull white model and we have the following doubt in the approach of the Bond pricing with interest rate Approach 1 1 Form the interest rate tree as per using the Hull white model 2 Considering the yield curve Price the bond at TO with considering all the coupons and assign that as the price of the bond at the end time step of the bond tree 3 Start discounting the bond price from the end of the time step 4 When the option tree starts which has lesser time period than the bond calculate the option payoff for the bond Approach 2 Price t
14. this counter party should ends at year 1 You change the 10 day change above to e g 1 month 2 month 11 month to complete the entire risk profile As option payoff is non linear the credit risk profile is on one side only i e when you long the bond option and not when you short the bond option You can consider the opposite position by considering a bond option to sell instead of buy the same coupon bond I just realized how heavy the workload of the assignment after fiddling with initial work I probably need to join a group or at least get another person to help me especially with access to bloomberg data I am currently working alone just getting all my data from the internet FINRA US Treasury website ESC etc If possible I can just do instruments a bond option and c collared floater I don t even know if I can find time for the valuation calibration of US type options shp There are several choices 1 you cut down the workload yourself I have mentioned in the class that students are not expected to do all listed in the assignment to get a pass 2 you work with another student and form a group 3 even without forming a group you can still share many information with other students and other groups Collaboration is strongly encouraged Also please note that if you are dropping the American option early exercise feature it is possible that there are closed form solutions and there is no need to use any numerical scheme Thi
15. you look at the classic shape of credit risk profile which is a mirror image of Value at Risk you will notice that the short horizon has a smaller risk than the slightly longer horizon This is because in general we expect input variables will be a lot more different from today as the horizon lengthens So the key is that you need to introduce change to today s input and not just introduce another set of input So the answer to the first part of your question is that you have to focus on the relative change Whether you would do a parallel shift or use some principal component analysis is up to you If you have only one year worth of historical data i e about 250 days then there are only 25 10 day change and one 250 day change If you use overlapping data then you can have 240 10 day change So if you want to have 250 of 250 day change you will need at least two years worth of historical data If you do not want to use overlapping data you will need an even longer historical sample period There s a report max 10 pages that is needed to submit together Would you be able to elaborate to me what is your expectation for that report Is that primarily explanation background context user s manual etc on the excels codes or else shp The report should be focused on the use of HW model and how to price and risk manage the interest rate instruments It should highlight the features strength and weakness of the model and 2 16
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