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Fore PCA-200E ATM Manual

1. Cells and no errors No cells Cells and VPI VCI Cells and AAL Cells and no errors received by errors received by errors received received Dy remote o by oid remote end and transmitting and transmitting remote by remote no cells cells Run Verify AAL Verify outeoin E atmstat fa0 1 Sen PYC types on local TI m Continuous ping d on switch entry on from remote Are cells going out and remote ws remote end the local Y interface n n n A O Dt E a ER Verify PVC y y y on switch Verify VPI VCI Is IP Run atmarp a of incoming encapsulation Correct switch ARP entry on Both ends configuration remote ws Have network Is IP E remote end Zeit encapsulation Run atmarp a configuration correct Correct the ARP cache entry Have network manager check IP configuration Sunooyse qnoag u1 001 52 qt04 Troubleshooting This test sequence requires that the switch be configured with a valid PVC and the end stations have the proper IP configuration and ATM ARP cache entries See the atmarp man page and Chapter 4 of the ForeRunner ATM Switch manual to determine if the PVCs are correctly configured The tests in Figure 10 3 assume that a ping wa
2. these runs these runs a LEC Macintosh Lal C Unix a LEC Macintosh Lal E E Each of ol Each of El E P E Runs a LECS LES BUS and ASX 200 Runs a LEC ASX 200 z S BUS an Runs a LEC ATM I Token Ring FDDI p Bue Figure 1 1 An Example of an ELAN ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual uornonpogu Introduction 1 23 The Initialization Process The LAN Emulation Client LEC running on the workstation goes through the following process when it initializes 1 The LEC obtains its own ATM address via address registration You can also manually specify the ATM address when you install the ForeRunner ELAN ATM driver 2 The LEC establishes a connection to the LECS It gets the address through the well known address or the permanent virtual circuit 0 17 You can also manually specify the address of the LECS when you install the ForeRunner ELAN ATM driver 3 TheLECS provides the LEC with the information necessary to join whatever EL ANS is allowed to join The LECS has information about available ELANs information about what ELANSs each LEC can join and which ELAN the LEC wants to attempt to join first 4 TheLEC contacts the LES for the ELAN it wants to join and regis ters its MAC ATM address It also contact
3. Port VPI SigVCI CLSVCI AAL MinVCI MaxVCI SigBW CLSUPC LC1 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 LC2 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 103 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 104 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 1D1 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 1D2 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 1D3 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 LD4 0 5 4 4 32 5 0 0 LCTL 0 5 4 4 32 9 0 0 configuration port show Port Carrier Mb s iVPs iVCs iBW oVPs oVCs oBw Model Cl no 5540 4 25 90 4 59405063 C2 no 55 0 4 5540 4 55 0 OC3 C3 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 95 0 063 C4 yes 9550 4 55 0 4 55 0 oC D1 no 55 0 2 5570 3 0 0 oc3 D2 no 55 0 5 55420 4 55 0 oC D3 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 OC3 D4 no 55 0 4 55 0 4 55 0 OC3 CTL yes 80 0 28 0 0 36 0 0 ASX 10 24 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting configuration port show advanced Port CDVT Policing VBROB BuffOB S ci 250 enabled 00 00 S C2 250 enabled 00 00 c3 250 enabled 00 00 8 C4 250 enabled 00 00 5 D1 250 enabled 00 00 zl D2 250 enabled 00 00 D3 250 enabled 00 00 D4 250 enabled 00 00 CTL 5000 enabled 00 00 configuration uni30 show Port VPI State ILMI UNIside Type OperType RemoteAddress Ici Q down down network auto privateUN LC2 O down down network auto privateUN Res O down down network auto privateUN 1C4 0 down up network auto privateUNI 169 144 64 108 1D2 0 down down network auto privateUN 1D3 O down down network auto privateUN 1D4 0 down down network auto privateUN LCTL 0 up down network auto privateUN configuration
4. 5 9 NSAP address 5 4 O outgoing IP PVC ssss 4 13 P PM ei bets utet tote Nd eei enn iia aM 7 3 PVC verification oooooooocoooo o 4 15 Q 22931 i buie A aA 5 1 Index 2 R reboot IP address 4 3 RECEIDZ7 oto teda t se ttis 5 2 S An EE 8 2 software installation 3 1 software installation requirements 3 1 software overview ooooooooooooo 1 8 SPANS i eni aer p EA RAS 7 3 SPANS interface o o oooooooomooooo 5 3 static IP routing oooooooommm m o 4 10 SunOS kernel configuration 3 6 SUPPOR ieu dev UR REY e ii T PER ALP xe e a PRA 4 7 technical support ii test AALE ETOT undi s esi 10 13 at mstat uL DE IRR 10 12 TEE 10 7 diVer iles oque ied 10 5 firmware 0 0 00 e eee 10 4 hardware 10 4 A teu 10 3 network connectivity 10 10 no cell transmission 10 13 no cells received 10 12 physical link ooooo o 10 7 self test Le ree IR ES 10 4 VPI VClIerror esee 10 13 topology eoe E 8 2 Troubleshooting adinfO rU ELITR es 10 21 atmstat 4245 x cl a A ES 10 21 ifcontig EE AE 10 20 netstat cas ze ce ana eas soaks 10 20 UNAME 2xslx e ee 10 20 troubleshooting 10 1 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual U unpacking epah D raae panao hE eE 1 12 V validate SVC sesesss 5 8 Verify PVG iue et erem 4 15 WwW well know
5. us fore etc configure lanem 6 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN Responses to the following typical session s questions are system specific and must be determined by the system administrator prior to configuring an ELAN If you wish to use an LECS the system specific information must also be entered in the LECS configuration file Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y ENTER Use the Well Known LECS address y ENTER Would you like to configure a DEFAULT ELAN y ENTER Name of DEFAULT ELAN default ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end engineering lt ENTER gt Enter LES address Manually n ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end marketing lt ENTER gt Enter LES address Manually n ENTER po EB BOY amp g mec Po SE Enter ELAN name to configure return to end ENTER LECS ATM address Well Known ELAN default ELAN engineering ELAN marketing Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n Save Configuration Information y Saving fore lanem conf ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 9 Configuring an Emulated LAN NOTE LECs that you configure with the configure lanem script require a functioning network interface for example el0 Refer to Section 4 1 of this User s Manual for information about configuring the appropr
6. 5 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 2 2 Operating with ILMI Support FORE Systems switches running ForeThought software version 3 0 or greater provide support for ILMI If ILMI is supported on all of the switches and hosts in a given network when a switch boots up ILMI enables the switch to discover all of the hosts attached to it and to send its ATM prefix associated with the port to those hosts dynamically In return the host prepends that prefix to its ESI and selector fields forming a complete ATM address The host then notifies the switch of its complete ATM address These registration messages are sent and received over AAL5 using VPI 0 VCI 16 Once ILMI registration has been completed then connection setup can occur 10M39N WLY dI e o E bel e B i Oo Di e Eg un Ka EN e D B If a host changes network ports after an ATM address has been registered for its interface all existing connections will be closed If the new port is on a dif ferent switch a new ATM address with a different network address prefix will be registered The host can then begin to establish new connections 5 2 3 Operating without ILMI Support If ILMI is not supported on a particular switch or host in a given network then the ATM addresses must be manually configured If a given switch does not support ILMI it can not supply an ATM prefix to the hosts Theref
7. LES address is assigned in auto configuration mode only and BUS address is not assigned 1 LE ARP for BUS failed or BUS connection dropped or LES connection dropped Check for direct vpi vci to LES in the elconfig output Make sure that the LES is running if vpi vci is not assigned Check the LES log if enabled and contact FORE Technical Sup port for any ERROR conditions e All addresses are assigned but VCIs are not assigned 1 LES connection dropped or BUS connection dropped Make sure that the services are running 2 Enter the command atmstat fa 0 1 and observe the response a Ifatmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support b Ifatmstatresponds troubleshoot the switch Other wise call FORE Technical Support 10 18 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 4 Collecting Additional Information Once basic adapter installation and network connectivity have been tested this section explains how to obtain all of the additional information that you need to have ready before calling FORE Systems Technical Support This information should exist either on line by redirecting the output to a file or in hard copy form 10 4 1 Basic Information Troubleshooting d e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 le je The following basic network information is very useful in helping FORE s Technical Support staff troubleshoot your problem 1 Host platform configurati
8. nnn nnn nnn nnn ENTER The IP address for interface fa0 is nnn nnn nnn nnn Is this correct yes ENTER Subnetworks allow the systems on a local area network to be on different physical networks For the following question use the default answer unless the existing local area network is using subnet routing If the local area network is using subnet routing you need to know the subnet mask Enter the subnet mask in dot notation 255 255 255 0 ENTER The subnet mask for fa0 is 255 255 255 0 Is this correct yes ENTER For the following question USE THE DEFAULT ANSWER unless you would like to add additional flags found in the ifconfig reference page to the ifconfig command Normally you will USE THE DEFAULT ANSWER Do you want to use additional ifconfig flags for this interface no ENTER The configuration looks like interface fa0 hostname mysystem atm ifconfig fa0 nnn nnn nnn nnn netmask 255 255 255 0 Is this correct yes ENTER UPDATING etc rc config fa0 is configured in etc rc config UPDATING etc hosts nnn nnn nnn nnn mysystem atm is configured in etc hosts After running usr sbin netsetup it is necessary to reboot for the changes to take effect 4 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 13 2 Configuring el Interfaces For el interfaces it is necessary to edit etc rc config The follow
9. 3 Create a directory e g usr tmp fore and copy the ForeThought 4 0 2 for Digital UNIX tar file into it 4 Untar the file in the usr tmp fore directory by entering the fol lowing command tarxvffile name ENTER where file na me is the name of the tar file that you copied from the CD ROM 5 Change directory to the parent of the us tmp fore directory and enter the following command to install the FORE software setid I fore ENTER 3 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 6 The following screen appears NOTE User input to the prompt you receive is indicated in bold e g y lt ENTER gt Enter subset selections The following subsets are mandatory and will be installed automatically unless you choose to exit without installing any subsets FORE Systems Inc PCA 200E You may choose one of the following options 1 ALL of the above 2 CANCEL selections and redisplay menus 3 EXIT without installing any subsets Enter your choices or press RETURN to redisplay menus Choices for example 1 2 4 6 1 ENTER You are installing the following mandatory subsets FORE Systems Inc PCA 200E You are installing the following optional subsets Is this correct y n y 1 subset s will be installed Loading 1 of 1 subset s FORE Systems Inc PCA 200E Copying from fore disk Verifying 1 of 1 subset s installed successfully Li
10. Ch Q FORE Systems host Figure 5 2 Configuring a Third Party Switch with ILMI Support 1 This process assumes that FORE software has been installed on all hosts and that ILMI was set in the installation process ILMI dynamically performs address registration for all of the hosts 2 Refer to the ForeRunner ATM Switch Configuration manual for procedures to configure the following a Configure a static ATM route on FORE switch B to the third party switch b Configure IISP on FORE switch B Be sure to use a mask value of 104 3 Configure two static ATM routes on the third party switch one to each of the FORE switches using the switch vendor s configura tion software Be sure to use a mask value of 104 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 15 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 6 3 Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support To configure a network with a third party vendor s switch that does not sup port ILMI but does support RFC 1577 as shown in Figure 5 3 perform the following steps Third Party Switch RFC 1577 no ILMI d y o mm FORE Systems host E CAN Figure 5 3 Configuring a Third Party Switch with REC 1577 and No ILMI Support 1 This process assumes that FORE software has been installed on all hosts and that ILMI was set in the installation process ILMI dynamically performs addre
11. s Manual Network Interface Administration 3 Oncea route has been established you should be able to ftp files from the Ethernet workstation to the ATM only workstation by typing the following ftp ws2 eth 4 24 Disabling Signalling If your PCA 200E adapter is connected to a SPANS capable device such as a ForeRunner ASX ATM switch you may ignore this step in configuring the IP PVC If your PCA 200E adapter is not connected to another SPANS capable device such as a ForeRunner ASX ATM Switch you must disable SPANS signalling in the device driver for that unit Disabling the signalling informs the device driver that it may send and receive cells without knowing its physical address which is typically supplied by the SPANS capable device The atmconfig command can enable disable or report on the state of signalling both SPANS and UNI 3 0 for a particular unit The syntax is as follows atmconfig lt device gt atmconfig son lt device gt atmconfig s off lt device gt atmconfig u on lt device gt atmconfig u off lt device gt display current configuration enable SPANS signalling disable SPANS signalling enable UNI 3 0 signalling disable UNI 3 0 signalling For example to disable SPANS signalling on device faO the following com mand should be entered atmconfig s off fa0 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON Network Interface
12. En Ka e d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e ao 9 e This chapter describes how to design configure and maintain a Classical IP ATM network The term classical indicates that the ATM network has the same properties as existing legacy LANs That is even though ATM technol ogy allows for large globally connected networks for example it is only used in the LAN environment as a direct replacement of existing LAN technology The classical model of LANs connected through IP routers is maintained in ATM networks RFC 1577 provides the standard for Classical IP over ATM Classical IP over ATM is different than IP in legacy LANs in that ATM pro vides a virtual connection environment through the use of PVCs and or SVCs SVC management is performed via UNI 3 0 signalling UNI 3 0 is a broadband signalling protocol designed to establish connections dynamically UNI 3 0 uses Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCOP as a reli able transport protocol and all signalling occurs over VPI 0 VCI 5 UNI 3 0 connections are bi directional with the same VPI VCI pair used to transmit and receive Currently FORE Systems uses a subset of UNI 3 0 signalling as defined by the ATM Forum UNI 3 0 specification Once a Classical IP connection has been established IP datagrams are encap sulated using IEEE 802 2 LLC SNAP and are segmented into ATM cells using ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 AAL5 In addition the default Maximum Transmission Unit MTU
13. Operational 1 Ensure that the interface is assigned the correct IP address and is UE 2 Check routing entries Make sure that the Destination and Gate way addresses are correct Make sure that the default route is correct i e default Gateway address is correct Please refer to Chapter 4 of this manual for IP interface configuration 3 Follow IP troubleshooting procedures supplied with your system OS network troubleshooting guide 4 Call FORE Technical Support If the state is NOT Operational proceed to the next question Is the ATM address assigned How to check Enter the command atmarp z qaa0 and check if the ATM address is assigned Possible Solutions If the ATM address is NOT assigned 1 Ensure that FORE snmpd or ilmid is running Check the syslog file to see if ILMI has registered the ATM address with the switch f not running reinstall the software OR call FORE Technical Support 2 Enter the command atmstat fa 0 and observe the response If atmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support If atmstat responds with cell counts and if you are using a non FORE switch make sure that the switch s address registration is working properly 10 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting If you are using a FORE switch call FORE Technical Support If the ATM address is assigned proceed to the next question S e a o S e 62 e
14. The last two digits will be ignored and qaa0 will get 00 qaa1 will get 01 etc Display the ATM address for device device device must be one which supports Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 Add an ATM address to IP address mapping to the ARP table The ATM address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading Ox and interspersed ots e g 0x01 0203 04 050607 0809 0a0b 0c0d 0e0f10111213 14 This creates a single ARP entry for hostname and is used to connect to hosts which do not support ARP Set the ARP server s ATM address for the device device The ATM address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading Ox and interspersed dots e g 01 0203 04 050607 0809 0a0b 0c0d 0e0f10111213 14 Get the ARP server address that has been configured for the device device Tell whether or not we are the ARP server for device s IP subnet ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration v Display ARP Server connection information for the device device This information is useful for debugging It includes the VPVC over which we are communicating with the ARP Server the number of times we have unsuccessfully attempted to connect to the ARP Server whether or not we are in the process of connecting to the ARP Server meaning we have sent a SETUP but have not yet received a CONNECT or a RELEASE COMPLETE and the number of Inverse ARP packets we have sent device must
15. is the ATM address of the LECS that you want the LEC to use If you do not want the LEC to use an LECS enter the following command elconfig set manual In this case you must specify the ATM address of the LES that you want the LEC to use when you start the LEC For example elconfig add engineering les lt adaress gt where lt address gt is the ATM address of the LES that you want the LEC to use 6 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN Deleting a LEC If you want to delete a LEC from an ELAN engineering for example enter the following command elconfig delete engineering This terminates the connections to the engineering LES and BUS and removes the network interface e g elO associated with the LEC CAUTION If you configure two LECs on the same ELAN each having IP ARP table entries for the other N in their respective system ARP caches then later remove the LECs from the ELAN you must manually delete the system ARP cache if you want to add the LECs back again to the same ELAN and IP subnet Failure to do so may result in the two systems being unable to re establish IP connectivity EG EX X oO Ad Tag D KI ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN LEC Failover An added feature of ForeThought 4 0 2 software is the LEC failover mecha nism This feature allows multiple redundant services t
16. then bring the appropriate interface down and back up ifconfig qaXX down ifconfig qa XX up for the change to take effect FORE s ATM switches also have the capability of being an ARP server This process is described in the next section 5 6 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 3 2 Configuring a FORE Switch to be an ARP Server To configure a FORE switch as an ARP server perform the following steps 1 Using the AMI on the switch determine the ATM address of the switch with the command configuration atmarp getnsap JOMIN WLY dI Q e En Ka e d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e e 9 B qaa0 NSAP address 47000580ffe1000000 21510a00020481510a000 The response from this command also shows the interface name to which the ATM address is attached 2 Set the ATM address of the ARP server for the interface name from step 1 to be the ATM address of that interface with the AMI command configuration atmam arpserver gt set lt NSAPaddress gt interface For example configuration atmarp arpserver gt set 0x47 0005 80 ffe 100 0000 f215 10a 00020481510a0 00 qaa0 NOTE This example shows the Classical IP interface name of qaaO used as the ARP server interface name Any of the Classical IP interface names qaa0 through qaa3 could be used as the ARP server name 5 3 3 Configuring a Host to be an ARP Server Typically you would define a host as an A
17. 1 ie port name uptime VPs max VCs max Kb s free max total Mb B 98 29 22 34 2 57 5 5 0 0 140000 847 B2 98 29 22 18 3235 3 3 0 0 140000 14 E 198 29 22 27 335 4 4 0 0 140000 83035 C2 198 29 22 3 3 35 4 4 0 0 140000 1 D LOB 29 2222 3 35 d 2 2 0 0 100000 1 D2 98 29 22 11 3 235 373 0 0 100000 1 CTI 198 29 22 37 3235 36 36 0 0 80000 203 NOTE In the output above the Kb s and free columns do not contain valid data cport switch name Output Mb s State Time VPs VCs BW Cells VPs VCs BW Cells 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 100 137783 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 Z X00 137784 00 up 9 08 15 3 00 141332 4 100 149078 00 down 9 08 15 2 00 0 2 100 137784 40 up 908515 4 40 140569 3 140 148928 40 up 02 44 38 7 40 1046 M 6 140 193732 40 up 9 08 15 5 40 1297 M 6 140 455400 40 up 9 06 57 5 40 138800 5 140 1046 M 80 up 9 08 13 22 80 1M 22 80 1M ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 23 Troubleshooting The following commands are run by logging in to the AMI on the switch The next three commands show switch configuration and status configuration spans show Port VPI State Type CDVT Action RemoteAddress 1C1 0 down uni 250 tag LC2 0 down uni 250 tag 1C3 0 down uni 250 tag 104 0 up uni 250 tag 169 144 60 108 1D1 0 down uni 250 tag 1D2 0 down uni 250 tag 1D3 0 down uni 250 tag 1D4 0 down uni 250 tag LCTL 0 up uni 0 tag 10 10 10 48 configuration spans show advanced
18. 3 1 Iritialization z ie coepi mete bee eb E ban EA e 6 6 6 3 2 Registration and Address Resolution 000 6 6 6 3 3 Data Iranstet ees eener eeh e ee est s 6 7 Cornifisuring a LEG 4 22e cea A a ee tends 6 8 6 4 1 Using the configure Joanem Script 6 8 6 4 1 1 configure lanem Script Questions and Responses 6 10 6 412 Administering LECs using the elconfig Command 6 13 641 3 Using Clan p sisi unis one dea seus d ra ees 6 17 ATM Network Configurations Back to Back Adapter Configuration 0oooococccccccccccccccc 7 1 7 1 1 SPANS and UNI 3 0 Signalling 0 0c eee eee 7 1 Adapter to FORE ATM Switch Configuration oooooooocoooooroooo 7 2 Adapter to Other Vendor s Equipment Configuration 7 3 Additional Administration Information Additional Software and Manual Dages 8 1 PCA 200E Administrative Programs 0 0000000 8 2 8 2 1 elarp 8c e a e ee ERE RIRs eR Tues vade a 8 4 8 2 2 elconfig 8c ccrte etn te AEN wate Ge eon ee 8 5 Software Interfaces Berkeley Socket Interface 9 1 Application Programming Interface 9 1 9 2 1 Concurrent Server Model for the APl o o oooooooo 9 1 Rat Controllere AA NA AR endet Ue eb es 9 2 AAL NULL Support for 200 Series Adapters 00 000 e ceca 9 2 TOC 3 Table of Contents CHAPTER 10 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 APPENDIX A A 1 A 2 Glossary TOC 4 Troubleshooting Adapter Hardware Troublesho
19. 9 e 5 os What is the Last Error appearing in the output of the elconfig show configured command How to check Enter the elconfig show configured command and note the last error mes sage in the output Possible Solutions Last error messages and corrective actions are mentioned with each case below e LES address is zero only in autoconfig mode or VCI not assigned for LES only in manual configuration 1 LECS failed to find ELAN Ensure that the ELAN name is correct and is registered with the LECS in case of auto configuration only 2 LECS failed to respond If in auto configuration mode make sure that the LECS is started and is running 3 failed to connect to LES or Could not connect to the BUS Make sure that the services LES BUS are up and that the services machine is connected to the switch Make sure that the ATM address of the services machine is correct in the LECS database ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 17 Troubleshooting 4 Ifservices are UP check the syslog file if enabled for any ERROR conditions and make corrections as appropriate If services are UP but syslog is not enabled call FORE Technical Support 5 Enter the command atmstat fa 0 1 and observe the response a Ifatmstat does not respond call FORE Technical Support b Ifatmstatresponds check if you can troubleshoot the switch Otherwise call FORE Technical Support
20. Administration The configuration may then be checked by again using atmconfig to display the current configuration atmconfig faO For more information on the atmconfig command see Section 4 4 4 12 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 5 Configuring an Outgoing IP PVC The first step in configuring an IP PVC connection is to set up the outgoing link to the destination IP host The following parameters need to be deter mined before you configure this part of the connection outgoing device typ ically fa 0 destination IP hostname or address VPI VCI and AAL type 3 4 or 5 Once these have been determined the atmarp command is used to configure the outgoing link using the supplied parameters as follows atmam sdestination ip hostname device vpi vci aal type For example to set up an outgoing connection from wsl atm to ws2 atm using the fa 0 device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AAL5 you would specify atmam s ws2 atm fa0 0 100 5 Generic WS1 atm ATM Switch Figure 4 3 IP Permanent Virtual Circuit You also need to set up an equivalent outgoing connection from ws2 atm to ws1 atm using the fa O device To set up this connection with VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AALS type the following atmam s ws1 atm fa0 0 100 5 gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual
21. Projects Agency the US govern ment agency that funded the ARPANET ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 5 Glossary Glossary 6 DCS Digital Cross connect System an electronic patch panel used to route digital signals in a central office Demultiplexing a function performed by a layer entity that identifies and separates SDUs from a single connection to more than one connection See multiplexing DIP Switch Dual In line Package a device that has two parallel rows of contacts that let the user switch electrical current through a pair of those con tacts to on or off They are used to reconfigure components and peripherals Domain Name Server a computer that converts names to their correspond ing Internet numbers It allows users to telnet or FIP to the name instead of the number DNS Domain Name System the distributed name and address mecha nism used in the Internet DSn Digital Standard n 0 1 1C 2 and 3 a method that defines the rate and format of digital hierarchy Asynchronous data rates are defined as follows DSO 64kb s 1 voice channel DI 1 544Mb s 24 DSOs DS1C 3 152 Mb s 2 Dis DS2 6 312 Mb s 4 DS1s DS3 44 736 Mb s 28DSls Synchronous data rates SONET are defined as STS 1 OC 1 51 84 Mb s 28 DS1s or 1 DS3 SIS 3 OC 3 155 52 Mb s 3 STS 1s byte interleaved STS 3c OC 3c 155 52 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 12 OC 12 622 08 Mb s 12 STS 1
22. a cut and paste from a file rather than retype a 40 character ATM address With the ATM address you can perform the full installation on the ARP server and all client hosts using all of the desired configuration parameters If you ever need to reconfigure the network again please remember that it is easier to obtain the ARP server address from a running system d c as Le D o 26 Ok S D cr eh SE 0 eom RE 20 EB 55 a ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 2 Software Installation for Digital UNIX Systems The PCA 200E device driver for the Digital UNIX operating system ATM API library installation and administration programs and on line manual pages are contained on the software distribution CD ROM The README file on the CD ROM contains information about the appropriate files that you need to copy onto your system before installing the software 1 To load the FORE Systems ForeRunner PCA 200E software onto your system log in as root After you log in create a read only directory on which the CD ROM file system will be mounted e g cdrom 2 Insert the CD ROM into the system s CD ROM drive and execute the following command mount r device filename directory filename lt ENTER gt where device filename is the name of your CD ROM e g dev rZ6c and directory filename is the name of the directory you cre ated in step 1
23. a user the current connections to the adapter as well as the ATM address As in the following example any messages appearing on your screen during software installation and network interface administration will appear in Courier font to distinguish them from the rest of the text Are all three conditions true ForeRunner MPCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual iii Preface Important Information Indicators To call your attention to safety and otherwise important information that must be reviewed to insure correct and complete installation as well as to avoid damage to the adapter or your system FORE Systems utilizes the fol lowing WARNING CAUTION NOTE indicators WARNING statements contain information that is critical to the safety of the operator and or the system Do not proceed beyond a WARNING statement until the indicated conditions are fully understood or met This information could prevent serious injury to the operator and damage to the adapter the system or currently loaded software and will be indicated as WARNING Hazardous voltages are present To lessen the 8 P risk of electrical shock and danger to personal nN health follow the instructions carefully Information contained in CAUTION statements is important for proper installation operation Compliance with CAUTION statements can prevent possible equipment damage and or loss of data and will be indicated as CAUTION You risk damaging your equipment and o
24. adapter card by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaptation layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Backbone the main connectivity device of a distributed system All systems that have connectivity to the backbone connect to each other This does not stop systems from setting up private arrangements with each other to bypass the backbone for cost performance or security 1esso o Bandwidth usually identifies the capacity or amount of data that can be sent through a given circuit may be user specified in a PVC BGP Border Gateway Protocol used by gateways in an internet connect ing autonomous networks It is derived from experiences learned using the EGP BIP Bit Interleaved Parity an error detection technique in which character bit patterns are forced into parity so that the total number of one bits is always odd or always even This is accomplished by the addition of a one or zero bit to each byte as the byte is transmitted at the other end of the trans mission the receiving device verifies the parity odd or even and the accu racy of the transmission ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 3 Glossary B ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network a common digi tal network suitable for voice video and high speed data services running at rates beginning at 155 Mbps Bridge a device that exp
25. an emulated LAN LAN Emulation Configuration No Configuration Information Do You Want To Modify The Above Configuration n y ENTER Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y ENTER Use the Well Known LECS address y ENTER Would you like to configure a DEFAULT ELAN y ENTER Name of DEFAULT ELAN default ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end engineering ENTER Enter LES address Manually n ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end marketing ENTER Enter LES address Manually n ENTER Enter ELAN name to configure return to end ENTER uomen Suo puy Current client configuration en o a 9 Ei m Ki 3 2 EI Di E D up o 3 o a em LECS ATM address Well Known ELAN default ELAN engineering ELAN marketing Do You Want To Modify The Above Configuration n ENTER ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 7 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration This ends the LAN emulation configuration part of the script The remaining portion of the script will appear whether you chose to configure LAN emula tion or not Save Configuration Information y ENTER Saving usr fore etc fore lanem conf To configure and build a new kernel enter the following command doconfig lt ENTER gt Text similar to the following appears In this example the name AF
26. be one which supports Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 RESTRICTIONS Currently vpi must be zero 0 and vci must be less than 1024 for all od PVCs aal must be one of 3 4 or 5 encapsulation must be one of null no encapsulation the default llc routed IEEE LLC encapsulation for routed PDUS or llc bridged 8023 IEEE LLC encapsulation for Ethernet 802 3 bridged PDUs If encapsulation is specified as llc bridged 8023 the following argument must be the 6 byte colon separated destination MAC address decapsulation must be either null no decapsulation the default or llc IEEE LLC EE The ee rate is based on the 48 byte payload of an ATM cell The maximum data rate at the ATM Adaptation Layer for 100 ME TAXI is 87 3 Mb sec 122 2 Mb sec for 140 Mb TAXI and 135 6 Mb sec for SONET OC3 This rate is limited by Physical Layer ATM Layer and Adaptation Layer overhead Rate control is only available on FORE 200 series adapters Attempts to use this optional parameter with 100 series adapters will result in an error EXAMPLE The following example displays the address mapping for hostname piranhal An ATM address is comprised of the ATM switch identifier and port number The host may be specified by name or by number using Internet dot notation example atmarp piranhal fa0 piranha1 192 135 217 1 vpi vci 0 32 aal 5 switch port f1150ab4 6 flags encapsulation NULL peak rate 10000 RELEASE FORE Systems Release A_ForeThought_4 0 0 1 32
27. can only be done with the fa devices ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 3 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 2 Address Registration and ILMI Before a host can establish connections over a physical interface the host must know the ATM address for that interface The primary purpose of Interim Local Management Interface ILMI is to discover and register these ATM addresses dynamically 5 2 1 ATM Addresses For private ATM networks addresses uniquely identify ATM endpoints The UNI 3 0 address format is modeled after that of an OSI Network Service Access Point Three address formats have been specified DCC ICD and E 164 Per the UNI 3 0 specification all private networks should accept initial call setup mes sages containing ATM addresses with any of the approved formats and for ward the calls as necessary An ATM address consists of the following a 13 byte network side prefix The prefix is the ATM prefix of the switch to which the host is attached aseven byte user side part This consists of the following asix byte End System Identifier ESI The ESI is the unique IEEE MAC address of the interface aone byte selector Although each virtual interface for a given physical interface uses the same prefix and ESI the selector field is the part that indicates the number of the specific virtual inter face The selector field is 00 for qgaa0 01 for qaa 1 02 for qaa2 and 03 for qaa3
28. configure a network with a third party vendor s host or an edge device that does not support ILMI or RFC 1577 as shown in Figure 5 1 perform the following steps FORE Third Party Host Ge No ILMI No RFC 1577 Figure 5 1 Configuring a Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support 1 Before you begin this process you must have already installed software on the FORE host which is the ARP server FORE soft ware must also be installed and running on the other FORE equipment 2 Using the configuration software of the third party host assign an ATM address with the same prefix as its switch 3 Configure the switch so that it has a static route to the third party host using the following AMI command configuration nsap route new lt NSAP gt lt mask gt port port vpi lt vpi gt Be sure to use a mask value of 152 4 Configure the ARP server with a static IP to ATM mapping for the third party host 5 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 6 2 Third Party Switch with ILMI Support To configure a network with a third party vendor s switch that supports ILMI as shown in Figure 5 2 perform the following steps 3HOMISN WLY dT O e En Ka is d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e ao 9 B a Third Party Switch with ILMI
29. currently using that interface are closed and then automatically re opened and balanced across all interfaces currently alive NOTE For purposes of bandwidth comparison all Unspecified Bit Rate UBR IP connections are assumed to have a peak rate of 50 Mbps The specific IP addresses assigned to multiple interfaces are not important to the load balancing operation Each of the interfaces may be configured to be on the same subnet or different subnets 4 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 10 Driver Support for FORE IP Multicasting in a Routed Environment NOTE FORE IP multicasting is only available on platforms with OS support for IP multicast All Internet Group Membership Protocol IGMP messages are transmitted to all members of an IP multicast group using the connectionless service This drastically reduces the number of VCs required in the ATM network for IP multicast support since a host which is strictly receiving from a group need not have a connection open for transmission to the group When a host opens a connection to transmit to an IP multicast group it auto matically adds the address DVMRP MCAST NET 224 0 0 4 as a member of that group Since all IP multicast routers are members of the DVMRP MCAST NET group routers now have the ability to route IP multi cast packets from an ATM network to other networks 4 2 11 Settable Peak Cell Rate for FORE IP SV
30. d Release Date Tue Feb 13 16 29 07 EST 1996 SEE ALSO arp 8C cport 8C cpath 8C cchan 8C gt a B ER un q A 5 ESQ BOY SENI ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 21 Network Interface Administration NAME 44 atmconfig atmconfig Interface IP SPANS Q 2931 OC3 configuration tool for FORE ATM devices SYNOPSIS atmconfig device atmconfig m mtu device atmconfig s u p 1 on off device atmconfig b on off atmconfig f sonet sdh device atmconfig i idle unassigned device atmconfig t external internal device atmconfig q peak Kb sec off device DESCRIPTION atmconfig is a tool to display the current configuration of an ATM device The interface IP SPANS Q 2931 and OC3 configurations may be viewed It also can be used to enable and disable SPANS IP load balancing and IP multicast as well as to modify the operation of an OC3 interface where applicable If no action is indicated for the specified device the configuration information for the device is displayed The interface information includes the MTU The IP information includes the state of load balancing and multicast The SPANS information includes the state of the interface and the VPI and VCI values for SPANS signaling and connectionless messages The Q 2931 information includes the state of the interface and the VPI and VCI values for Q 2931 signaling If the media type for
31. established via signalling Symmetric Connection a connection with the same bandwidth value speci fied for both directions Synchronous signals that are sourced from the same timing reference and hence are identical in frequency Systems Network Architecture SNA a proprietary networking architec ture used by IBM and IBM compatible mainframe computers Tachometer in ForeView the tachometer shows the level of activity on a given port The number in the tachometer shows the value of a chosen param eter in percentage with a colored bar providing a semi logarithmic represen tation of that percentage TAXI Transparent Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver Interface TC Transmission Convergence generates and receives transmission frames and is responsible for all overhead associated with the transmission frame The TC sublayer packages cells into the transmission frame TCP Transmission Control Protocol a specification for software that bun dles and unbundles sent and received data into packets manages the trans mission of packets on a network and checks for errors TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol a set of commu nications protocols that has evolved since the late 1970s when it was first developed by the Department of Defense Because programs supporting these protocols are available on so many different computer systems they have become an excellent way to connect different types of compu
32. goes down EG EX X oO a g Tag a KI 6 2 3 LAN Emulation Server LES The LES implements the control coordination function for the ELAN The LES provides the service of registering and resolving MAC addresses to ATM addresses A LEC registers its own address with the LES A LEC also queries the LES when the client wishes to resolve a MAC address to an ATM address The LES either responds directly to the client or forwards the query to other clients so they may respond There is only one instance of an active LES per ELAN 6 2 4 Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Unlike traditional shared media LAN architectures such as Ethernet ATM is connection based Therefore it has no built in mechanism for handling con nectionless traffic such as broadcasts multicasts and unknown unicasts In an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for servicing these traffic types by accepting broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF via dedicated point to point connections and forwarding the packets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection Each LEC is associated with only one active BUS ForeThought 4 0 2 also supports the use of intelligent BUSs that allow the BUS to use the LES s registration table to direct unicast traffic ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 3 Configuring an Emulated LAN 63 Emulated LAN Ope
33. i960 RISC processor along with special purpose AALS and 3 4 Segmentation and Reassembly SAR hardware and scatter gather DMA With the PCA 200E users can add ATM networking capabilities to their applications leaving the low level ATM cell processing segmentation and reassembly and signalling to the PCA 200E hardware and device driver uornonpodu Receive PCI Bus Connector Transmit Figure 1 2 PCA 200E Adapter Card ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 7 Introduction 1 5 Software Overview The PCA 200E adapter uses ForeThought s market proven support for TCP IP protocols see Figure 1 3 allowing existing applications to operate with no modifications Major advantages include high performance network throughput delivered to applications and the flexibility for future upgrades The PCA 200E software driver implements the SPANS Switched Virtual Cir cuits SVC signalling protocol to give applications end to end ATM connec tivity including on demand access to ForeRunner ATM switch multicast functions An ATM Forum compliant SNMP Management Information Base MIB is accessible by any SNMP network management system The software supports the UNI 3 0 signalling standards The current revision of software ForeThought 4 0 2 is also compliant with the ATM Forum s LAN Emulation over ATM Version 1 0 standard The ForeRunner API library supplied with the PCA 200E offers applications access to th
34. is 9 180 bytes the SNAP header adds 8 more bytes with a maximum packet size of 65 535 bytes There is currently no support for IP broadcast datagrams or IP multicast datagrams in a Classical IP environ ment ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 1 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 1 1 Logical IP Subnets An important concept in Classical IP networks is that of a Logical IP Subnet LIS An LIS is a group of hosts configured to be members of the same IP subnet that is they have the same IP network and subnetwork numbers In this sense one LIS can be equated to one legacy LAN It is possible to main tain several overlaid LISs on the same physical ATM network Therefore in a Classical IP ATM network placing a host on a specific subnet is a logical choice rather than a physical one In this type of environment communica tion between hosts in different LISs is only permitted by communicating through an IP router which is a member of both LISs as per RFC 1577 The number of LISs and the division of hosts into each LIS is purely an administrative issue Limitations of IP addressing IP packet filtering and administrative boundaries may guide a manager into establishing several LISs onto a single ATM network Keep in mind though that communication between LISs must occur through IP routers 5 1 2 Classical IP Interfaces In order to support routing between multiple LISs the host adapter software allow
35. of interoperability specifications In addition the Forum pro motes industry cooperation and awareness Glossary 2 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary ATM Layer link a section of an ATM Layer connection between two adja cent active ATM Layer entities ATM entities ATM Link a virtual path link VPL or a virtual channel link VCL ATM Peer to Peer Connection a virtual channel connection VCC or a vir tual path connection VPC directly established such as workstation to work station This setup is not commonly used in networks ATM Traffic Descriptor a generic list of parameters that can be used to cap ture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of a requested ATM connection ATM User to User Connection an association established by the ATM Layer to support communication between two or more ATM service users i e between two or more next higher layer entities or between two or more ATM entities The communication over an ATM Layer connection may be either bidirectional or unidirectional The same Virtual Channel Identifier VCI is used for both directions of a connection at an interface atmarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates ATM ARP entries maintained by the given device driver This is also used to establish PVC con nections atmconfig a FORE program used to enable or disable SPANS signalling atmstat a FORE program that shows statistics gathered about a given
36. s ATM address it starts acting as the ARP server for that Classical IP network The ATM address may be supplied by your system administrator or may come from querying the host itself It is a 20 byte number and must be unique You should input it using 40 hexadecimal digits You may precede the ATM address with a Ox and you may use dots periods as separators but neither is necessary As an example 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 f115 0bab 002048102fe4 00 47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 f115 0bab 002048102fe4 00 47000580ffe1000000f1150bab002048102fe400 are all valid ATM addresses If not using ILMI you must also configure this ATM address in the switch to which this host is directly connected When using ILMI for address registration on the ARP server you will not know the ATM address that ILMI has assigned until installation is complete and the machine has rebooted Until then you should enter a temporary ATM address such as 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 a 40 character string of ones in response to this prompt You can then continue with the installation and reboot the machine After rebooting determine the ATM address for the host by issuing the fol lowing command usr fore etc atmarp z qaa0 Use the command us fore etc atmarp g qaa0 to get the ATM address of the ARP server Then rerun the kernel configuration script entering the correct ATM address in response to the prompt In either case reboo
37. the default mask is 255 0 0 0 Class B the default mask is 255 255 0 0 Class C the default mask is 255 255 255 0 Subnet masking is used when a portion of the host ID is used to identify a subnetwork For example if a portion of a Class B network address is used for a subnetwork the mask could be set as 255 255 255 0 This would allow the third byte to be used as a subnetwork address All hosts on the network would still use the IP address to get on the Internet IP Internet Protocol a connectionless best effort packet switching protocol that offers a common layer over dissimilar networks IPX Protocol Internetwork Packet Exchange a NetWare protocol similar to the Xerox Network Systems XNS protocol that provides datagram delivery of messages IS Intermediate system a system that provides forwarding functions or relaying functions or both for a specific ATM connection OAM cells may be generated and received ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary ISA Bus a bus standard developed by IBM for expansion cards in the first IBM PC The original bus supported a data path only 8 bits wide IBM subse quently developed a 16 bit version for its AT class computers The 16 bit AT ISA bus supports both 8 and 16 bit cards The 8 bit bus is commonly called the PC XT bus and the 16 bit bus is called the AT bus ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network an emerging technology that is beginning to be
38. the unintentional transmission of radio signals Computer equipment and wiring can both generate and receive RFI RIP Routing Information Protocol a distance vector based protocol that provides a measure of distance or hops from a transmitting workstation to a receiving workstation RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer a generic name for CPUs that use a simpler instruction set than more traditional designs Router a device that forwards traffic between networks or subnetworks based on network layer information SBus hardware interface for add in boards in later version Sun 3 workstations SAP Service Access Point the point at which an entity of a layer provides services to its LM entity or to an entity of the next higher layer Glossary 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary SAR Segmentation And Reassembly the SAR accepts PDUs from the CS and divides them into very small segments 44 bytes long If the CS PDU is less than 44 bytes it is padded to 44 with zeroes A two byte header and trailer are added to this basic segment The header identifies the message type beginning end continuation or single and contains sequence numbering and message identification The trailer gives the SAR PDU payload length exclusive of pad and contains a CRC check to ensure the SAR PDU integrity The result is a 48 byte PDU that fits into the payload field of an ATM cell SCSI Small Computer S
39. to the ARP server The retry count indi cates the number of attempts to connect to the ARP server which have been unsuccessful since the last successful attempt The INARP count indicates the number of InARP requests that have been sent on the ARP server connection without a response ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 6 Configuring the Network In an ATM network before any connections can be made the two parties must know each other s ATM address in order to set up that connection To allow those connections to work the ideal scenario is for all hosts and switches in the network to have support for both ILMI and for RFC 1577 Classical IP over ATM However when using non FORE equipment this may not be the case This section will describe how to configure a network with the following scenarios e Configuring a third party host that has no ILMI or RFC 1577 support Configuring a third party switch that has ILMI support 3HOMISN WLY dI Q e En Ka e d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e e 9 B Configuring a third party switch that has no ILMI support but has RFC 1577 support ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 13 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 6 1 Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support In establishing this configuration the third party equipment must support UNI 3 0 and have LLC SNAP encapsulation To
40. 1 B back to back ooooooooomomoo o 7 1 Berkeley socket interface 9 1 Broadcast and Unknown Server 6 3 BUS tbe ne eaten erii RE MA RS 6 3 C CHAN a EE MS URNA 8 2 Classical IP ATM network 5 1 Classical IP Operation 5 8 Classical IP PVC o oooooo o 5 10 Classical IP virtual network interface 5 2 Classical IP unsupported 5 9 configuration adapter to other vendor 7 8 configuration adapter switch 7 2 connection Configuration Direct 6 4 Control Direct oo oooo oo 6 4 Control Distribute 6 4 Data Direct ornica oaie trakuro 6 4 Multicast Forward 6 4 Multicast Send 005 6 4 connection process LEC 1 4 Cpathr E 8 2 DEE Zieser 8 2 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Index D debugging 5 12 display current configuration 4 11 dynamicIP puheita a a a 4 10 E ELAN ts greed nade as 6 1 elar Ze EE he 8 2 eleng ue SEENEN EEN OS 8 3 Emulated LAN 6 1 Address Resolution 6 6 Components 00000 6 2 Data Transfer 6 7 Initialization ecaa 6 6 Operation is ots cse xe EA STEE 6 4 Registration 6 6 emulated LAN ELAN components of 0005 1 2 illustration ooo oo 1 3 enable SPANS signalling 4 11 F PUD EE 4 8 G g
41. 1 Concurrent Server Model for the API FORE s ATM API supports both the concurrent server model and the iterative server model A concurrent server can handle multiple client requests simul taneously As each new client connection is established the server spawns a new process to handle the connection The new server process communicates with the client exclusively and then terminates when complete The original server process is free to listen for new client connections during this interval S en SE TT ap Di e 2 0 H o O The listening file descriptor and the accepting file descriptor arguments to atm accept may but need not be different To implement a concurrent server once a call to atm listen returns the server should obtain a new file descriptor from atm open to use to accept the connection atm accept should then be called with the listening descriptor as well as the new accept ing descriptor After atm accept returns successfully fork 2V can be called to spawn a new process to handle the new connection All calls to the atm recv and atm send family of functions within the new process should use the new accepting descriptor ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 9 1 Software Interfaces 9 3 Rate Control Traffic is submitted to the network such that the specified peak cell rate PCR is not exceeded Rate control can be specified for the following types of con nections e All PVCs e FORE IP
42. 3 2 3 2 FORE ATM Adapter Configuration No Configuration Information Would you like to use FORE s SNMP agent y ENTER Would you like to use the standard UDP ports for SNMP 160 161 y ENTER Will ILMI be used for Address Registration for qaa only y ENTER Would you like to configure CLASSICAL IP n y ENTER ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa0 ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaal ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa2 ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa3 3 6 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Would you like to re configure ATM address of qaa0 ARP server n y ENTER Enter the ATM address for the ARP server 0x47 0005 80 ffe100 0000 f21c 01f 8 0800093d1002 00 ENTER Would you like to re configure ATM address of qaal ARP server n ENTER Would you like to re configure ATM address of qaa2 ARP server n ENTER Would you like to re configure ATM address of qaa3 ARP server n ENTER Would you like to configure Lan Emulation n y ENTER The following portion of the script represents a typical new LAN Emulation configuration If you answered n to the previous question this section of the installation script will not appear Responses to the following questions are system specific and must be determined by the system administrator prior to configuring
43. 4 Figure 4 1 Figure 4 2 Figure 4 3 CHAPTER 5 Figure 5 1 Figure 5 2 Figure 5 3 CHAPTER 6 Figure 6 1 Figure 6 2 CHAPTER 7 Figure 7 1 Figure 7 2 Figure 7 3 CHAPTER 10 Figure 10 1 Figure 10 2 Figure 10 3 APPENDIX A Figure A 1 Figure A 2 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Table of Contents List of Figures Introduction An Example of an PLAN 1 3 PCA 200E Adapter Card 1 7 Software Architecture 0 0 cece cee en 1 8 Hardware Installation Typical System Unit Card Bay Locations 2 4 Network Interface Administration Multi homing Network Configuration oooooooooommmmmo o 4 8 ATM Network with Access to Ethernet o oooooooo o 4 9 IP Permanent Virtual Circuit 0 000 000 0000 cece cee 4 13 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network Configuring a Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support 6 6 ccc 5 14 Configuring a Third Party Switch with ILMI Support 5 15 Configuring a Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support 0 00 0 5 16 Configuring an Emulated LAN Basic Emulated LAN Interconnections 00 ce eens 6 2 ELAN Operation 3 35244 e egeta DES Pied al et ced ene 6 5 ATM Network Configurations Back to Back Configuration with SPANS Signalling 7 1 Minimum Configuration with UNI 3 0 Signalling 7 2 Adapter to Other Vendor Configuration 60004 7 3 Troubleshooting Ad
44. 4 13 Network Interface Administration 4 2 6 Configuring an Incoming IP PVC The second step in configuring an IP PVC connection is to link an incoming VPI VCI to the IP queue see Figure 4 3 The following parameters should be determined before configuring this part of the connection incoming device VPI VCI and AAL type 3 4 or 5 Once these have been determined the atmarp command is used to configure the incoming link using the parame ters as follows atmam I device vpi vci aal type For example to set up an incoming connection to wsl atm from ws2 atm using the faO device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AAL 5 you would enter the fol lowing on host ws1 atmam I fa0 0 100 5 This command links cells coming in on device fa0 on VPI VCI of 0 100 using AALS to the IP queue on ws1 atm Similarly to set up the incoming connection to ws2 atm from wsl atm using the fa 0 device VPI of 0 VCI of 100 and AAL 5 you would enter the following on host ws2 atmam I fa0 0 100 5 This command links cells coming in on device fa0 on VPI VCI of 0 100 using AALS to the IP queue on ws2 atm For more information about the atmarp command see Section 4 3 4 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 7 Verifying the PVC Configuration The atmarp command can also be used to view the ARP cache in the device driver This output can be used to view the ARP cache entry of the newly cre
45. 8 9 10 or 11 4 If necessary remove the blank cover plate for the slot you have chosen 5 Alignthe fiber optic or UTP connectors on the board with the con nector opening of the chosen slot in the back of the system unit Align the opposite end of the PCA with the card guide of the cho sen slot 6 Push the board into the PCI bus slot until the PCA s connector is firmly seated Secure the adapter in the slot by tightening the retaining screws that hold the board to the system unit chassis E Ke E LI E Di gt ao ei D 9IEMpIeH 7 Close the system unit per the instruction given in your system unit s Operator Guide 8 Attach the appropriate network cables ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 5 Hardware Installation 2 6 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual WSEIMRSIER Software Installation and Kernel Configuration The following instructions detail the software installation and kernel configu ration procedures for the PCA 200E adapter software and device driver In order to take full advantage of the PCA 200E a new Digital UNIX kernel must be created containing the PCA 200E device driver The kernel must con tain the PCA 200E device driver to enable the card to support the Internet Protocol suite and the user level ATM API Application Programming Interface 3 1 Software Installation Requirements The following are requirements to ensure proper software i
46. ARP ATM address resolution proto col is the procedure used to resolve an IP address into an ATM address Since the ATM standards do not currently support broadcast on an ATM LAN address resolution is performed by direct communication with a special ARP server rather than broadcasting ARP requests as is done in legacy LANs Each LIS must have only one ARP server configured but a single ARP server can be the server for several LISs Each host in an LIS must be configured with the ATM address of the host pro viding ARP service for its LIS On a host ARP server the ATM address of the ARP server can be obtained by running atmarp z remember to use the interface associated with the given LIS The ARP server address is normally configured into each host at installation time but it may be done at any time by running atmarp p If the ARP server address is configured it will be per sistent across reboots but if it is configured using atmarp p it will not be persistent across reboots Since only one ARP server can be functioning at a time in a given LIS and since the ARP server s address is manually configured into each host it is not possible to use multiple redundant ARP servers to improve robustness If an ARP server becomes nonfunctional a new ARP server must be configured and then each host within the LIS must be configured to use the new ARP server To configure a new ARP server address on a host run atmarp p to set the new address
47. Cs The peak cell rate for FORE IP SVCs can be set Traffic over all FORE IP SVCs opened on a given interface is limited to the peak cell rate specified for that interface The q option in atmconfig 8c is used to set the peak cell rate to a specific value or to turn off peak cell rate control See Section 4 4 for more information gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 17 Network Interface Administration 4 2 12 MTU Size An interface s maximum transmission unit MTU can be set up to 65535 bytes Certain operating systems have maximum values for the MTU which in some cases are much smaller than 65535 bytes for example the maximum MTU size for the FORE API under SunOS 4 1 3 is 32763 On these systems an attempt to increase the MTU past the maximum value supported by the oper ating system results in the MTU being set to the maximum supported value The default MTU is 9188 bytes for FORE IP interfaces 9180 bytes for Classical IP interfaces and 1516 bytes for an emulated LAN interface el ell el2 etc A 65535 byte MTU is supported for AAL types null 0 four 4 and five 5 CAUTION Caution should be used when increasing the MTU A large MTU increases the probability N of cell loss which therefore increases the probability of packet loss due to reassembly errors Cell loss may increase due to buffer overflow in the network and on the adapter card
48. E the maximum ATM MTU On these platforms the interface MTU will be limited to the maximum allowed value atmconfig cannot be used to dynamically change the interface MTU on Solaris platforms On these machines the m option changes the MTU only for STREAMS traffic including FORE Systems API For Solaris De the interface MTU can be dynamically changed with the mtu Se to ifeonfig IM or can be set to value at boot time by adding set fore atm fore mtu value at de oa of the system configuration file e g etc system The use of IP SVC rate control limits the peak bandwidth of all IP SVC traffic out the specified interface If peak rate is modified or disabled the connection must be torn down see atmarp 8c and re established for the new rate to take effect Modifyin g OC3 parameters may cause communication problems The parameters must agree with the parameters chosen at the far end or intermediate switching module ERRORS No such device This indicates that the specified device is invalid RELEASE FORE Systems Release A_ForeThought_4 0 0 1 32 d Release Date Tue Feb 13 16 29 07 EST 1996 SEE ALSO atmarp 8c gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 23 Network Interface Administration 4 24 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Gi AV MH Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network HOMISN WLY dT 5 1 Introduction Q e
49. ECS to the LEC Unless you specify otherwise the LEC initially attempts to join default and succeeds if the LECS is available the proper LES address for default has been specified in the LECS and the LES and BUS are available ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 5 Introduction 1 3 The ForeRunner PCA 200E Adapter The PCA 200E is a high performance adapter designed for use in DEC Alpha systems The PCA 200E adapter provides ATM connectivity for the host sys tems and is able to support evolving signalling and AAL standards The adapter features FORE Systems Advanced Cell Processing architecture pro viding maximum network performance to all running applications In addi tion the PCA 200E provides transparent support for TCP IP Switched Virtual Circuits SVCs through the SPANS and UNI 3 0 signalling protocols Permanent Virtual Circuits PVCs Classical ID LAN emulation an ATM Applications Programmer Interface API and an SNMP agent for network management The PCA 200E supports high quality image full motion video CD quality audio and high speed data communications over a single ATM network con nection Each physical connection in an ATM LAN is a point to point link between switches and or hosts ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 14 Hardware Overview The PCA 200E features FORE s Advanced Cell Processing Architecture which utilizes a dedicated embedded Intel
50. ELAN consisting of two LECs an LECS LES and BUS are shown in Figure 6 1 Workstation LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS LAN Emulation Server LES LAN Emulation LAN Emulation Client Client LEC Broadcast and Unknown LEC Server BUS LAN Emulation Services Figure 6 1 Basic Emulated LAN Interconnections 6 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 2 1 LAN Emulation Client LEC The LEC is the component in an end system that performs data forwarding address resolution and other control functions when communicating with other components within the ELAN It also provides a MAC level emulated Ethernet interface and appears to higher level software as though a physical Ethernet interface is present Each LEC must register with both the LES and BUS associated with the ELAN it wishes to join before it may participate in the ELAN ForeThought 4 0 2 supports a maximum of 16 LECs per adapter card 6 2 2 LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS The LECS is responsible for the initial configuration of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join together with the address of the LES associated with each ELAN With ForeThought 4 0 2 the user may also use the LECS to associate multiple LESs with a given ELAN This feature allows LECs to failover to a hierarchy of redundant services if the primary LES for an ELAN
51. ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter for DEC Alpha FO R E User s Manual MANUO104 Rev A September 1996 SYSTEMS Software Version 4 0 2 FORE Systems Inc 174 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale PA 15086 7535 Phone 412 772 6600 FAX 412 772 6500 URL http www fore com Legal Notices Copyright 9 1995 1996 FORE Systems Inc All rights reserved U S Government Restricted Rights If you are licensing the Software on behalf of the U S Government Government the following provisions apply to you If the Software is supplied to the Department of Defense DoD it is classified as Commercial Computer Software under paragraph 252 227 7014 of the DoD Supplement to the Federal Acquisition Regu lations DFARS or any successor regulations and the Government is acquiring only the license rights granted herein the license rights customarily provided to non Government users If the Software is supplied to any unit or agency of the Government other than DoD it is classified as Restricted Computer Software and the Government s rights in the Soft ware are defined in paragraph 52 227 19 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations FAR or any successor regulations or in the cases of NASA in paragraph 18 52 227 86 of the NASA Supplement to the FAR or any successor regulations Printed in the USA No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced in any form Reproduction adaptation or trans
52. Glossary T2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Metasignalling an ATM Layer Management LM process that manages dif ferent types of signalling and possibly semipermanent virtual channels VCs including the assignment removal and checking of VCs Metasignalling VCs the standardized VCs that convey metasignalling information across a User to Network Interface UNI MIB Management Information Base the set of parameters an SNMP man agement station can query or set in the SNMP agent of a networked device e g router MIC Media Interface Connector the optical fiber connector that joins the fiber to the FDDI controller MicroChannel a proprietary 16 or 32 bit bus developed by IBM for its PS 2 computers internal expansion cards also offered by others MTU Maximum Transmission Unit the largest unit of data that can be sent over a type of physical medium Multi homed a device that has both an ATM and another network connec tion typically Ethernet Multiplexing a function within a layer that interleaves the information from multiple connections into one connection See demultiplexing Multipoint Access user access in which more than one terminal equipment TE is supported by a single network termination 1esso o Multipoint to Point Connection a Point to Multipoint Connection may have zero bandwidth from the Root Node to the Leaf Nodes and non zero return b
53. I Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 3 Hardware Installation 2 2 2 Opening the System Unit CAUTION Electronic components are extremely sensi tive to static electricity To prevent N electrostatic discharge damage to the PCA adapter and other static sensitive compo nents wear a properly grounded anti static wrist strap while installing the adapter card Perform the following steps to open the system unit 1 Halt the system as described in Section 2 2 1 2 Follow the instructions in the your system s Operator Guide to allow access to the system s PCI bus slots Figure 2 1 PCI Bus PCI Bus Card Bay Card Bay Figure 2 1 Typical System Unit Card Bay Locations 2 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 2 3 Installing the PCA 200E Adapter Because of the wide variations in procedures used to open the different sys tem unit models the following instructions focus on the steps common to the various models Refer to the Operator Guide for your particular system for additional installation information Perform the following steps to install the PCA 1 Open the system unit as described in Section 2 2 2 2 Ground yourself to a metal part of the system unit chassis using the supplied grounding wrist strap 3 Locate the PCI bus slots NOTE On Digital AlphaServer 8200 and 8400 machines only the PCI bus implementation requires that the PCA 200E be installed in either slot
54. I Pay CRC Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 If the firmware is not running correctly atmstat hangs and nothing is returned indicating either a problem with the firmware a problem with the board or a severe software failure Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance If the input shows zeros for all possible values check the carrier state per the instructions in Section 10 1 6 If the output shows zeros for all possible values the firmware may not have been initialized Try rebooting the system If there is still a problem call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 1 6 Check Physical Link To see the carrier state of the board issue the following command atmstat d fa0 The d option displays device statistics in the following format d e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 le je Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON If ON is displayed in the Carrier field then the physical link is fine If the board does not see a carrier OFF is displayed in the Carrier field then there is either a problem with the loopback fiber or there is a hardware prob lem with the optical drivers on the board Check the fiber If the fiber is bad replace the fiber and run looptest again If the fiber is not bad then ca
55. Interface Administration There are two modes possible for PVCs In the first case a PVC is created for every multicast group to which the host wishes to send traffic In the second case one PVC is created to transmit traffic for all groups This PVC can be viewed as the default multicast PVC That is if an explicit ATM ARP table entry is not found for a given IP multicast address traffic is sent on the default multicast PVC if it exists If a default multicast PVC does not exist the host driver will automatically attempt to create a multicast SVC Extensions to the host adapter manage ment tool atmarp see Section 4 3 were made to support multicast PVCs 4 2 9 IP Load Balancing across Multiple Adapters IP load balancing can make multiple adapters appear to be a single network interface When load balancing is enabled all IP traffic traveling over SVCs and destined for an ATM network is automatically balanced at connection set up time based upon the total peak bandwidth of all connections through an interface across all FORE ATM interfaces attached to that same physical network Balancing occurs on both incoming and outgoing connections across different series and speeds of FORE adapters The b option in atm config 8c is used to enable and disable IP load balancing Section 4 4 con tains complete information on atmconfig IP load balancing can also provide a means of fault tolerance If an interface is configured down all IP SVCs
56. LAN ELAN is available in the on line elconfig man page The elconfig man page text is also available for reference in Chapter 8 of this manual NOTE A host may join more than one ELAN A LEC must be configured for each ELAN that you wish to join Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y Answer y to this question if you wish the local LAN Emulation Client LEC to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information Answer n if you wish the local LEC to use an LES that you specify for configuration information The following question does not appear if you answer n Use the Well Known LECS address y Answering y to this question instructs the local LEC to use the default well known ATM address for communicating with the LECS If you answer n you are prompted to enter the ATM address of the LECS that the LEC is to use Would you like to configure a DEFAULT ELAN y Answer n if you do not wish to use a DEFAULT ELAN The DEFAULT ELAN accepts any LEC that wants to join Answer y if you wish to configure the DEFAULT ELAN You are then presented with the following question Name of DEFAULT ELAN default You may supply a name for the DEFAULT ELAN or press the return key to accept the default name of default Enter ELAN name to configure return to end Enter the name of the emulated LAN that you wish to configure for example engineering 3 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus A
57. NI NNI use between net work nodes these four bits provide additional network address capacity and are appended to the VPI field GIO a proprietary bus architecture used in certain Silicon Graphics Inc workstations Header protocol control information located at the beginning of a protocol data unit HEC Header Error Control a CRC code located in the last byte of an ATM cell header that is used for checking cell integrity only HIPPI High Performance Parallel Interface an ANSI standard that extends the computer bus over fairly short distances at speeds of 800 and 1600 Mbps HPUX the Hewlett Packard version of UNIX HSSI High Speed Serial Interface a serial communications connection that operates at speeds of up to 1 544 Mbps Hub a device that connects to several other devices usually in a star topology Glossary 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary I O Module FORE s interface cards for the LAX 20 LAN Access Switch designed to connect Ethernet Token Ring and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol the protocol that handles errors and control messages at the IP layer ICMP is actually a part of the IP protocol layer It can generate error messages test packets and informational mes sages related to IP IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers the world s largest technical professional society Based in th
58. RP server containing the IP address to be resolved When an ARP reply is received from the ARP server the host creates an entry in its ARP cache for the given IP address and stores the IP to ATM address mapping This ARP cache entry will be marked as complete To ensure that all of the IP to ATM address mappings known by a certain host are up to date hosts are required to age their ARP entries Every 15 minutes 20 minutes on the ARP server a host must validate its ARP entries Any ARP entries not associated with open connections are immediately removed A host validates its SVCs by sending an ARP request to the ARP server A host validates its PVCs and an ARP server validates its SVCs by sending an InARP request on the VC If a reply is not received the ARP entry is marked invalid Once an ARP entry is marked invalid an attempt is made to revali date it before transmitting Transmission will proceed only when validation succeeds If a VC associated with an invalid ARP entry is closed the entry is removed 5 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 3 5 Operational Issues Certain hosts in an LIS may not support Classical ARP It is still possible to communicate with these hosts and for these hosts to communicate them selves by using static ARP entries If a host does not support Classical ARP its IP to ATM address mapping should be placed in its ARP server s cache as a stat
59. RP server during the initial system installation and configuration This is fully explained in Chapter 3 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 7 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 3 4 Classical IP Operation Once a host knows its own ATM address and the ATM address of its ARP server it will attempt to establish a connection to the ARP server which will be used to send ARP requests and receive ARP replies When the connection to the ARP server has been established the ARP server sends an inverse ARP INARP request on the new VC to learn the host s IP address When an InARP reply is received the ARP server places that host s IP address to ATM address mapping in its ARP cache Therefore over time the ARP server dynamically learns the IP to ATM address mappings of all the hosts in its LIS It can then respond to ARP requests directed toward it for hosts in its LIS NOTE In order for a host to communicate with an ARP server it must have learned its own ATM address and have been configured with the ATM address of the ARP server A host will not be able to resolve the ATM addresses of hosts in its LIS unless it can communicate with its ARP server Since there is no mechanism for ARP servers to exchange mapping information with each other it is imperative that each LIS be configured with only one ARP server When a host wants to communicate with another host in its LIS it first sends an ARP request to the A
60. Routing To use dynamic IP routing the IP routing daemon in routed must be run on all the workstations in the network that need to reach both the ATM and Ethernet nodes The routing daemon listens for routing information and update its routing tables accordingly If the routing daemon is used the ATM only workstation should be able to communicate to the Ethernet network nodes as soon as the routing tables are updated typically every thirty seconds or so 4 2 3 2 Static Routing To set up a static route first disable the routing daemon by preventing it from running Then establish either a default route or a specific route on both the ATM only workstation and the Ethernet workstation 1 To set up a default route type the following on the ATM only workstation route add default asx atm 1 2 Thentype the following on the Ethernet workstation route add default asx eth 1 To maintain this default route simply add the default route command into the file To disable the routing daemon on the next reboot enter the following command as root sbin chkconfig routed off If you do not wish to use a default route you can also use a specific route to accomplish the correct routing 1 To do so type the following on the ATM only workstation route add net eee eee eee asx atm 1 2 Then type the following on the Ethernet workstation route add netaaa aaa aaa asx eth 1 4 10 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User
61. SVCs FORE API An option has been added to atmarp to set the PCR for FORE IP PVCs and Classical IP PVCs See atmarp 8c on page 19 The Quality of Service QOS parameter is used to specify the PCR for FORE API connections only the peak_bandwidth argument within the QOS parameter is interpreted by the ATM layer 9 4 AAL NULL Support for 200 Series Adapters All FORE API connections can be segmented and reassembled using no AAL The AAL null software implements a procedure known as header coalescing All cells received on an AAL null connection with identical headers will be grouped together into batches These batches of cells are then delivered to the application as a group The maximum number of cells in a group can be con trolled though atm setbatchsize 4n the default is one cell The net effect is that cells received on an AAL null connection will be buffered in the driver until either a cell arrives on that same connection with a different header or the number of cells buffered equals the current batch size AAL null cells are received by an application through atm_rec v_null 4n with the most significant four bytes of the ATM header the header excluding the HEC returned in the last argument See atm recv null 4n for more infor mation 9 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User sManual Giz E VN HII Troubleshooting The troubleshooting tests detailed in this chapter will clearly indicate and identify the m
62. Systems ATM switch Tests an ATM interface for basic cell reception and transmission functionality It is usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly An SNMP agent for the PCA 200E Displays the topology of a FORE Systems ATM network An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval option Shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information elconfig Shows and modifies LEC configuration Allows the user to set the ATM address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS display the list of Emulated LANs ELANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANS locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership An overview of the administrative programs listed above is found in the atm intro 8C manual page For more details about these programs please see the ATM network management manual pages located in Section 8 of the on line manual The man pages for LAN emulation commands are repro duced on the following pages for reference JE Ed el E a5 ao ah 56 5 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 8 3 Additional Administration Information 8 2 1 elarp 8c NAME elarp manipulate MAC to ATM address mappings SYNOPSIS elarp
63. T400 is used for the kernel configuration file the default name is the name of your system You may substitute a name of your choice when prompted for a ker nel configuration file name Also select the kernel options applicable to your system 3 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration KERNEL CONFIGURATION AND BUILD PROCEDURE Enter a name for the kernel configuration file MYSYSTEM AFT400 You want to name the configuration file AFT400 Is that correct y n y ENTER KERNEL OPTION SELECTION Selection Kernel Option System V Devices Logical Volume Manager LVM NTP V3 Kernel Phase Lock Loop NTP TIME Kernel Breakpoint Debugger KDEBUG Packetfilter driver PACKETFILTER Point to Point Protocol PPP STREAMS pckt module PCKT Data Link Bridge DLPI V2 0 Service Class 1 X Open Transport Interface XTISO TIMOD TIRDWR File on File File System FFM ISO 9660 Compact Disc File System CDFS Audit Subsystem wo OAD oO i WN BF ACL Subsystem All of the above None of the above Help 0 O14 WYN FF O Display all options again Enter the selection number for each kernel option you want For example 1 3 15 4 8 11 ENTER You selected the following kernel options Kernel Breakpoint Debugger KDEBUG Data Link Bridge DLPI V2 0 Service Class 1 ISO 9660 Compact Disc File System CDFS Is that correct y n y ENTER D
64. a Interfaces 4 3 4 1 3 2 Configuring el Interfaces oooooooomommo 4 5 4 2 PCA 200E Adapter in an Internet Protocol Network 4 7 4 2 1 Multi homing on ATM and Ethernet Networks 4 8 4 2 2 Configuring a Workstation as ATM Only sssss 4 9 4 2 3 Dynamic and Static IP Routing ATM Only Network 4 10 4231 Dynamic Routing eee 4 10 4 2 3 2 EE ee EE 4 10 4 2 4 Disabling Signalling ooooocoococcocrccnca eee 4 11 4 2 5 Configuring an Outgoing JIDD 4 13 4 2 6 Configuring an Incoming IP DVC 4 14 4 2 7 Verifying the PVC Configuration 4 15 4 2 8 IP Multicasting Support 4 15 4 2 9 IP Load Balancing across Multiple Adapters 4 16 4 2 10 Driver Support for FORE IP Multicasting in a Routed Environment 4 17 4 2 11 Settable Peak Cell Rate for FORE DD ovCs 4 17 4 2 12 NR EEN 4 18 4 3 atmarp 86 ia A A a o a 4 19 4 4 atticoOnfig e ia a cds e t t on qo Axes wade ne oko e 4 22 CHAPTER 5 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 1 IAtroductiOn ise bora ERI bars loin eed CIARA dad 5 1 5 1 1 Logical IP Subnets sisse 5 2 5 1 2 Classical IP Interfaces 5 2 5 1 3 SPANS Interface etas tee er vule cde ce 5 3 5 2 Address Registration and ILMI sse 5 4 5 2 1 ATM Addresses inane ie ve RR IR eed pee eles 5 4 5 2 2 Operating with ILMI REO e EE 5 5 5 2 3 Operating without ILMI Support sssssesseeeeee 5 5 5 2 4 Configuration cea ete eres
65. address LECS 1 4 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Index Index 3 Index Index 4 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual
66. address in that subnet The mask holds the same number of bits as the protocol address it references Agent SNMP a component of network and desktop management soft ware such as SNMP that gathers information from MIBs AIS Alarm Indication Signal a line AIS is asserted when a 111 binary pat tern is detected in bits 6 7 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames A line AIS is removed when any pattern other than 111 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 1 Glossary AMI ATM Management Interface the user interface to FORE Systems ForeThought switch control software SCS AMI lets users monitor and change various operating configurations of FORE Systems switches and net work module hardware and software IP connectivity and SNMP network management ANSI American National Standards Institute a private organization that coordinates the setting and approval of some U S standards It also represents the United States to the International Standards Organization API Application Program Interface a language format that defines how a program can be made to interact with another program service or other soft ware it allows users to develop custom interfaces with FORE products APP application program a complete self contained program that per forms a specific function directly for the user AppleTalk a networking proto
67. and line type the following commands and note the responses e atmstatfa0 command netstat ai command e asxmon command e Cportcommand On the switch log in to the ATM Management Interface AMI to check the following configuration spans show configuration port show configuration uni30 show Configuration of Network Modules TAXI DS 3 DS 1 OC 3c E 3 and or J 2 Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enables support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems atmstat fao PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 476058 469354 276580 273789 0 0 0 0 0 netstat ai Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll ecO 1500 fore gar eth 1174803 39928 509563 o 107117 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N 08 00 69 07 e3 93 Eat 9188 1989 29 38 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N qaa0 9180 fore sw 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaal 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 lo0 8304 loopback localhost 32072 0 32072 0 0 ALL SYSTEMS MCAST N ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Input Port B2 B3 B4 C2 C3 C4 CTL Type user user user user user net net user user Troubleshooting ei e ion O asxmon lt switch_name gt gt Q Q eg ASX 200 switch up 3 35 17 ports 9 active software 2 3 5 hardware 1
68. ands a Local Area Network by forwarding frames between data link layers associated with two separate cables usually carrying a common protocol Bridges can usually be made to filter certain packets to forward only certain traffic Broadband a service or system requiring transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than the Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN primary rate Broadband Access an ISDN access capable of supporting one or more broadband services Brouter bridging router a device that routes some protocols and bridges others based on configuration information BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server in an emulated LAN the BUS is responsible for accepting broadcast multicast and unknown unicast packets from the LECs to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF via dedicated point to point connections and forwarding the packets to all of the members of the ELAN using a single point to multipoint connection CAC Connection Admission Control the procedure used to decide if a request for an ATM connection can be accepted based on the attributes of both the requested connection and the existing connections Call an association between two or more users or between a user and a net work entity that is established by the use of network capabilities This associ ation may have zero or more connections CBR Constant Bit Rate a type of traffic that requires a continuous specific amount of bandwidth
69. andwidth from the Leaf Nodes to the Root Node Such a connection is also known as a Multipoint to Point Connection Multipoint to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links and their associated endpoint nodes with the following properties 1 All N nodes in the connection called Endpoints serve as a Root Node in a Point to Multipoint connection to all of the N 1 remaining endpoints 2 Each of the endpoints on the connection can send information directly to any other endpoint but the receiving endpoint cannot distinguish which of the endpoints is sending information without additional e g higher layer information Network Module ATM port interface cards which may be individually added or removed from any ForeRunner ATM switch to provide a diverse choice of connection alternatives Each network module provides between one and six full duplex ATM physical connections to the ForeRunner switch ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 13 Glossary NMS Network Management Station the system responsible for managing a network or a portion of a network The NMS talks to network management agents which reside in the managed nodes NNI Network to Network Interface or Network Node Interface the inter face between two public network pieces of equipment NuBus a high speed bus used in the Macintosh family of computers struc tured so that users can put a card into any
70. apter Hardware Troubleshooting Flowchart 10 2 Hardware Configuration for Checking PVCs o o oooooooo 10 8 Networking Connectivity Using PVCS oooooooooormmmm 10 9 PMD LED Indicators ST Connector Face Plate Configuration o oooooooooo A 1 SC Connector Face Plate Configuration 04 A 1 TOC 5 Table of Contents List of Figures TOC 6 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Preface The intent of this manual is to supply users of the ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI bus adapters with all the necessary information to install a PCA 200E and its accompanying software successfully This document also provides general product information network configuration information and information on software administration capabilities This document was created for users with various levels of experience Please read this document carefully before attempting to perform the procedures contained in it If you have any questions or problems with installation or configuration please con tact FORE Systems Technical Support dejar Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 Introduction Provides an overview of ATM a PCA 200E adapter hardware and software overview and general information to prepare for the installation of PCA 200E adapter cards Chapter 2 Hardware Installation Guides you through the installation of a PCA 200E Included are hardware installation instructions a te
71. ated PVC for verification To view the ARP cache enter atmam a The following is displayed Outgoing connections fa0 ws2 atm 198 29 21 74 vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NULL peak rate unlimited Incoming connections fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 flags PVC decapsulation NULL For a SPANS PVC the incoming and outgoing connection appears in the out put with the flags indicating that this entry is a PVC With a Classical IP PVC there is only an entry in the Outgoing section For more information about the atmarp command see Section 4 3 4 2 8 IP Multicasting Support NOTE The OS must support IP multicasting or have IP multicasting extensions installed For Digital UNIX multicasting is enabled by running the usr sbin iprsetup S command Multicasting support per RFC 1112 specification is a standard feature Multi casting is performed by the switch hardware Multicasting can be performed over SVCs as well as PVCs Multicast SVCs are created using the SPANS UNI and SPANS NNI protocols Multicasting is also supported for LAN emulation using the UNI 3 0 protocol Applications wishing to use multicast SVCs join and leave multicast groups under their own control can use the standard socket options IP ADD MEMBERSHIP and IP DROP MEM BERSHIP gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 15 Network
72. ated with each ELAN leq a FORE program that provides information about an ELAN This infor mation is obtained from the LES and includes MAC addresses registered on the ELAN together with their corresponding ATM addresses LES LAN Emulation Server the LES implements the control coordination function for an ELAN The LES provides the service of registering and resolv ing MAC addresses to ATM addresses LLC Logical Link Control a protocol developed by the IEEE 802 commit tee for data link layer transmission control the upper sublayer of the IEEE Layer 2 OSI protocol that complements the MAC protocol IEEE standard 802 2 includes end system addressing and error checking LOF Loss Of Frame a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines looptest a program that tests the interface for basic cell reception and trans mission functionality It is usually used for diagnostic purposes to determine if an interface is functioning properly LOP Loss Of Pointer a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines LOS Loss Of Signal a type of transmission error that may occur in wide area carrier lines MAC Media Access Control a media specific access control protocol within IEEE 802 specifications currently includes variations for Token Ring token bus and CSMA CD the lower sublayer of the IEEE s link layer OSI which complements the Logical Link Control LLC
73. bers of the ELAN review the following questions and procedures for possible solutions Before You Begin Before attempting to troubleshoot suspected LAN emulation problems per form the following Ensure that the host hardware switches workstations adapters etc that is running the various LAN emulation software processes LECS LES BUS LEC is correctly connected powered up and functional Perform the appropriate hardware troubleshooting NOTE Section 10 1 of this manual provides adapter hardware troubleshooting procedures Refer to the documentation supplied with your host system as well as any hardware involved in running LAN emulation processes for appropriate hardware troubleshooting Obtain the appropriate network parameters from your system administrator that define how your host should be configured for the ELAN that you are troubleshooting This information should include the ELAN name the name assigned to your interface the IP address assigned to your interface the ATM address of the system on which the ELAN s services is running ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 15 S e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 os Troubleshooting Is the ELAN state Operational How to check Enter the command elconfig show configured and check if the ELAN state is Operational Also note the Last Error from the output Possible Solutions If the state is
74. cessful transmission UDP User Datagram Protocol the TCP IP transaction protocol used for applications such as remote network management and name service access this lets users assign a name such as RVAX 2 5 to a physical or numbered address Unassigned Cells a cell identified by a standardized virtual path identifier VPI and virtual channel identifier VCI value which has been generated and does not carry information from an application using the ATM Layer service UNI User to Network Interface the physical and electrical demarcation point between the user and the public network service provider UNI 3 0 the User to Network Interface standard set forth by the ATM Forum that defines how private customer premise equipment interacts with private ATM switches UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair a cable that consists of two or more insu lated conductors in which each pair of conductors are twisted around each other There is no external protection and noise resistance comes solely from the twists VBR Variable Bit Rate a type of traffic that when sent over a network is tolerant of delays and changes in the amount of bandwidth it is allocated e g data applications VC Virtual Channel or Circuit a communications path between two nodes identified by label rather than fixed physical path VCC Virtual Channel Connection a unidirectional concatenation of VCLs that extends between the points where the ATM
75. cification of the LES s ATM address as ATMaddress for joining HL ANS whose configuration information is either not returned by the LECS the LECS is not specified or one is not available lec sets the LEC s ATM address to ATMaddress for communication with this ELAN s services If not specified the LEC will base the ATM address on the adapter s ATM address choosing an unused selector byte The unit epu may be specified to add an ELAN on a physical interface other than the first This is only valid when used with the les flag ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 8 5 SE Ed o E a5 ao ah 56 5 Additional Administration Information delete set RELEASE Used with elan unjoin the specified ELAN terminating connections to both its LES and BUS and removing the network interface associated with this ELAN Some systems do not delete the system arp cache entries when the network interface is deleted On such systems if the interface is brought down or deleted and the remote system s MAC address changes then when the interface is brought up connectivity may not be established due to wrong arp cache entries The system administrator must delete such arp cache entries manually Used with the lecs flag remove the current LECS from the configuration This command is only allowed if no ELANs are currently configured from this LECS If the single argument ATMaddress is used set the ATM address of the LECS to ATMa
76. col respond y to the question Otherwise respond with n ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa0 ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaal ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa2 ARP Server ATM Address not assigned for qaa3 The above messages appear if the ARP server ATM address es have not been assigned You are then asked the following Would you like to re configure ATM address of qaa0 ARP server n If you answer n a similar question appears for each remaining qaa interface for which no address has been assigned If you answer y the following prompt appears Enter the ATM address for the ARP server uonem Suo puy The ARP server ATM address must be configured into each workstation including the ARP server itself It is recommended that you first configure the ARP server and then configure all other hosts with the ARP server s ATM address ARP server configuration is covered in detail in Chapter 5 en o a i I m E 3 tn Di D T o 3 D a em ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 13 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Any FORE Systems host or switch has the ability to be the ARP server for a network You must have exactly one ARP server on each Classical IP network You configure a host or switch to be the ARP server by specifying its ATM address as the ARP server s ATM address When the host or switch sees that its ATM address matches the ARP server
77. col developed by Apple Computer for com munication between Apple s products and other computers Independent of the network layer AppleTalk runs on LocalTalk EtherTalk and TokenTalk ARP Address Resolution Protocol a method used to resolve higher level protocol addressing such as IP into the appropriate header data required for AIM i e port VPI and VCI also defines the AAL type to be used ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange a standard character set that typically assigns a 7 bit sequence to each letter number and selected control characters Assigned Cell a cell that provides a service to an upper layer entity or ATM Layer Management entity ATMM entity asxmon a FORE program that repeatedly displays the state of the switch and of all its active ports Asynchronous time division multiplexing a multiplexing technique in which a transmission capability is organized into a priori unassigned time slots The time slots are assigned to cells upon request of each application s instantaneous real need ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode a transfer mode in which the informa tion is organized into cells It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic ATM Forum an international non profit organization formed with the objec tive of accelerating the use of ATM products and services through a rapid convergence
78. convention the name of the third Classical IP interface virtual unit 2 on physical unit one is qab2 NOTE Throughout this chapter when an example uses the interface name fa0 any qaxx or elx interface name could also be used Bringing up the PCA 200E Network Interface After you have successfully installed the PCA 200E configured the kernel and established an Internet address for the PCA 200E interface you can con figure the PCA 200E network interface by typing ifconfig faO internet address netmask netmask value broadcast broadcast value up Please note that the ifconfig line may differ from this example if you are using a separate subnet for your ATM LAN Specifically the arguments for netmask and broadcast may be different from this example Once you have configured the interface use the ping command to verify your connection and to confirm the presence of others connected to the network ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 13 Assigning IP Addresses During Reboots To have your workstation correctly assign the IP addresses during reboots follow the example in Section 4 1 3 1 for fa and qa interfaces or Section 4 1 3 2 for el interfaces 4 13 1 Configuring fa and qa Interfaces To configure fa or qa interfaces enter the following command usr sbin netsetup ENTER A session similar to the following appears The actual screen output that yo
79. d on the switch If the prompt is returned with no information displayed this indicates that the ATM ARP cache is empty Use the following two commands to create a PVC on the host atmarp s lt hosname gt lt device gt lt vpi gt vci aal J atmarp I lt device gt lt vpi gt lt vci gt lt aal gt If the ATM ARP cache entry is valid then perform the instructions in the next subsection for atmstat ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 11 Troubleshooting 10 2 2 atmstat To determine a particular failure state enter the following command on the remote workstation while continuously pinging atmstat fa0 1 PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VCI Pay CRC Proto 161747 153692 142289 134685 0 0 20 0 0 The failure states are determined by examining the output from the atmstat fa0 1 command string The failures are classified by whether or not cells are sent or received and whether or not errors are received The output shown above is typical of the first response from the atmstat fa 0 1 command string Succeeding lines of data continue in the same column format Refer to the fol lowing subsections for a description of each type of failure 10 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote End 10 12 If no cells are received by the remote end the Input ATM Cells field displays zero then run
80. dapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Enter LES address Manually n Answer y if you wish to enter the ATM address that the ELAN named in the previous prompt is to use when communicating with the LES Answer n if you wish ELAN members to use the LECS to discover the ATM address of the ELAN s LES Enter ELAN name to configure return to end If you wish to configure another ELAN enter the ELAN name here If you are finished configuring ELANs press the lt retum gt key to end ELAN configura tion The script then presents the current LAN emulation configuration simi lar to the following Current client configuration LECS ATM address Well Known ELAN default ELAN engineering ELAN marketing Do You Want To Modify The Above Configuration n Answer y if you wish to change delete or add LAN emulation configuration information Answering n produces the following prompt Save Configuration Information y Answer y if you wish to save the configuration information that you have entered The system responds with a line indicating the configuration infor mation is being saved in a file called fore lanem conf Answer n if you wish to abort the LAN emulation configuration information that you have entered 3 2 4 Kernel Verification After the new kernel configuration routine is complete it should be verified to ensure that it is functioning properly To check your new kernel simply reboo
81. ddress and mark this LECS as current If another set command is invoked with a different LECS address this LECS is now marked as current The add and delete commands may only be applied to PLANS returned by the current LECS The manual flag places the host in a manual configuration mode configuration information will not be retrieved from the LECS and the addition of ELANS will require the user to set the LES address FORE Systems Release Release Date SEE ALSO ifconfig 8C ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual WEIS Software Interfaces 9 1 Berkeley Socket Interface The PCA 200E device driver supports network communication using the Internet protocol family via the user level Berkeley socket interface System functions that use the socket interface such as NFS and NIS as well as socket based applications will work as is over your ATM network 9 2 Application Programming Interface The PCA 200E device driver also supports FORE Systems user level ATM API Application Programming Interface The API allows you to develop an application that creates a connection with another ATM API application on the ATM network Once a connection is established data may be transmitted via the ATM API from one ATM application to another An in depth descrip tion of the ATM API can be found in the atm_intro man page Consult the ATM API man pages located in Section 4 of the on line manual for more infor mation 9 2
82. dential com mercial and light industry IEC 801 2 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equip ment Part 2 Electrostatic discharge requirements Severity level 3 IEC 801 3 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equip ment Part 3 Radiate electromagnetic field requirements Severity level 2 IEC 801 4 Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial process measurement and control equip ment Part 4 Electrical fast transient burst requirements Severity level 2 CERTIFICATIONS ETL certified to meet Information Technology Equipment safety standards UL 1950 CSA 22 2 No 950 and EN 60950 Japan VCCI conformity This equipment is in the First Class category information equipment to be used in commercial and or industrial areas and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council For Interference by Information Technology Equip ment aimed at preventing radio interference in commercial and or industrial areas Consequently when used in a residen tial area or in an adjacent area thereto radio interference may be caused to radios and TV receivers etc Read the instructions for correct handling TRADEMARKS FORE Systems is a registered trademark and ForeRunner ForeThought and ForeView are trademarks of FORE Systems Inc All other brands or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders Tab
83. e Exceeding this limit will produce the following message elconfig Number of allowable ELAN interface adds exceeded EG EX X oO Ad Tag nm KI Starting a LEC For example if you want to start a LEC that will attempt to join ELAN eng i neering enter the following command elconfig add engineering By default the above command starts a LEC on the local host that attempts to contact the LECS on the well known address as defined by the ATM Forum s LAN Emulation standards 47 0079 00 000000 0000 0000 0000 00A03E000001 00 This LEC by default has an ATM address based on the host adapter card s ATM an unused selector byte is chosen to make the resulting ATM address unique Consequently each LEC looks like just another adapter card to other users on the network You may also assign an ATM address to the LEC If you choose to assign LEC ATM addresses manually be careful that you assign each LEC a unique address ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 13 Configuring an Emulated LAN Similarly if you want to start a LEC that will attempt to join the default ELAN default assuming that a default ELAN has been defined in the LECS config uration file enter the following command elconfig add default If you want a LEC to use an LECS running at an address other than the well known one enter a command similar to the following elconfig set lecs lt address gt where address
84. e U S A the IEEE sponsors technical conferences symposia amp local meetings worldwide publishes nearly 25 of the world s technical papers in electrical electronics amp computer engineering provides educational programs for its members and promotes standardiza tion IETF Internet Engineering Task Force a large open international commu nity of network designers operators vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the operation management and evolution of the Internet to resolve short and mid range protocol and architectural issues ILMI Interim Local Management Interface the standard that specifies the use of the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP and an ATM man agement information base MIB to provide network status and configuration information 1esso o Interface Data the unit of information transferred to from the upper layer in a single interaction across a SAP Each Interface Data Unit IDU controls interface information and may also contain the whole or part of the SDU internet while an internet is a network the term internet is usually used to refer to a collection of networks interconnected with routers Internet note the capital I the largest internet in the world including large national backbone nets and many regional and local networks world wide The Internet uses the TCP IP suite Networks with only e mail connec tivity are not considered on the Internet I
85. e equipment Modifications to Equipment Do not make mechanical or electrical modifications to the equipment FORE Systems Inc is not responsible for regulatory compliance of a modified FORE product ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual H Preface vi ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Gi VENIM Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the ATM Standard and the FORE Sys tems PCA 200E adapter It details the hardware and software requirements necessary to use the PCA 200E and also provides information on the contents of the PCA 200E package 131 Overview of the ATM Standard uornonpoqu Asynchronous Transfer Mode or ATM is a communication architecture based on the switching of small fixed length packets of data called cells In ATM all data is transferred in 53 byte cells Each cell has a 5 byte header that identifies the cell s route through the network and 48 bytes containing user data This user data in turn carries any headers or trailers required by higher level protocols Perhaps the single most important advantage offered by ATM in addition to data transfer speed is its open ended growth path ATM is not locked into a single physical medium or speed The fixed size ATM cell allows traffic from multiple sources simultaneous video audio and data communication to be switched to multiple destinations by fast ATM switches For example a ForeRunner ASX 1000 ATM Sw
86. e especially important for connection state incomplete indicates that the IP to ATM address mapping is not yet known for the given IP address pending indicates that a connection has not yet been established On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp show provides the same information Onthe host atmarp z displays the ATM address of the given inter face If the host is using ILMI for address registration the ATM address will be displayed as nonzero when the host has successfully registered its address with the network On the switch AMI com mand configuration atmarp getnsap interface provides the same information On the host atmarp g displays the ATM address of the current ARP server for the LIS associated with the given interface On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp arpserver show interface provides the same information e On the host atmarp t indicates whether this host is the ARP server for the LIS associated with the given virtual interface On the switch AMI command configuration atmarp arpserver show interface provides the same information Onthe host atmarp v displays the status of the ARP server connec tion One of the first things to check in a trouble state is that a connec tion to the ARP server is fully established If the ARP server connection is established the ARP VPI VCI will be nonzero The CALLING SERVER flag indicates whether or not an attempt is cur rently being made to connect
87. e unique features of ATM such as guaranteed bandwidth reserva tion per connection selection of AAL5 or 3 4 and multicasting with dynamic addition and deletion of recipients APPLICATION SOFTWARE EXISTING TCP IP INTERFACE NEW ATM API INTERFACE SOCKET INTERFACE E ATM SIGNALLING ATM ADAPTATION SAR Figure 1 3 Software Architecture 1 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 1 51 PCA 200E Advanced Cell Processor Architecture The PCA 200E s Advanced Cell Processor Architecture provides optimized on board cell processing functions including segmentation and reassembly The software device driver provides a high performance packet level inter face to the cell processing engine The driver identifies the data packets to be communicated over ATM the cell processing engine does the rest 1 5 2 Software Features The 4 0 2 release of ForeThought software supports the ATM Forum LAN Emu lation Over ATM Version 1 0 standard The particular features supported include LAN Emulation Clients e LEC failover Multiple Virtual LANs e Ethernet emulation uOTPN pou Each of these features is detailed in the appropriate chapters throughout the manual ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 9 Introduction 1 6 1 6 1 Hardware Requirements The PCA 200E can be installed in an available PCI Bus slot in any of the sup ported platforms PCA 200E Suppor
88. e yc n Reboot the running rebooting the gt system correctly system Is fiber cable bad Replace fiber cable 10 2 Figure 10 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting Flowchart ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 1 1 Run Looptest To determine if an interface is functioning properly run the looptest utility on a host that has been disconnected and isolated from the network NOTE Before running looptest you must couple Troubleshooting d e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 le je the Receive and Transmit connectors on the backplate of the card to each other using a short loop of fiber optic cable or a UTP connector wired for loopback as applicable to your adapter This cable should remain on throughout this test The looptest utility uses FORE Systems ATM user level Application Pro gramming Interface For proper operation looptest requires read write access to the ATM device To run looptest enter the following command at the system prompt in the working directory looptest fa0 where fa0 is the default device name for a single ATM adapter The looptest utility verifies that the board of an adapter is operating cor rectly Correct operation means that all of the following conditions are true 1 2 3 4 5 The self test has been passed successfully The firmware has been downloaded succes
89. ectory to the MANPATH environment variable and the lib directory to the LD LIBRARY PATH environment variable you will make the files available from the working directories of the people who will use them NOTE The paths shown above are the defaults If you have installed your software in another directory be sure to set the environment variables accordingly ef Sb el E a5 ao ah SS 56 5 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 8 1 Additional Administration Information 8 2 PCA 200E Administrative Programs The following ForeRunner PCA 200E administrative programs are included with this release of the software asxmon atmarp atmconfig atmstat cchan cpath cport looptest snmpd topology elarp Displays the state of the switch and of all its active ports Shows and manipulates ATM ARP Address Resolution Protocol entries maintained by the PCA 200E device driver This is also used to establish PVC connections Used to enable or disable SPANS signalling Also used to set MTU size OC3 and various other parameters Shows statistics gathered about the PCA 200E by the device driver These statistics include ATM layer and ATM adaption layer cell and error counts This can also be used to query other hosts via SNMP Used to manage virtual circuits on a FORE Systems ATM switch Used to manage virtual paths on a FORE Systems ATM switch Used to monitor and change the state of ports on a FORE
90. ed to guide you through the installation of the PCA 200E in an Alpha station or Alpha server The procedures contain step by step instructions for the successful installation of the PCA into any avail able PCI slot in a system Read all of this information carefully before attempt ing installation 2 1 Required Tools Installation of the PCA may require the following tools depending on the system in which the card is to be installed 1 The anti static grounding strap included with the adapter card should be used during installation 2 A flat blade or Phillips screwdriver is needed to remove the retain ing screws on the cases E Ke Di E E Di gt ee ei D 9IEMpIeH ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 2 1 Hardware Installation 2 2 General Installation Procedures Installation of the PCA 200E into an available AlphaStation AlphaServer PCI Bus slot differs slightly for the various systems Because there are wide varia tions in the procedures used to open the various system units an exact proce dure may not be presented for your particular system Therefore the instructions focus on the steps common to all models WARNING Itis highly recommended that you use the included grounding strap when handling the adapter card or any other computer compo nent The wrist grounding strap is just one portion of maintaining a static free environ ment Be sure to follow all necessary precauti
91. eneral installation 2 2 H halt system system halt 2 3 hardware overview sese 1 7 hardware requirements 1 10 host NSAP address o ooooooooo 5 6 I COMAS cunctum e eta v eee eed 4 2 illustration emulated LAN example 1 3 UE EE E 5 4 ILMI support 2 0 eee 5 5 ILMI address registration 5 5 incoming IP PVC ss 4 14 installation SunOS Software o oooooooo 3 4 Interim Local Management Interface 5 4 Index 1 Index IST cuotas aida al 7 2 IP address reboot o oooooooo o 4 3 IP addressing 4 7 K kernel configuration 3 1 kernel verification o o 3 17 L LAN Emulation Client 6 3 LAN Emulation Client LEC 1 4 LAN Emulation Configuration Server LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS rars ranerne 1 4 LAN Emulation Server 6 3 LAN Emulation Services 6 2 EG n oat Aer o epe rho deant de dene 6 3 ERC usted A Rete E Utd 6 3 LED indicators A 1 legacy LAN si fics cis e ee ertet 5 1 TESTA teet eter 6 3 TS res ecd ici do 5 2 Logical IP Subnet LIS 5 2 looptest oi Ee 8 2 M multicast PVC coudre eel ei ei ees 4 16 multicasting 4 15 multi homing 4 8 N network interface configuration 4 1 network topology lesse 7 1 no Classical IP support
92. er Vendor s Equipment Configuration If an ATM adapter is connected to ATM equipment that does not support the SPANS signalling or UNI 3 0 signalling PVCs must be used for ATM connec tions In this case the devices must be properly cabled and correct IP addresses must be assigned to the various devices To make any connections SPANS signalling must be disabled on the adapter and PVCs must be estab lished over the ATM adapter For additional information on connecting an adapter card to other vendor s equipment please see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration and Chapter 8 Additional Administration Informa tion in this document ForeRunner ATM Adapter Card Other Vendor Equipment X Q o 5 Pn ag c a o g 9 5 o X10MjoN WILY Figure 7 3 Adapter to Other Vendor Configuration ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 7 3 ATM Network Configurations 7 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual WEINS Additional Administration Information 8 31 Additional Software and Manual Pages This ForeRunner PCA 200E release contains administrative and example pro grams along with on line manual pages Please make these files accessible to ATM application programmers and system administrators as appropriate By adding the us fore etc directory to the PATH environment variable the usr fore man dir
93. er card into a multi homed environment your Ethernet interface is probably already installed correctly NOTE This text does not describe the steps required for the use of IP subnets Consult your system administrator for this information gt a B B un q A 5 A YIOMON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 1 Multi homing on ATM and Ethernet Networks If you wish to have your workstation reside on both an ATM and Ethernet network you must assign an IP hostname and address on different networks to each interface Figure 4 1 illustrates the basic network topology for this type of configuration In this example to access the workstations on the ATM or Ethernet side of the network you need only specify the IP hostname or address of the specific workstation ETHERNET eee eee eee 2 eee eee eee 1 ws1 eth We we2 eth aaa aaa aaa l N _ aaa aaa aaa 2 ws1 atm ws2 atm point to point or through switch Figure 4 1 Multi homing Network Configuration The following is an example of multi homing using the ftp command to transfer a file using either ATM or Ethernet In this example ws2 is the work station to which you want to connect To use the ftp command over ATM type ftp ws2 atm To use the ftp command over Ethernet type ftp ws2 eth 4 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Adm
94. esigned to connect Ethernet Token Ring and FDDI LANs to ForeRunner ATM networks The LAX 20 is a multiport multiprotocol internetworking switch that combines the advan tages of a high performance LAN switch and a full featured ATM interface capable of carrying LAN traffic Layer Entity an active layer within an element Layer Function a part of the activity of the layer entities Layer Service a capability of a layer and the layers beneath it that is pro vided to the upper layer entities at the boundary between that layer and the next higher layer ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 11 Glossary Layer User Data the information transferred between corresponding entities on behalf of the upper layer or layer management entities for which they are providing services le a FORE program that implements both the LAN Emulation Server LES and the Broadcast Unknown Server BUS LEC LAN Emulation Client the component in an end system that per forms data forwarding address resolution and other control functions when communicating with other components within an ELAN lecs a FORE program that implements the assignment of individual LECs to different emulated LANs LECS LAN Emulation Configuration Server the LECS is responsible for the initial configuration of LECs It provides information about available ELANs that a LEC may join together with the addresses of the LES and BUS associ
95. estions 3 12 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Will ILMI be used for Address Registration for qaa only y The Interim Local Management Interface ILMI is a protocol used to dynami cally assign an ATM address to a UNI 3 0 port This ATM address is used in UNI 3 0 signalling messages to identify the workstation If you plan to use UNI 3 0 signalling it is recommended that you respond y to this question If you choose to reply n and you will be using UNI 3 0 signalling you will need to manually configure an ATM address in the host and in the switch to which itis connected You will be prompted for the ATM address of the host later in the installation process ILMI is implemented as part of FORE Systems SNMP agent If you have cho sen not to run this agent you can still use ILMI In this case snmpd is renamed to ilmid and only the ILMI protocol will be active If you have cho sen to run FORE Systems SNMP agent as well as ILMI both protocols will be active Either snmpd or ilmid is executed on bootup from the script rc PCA200 in the directory usr etc fore or in the user specified directory Would you like to configure CLASSICAL IP n Classical IP is a standard method for sending and receiving IP traffic over an ATM network This protocol utilizes UNI 3 0 signalling to set up and tear down connections to other IP stations If you would like to use this proto
96. iate network interface s 6 4 1 1 configure lanem Script Questions and Responses When running the configure lanem script you are prompted for answers to questions that customize your ELAN configuration During your session you may not see all of the questions The prompts that you do see depend on your environment and on answers to previous questions In this section the ques tions are shown first in courier font and the explanations of the effects of the possible replies are shown after the questions keke No Configuration Information If LAN Emulation has not been configured the No Configuration Informa tion message appears If ELANs have been configured current configuration information appears Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n If you wish to configure or modify LAN Emulation respond with y Answer ing n ends the LAN Emulation Configuration process NOTE Detailed information about the establishment of an ELAN is available in the on line elconfig man page The elconfig man page text is also available for reference in Chapter 8 of this manual Note that a host may join more that one ELAN A LEC must be configured for each ELAN that you wish to join 6 10 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN Would you like to use an LECS to retrieve configuration information y Answer y to this question if you wish the local LEC to use an LECS to retrieve conf
97. ic entry This allows other hosts that do support Classical ARP to contact their ARP server as usual and obtain the correct address mapping If a host that does not support Classical ARP wants to initiate connections the IP to ATM address mappings of the destination hosts should be put in its ARP cache again as static entries By using static ARP entries in the above fashion the ability for all hosts to communicate can be maintained IOMIPN WLY dI Q e En Ka e d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e e 9 B There are some restrictions on the number of hosts that can be maintained dynamically They are as follows e In the default configuration a host can only have approximately 250 virtual connections open simultaneously This means that an ARP server can only serve 250 clients since each client must maintain a connection with its ARP server This may be a limitation if the ARP server is servicing multiple LISs tis possible to increase the number of connections allowed by using the AMI program see the ForeRunner ATM Switch Configuration Man ual Hosts support a maximum of 1 024 connections per adapter ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 9 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 4 Classical IP PVCs 5 4 1 Theory and Configuration Normally ATM connections in a Classical IP environment are established dynamically using UNI 3 0 ARP ILMI and UNI 3 0 all work together as described previousl
98. ical IP interface this will also be shown The option i shows the state of interfaces that were auto configured as happens when the FORE software is loaded and run upon system boot Interfaces statically configured in a system but not located at boot time are not shown If the driver does not see the ATM board no response will be given Reseat the board by performing the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 5 Troubleshooting 10 1 5 10 6 Check Firmware To check whether or not the firmware is running correctly issue the following command atmsiat fa0 1 In this command the last parameter 1 causes the command to be repeated at one second intervals If the firmware is running correctly the response will show Input Output and Error Statistics for the adapter in the following format PHY ATM AAL statistics Output Input Errors ATM AAL ATM AAL 4B5B 4B5B ATM AAL AAL Cells CS PDUs Cells CS PDUs Framing Hdr CRC VPI VC
99. iguration information Answer n if you wish the local LEC to use an LES that you specify for configuration information The following question does not appear if you answer n Use the Well Known LECS address y Answer y to this question to instruct the local LEC to use the default well known ATM address for communicating with the LECS Answer n if you wish to be prompted to enter an ATM address for the LECS manually Would you like to configure a DEFAULT ELAN y Answer n if you do not wish to use a DEFAULT ELAN The DEFAULT ELAN accepts any LEC that wants to join Answer y if you wish to configure the DEFAULT ELAN You are then presented with the following question yO E B oO O Tag nm KI Name of DEFAULT ELAN default You may supply a name for the DEFAULT ELAN or press the return key to accept the default name of default Enter ELAN name to configure return to end The name of the ELAN that you wish to configure for example engineer ing is entered in response to this prompt ELAN names may be a maximum of 32 characters in length Enter LES address Manually n Answer y if you wish to enter the ATM address of the LES belonging to the ELAN named in response to the previous prompt An LES address must be entered if you chose not to use an LECS for retrieving configuration informa tion Enter ELAN name to configure return to end If you wish to configure another ELAN enter the ELAN name here If
100. igurations 7 2 Adapter to FORE ATM Switch Configuration ForeRunner ATM switches support the SPANS signalling protocol If an ATM adapter is connected to a ForeRunner ATM switch connections can be auto matically created between the adapter and other SPANS capable devices such as other ForeRunner ATM adapters and the switch itself In this topology the only requirements are the physical connection between the adapter and assignment of correct IP addresses to ensure proper communication for more information on assigning IP addresses see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration When UNI 3 0 signalling is used it is no longer possible to connect adapters directly in a back to back mode because the signalling protocol UNI 3 0 does not support a direct adapter to adapter connection Instead a UNI 3 0 or 3 1 compliant switch such as the FORE Systems ASX series ATM switch must be used between the two adapters This configuration is depicted in Figure 7 2 ForeRunner ForeRunner ATM Adapter Card ATM Adapter Card xmit eo 66660000 00 00 oo OO Oo C x mit bcd Eua E39e00000000c5 el SS oo ol recv recv OQOoooL 10 d gt t ForeRunner ATM Switch Figure 7 2 Minimum Configuration with UNI 3 0 Signalling 7 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual ATM Network Configurations 7 3 Adapter to Oth
101. ing steps outline the procedure for configuring the el0 interface 1 Using an editor such as vi open etc rc config Increase the count of NUM NETCONFIG by 1 2 Choose an unused NETDEV n entry and set it to elO eg NETDEV_2 el0 3 Modify the corresponding IFCONFIG_n entry to contain the IP address and netmask for el e g IFC ONFIG_2 198 29 100 61 netmask 255 255 255 0 4 Save the file and reboot For example Starting with an etc rc config that has Ethernet tuO only configured the typical output appears as follows 555 UM NETCONFIG 1 AX NETDEVS 24 ETDEV_O tu0 TDEV_1 TDEV_2 TDEV_3 TDEV_4 TDEV_5 TDEV_6 ETDEV_7 IFCONFIG_0 169 144 32 86 netmask 255 255 255 0 IFCONFIG_1 I d Ld fw fw Hep Sos E E i FCONFIG 2 ex In the above list you would change NUM NETCO NFIG to 2 set NETDEV_1 to elO and set IFCONFIG 1 to internet address of el0 gt netmask lt cor rect netmask for el0 gt The resulting list in the file fragment would appear as follows gt a g B n q P 5 ooegioju YIOMION ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 5 Network Interface Administration UM NETCONFIG 2 AX NETDEVS 24 EV_0 tu0 EV_1 el0 EV_2 EV_3 EV_4 EV_5 EV_6 EV_7 IFCONFIG_0 169 144 32 86 netmask 255 255 255 0 IFCONFIG_1 204 95 89 14 netmask 255 255 255 0 IFCONFIG_2 When finished edi
102. inistration 4 2 2 Configuring a Workstation as ATM Only If you wish to have a workstation on an ATM only network but still have access to workstations outside the ATM network you need to perform addi tional configuration to your workstation the ASX ATM switch and also the external workstation s Specifically you need to configure your workstation to enable it to recognize and reach the external workstation The external workstation needs the same capabilities Figure 4 2 below illustrates a basic network topology for this type of configuration Workstation S eee eee eee 2 ws2 eth ETHERNET eee eee eee 11 asx eth ForeRunner ASX ATM Switch aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa aaa 11 ws1 atm N asx atm Workstation Figure 4 2 ATM Network with Access to Ethernet As before you need to assign an IP address to your ATM interface on the ATM only workstation In this topology the ASX switch is multi homed and is used to route IP traffic between the ATM and Ethernet networks To use the network in this configuration you must set up the IP routing There are two ways to handle the IP routing dynamically and statically The following section outlines these methods on 5 5 E el E un q Di p g 5 9IPJ13JUT YIOMJON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 9 Network Interface Administration 4 2 3 Dynamic and Static IP Routing ATM Only Network 4 2 3 1 Dynamic
103. internal 1D4 short none internal ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 27 Troubleshooting 10 28 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 7a ad ed NDI EON PMD LED Indicators This appendix shows the location of and gives a description of the PMD mod ule LED indicators A 1 LED Location The figures below show the appearance of the face plate EH om Bm e Di ki e ei vN CH 1GINd FORE Systems Receive Transmit Status LED Status LED Figure A 1 ST Connector Face Plate Configuration FORE Systems R ceive Transmit Status LED Status LED Figure A 2 SC Connector Face Plate Configuration ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual A 1 PMD LED Indicators A 2 LED Descriptions The LEDs have the following meanings Table A 1 Transmit LED LED Color Meaning green Transmitting data off Idle yellow SONET alarm condition declared indicates trouble with the receiving device Applicable to OC 3 only Table A 2 Receive LED LED Color Meaning green Receiving data off Idle red No carrier ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 802 1d Spanning Tree Bridging the IEEE standard for bridging a MAC layer standard for transparently connecting two or more LANs often called subnetworks that are running the same protocols and cabling This arrange ment creates an exte
104. irect Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up between LECs that want to exchange unicast data traffic For the following discussion please refer to Figure 6 2 6 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN CONFIGURATION DIRECT CONTROL DIRECT CONTROL DISTRIBUTE pO E B X oO ad Taq nm ZB O MULTICAST SEND O MULTICAST FORWARD Q DATA DIRECT engineering Figure 6 2 ELAN Operation ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 5 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 3 1 Initialization Upon initialization LEC1 obtains its own ATM address via address registra tion LEC1 obtains the address of the LECS in one of three ways via manual configuration via the well known address or via PVC 0 17 Once it knows the location of the LECS LECI establishes a configuration direct connection O to the LECS When connected the LECS provides LEC1 with the information necessary to connect to the ELAN it wishes to join This information includes such parameters as the ATM address of the ELAN s LES the type of LAN being emulated maximum packet size and the name of the ELAN engineering for example This configuration information is con tained in a configuration file that must be built and maintained by the net work administrator 6 3 2 Registration and Address Resolution After obtai
105. irene t iaee pi E aia EE E E 1 15 1 11 Product Registration Information 1 16 CHAPTER 2 Hardware Installation 2 1 Required Tools inec e oe A et e a ale e at 2 1 2 2 General Installation Procedures 00 esee eee 2 2 2 2 1 Halting the System EEN sos sees eae eevee he 2 3 2 2 2 Opening the System Unit 2 4 2 2 3 Installing the PCA 200E Adapter 0 0000 2 5 CHAPTER 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 1 Software Installation Requirements ooooococccccccccccccccccccc 3 1 3 2 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 000 3 2 3 2 1 B tor You Been IEN EEN teer rt ee 3 2 3 2 1 1 Temporary Configuration s s sssa ss rrra rrene 3 2 3 2 2 Software Installation for Digital UNIX Systems 3 4 3 2 3 Kernel Configuration for Digital OUNI 3 6 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual TOC 1 Table of Contents 3 23 1 Typical FORE ATM Adapter Configuration Session 3 6 3 23 2 Kernel Configuration Script Questions and Responses for Digital UNI 3 12 3 2 4 Kernel Verification sse 3 17 CHAPTER 4 Network Interface Administration 4 1 Network Interface Configuration oooocccccccccccccccncccccccc 4 1 4 1 1 Network Interface Naming Conventions sess 4 2 4 1 2 Bringing up the PCA 200E Network Interface 4 2 4 1 3 Assigning IP Addresses During Reboots n nn nasnannanu 4 3 41 3 1 Configuring fa and q
106. itch can connect up to 96 users and has an aggregate capacity of 10 gigabits per second Larger LANs can be built by interconnecting multiple ForeRunner ATM switches ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of LAN Emulation FORE Systems ForeThought 4 0 2 LAN Emulation software is compliant with the ATM Forum s LAN Emulation Over ATM Version 1 0 specification LAN Emulation LANE allows higher level protocols and LAN applications to interoperate without modifications with an ATM network The components of the emulated LAN ELAN running on the ATM network work together to emulate an Ethernet LAN The ELAN components resolve MAC addresses to ATM addresses replace the connectionless operation of legacy LANs with point to point connections and provide broadcast and multicast services The ELAN consists of a LAN Emulation Client LEC running on each host in the ELAN and the following LANE Services theLAN Emulation Server LES the Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS theLAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS In ForeThought 4 0 2 the LANE services operate on a FORE Systems switch or SunOS workstation In order to understand ForeThought 4 0 2 it is important to understand how these components work together to provide LAN Emulation 12 1 The ELAN Components The emulated LAN ELAN includes a number of components LAN Emulation Client Runs on each end station in the ELAN Comm
107. lation with out prior written permission is prohibited except as allowed under the copyright laws This publication is provided by FORE Systems Inc as is without warranty of any kind either express or implied includ ing but not limited to the implied warranties or conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose FORE Systems Inc shall not be liable for any errors or omissions which may occur in this publication nor for incidental or conse quential damages of any kind resulting from the furnishing performance or use of this publication Information published here is current or planned as of the date of publication of this document Because we are improving and adding features to our products continuously the information in this document is subject to change without notice RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use duplication or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph c 1 ii of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252 227 7013 October 1988 and FAR 52 227 19 June 1987 FCC CLASS A NOTICE WARNING Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void this user s authority to operate this equipment NOTE The PCA 200 has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable p
108. le of Contents Preface Chapter bummmiaries gebei au pou ERR E RR RODA anta EA BORMAN ala i Technical SN A EE e Ae A eeh EE aut ii Typographical Styles ee eu SE See BEE EE D RU REI Re iii Important Information Indicators ssseeeeeeeee en iv Safety Agency Compliance csse eee v Safety Precautions EE v yug P v Modifications to Pouipment sss en v CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1 Overview of the ATM Standard osno er cesen a a ee eee 1 1 1 2 Overview of LAN Emulapon cee eee 1 2 1 2 1 The ELAN Components isses 1 2 1 2 2 An ciel ved Configuration sra E e E eens 1 3 1 2 3 The Initialization Process 1 4 1 2 4 The Connection Process 1 4 1 2 5 Multiple EEANS e camden entere a n tee ree cet 1 5 1 2 6 Intelligent BUS cesis eee is etm ten 1 5 1 2 7 Failover ELAN S er eara ree e deae md ee 1 5 1 2 8 The Default PLAN 1 5 1 3 The ForeRunner PCA 200E Adapter 00 000 000000 1 6 1 4 Hardware Overview scel AGA ach EPERSdG AM bu Boa S BRO Re 1 7 1 5 Software Overview kni ta a Aa ce hel 1 8 1 5 1 PCA 200E Advanced Cell Processor Architecture 1 9 1 5 2 Software Features 1 9 1 6 Hardware Requirements 0 00000 e eee eee eee 1 10 1 6 1 PCA 200E Supported Platforms 00 0000008 1 10 1 7 Software Requirements lisse 1 11 1 8 Unpacking Information 1 12 1 9 PCA 200E Technical Specifications 00 0 e eee eee eee 1 13 1 10 Cable Specifications se
109. ll FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance Alternatively if you have access to the back of the host and can see the LED displays on the adapter backplate a red LED on the R Receive port also indicates carrier failure ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 7 Troubleshooting 10 2 Testing Network Connectivity Using PVCs The network connectivity tests require that two ATM adapters are connected to an ATM switch with PVCs as shown in Figure 10 2 The carrier lights should be unlit on the boards and on the switch indicating that the fibers are OK Local Host ATM Switch Remote Host QOO ooo lge en sm Run ping IP Run atmstat fa0 1 Figure 10 2 Hardware Configuration for Checking PVCs The network connectivity test suite shown in Figure 10 3 examines higher level functionality after basic adapter board performance has been verified by passing all the tests and checks shown in Figure 10 1 10 8 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual enuey sasn 193depy sng Od WLY H00Z V Od wi42uumqo403 SDAd Suter Karanoouuo Sup J0Mj8oN 0r IMSI 6 OL Board hardware OK from tests in Figure 10 1 Verify Create an outgoing ATM outgoing ATM ARP cache entry ARP cache entry Run atmarp a Run atmarp s y Y GO Run atmstat fa0 on remote end when continuously pinging Run ping IP
110. n InARP reply is not received the revalidation fails the PVC is marked invalid as shown through atmarp a and communication over the PVC is no longer possible JOMIN WLY dI A e E Ka s d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e e 9 B Once a PVC is marked invalid an attempt is made to validate the PVC before transmitting Transmission will proceed only when validation succeeds It is possible to disable this revalidation feature by specifying 0 as the revalidate option to atmarp c This is often desirable when the remote end of the PVC such as a video camera does not support InARP A Classical IP PVC is removed on the host side using atmarp r Both the incoming and outgoing connections are removed simultaneously The PVC must then be removed from each of the network switches involved ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 11 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 5 Debugging The atmarp utility on the host provides a number of useful options to aid communication debugging Some of this information can also be displayed on the switch using various AMI commands If an equivalent AMI command is available it will be listed here Onthe host atmarp a shows the IP address of the entry the associ ated ATM address if the mapping is known the VPI VCI pair for an established connection and various flags The Classical IP flag indicates connections using Classical IP over UNI 3 0 Two other flags ar
111. ncentrator a communications device that offers the ability to concentrate many lower speed channels into and out of one or more high speed channels Connection the concatenation of ATM Layer links in order to provide an end to end information transfer capability to access points Connectionless Service a type of service in which no pre determined path or link has been established for transfer of information supported by AAL 4 Connection Oriented Service a type of service in which information always traverses the same pre established path or link between two points sup ported by AAL 3 Corresponding Entities peer entities with a lower layer connection among them 1esso o cpath a FORE program used to manage virtual paths on a FORE Systems ATM switch running asxd cport a FORE program used to monitor and change the state of ports on a FORE Systems ATM switch running asxd CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check an error detection scheme in which a number is derived from the data that will be transmitted By recalculating the CRC at the remote end and comparing it to the value originally transmitted the receiving node can detect errors CS Convergence Sublayer a portion of the AAL Data is passed first to the CS where it is divided into rational fixed length packets or PDUs Protocol Data Units For example AAL 4 processes user data into blocks that are a maximum of 64 kbytes long DARPA Defense Advanced Research
112. nctional capabilities of the PMD module LED indicators Technical Support In the U S A you can contact FORE Systems Technical Support by any one of four methods 1 If you have access to Internet you may contact FORE Systems Technical Support via E Mail at the following Internet address support fore com 2 You may FAX your questions to support at 412 933 3614 3 You may send questions via U S Mail to the following address FORE Systems Inc 174 Thom Hill Road Wanendale PA 15086 7535 4 You may telephone your questions to support at 1 800 671 FORE or 412 635 3700 Technical support for non U S A customers should be handled through your local distributor No matter which method is used for contacting Technical Support please be prepared to provide your support contract ID number the serial number s of the product s and as much information as possible describing your prob lem question ii ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Preface Typographical Styles Throughout this manual specific commands to be entered by the user appear on a separate line in bold typeface In addition use of Enter or Return keys is represented as ENTER The following example demonstrates this conven tion d cd usr lt ENTER gt Commands menu items or file names that appear within the text of this manual are represented in the following style the atmarp command shows
113. nd as described in Chapter 4 Displaying ARP Table Information You can display all of the current ARP table ELAN related entries by entering the following command elarp show all yO ES X oO Ad Tag nm ZB Similarly to display all of the ARP table entries for the engineering ELAN you would enter elarp show elan engineering Finally to display the ARP table entry for a particular host enter elarp show lt address gt where address is the MAC address of the host The following is the format of a typical ARP table entry displayed in response to an elarp show command 00 20 48 10 0D 65 at 0x45 000580ffe1000000 215149c002048100d65 02 ElanName engineering flags vpi vci 0 49 The first line gives the MAC to ATM address mapping The second line gives the name of the ELAN flag status and the virtual path and channel identifi ers used by the host at the mapped address ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 17 Configuring an Emulated LAN Deleting ARP Table Information All ELAN related ARP table entries may be deleted by entering the following command elarm delete all This command deletes all ELAN related dynamic address mappings and closes the corresponding SVCs to all hosts in the table Likewise to delete all ARP table entries associated with the engineering ELAN enter elarp delete elan engineering Similarly to delete the ARP table entry for a given MAC add
114. nded network in which any two workstations on the linked LANs can share data 802 3 Ethernet the IEEE standard for Ethernet a physical layer standard that uses the CSMA CD access method on a bus topology LAN 802 5 Token Ring the IEEE physical layer standard that uses the token pass ing access method on a ring topology LAN AAL ATM Adaptation Layer the AAL divides the user information into segments suitable for packaging into a series of ATM cells There are several types of AALs in use FORE Systems currently supports AAL 5 and AAL 3 4 AAL 3 4 supports connection oriented VBR data transfer and connectionless VBR data transfer respectively AAL 5 is defined as Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer SEAL AAL Connection an association established by the AAL between two or more next higher layer entities ABR Available Bit Rate a type of traffic for which the ATM network attempts to meet that traffic s bandwidth requirements It does not guarantee a specific amount of bandwidth and the end station must retransmit any information that did not reach the far end 1esso o Address Mask a bit mask used to identify which bits in an address usually an IP address are network significant subnet significant and host significant portions of the complete address This mask is also known as the subnet mask because the subnetwork portion of the address can be determined by compar ing the binary version of the mask to an IP
115. ning the address of the LES LECT establishes a control direct con nection to the LES The LES then assigns LEC1 a unique identifier and LEC1 then registers its own MAC and ATM addresses with the LES The LES maintains a table containing the MAC addresses and corresponding ATM addresses of all members of the ELAN At this point LECT has joined the ELAN The LES then establishes a control distribute connection 6 back to LEC1 Connections and can now be used by LEC1 to send LAN Emulation ARP LE ARD requests to the LES and receive replies LEC1 now sends an LE ARP request to the LES to get the ATM address of the BUS corresponding to the broadcast MAC address FFFFFFFFFFFF The LEC then establishes a multicast send connection O to the BUS The BUS responds by setting up a multicast forward connection to the LEC At this point the LEC is ready to transfer data 6 6 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 3 3 Data Transfer When LEC1 receives a network layer packet from a higher layer protocol to transmit to some destination MAC address for example LEC2 LEC1 ini tially does not know the corresponding ATM address of the destination Con sequently LEC1 transmits an LE ARP request to the LES NOTE The example shown in Figure 6 2 assumes that LEC2 has already registered with the LES and that connections similar to those described for LEC1 already exist While waiting fo
116. nking usr opt AFTBASE402 fore to usr fore Configuring FORE Systems Inc PCA 200E AFTBASE402 A O e 3 0 f O o 5 En ag c H o g 9 5 pue uone e1su 918mMIJOSG At this point the software has been installed but not yet configured The script continues as presented in the following section ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 5 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 3 Kernel Configuration for Digital UNIX A configuration session similar to the following occurs before a new kernel may be configured and built 3 2 3 1 Typical FORE ATM Adapter Configuration Session The following screens address questions that must be answered for proper kernel configuration and contain samples of the text that will appear on your screen during file modification and configuration User inputs to prompts you receive are indicated in bold e g arr400 ENTER NOTE If there is a default response to a given prompt it will appear in brackets The user may accept the default response by pressing the ENTER key This example assumes that only one PCA 200E card has been installed in your system that the adapter has not been previously installed and that you are configuring LAN emulation clients The actual session for your installa tion will reflect the configuration that you wish to implement Detailed expla nations of the questions and answers presented below follow in Section
117. nstallation for a PCA 200E Digital UNIX 4 0 Root Password e 7 6 MB of space in the installation directory 2 5 MB of space in the root directory e 2 5 MB of space for PCA 200E initialization programs 3 1 MB of space for utilities and man pages e PCA 200E adapter card must be installed d c as Le D o 26 Ok S D cr eh SE 0 eom RE 20 EB 55 a ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 1 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 3 2 1 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Before You Begin Before installing FORE software and configuring a Classical IP interface or configuring LAN emulation you should read through the entire installation Classical IP configuration instructions and LAN Emulation configuration instructions for the OS running on your workstation For Digital UNIX these instructions begin in Section 3 2 2 NOTE Detailed explanations of the various questions and answers that may appear in the installation and configuration scripts are found in Section 3 2 3 2 for Digital UNIX Please note that LAN Emulation need not be configured as part of installa tion You may configure LAN Emulation separately by running configure_lanem as described in Chapter 6 If you are unsure of the responses to the questions on network configuration please contact your net work administrator If you are a network administrator and are unsure of the responses to
118. nternet Addresses the numbers used to identify hosts on an internet net work Internet host numbers are divided into two parts the first is the net work number and the second or local part is a host number on that particular network There are also three classes of networks in the Internet based on the number of hosts on a given network Large networks are classified as Class A having addresses in the range 1 126 and having a maximum of 16 387 064 hosts Medium networks are classified as Class B with addresses in the range 128 191 and with a maximum of 64 516 hosts Small networks are classified as Class C having addresses in the range 192 254 with a maximum of 254 hosts ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 9 Glossary Glossary 10 Addresses are given as dotted decimal numbers in the following format nnn nnn nnn nnn In a Class A network the first of the numbers is the network number the last three numbers are the local host address In a Class B network the first two numbers are the network the last two are the local host address In a Class C network the first three numbers are the network address the last number is the local host address The following table summarizes the classes and sizes Class First Max Hosts A 1 126 16 387 064 B 129 191 64 516 C 192 223 254 Network mask values are used to identify the network portion and the host portion of the address For Class A
119. o be configured for an ELAN Consequently to start LECs that join ELAN marketing and make use of the failover mechanism enter the following commands elconfig add marketing 0 followed by elconfig add marketing 1 and then elconfig add marketing 2 NOTE Be sure to use the single quote marks to enclose the ELAN names because of the use of the shell meta character The above commands start three LECs Initially the LEC that connects to ELAN marketing 0 services is the active LEC If marketing O services fail the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 1 services becomes active Peri odically the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 0 attempts to re estab lish service If both marketing O and marketing 1 services fail the LEC associated with ELAN marketing 2 will then become active Note that you may define as much redundancy into your system as resources allow CAUTION Deleting the currently active failover LEC removes the network interface e g el0 asso ciated with all of the failover LECs causing the other LECs in the failover mechanism to lose IP connectivity 6 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 1 3 Using elarp The ela rp command is used to display and optionally delete MAC to ATM ARP table entries used in conjunction with ELANs ARP table entries that are not related to ELANs may be displayed and controlled with the arp com ma
120. o cleared if they remain inactive for a period of time ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 7 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 Configuring a LEC Currently only local LAN Emulation Clients may be configured on hosts run ning under Digital UNIX Two methods for configuring a LEC are presented in the following sections 1 using the configure lanem script 2 atthe command line using the elconfig command 6 4 1 Using the configure lanem Script Before You Begin NOTE Before running the script you should read through this entire section Detailed explanations of each of the prompts appearing in the script session may be found in Section 6 4 1 1 You should know the topology of the ELAN or ELANSs that you want to administer You will be prompted to supply the following information when running the configure lanem script Whether or not LECs are to use an LECS and if so whether they are to contact the LECS via the well known address or an ATM address that you supply Whether you wish LECs to use a default ELAN and the name assigned to the default ELAN in the LECS configuration file The name of each ELAN for which you will configure an LEC e If you choose not to use an LECS the ATM address of the LES associ ated with each ELAN for which you will configure an LEC Execute the configure lanem script as follows 1 Loginas root 2 Typethe following command to run the configure lanem script
121. o you want to edit the configuration file y n n y ENTER A O e 3 0 f e o 5 En ag c H o g S zl Using vi to edit the configuration file Press return when ready pue uone e1su 918MIJOSG or type quit to skip the editing session ENTER ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 9 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration The configuration file that appears for editing includes a section that looks something like the following the list that you see will contain your system s options sem options UERF options OSF options LMF options BIN COMPAT options COMPAT 43 options MACH options MACH IPC TCACHE options MACH IPC WWA options MACH IPC XXXHACK options BUFCACHE STATS Edit the above list to include the following line of text options AFTBASE402 When finished editing exit the editor Text similar to the following displays indicating the new kernel build This process may take several minutes PERFORMING KERNEL BUILD A log file listing special device files is located in dev MAKEDEV log Working Mon Aug 12 14 13 27 EDT 1996 Working Mon Aug 12 14 15 30 EDT 1996 The new kernel is sys AFT400 vmunix 3 10 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration NOTE The new kernel name will be the name that you chose instead of AFT400 as shown in the above example Make sure that y
122. offered by the telephone carriers of the world ISDN com bines voice and digital network services into a single medium or wire ISO International Standards Organization a voluntary non treaty organi zation founded in 1946 that is responsible for creating international standards in many areas including computers and communications Isochronous signals carrying embedded timing information or signals that are dependent on uniform timing usually associated with voice and or video transmission Jumper a patch cable or wire used to establish a circuit often temporarily for testing or diagnostics also the devices shorting blocks used to connect adjacent exposed pins on a printed circuit board that control the functionality of the card LAN Local Area Network a data network intended to serve an area of only a few square kilometers or less Because the network is known to cover only a small area optimizations can be made in the network signal protocols that permit higher data rates 1esso o lane a program that provides control over the execution of the LAN Emula tion Server LES Broadcast Unknown Server BUS and LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS on the local host LAN Access Concentrator a LAN access device that allows a shared trans mission medium to accommodate more data sources than there are channels currently available within the transmission medium LAX 20 a FORE Systems LAN Access Switch d
123. on e Vendor name e Platform type RAM MB e Disk drive size approximate 2 Patches installed 3 Network topology physical configuration e Sketch and FAX in if possible Please have your support contract ID number and serial number ready also 10 4 2 Adapter Information On the host at a command line type the following six commands and note the responses uname a Shows operating system and platform names and ver sions ifconfig fa 0 Shows adapter interface configuration netstat nr Shows routing table with destinations gateways and flags netstat in Shows device names and addresses and usage informa tion adinfo fa 0 Shows adapter device name and version information atmstat d fa0 Shows carrier state and a variety of error counters Typical responses are shown under each command The responses from these commands enable support to gather sufficient information to resolve the majority of problems ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 19 Troubleshooting NOTE The assumed adapter name in the examples is fa0 On your particular system the adapter may have a different designation To check the name of your adapter use the command netstat in uname a ifconfig fao fa0 flags 863 lt UP BROADCAST NOTRAILERS RUNNING MULTICAST gt inet 198 29 38 206 netmask Oxffffff00 broadcast 198 29 38 255 netstat nr Routing tables Destination Gateway Flags Refcnt Use In
124. on set Com puter a powerful workstation similar to a reduced instruction set comput ing RISC workstation SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope the payload field plus a little over head of a basic SONET signal SPVC Smart PVC a generic term for any communications medium which is permanently provisioned at the end points but switched in the middle In AIM there are two kinds of SPVCs smart permanent virtual path connec tions SPVPCs and smart permanent virtual channel connections SPVCCs Static Route a route that is entered manually into the routing table STM Synchronous Transfer Mode a transport and switching method that depends on information occurring in regular and fixed patterns with respect to a reference such as a frame pattern STP Shielded Twisted Pair two or more insulated wires that are twisted together and then wrapped in a cable with metallic braid or foil to prevent interference and offer noise free transmissions STS Synchronous Transport Signal a SONET electrical signal rate Sublayer a logical subdivision of a layer SVC Switched Virtual Circuit or Channel a channel established on demand by network signalling used for information transport between two locations and lasting only for the duration of the transfer the datacom equiv alent of a dialed telephone call Glossary 18 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary Switched Connection a connection
125. ons to prevent an accidental static dis charge which may damage the computer or any of its components Handle the PCA by the edges avoiding all components and metal parts NOTE Whenever installing a PCA into your system unit please refer to the Operator Guide that came with your system for installation information specific to your model NOTE On Digital AlphaServer 8200 and 8400 machines the PCI bus implementation requires that the PCA 200E be installed in either slot 8 9 10 or 11 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Hardware Installation 2 2 1 Halting the System Before installing the PCA 200E your AlphaStation Server must be halted and powered down CAUTION The AlphaStation Server should be halted in an orderly manner Always close all open files N and quit user processes before halting Improperly aborting an application may dam age files For additional information about halting your AlphaStation Server please refer to the user documentation supplied with your system The system should be halted as follows 1 Save all work quit all open applications and halt the system 2 When the system is halted power down the devices in this order a any attached external devices disk drives etc b the AlphaStation Server system EH Ke Di E E Di o D 9IEMpIeH c the monitor 3 Unplug the power cord attached to the system ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PC
126. operly then correct the config uration and rerun the test If the incoming ARP entry is configured properly and the error persists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and AAL errors then the AAL types of the outgoing entry on the local workstation and the incoming entry on the remote workstation probably do not match Check both ATM AAL types using atmarp to see if they match If they are different set the AAL parameter to the same type and rerun the test If they match and the error per sists then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting No Cells If the remote workstation is receiving cells with no errors but is not transmit ting any cells then either the outgoing IP address on the remote end is incor rect or the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends A Classical IP PVC uses LLC SNAP encapsulation while a FORE IP PVC uses AAL5 based Mul tiplexing NULL encapsulation First check the outgoing IP address on the remote end using atmarp a If it is not configured properly then correct the configuration and rerun the test If the outgoing ARP entry is configured properly then check to see if the IP encapsulation matches on both ends using atmarp a If the IP encapsulation does not match on both ends then correct
127. ore the user must assign a unique valid prefix to the switch Additionally the same prefix should be used for all hosts in the LIS On the host atmarp n is used to configure the ATM address for a specific interface The switch directly attached to this interface is then informed of this ATM address port combination through commands in AMI Once the host and network have both been informed of this ATM address port pair the host may begin signalling Once an interface s ATM address has been set it is possible to change it by first running atmarp n to set the new address and then bringing the inter face down and back up ifconfig qaXX down ifconfig qaXX up for the address change to take effect 5 2 4 Configuration The choice to use ILMI for address registration is made at software installa tion time Since ILMI uses SNMP as its management protocol the use of ILMI is tied into snmpd The choice can be made to run FORE s SNMP agent and use ILMI snmpd run FORE s SNMP agent without using ILMI snmpd n or just use ILMI snmpd ior ilmid i The commands to run the chosen dae mon or to configure a host s ATM address statically when not running ILMI are placed in ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 5 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 3 ARP and ARP Servers 5 3 1 Theory In order for a host to establish a connection to another host it must first deter mine the other host s ATM address ATM
128. oreRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 7 Glossary Frame a variable length group of data bits with a specific format containing flags at the beginning and end to provide demarcation Frame Relay a fast packet switching protocol based on the LAPD protocol of ISDN that performs routing and transfer with less overhead processing than X 25 FI PNNI ForeThought PNNI a FORE Systems routing and signalling proto col that uses private ATM addresses a precursor to ATM Forum PNNI see PNNI ftp File Transfer Protocol a TCP IP protocol that lets a user on one com puter access and transfer data to and from another computer over a net work ftp is usually the name of the program the user invokes to accomplish this task GCRA Generic Cell Rate Algorithm an algorithm which is employed in traffic policing and is part of the user network service contract The GCRA is a scheduling algorithm which ensures that cells are marked as conforming when they arrive when expected or later than expected and non conforming when they arrive sooner than expected GFC Generic Flow Control the first four bits of the first byte in an ATM cell header Used to control the flow of traffic across the User to Network Interface UNI and thus into the network Exact mechanisms for flow control are still under investigation and no explicit definition for this field exists at this time This field is used only at the UNI for N
129. ost common problems in establishing ATM networks There fore before calling FORE Systems Technical Support perform these tests to correct or at least pinpoint the problem d e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 le je If you need to call Technical Support please have the results of these tests ready in addition to the information requested in Section 10 4 when report ing your problem 10 1 Adapter Hardware Troubleshooting The flowchart in Figure 10 1 illustrates the tests used to check the basic hard ware functionality of a FORE Systems adapter with the adapter card isolated from the network The tools used to perform the tests are provided by FORE Systems and the computer hardware vendor Each of the tests indicated by the diamond shaped blocks in Figure 10 1 is described individually in the fol lowing subsections ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 1 Troubleshooting Looptest passed Test the software as in Figure 10 3 Have you tried Run atmstat d Is the physical link y z n Reseat the Seed reseating the board board y Firmware download successful Run netstat i Have you tried Reseat the Has driver detected reseating the board presence of board oare y Have you tried firmwar
130. oting 06 ce cence eee eee 10 1 10 1 1 RUN OO PteS tise fess A ns Bes ine clea ed tenes 10 3 10 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically Performed o n ananasu 10 4 10 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed 10 4 10 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver 10 5 10 1 5 Check EE EE 10 6 10 1 6 Check Physical Link erres ner e cnc eee 10 7 Testing Network Connectivity Using DVC 10 8 10 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entre 10 11 10 2 2 ASTA E AANA EE Eeer d 10 12 10 2 2 1 No Cells Received by Remote End 10 12 10 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote 10 13 10 2 2 3 Cells and AAL Errors Received by Remote 10 13 10 2 2 4 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting NoCells ooo 10 13 10 2 25 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting Cells oooo o oooooooo 10 14 LAN Emulation Troubleshooting 10 15 10 3 1 Troubleshooting Procedures 0 00000 eee eee 10 15 Collecting Additional Information ooooccccccccccccccccccc 10 19 10 4 1 Basic Information sicas luo bree A ie XE Boole ens BERS 10 19 10 4 2 Adapter Information 0 0000 e eee ee eee eee 10 19 10 4 3 Switch Information 10 22 PMD LED Indicators LED Er ove ac EE A 1 LED Descriptions 41d iere tdeo Pd a veya bee eer eet t vete A 2 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 1 Figure 1 2 Figure 1 3 CHAPTER 2 Figure 2 1 CHAPTER
131. ou use your kernels name in place of AFT400 in the following command After the new kernel is built enter the following commands cp sys AFT400 vmunix ENTER reboot ENTER After the machine successfully reboots you must configure the network inter faces in accordance with Section 4 1 of this User s Manual d c 23 e D o 26 Ok SZ D cr eh ee met oqo eom RE o gs 55 a ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 11 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 2 3 2 Kernel Configuration Script Questions and Responses for Digital UNIX While running the configuration script with the setld command you will be prompted for responses to a number of questions that will customize your ATM kernel configuration These questions are shown below in courier font During your individual software installation you may not see all of the questions The prompts that you do see depend on your environment and on answers to previous questions In this section the question will be shown first and the explanations of effects of the possible replies are shown after the questions A typical configuration session is shown in Section 3 2 3 1 No Configuration Information This text appears if you have not previously configured your PCA 200E adapter What is the name of the configuration you wish to make ATM 3 0 2 This question allows you to name the kernel If the name already exis
132. over the ATM network e g digital information such as video and digitized voice cchan a FORE program used to manage virtual channels on a FORE Systems ATM switch running asxd CCITT International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee the international standards body for telecommunications CDV Cell Delay Variation a quantification of cell clumping for a connec tion The cell clumping CDV yx is defined as the difference between a cell s expected reference arrival time cy and its actual arrival time aj The expected reference arrival time cy of cell k of a specific connection is max cj T a T is the reciprocal of the negotiated peak cell rate Glossary 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary CE Connection Endpoint a terminator at one end of a layer connection within a SAP CEI Connection Endpoint Identifier an identifier of a CE that can be used to identify the connection at a SAP Cell an ATM Layer protocol data unit PDU Cell Header ATM Layer protocol control information Cell Transfer Delay the transit delay of an ATM cell successfully passed between two designated boundaries CLP Cell Loss Priority the last bit of byte four in an ATM cell header indi cates the eligibility of the cell for discard by the network under congested conditions If the bit is set to 1 the cell may be discarded by the network depending on traffic conditions Co
133. pports FORE IP on top of SPANS signalling FORE IP allows communication using AAL4 or AAL5 with no encapsulation uses a broadcast ARP for SPANS address resolution and supports direct communication of all hosts on a physical ATM network without the use of IP routers Since SPANS and UNI 3 0 signalling use different VCIs a host can simultaneously support FORE IP over SPANS as well as Classical IP over UNI 3 0 on the same physi cal interface JOMIN WLY dI O o E bel e B bi Oo Di e y un Ka EN e Di B As a result of standard IP routing all traffic sent out an fa interface will use FORE IP while all traffic sent out a qa interface will use Classical IP Each of the fa interfaces should be assigned an IP address on a subnet different than the subnets of any of the qa interfaces It is permissible to place multiple fa interfaces on the same subnet and the driver will load balance connections across these interfaces It is only necessary to configure the fa and qa interfaces if the specific service provided by that interface is required A host sending only Classical IP need not configure the fa interfaces Likewise a host sending only FORE IP would not need to configure the qa interfaces Both the fa and qa interfaces may be configured simultaneously but they must be in separate subnets Remember that Classical IP specific configuration changes can only be done with the qa devices while SPANS specific configuration changes
134. public switching and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s VPI Virtual Path Identifier the address or label of a particular VP VPL Virtual Path Link a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VPI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed 1esso o VPN Virtual Private Network a private voice communications network built on public switching and transport facilities rather than dedicated leased facilities such as T1s VT Virtual Tributary a structure used to carry payloads such as DS1s that run at significantly lower rates than STS 1s WAN Wide Area Network a network that covers a large geographic area X 25 a well established data switching and transport method that relies on a significant amount of processing to ensure reliable transport over metallic media ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 21 Glossary Glossary 2 29 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual A adapter switch configuration 7 2 APT Lone ES urna teu evo ne 9 1 Application Programming Interface 9 1 ARP reply 2 ei Ye eee E 5 8 ARP request ebe EE Mer 5 8 ARP restrictions 5 9 ARP aerer 3 3 5 6 ASAM H esos he eee ee Ea ee ee 8 2 ATM definition o oooooooooooo 1 1 atmatrp O eq on elt deg 8 2 atmconfig 8 2 RE 4 9 atmistat aim ended 8 2 10 2
135. qe cte egre Ee 5 5 53 ARP and ARP Servers lees es 5 6 53 1 Theory uere ceni uat pent irat tao ees reds dta 5 6 53 2 Configuring a FORE Switch to be an ARP Server 5 7 5 3 3 Configuring a Host to be an ARP Server 008 5 7 5 3 4 Classical IP Operation 5 8 5 3 5 Operational Issues 0 0 000 eee eee 5 9 5 4 El ssical IP PVC Sz 9 oom E a be oet a A e er Dore Kuebe 5 10 5 4 1 Theory and Configuration 0 000 00 cece eee 5 10 TOC 2 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 5 CHAPTER 6 6 1 62 6 3 6 4 CHAPTER 7 7 1 7 2 7 3 CHAPTER 8 841 82 CHAPTER 9 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 ForeRunner PCA 200 ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Table of Contents 5 4 2 Revalidation and Removal 0c c cece eee ee eee 5 11 Debugging i tenor te cete Ee rie egt be quedo Roe ns 5 12 Configuring the Network 5 13 5 6 1 Third Party Host with No ILMI and No RFC 1577 Support 5 14 5 6 2 Third Party Switch with ILMI Support 5 15 5 6 3 Third Party Switch with RFC 1577 and No ILMI Support 5 16 Configuring an Emulated LAN InttOdticHoD eon e CL nn O E P e Cr ll e a lA Ge 6 1 Emulated LAN Components oooococcococonroroccnnnnnr rn 6 2 6 2 1 LAN Emulation Client LECH 6 3 6 2 2 LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS o n 6 3 6 2 3 LAN Emulation Server LES 6 3 6 2 4 Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS 6 3 Emulated LAN Operation 6 4 6
136. r software if you do not follow these i 3 instructions Information contained in NOTE statements has been found important enough to be called to the special attention of the operator and will be set off from the text as follows NOTE Steps 1 3 and 5 are similar to the installation for the computer type above Review the previous installation procedure before installation in your particular model iv ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Preface Safety Agency Compliance This preface provides safety precautions to follow when installing a FORE Systems Inc product d Safety Precautions For your protection observe the following safety precautions when setting up your equipment Follow all warnings and instructions marked on the equipment Ensure that the voltage and frequency of your power source matches the voltage and frequency inscribed on the equipment s electrical rating label e Never push objects of any kind through openings in the equipment Dangerous voltages may be present Conductive foreign objects could produce a short circuit that could cause fire electric shock or damage to your equipment Symbols The following symbols appear in this book WARNING Hazardous voltages are present If the instruc tions are not heeded there is a risk of electrical AN shock and danger to personal health CAUTION If instructions are not followed there is a risk of damage to th
137. r the LES to respond LEC1 forwards the packet to the BUS The BUS broadcasts the packet to all LECs on the ELAN This is done to avoid data loss and to circumvent connection setup latency due to the LE ARP process that may not be acceptable to some network protocols EG EX X oO Ad Tag nm KI If the LE ARP response is received LEC1 establishes a data direct connection O to the destination address of LEC2 It is this path that will be used for sub sequent data transfers Before LEC1 begins to use this connection it first sends a flush packet via the BUS to the destination LEC2 When LEC2 acknowledges receipt of this packet signifying that the BUS path is empty only then does LEC1 begin to use the data direct connection O for data trans fer This process ensures that the network protocol s frames arrive in the proper order If no response is received to the LE ARP LEC1 continues to send data via the BUS while continuing to LE ARP until a response is received and a data direct connection to LEC2 established If LEC1 already has a data direct connection to a MAC address it wishes to reach it need not go through the LE ARP process again Instead it continues to use the current connection This is possible because each LEC maintains a cache of MAC address to ATM address mappings that it receives in response to the LE ARPs it has sent Entries in this cache are aged out over a period of time Data direct connections are als
138. ration This section describes the operation of an ELAN and its components from the point of view of a LEC The operation of an ELAN may be divided into three phases l Initialization 2 Registration and Address Resolution 3 Data Transfer ELAN components communicate with each other using ATM connections LECs maintain separate connections for traffic control functions and data transfer The following connection types are used by the LEC when operating in an ELAN e Configuration Direct Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the LECS e Control Direct Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the LES This connection must be maintained for the duration of the LEC s participation in the ELAN e Control Distribute Connection a unidirectional point to multipoint VCC set up by the LES to the LEC This connection must be main tained for the duration of the LEC s participation in the ELAN e Multicast Send Connection a bidirectional point to point VCC set up by the LEC to the BUS for sending multicast data to the BUS The LEC must attempt to maintain this connection while participating in the ELAN Multicast Forward Connection a unidirectional point to multipoint VCC set up from the BUS to LECs participating in the ELAN This VCC must be established before a LEC participates in an ELAN The LEC must attempt to maintain this connection while participating in the ELAN Data D
139. ress enter elarp delete MAC adaress gt 6 18 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Gir EVE SHE ATM Network Configurations After installing a FORE Systems ATM adapter there are several physical con figurations network topologies that may exist The most likely configura tions are FORE adapters in a back to back configuration in which they are directly connected to one another FORE adapters connected to a ForeRunner ATM Switch FORE adapter connected to an ATM product from a different manu facturer This chapter describes methods for ensuring communications in all these net work configurations 7 1 Back to Back Adapter Configuration 7 1 1 SPANS and UNI 3 0 Signalling When using FORE s proprietary signalling protocol SPANS it is possible to configure two FORE adapters in a back to back mode for a direct connection To ensure proper communication the adapter must be cabled correctly and IP addresses must be assigned for more information on IP address assignment see Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration An intervening switch is NOT needed to establish this connection This configuration is depicted in Figure 7 1 Q o 5 En ag c a o g 9 5 o X10MjoN WILY ForeRunner ATM Adapter Cards Figure 7 1 Back to Back Configuration with SPANS Signalling ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 7 1 ATM Network Conf
140. returned for repair Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 1 3 Firmware Download Automatically Performed Before operating as an ATM interface the firmware is automatically down loaded from the system RAM to the onboard i960 processor during host sys tem boot A message similar to XXX 200 initializing is displayed on the console indicating that the board is being initialized When the initialization is complete success is indicated with the message done and failure is indi cated with the message failed If the download is successful check to see if the hardware has been detected by the driver as described in the next subsection If the firmware failed to download then there is most likely a hardware prob lem Call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance 10 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 1 4 Hardware Detected by Driver To determine if the driver software on the host has detected the presence of an ATM adapter board issue the following command once the host system has come up completely netstat i d e a o S e 62 e 9 e 5 os If the driver has located the ATM board the screen output shows fa0 or the interface name supplied during installation in response to the netstat com mand If there is more than one adapter card the next board will be named fa 1 and so on If you have configured a Class
141. rotection against harmful interference when the equip ment is operated in a commercial environment This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual may cause harmful interference to radio commu nications Operation of the equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense DOC CLASS A NOTICE This digital apparatus does not exceed Class A limits for radio noise emission for a digital device as set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications Le present appareil numerique n emet pas de bruits radioelectriques depassant les limites applicables aux appareils nume riques de la class A prescrites dans le reglement sur le brouillage radioelectrique edicte par le ministere des Communica tions du Canada CE NOTICE Marking by the symbol CE indicates compliance of this system to the EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility directive of the European Community and compliance to the Low Voltage Safety Directive Such marking is indicative that this sys tem meets or exceeds the following technical standards EN 55022 Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Interference Characteristics of Information Tech nology Equipment EN 50082 1 Electromagnetic compatibility Generic immunity standard Part 1 Resi
142. rough routers or bridges The current software release supports emulation of Ethernet IEEE 802 3 LANs only Each ELAN is composed of a set of LAN Emulation Clients LECs a LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS a LAN Emulation Server LES and a Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Each LEC resides in an ATM host system PC Macintosh Unix workstation bridge device such as a FORE Systems LAX 20 or switch In the current software release the LECS LES and BUS may reside either in a ForeRunner switch or in a Unix workstation running SunOS version 4 1 x Additional software features include intelligent BUSs and a LEC failover mechanism that can provide redundancy to an ELAN d SE X oO ad Tag a KI ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 1 Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 2 Emulated LAN Components The components of an emulated LAN include LAN Emulation Clients LECs and LAN Emulation Services consisting of a LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS a LAN Emulation Server LES and a Broadcast and Unknown Server BUS Each of these services may reside in the same physi cal system or in separate physical systems For example the LECS could reside in a switch while the LES and BUS reside in a workstation In the cur rent ForeThought 4 0 2 software the LECS LES and BUS are supported only for SunOS and for ASX 200 series and ASX 1000 switches The functional interconnections of a simple
143. s 1 One ATM link called the Root Link serves as the root in a simple tree topology When the Root node sends information all of the remaining nodes on the connection called Leaf nodes receive copies of the information 2 Each of the Leaf Nodes on the connection can send information directly to the Root Node The Root Node cannot distinguish which Leaf is sending information without additional higher layer information See the following note for Phase 1 1esso o 3 The Leaf Nodes cannot communicate directly to each other with this con nection type Note Phase 1 signalling does not support traffic sent from a Leaf to the Root Point to Point Connection a connection with only two endpoints Primitive an abstract implementation independent interaction between a layer service user and a layer service provider PROM Programmable Read Only Memory a chip based information stor age area that can be recorded by an operator but erased only through a physi cal process Protocol a set of rules and formats semantic and syntactic that determines the communication behavior of layer entities in the performance of the layer functions ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 15 Glossary Protocol Control Information the information exchanged between corre sponding entities using a lower layer connection to coordinate their joint operation Proxy the process in which one system ac
144. s ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 3 atmarp 8c NAME atmarp manipulate Internet to ATM address mappings SYNOPSIS atmarp N hostname atmarp N a atmarp d hostname atmarp f atmarp s hostname device vpi vci aal encapsulation peak atmarp l device vpi vci aal decapsulation atmarp x device opi vci atmarp c hostname device vpi vci revalidate peak atmarp r hostname atmarp m device opi vci aal encapsulation peak atmarp u atmarp n ATMaddress device atmarp z device atmarp o hostname ATMaddress device atmarp p ATMaddress device atmarp g device atmarp t device atmarp v device DESCRIPTION The atmarp program displays and deletes Internet to ATM address translation table entries used by the ATM address resolution protocol It also allows IP traffic to particular destinations to be routed over Permanent Virtual Circuits PVCs This functionality is only needed for special applications which may require the use of PVCs for IP traffic This program does not actually control the creation of the PVCs If the single argument hostname is given the ATM ARP entry for hostname is displayed When used with the N flag the network address is E in numerical form When the N flag is not specified both the symbolic and numerical forms are displayed OPTIONS a Display all of the current ATM ARP table entries When used with N flag the network addre
145. s 4 STS 3cs or any mixture STS 12c OC 12c 622 08 Mb s Concatenated indivisible payload STS 48 OC 48 2488 32 Mb s 48STS 1s 16 STS 3cs or any mixture EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol used by gateways in an internet connect ing autonomous networks EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture a bus architecture for desktop computers that provides a 32 bit data passage while maintaining compatibility with the ISA or AT architecture ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary elarp a FORE program that shows and manipulates MAC and ATM address mappings for LAN Emulation Clients LECs elconfig a FORE program that shows and modifies LEC configuration Allows the user to set the ATM address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS display the list of Emulated LANs ELANs configured in the LECS for this host display the list of ELANSs locally configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory See PROM ES End System a system in which an ATM connection is terminated or ini tiated An originating end system initiates the ATM connection and a termi nating end system terminates the ATM connection OAM cells may be generated and received Ethernet a 10 Mbps coaxial standard for LANs in which all nodes connect to the cable where they contend for access Fairness as related to Generic Flow Con
146. s a host to be configured as a member of and a router between up to four distinct LISs per physical ATM interface Each LIS membership is through a separate Classical IP virtual network interface Existing system level IP routing configuration tools are used to control routing through each of the virtual interfaces in the same manner as routing among several physi cal interfaces Note that even though each virtual interface associated with a given physical interface uses the same physical hardware they are each con figured separately with their own MTU IP address and ATM address The name of each of the Classical IP interfaces begins with qa All of the Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit zero will have a as the next letter All of the Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit one will have b as the next letter and so forth Finally each Classical IP interface has its virtual interface number as a suffix As an example of the above nam ing convention the name of the third Classical IP interface unit 2 on physi cal unit one is qa b2 5 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 1 3 SPANS Interface While each of the qa interfaces for a given physical interface is designed to support Classical IP using UNI 3 0 signalling there also exists a SPANS inter face usually called fa but user configurable for each physical interface The fa interface su
147. s the BUS for the ELAN At this point the LEC and the LES have the information required to allow this host to communicate with other hosts on the ELAN as if it were an Ethernet network and vice versa 1 2 4 The Connection Process To send Ethernet packets to another host on the emulated LAN 1 TheLEC calls the LES to map the MAC destination address into an ATM address The LES maintains a mapping table of the address of all LECs on the ELAN 2 If the LES finds an entry in its table for the destination MAC address it returns the destination ATM address to the LES 3 The LEC then opens up a point to point ATM connection to the destination host to send the packet For outgoing multicast and broadcast packets the LEC sends them to the BUS which uses a point to multipoint connection to send the packet to every ATM address in the emulated LAN Figure 1 1 shows dotted lines from the LAX 20 to the Token Ring and FDDI networks This is because the LAX 20 does not use LANE bridging to reach these networks but must route to them Although the ATM Forum has defined Token Ring and FDDI LANE ForeThought 4 0 2 only supports Ether net LANE so the LAX 20 must route to Token Ring and FDDI networks ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 12 5 Multiple ELANs It is possible to set up more than one emulated LAN in a FORE network For each new emulated LAN you must configure another LES and BUS instance for tha
148. s tried and there was no response ping failed The tests in Figure 10 3 also require that if a switch is used it is a FORE Sys tems switch on which SPANS has been disabled on both the ports of the switch and the ATM endstations SPANS must be disabled because it auto matically creates ATM connections which may alter the test results All of the test conditions are checked by running a continuous ping with the following command ping AP address of remote workstation 10 10 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 2 1 Verifying the Outgoing ATM ARP Entry To verify the outgoing ATM ARP cache entry for the endstation originating the ping enter the following command on the host The following is an example of a typical ATM ARP cache display Outgoing connections fa0 ws2 atm 198 29 21 74 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NUL fa0 ws3 atm 198 29 21 94 vpi vci 0 200 switch port flags PVC encapsulation NUL Incoming connections fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 100 aa fa0 switch port vpi vci 0 200 aa 1 5 atmam a vpi vci 0 100 aal 5 L peak rate unlimited aal 5 L peak rate unlimited flags PVC decapsulation NULL 1 25 fl Lags PVC decapsulation NULL Troubleshooting d e a o c e 62 e 9 e 5 le je Make sure the ARP cache entry does indeed match the IP address of the remote endstation and is using the PVC configure
149. service users access the ATM Layer The points at which the ATM cell payload is passed to or received from the users of the ATM Layer i e a higher layer or ATMM entity for processing signify the endpoints of a VCC VCI Virtual Channel Identifier the address or label of a VC VCL Virtual Channel Link a means of unidirectional transport of ATM cells between the point where a VCI value is assigned and the point where that value is translated or removed Glossary 20 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary VINES Virtual Network Software Banyan s network operating system based on UNIX and its protocols Virtual Channel Switch a network element that connects VCLs It termi nates VPCs and translates VCI values The Virtual Channel Switch is directed by Control Plane functions and relays the cells of a VC Virtual Path Switch a network element that connects VPLs it translates VPI not VCI values and is directed by Control Plane functions The Virtual Path Switch relays the cells of a Virtual Path VPT Virtual Path Terminator a system that unbundles the VCs of a VP for independent processing of each VC VP Virtual Path a unidirectional logical association or bundle of VCs VPC Virtual Path Connection a concatenation of VPLs between virtual path terminators VPTs VPCs are unidirectional VPDN Virtual Private Data Network a private data communications net work built on
150. sfully The driver has detected the existence of the hardware The firmware is running The physical link is up If looptest passes then the board hardware of the adapter is OK The next step is to test the software as shown in Figure 10 3 If looptest fails the point of failure will be indicated by messages generated for each of the five items above Refer to the following subsections for instruc tions about testing the individual items ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 3 Troubleshooting 10 1 2 Check Self Test Automatically Performed During a system boot the ATM adapter automatically performs a self test of the hardware running a low level diagnostic which checks memory read write capability Upon completion of the self test a message is printed to the console of the workstation indicating whether or not the hardware failed If the self test is successful proceed to the instructions regarding the firmware download as described in the next subsection If the self test fails reseat the board by performing the following steps to ensure that failure was not due to improper insertion of the board 1 Halt the system being sure to follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter 2 Open the computer as shown in Chapter 2 of the User s Manual for the adapter and reseat the board 3 Reboot the system If the board still fails after a reseat then it should be
151. show all elan elan MAC elarp delete all elan elan MAC unit unit DESCRIPTION elarp is a tool to display and delete MAC to ATM address table entries used in conjunction with the ATM Forum LAN Emulation Client LEC COMMANDS show If the single argument MAC is given the ARP entry for MAC is displayed If the all flag is used all current ARP table entries are displayed The elan flag will display all ARP entries for elan elan delete If the single argument MAC is given the ARP entry for MAC is deleted The all and elan flags will delete all dynamic address mappings from the ARP table and close all Switched Virtual Circuits SVCs to all hosts in the table or all hosts on elan elan respectively EXAMPLE The following example displays an address mapping for a host on elan FORE elan example elarp show elan FORE elan 00 20 48 10 0D 65 at 0x45 000580ffe1000000 f215149c002048100d65 02 ElanName FORE elan flags vpi vci 0 49 RELEASE FORE Systems Release Release Date SEE ALSO arp 8C 8 4 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Additional Administration Information 8 2 2 elconfig 8c NAME elconfig ATM Forum LAN Emulation configuration tool SYNOPSIS elconfig show elan all configured lecs unit unit elconfig add elan if interface lec ATMaddress les ATMaddress unit unit elconfig delete elan lecs unit unit elconfig set lecs ATMaddress wellkno
152. signed 1C5 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C6 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned configuration port e1 show Port Carrier Status Mode LineType Loopback ClockSource LineLength IdleCells 1D1 yes 0x100 hcs CRC none internal Lt110 idle 1D2 yes 0x100 hcs CRC none internal Lt110 idle configuration port e3 show Port Carrier Status Mode Loopback ClockSource Scrambling IdleCells 1D1 no 0x72 hcs none internal off unassigned 1D2 no 0x72 hcs none internal off unassigned 1D3 no 0x88 hcs none internal off unassigned 1D4 no 0x88 hcs none internal off unassigned 10 26 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting configuration port sonet show Port Width Carrier Status Line Mode Loopback ClockSource Scramb IdleCells E 1A1 sts3c no 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned 1A2 sts3c no 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned 8 LAS sts3c yes 0x1 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned El 1A4 sts3c no 0x2 SMM sonet none internal on unassigned es configuration port tp25 show Port Carrier Media Loopback RxTiming Al no UTP none Yes A2 no UTP none Yes A3 no UTP none Yes A4 no UTP none Yes A5 no UTP none Yes A6 no UTP none Yes Bl yes UTP none Yes B2 yes UTP none Yes B3 no UTP none Yes B4 yes UTP none Yes B5 no UTP none Yes B6 yes UTP none Yes configuration port j2 show Port LineLength Loopback ClockSource 1D1 short none internal 1D2 short none internal 1D3 short none
153. slot on the board without creating conflict over the priority between those cards OAM Operation and Maintenance Cell a cell that contains ATM LM information It does not form part of the upper layer information transfer OpenView Hewlett Packard s network management software OSI Open Systems Interconnection the 7 layer suite of protocols designed by ISO committees to be the international standard computer network archi tecture OSPF Open Shortest Path First Protocol a routing algorithm for IP that incorporates least cost equal cost and load balancing Out of Band Management refers to switch configuration via the serial port or over Ethernet not ATM Packet Switching a communications paradigm in which packets messages are individually routed between hosts with no previously established com munications path PBX Private Branch Exchange a private phone system switch that con nects to the public telephone network and offers in house connectivity To reach an outside line the user must dial a digit like 8 or 9 PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect a local bus standard created by Intel PCM Pulse Code Modulation a modulation scheme that samples the information signals and transmits a series of coded pulses to represent the data PDN Public Data Network a network designed primarily for data trans mission and intended for sharing by many users from many organizations PDU Protocol Data Uni
154. ss is displayed in numerical form When N flag is not specified both the symbolic and numerical forms are displayed d Delete address mapping for specified hostname from the ATM ARP table If an ATM connection is open to the specified host then the connection is closed gt a B E un q A 5 ooegioju YIOMION ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 19 Network Interface Administration nay p lt Delete all dynamic address mappe from the ATM ARP table and close all Switched Virtual Channels SVCs to all hosts in the table Set ARP entry for outgoing Permanent Virtual Channel PVC All traffic to hostname will be encapsulated based on encapsulation and sent via the device interface on VPI vpi VCI vci using AAL type aal device must be one which EE SPANS signaling e g fa0 Specifying peak will limit all traffic to hostname to peak kilobits per second If peak is not specified no rate control is applied Attach IP to an incoming PVC All traffic received on the interface device with VPI opi VCI vci and AAL type aal will be decapsulated based upon decapsulation and handed over to IP device must be one which supports SPANS signaling e g fa0 Detach IP from an incoming SVC or PVC IP traffic will no longer be accepted on the specified VPI and VCI Set ARP a for RFC 1577 Classical IP Permanent Virtual Channel PVC Also attach IP to this PVC All traffic to hos
155. ss registration for all of the FORE hosts and switches 2 Statically configure the Q hosts with ATM addresses using the same switch prefix for all of the hosts 3 Configure a static ATM route on FORE switch B to the third party switch using the following AMI command configuration nsap route new lt NSAP gt lt mask gt port lt port gt vpi lt vpi gt Be sure to use a mask value of 104 Also be sure to use the same prefix that was used to configure the hosts 5 16 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 4 Configure two static ATM routes on the third party switch one to each of the FORE switches using the switch vendor s configura tion software Be sure to use a mask value of 104 HOMISN WLY dT Q e En Ka e d 5 ec Di e m un Ka e e ES B ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 5 17 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 18 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Gi AV A Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 1 Introduction This chapter describes how to design configure and maintain an Emulated LAN ELAN over an ATM network An ELAN provides communication of user data frames among all members of the ELAN similar to a physical LAN One or more PLANS may run simultaneously and independently on the same ATM network Just as with physical LANs communication between ELANs is possible only th
156. st to verify the proper installation of the adapter card and product registration information Chapter 3 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration Contains the requirements and instructions for the installation of the PCA 200E adapter card software for the Digital UNIX operating system Also contains kernel configuration and verification information Chapter 4 Network Interface Administration Provides network configura tion information such as assigning an IP address configuring a workstation as a multi homed or ATM only workstation and the dynamic and static IP routing information for an ATM only network Chapter 5 Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network Discusses how to integrate ATM into legacy LANs Chapter 6 Configuring an Emulated LAN Provides information on the methods for configuring emulated LANs Chapter 7 ATM Network Configurations Contains examples of various physical configurations for the PCA 200E Chapter 8 Additional Administration Information Provides information about administration commands and programs and on line manual pages Chapter 9 Software Interfaces Provides information about software inter faces supported by the PCA 200E device driver ForeRunner MPCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual i Preface Chapter 10 Troubleshooting Provides information about tests that can iso late and locate possible problems Appendix A PMD LED Indicators Describes the physical and fu
157. t a unit of data specified in a layer protocol and consisting of protocol control information and layer user data Peak Cell Rate at the PHY Layer SAP of a point to point VCC the Peak Cell Rate R is the inverse of the minimum inter arrival time Ty of the request to send an ATM SDU Peer Entities entities within the same layer Glossary 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary PHY Physical Layer the actual cards wires and or fiber optic cabling used to connect computers routers and switches Physical Layer PHY Connection an association established by the PHY between two or more ATM entities A PHY connection consists of the concat enation of PHY links in order to provide an end to end transfer capability to PHY SAPs PMD Physical Medium Dependent a sublayer concerned with the bit transfer between two network nodes It deals with wave shapes timing recovery line coding and electro optic conversions for fiber based links PNNI Private Network Node Interface or Private Network to Network Interface a protocol that defines the interaction of private ATM switches or groups of private ATM switches ping Packet Internet Groper a program used to test reachability of desti nations by sending them an ICMP echo request and waiting for a reply Point to Multipoint Connection a collection of associated ATM VC or VP links with associated endpoint nodes with the following propertie
158. t LAN On the access devices bridge groups are used to associate phys ical Ethernet ports with emulated LANs on the ATM side An end station in the ELAN with a ForeRunner adapter can connect to up to 16 ELANS simultaneously 12 6 Intelligent BUS This feature reduces broadcast traffic by using the MAC address information in the LES When an intelligent BUS receives a unicast frame with an unknown MAC destination address the BUS first checks the LES s cache of addresses to see if the MAC address is registered there If it is the BUS routes the frame directly to the destination instead of broadcasting uornonpoqqu 1 2 7 Failover ELANs To ensure that a single service failure does not cripple the entire ELAN ForeThought 4 0 2 supports a simple failover mechanism Rather than associat ing a single LES and BUS pair with a single ELAN the LEC maintains an ordered list of LES and BUS pairs for each ELAN While the LEC is only inter acting with one LES at a time it is ready to move to the next LES and BUS in the list if the current LES fails If it is using a backup LES and BUS pair the LEC will periodically check if the primary LES and BUS pair in the failover sequence are again available If they are the LEC resumes the connection to the original pair 1 2 8 The Default ELAN To simplify configuration of the ELAN ForeThought 4 0 2 supports a default ELAN named default This is the first ELAN in the list of ELANs provided by the L
159. t the system and watch the boot messages that appear on the screen If the new kernel configuration is correct you should see a reference to PCA 200fa0 or PCA 200fa0 and PCA 200fa1 2 PCA 200E cards installed The message that appears depends on the number of PCA 200E cards installed in your system If you see either of these references and no error messages related to these device names appear you are ready to use the PCA 200E for network traffic S c 23 e D o 26 OR Sg D cr eh O ee mal 9 y SE o gs 55 a If you encounter any problems with the new kernel configuration contact FORE Systems Technical Support ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 17 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration 3 18 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual shake Network Interface Administration This chapter provides network configuration information such as assigning an IP address configuring your workstation as a multi homed or ATM only workstation and dynamic and static IP routing information for a multi homed workstation 41 Network Interface Configuration After installating the PCA 200E hardware and software some additional con figuration tasks must be performed before using the PCA 200E as an ATM network interface First a unique legal IP address must be assigned to the network interface The Internet address that is assigned to the PCA 200E interface should be wi
160. t your machine again so that the change takes effect 3 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration NOTE Write down the ARP server ATM address because you will need it to configure each of your workstations If you are not using ILMI for address registration your system administrator will be able to supply you with the ATM address of the ARP server Use this number in response to the prompt Would you like to configure LAN Emulation n If you answer y the configure lanem script is executed The sample session shown in Section 3 2 3 1 is described as follows LAN Emulation Configuration No Configuration Information If LAN Emulation has not been configured previously the No Configuration Information message appears followed by the next question If emulated LANs have been configured current configuration information appears fol lowed by the next question Do You Want To Modify The Above Configuration n Answering n ends the LAN Emulation Configuration process If you wish to configure or modify LAN Emulation respond with y LAN Emulation config uration continues as follows uoTeINSYUOD puy en o a o Ei m Ki 3 2 A ES E D T 9 3 go a em ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 3 15 Software Installation and Kernel Configuration NOTE Detailed information about the establishment of an emulated
161. ted Platforms The following are the supported platforms for the PCA 200E adapter cards AlphaStation 200 AlphaStation 250 AlphaStation 255 AlphaStation 400 AlphaStation 600 AlphaServer 1000 AlphaServer 2000 AlphaServer 2100 AlphaServer 8200 AlphaServer 8400 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 17 Software Requirements The supplied ForeRunner PCA 200E device driver supports Digital UNIX ver sion 4 0 uoronpo4u ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 18 Unpacking Information Before unpacking your PCA 200E inspect the package for any damage that may have occurred during shipping If the package shows any signs of exter nal damage or rough handling notify your carrier s representative When unpacking the PCA 200E be sure to keep all original packing materi als They may be needed for storing transporting or returning the product CAUTION A CAUTION Gs All products returned to FORE Systems under warranty must be packed in their orig inal packing materials The PCA 200E contains static sensitive devices Keep the adapter in its protective bag until installation The ForeRunner PCA 200E adapter package contains the following e PCA 200E Adapter e PCA 200E Software on CD ROM with license e ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM Adapter User s Manual this manual Anti static Grounding Strap Warranty Registration Card If any of
162. terface 27 0 0 1 27120071 UH 3 2264661 100 98 29 24 0 98 29 16 74 UG 1 9751 fa0 default 92 88 243 19 UG 3 123714 ie0 98 29 16 0 98 29 16 54 U 29 10892307 fa0 204 95 89 0 98 29 16 28 UG 0 2080 fa0 98 229 525 0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 0 ie0 98 29 26 0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 2696 ie0 98 29 27 0 92 88 243 19 UG 0 7853 ie0 98 29 19 0 98 29 16 85 UG 0 0 fa0 92 88 243 0 92 88 243 54 U 350 9188789 ie0 204 120 44 0 92 88 243 19 UG 1 1677 ie0 98 29 28 0 98 29 16 8 UG 0 87706 fa0 98 29 29 0 98 29 16 2 UG 0 0 fa0 98 29 31 0 98 29 16 75 UG 5 16417 fa0 98 29 23 0 92 88 243 53 UG 6 122731 ie0 10 20 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting netstat in Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Coll S 2 eco 1500 192 88 243 192 88 243 171 1173050 39926 509363 0 107115 E fa0 9188 198 29 38 198 29 38 206 0 0 0 0 0 qaa0 9180 198 29 22 198 29 22 206 0 0 0 0 0 8 qaal 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 El qaa2 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 zl qaa3 9180 none none 0 0 0 0 0 lo0 8304 127 127 0 0 1 32048 0 32048 0 0 adinfo fao FORE Systems Release ForeThought 4 0 2 fa0 pca 200 media 4b5b 100 hw 1 0 0 fw 2 3 0 serial 2 slot 0 atmstat d fa0 Device statistics Buffer Allocation Failures Type 1 Type 2 Small Large Small Large Receive Queue Full Carrier 0 0 0 0 0 ON ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 21 Troubleshooting 10 4 3 10 22 Switch Information On the host at a comm
163. ters over networks 1esso o TDM Time Division Multiplexing a traditional digital multiplexing in which a signal occupies a fixed repetitive time slot within a higher rate signal Token Ring a network access method in which the stations circulate a token Stations with data to send must have the token to transmit their data topology a program that displays the topology of a FORE Systems ATM net work An updated topology can be periodically re displayed by use of the interval command option Traffic the calls being sent and received over a communications network Also the packets that are sent on a data network Trailer the protocol control information located at the end of a PDU Transit Delay the time difference between the instant at which the first bit of a PDU crosses one designated boundary and the instant at which the last bit of the same PDU crosses a second designated boundary ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 19 Glossary trap a program interrupt mechanism that automatically updates the state of the network to remote network management hosts The SNMP agent on the switch supports these SNMP traps UBR Unspecified Bit Rate a type of traffic that is not considered time crit ical e g ARP messages pure data allocated whatever bandwidth is avail able at any given time UBR traffic is given a best effort priority in an ATM network with no guarantee of suc
164. the ATM device is OC3 the current OC3 configuration is also displayed For OC3 the current framing used frame and stream scrambling state device timing source and loopback state are displayed OPTIONS m Set the MTU on the specified interface The largest MTU permissible is 65535 bytes s Enable Disable SPANS signaling on the specified device s Enable Disable Q 2931 signaling on the specified device b Enable Disable IP load balancing When load balancing is enabled all IP traffic traveling over SVCs and destined for an ATM network will automatically be balanced at connection setup time based upon the total peak bandwidth of all connections through an interface across all FORE ATM interfaces attached to that same physical network p Enable Disable IP multicast on the specified interface Enable Disable OC3 internal loopback mode f Set OC3 framing type to either SONET or SDH i Set OC3 module to insert idle cells ITU T standard or unassigned cells ATM Forum and ANSI standard ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration t Set OC3 timing source to external or internal q Set Disable IP SVC rate control on the specified device This option is only applicable to a SPANS interface NOTES Care should be taken when setting large MTUs since large packets increase the probability of packet loss due to reassembly errors from cell loss Certain operating systems may not
165. the above items are missing or damaged please contact FORE Systems Technical Support immediately CAUTION Keep the PCA 200E in its anti static protective bag until installation Electronic components are subject to damage from even small amounts of static discharge Therefore be sure to have your equipment properly grounded ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 19 PCA 200E Technical Specifications The capabilities and physical parameters of the PCA 200E are detailed in the table below Table 1 1 PCA 200E Technical Specifications Hardware Architecture On board 25 mHz i960 cell processor AAL Support Special purpose on board hardware for HEC CRC and AAL5 and 3 4 calculations 5 UNI Physical Layer 155 Mbits sec SONET STS 3c SDH STM 1 S Form Factor Single slot PCI Bus a 5 Compliance ATM cell processing per ANSI T151 5 92 002R3 ITU 1 361 and ATM Forum v3 0 UNI specification Cabling Duplex 62 5 125 micron multi mode fiber 2 000 meters maxi mum 10 dB loss 2 pair 100 ohm Category 5 or Category 5 screened UTP copper 100 meters maximum Connectors ST and SC Types for multi mode fiber RJ 45 for Category 5 UTP copper Memory 256 kbytes on board RAM DMA Support 32 bit burst mode bus master Fly by scatter gather DMA support Supports block transfers up to 12816 words Full 32 bit datapath ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI B
166. the configu ration and rerun the test If the IP encapsulation matches on both ends and the error persists then there may be an IP routing problem on the remote host The network administrator should verify the IP routing If there is still a prob lem then call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 13 Troubleshooting 10 2 2 5 Cells and No Errors Received by Remote and Transmitting Cells If the remote end is receiving cells with no errors and is transmitting cells in response then the remote end is OK Looking at Figure 10 2 reverse the direc tion From the remote host start a continuous ping and then run these same tests starting again with Section 10 2 1 Watch the results of these tests on the local host 10 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 3 LAN Emulation Troubleshooting The following procedures provide a top down series of troubleshooting pro cedures for LAN emulation from the point of view of the host in which your adapter resides Troubleshooting procedures for the host system as well as for equipment to which your adapter may be connected are referenced as necessary If you have any questions about troubleshooting LAN emulation as employed with this adapter contact FORE Systems Technical Support 10 3 1 Troubleshooting Procedures If your host system is unable to communicate with other mem
167. the following command on the local machine to verify that cells are going out the ATM interface atmsiat fa0 1 If there are no cells going out the ATM Output Cells field shows zero then there is most likely an IP routing problem rather than an ATM problem Please have your network administrator check the IP configuration If cells are going out the ATM Output Cells field shows a value other than zero then the PVC on the switch may be configured incorrectly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists call FORE Systems Technical Support for further assistance ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Troubleshooting 10 2 2 2 Cells and VPI VCI Errors Received by Remote If the remote workstation is receiving cells and is receiving VPI VCI errors then this indicates that cells are coming into the workstation but are on a VPI VCI that may not be configured correctly Check the PVC configuration If it is not set up properly then correct the PVC and rerun the test If the PVC is configured correctly and the error persists then the incoming ARP entry on the remote workstation is most likely the problem List the ATM ARP cache using atmarp a and check the incoming ARP entry for that connection d e a o S oO 62 e 9 ER 5 os If the incoming ARP entry is not configured pr
168. the questions please call FORE Systems Technical Support For many installations you will need to configure the software once How ever in some situations you may need to establish a temporary kernel config uration and then based on information obtained from the temporary configuration reconfigure the software to establish the desired network set up 3 2 1 1 Temporary Configuration There is one case for which the software may require a second Classical IP configuration e Ifthe host into which the adapter was installed will be the ARP server and the ARP server ATM address is assigned via ILMI For this case the suggested procedure is to perform an initial Classical IP con figuration answering most questions by accepting the defaults The excep tions are the ATM address of the ARP server and the configuration of a Classical IP interface For the ATM address use a temporary number For the Classical IP interface respond y and configure just one qaa 0 These steps are more fully explained in Section 3 2 3 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Software Installation and Kernel Configuration NOTE If you will be using a host as an ARP server this host MUST be configured first On the ARP server once the software has been installed and the system has rebooted use the atmarp z qaa0 command to obtain the host s ATM address Write down the ATM address or store this data in a file It is easier to do
169. thin the subnet that is assigned to the ATM LAN by the system administrator If you are unsure of how to do so it is strongly recommended that you con sult the Digital Owner s Guide for your particular system for more informa tion about creating and configuring subnets You should also consult your system administrator for additional help NOTE The adapter cards receive only on VPI 0 incoming virtual path The incoming VCI may be from 1 through 1023 gt a B ER un q A 5 ESQ BOY SENI ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 1 Network Interface Administration 4 1 1 4 1 2 Network Interface Naming Conventions The default name for a FORE IP interface is fa 0 Subsequent interface names are fal fa 2 and so on depending on the number of installed adapter cards The default name for an emulated LAN interface is el Subsequent interface names are ell el2 and so on depending on the number of installed ELANs For a Classical IP interface the naming convention begins with the prefix qa Subsequent letters or numbers denote the physical unit number and or the interface number e All Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit zero have a as the next letter e All of the Classical IP interfaces associated with physical unit one have b as the next letter and so forth e Each Classical IP interface has its virtual interface number as a suffix For example using this naming
170. ting save the file and reboot for the changes to take effect ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Network Interface Administration 4 2 PCA 200E Adapter in an Internet Protocol Network The PCA 200E device driver supports the TCP IP protocol suite as well as the ATM API In order to use your PCA 200E adapter card in an IP network you must set your workstation in one of two configurations 1 Multi homed with a network attachment to both ATM and Ether net or other legacy network technology 2 ATM network only This chapter assumes a working knowledge of TCP IP and in particular IP addressing and routing issues In the following discussion two example Class C IP network addresses have been used The network address aaa aaa aaa XX is the ATM IP network and the network address eee eee eee XX is the Ethernet network The net work portion of the IP address must be different for the ATM and Ethernet networks A FORE Systems ASX switch can be configured to be multi homed i e both an ATM and Ethernet network attachment and can be used to route IP traffic between the ATM and Ethernet networks NOTE The addresses used should be specific to your network topology To proceed with your network configuration you need access to the follow ing information P network number for the ATM network P network addresses and names for each ATM and Ethernet inter face If you are installing the PCA 200E adapt
171. tion Specification Core Diameter 62 5 um Fiber Diameter 125 um Wavelength 1310 nm a Loss characteristic 0 5 dB km 3 Connector Style SC or ST 3 Power Budget 11 dB Maximum run approximately 2 km Transmit Power 19 dBm minimum Receive Power 30 dBm minimum 1 If a 50 um core fiber is used the power budget should be derated by 4dB The PCA 200E is available with UTP connectors The requirements and pinouts for this cabling are given below Table 1 3 CAT 5 UTP Cable Specifications Description AWG Specification 24 Impedance Q 100 15 Attenuation dB 1000 ft Max 25 dB 16 mHz 52 dB 62 5 mHz 67 dB 100 mHz Maximum Run 100 m Connector Type RJ 45 1 Within a 100 meter run a maximum of two con nections are permissible ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction The pinouts for the RJ 45 connector on an PCA are as follows Table 1 4 CAT 5 UTP Pinouts Pin Signal Transmit Transmit Not Used Not Used Not Used Not Used Receive Ali Cl nm AJ WwW t3 Receive 111 Product Registration Information Please fill out the enclosed product registration card for your PCA 200E ATM adapter and return it to FORE Systems ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual WEIS Hardware Installation This section is design
172. tname will be sent via the device interface on VPI vpi VCI vci using AAL type 5 device must be one which edu Q 2931 signaling e g qaa0 Specifying peak will limit all traffic to hostname to e kilobits per second 1f peak is not specified no rate control is applied The entry will be revalidated by sending an InARP request over the PVC at 15 minute intervals if revalidate is non zero To disable this feature use 0 for the revalidate parameter Remove ARP entry for RFC 1577 Classical IP Permanent Virtual Channel PVC Also detach IP from this PVC IP traffic will no longer be accepted on VPI VCI associated with this entry m Set IP multicast default outgoing PVC All traffic destined for an IP multicast address u n Z P 8 t not found in the ARP table will be encapsulated based on encapsulation and sent via the device interface on VPI opi VCI vci using AAL type aal Specifying peak will limit all traffic sent on the PVC to peak kilobits per second If peak is not specified no rate control is applied Remove IP multicast default outgoing PVC All traffic destined for an IP multicast address not found in the ARP table will be sent over a multicast SVC if one can be created to the appropriate multicast group Configure the ATM address for device device The ATM address is specified as 40 hexadecimal characters with or without a leading Ox and interspersed dots e g 0x0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011121314 NOTE
173. trol GFC fairness is defined as meeting all of the agreed quality of service QoS requirements by controlling the order of service for all active connections FCC a board of commissioners appointed by the President under the Com munications Act of 1934 with the authority to regulate all interstate telecom munications originating in the United States including transmission over phone lines FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface high speed data network that uses fiber optic as the physical medium Operates in similar manner to Ethernet or Token Ring only faster 1esso o FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing a method of dividing an available frequency range into parts with each having enough bandwidth to carry one channel FEBE Far End Block Error an error detected by extracting the 4 bit FEBE field from the path status byte G1 The legal range for the 4 bit field is between 0000 and 1000 representing zero to eight errors Any other value is interpreted as zero errors FERF Far End Receive Failure a line error asserted when a 110 binary pat tern is detected in bits 6 7 8 of the K2 byte for five consecutive frames A line FERF is removed when any pattern other than 110 is detected in these bits for five consecutive frames FIFO First In First Out a method of coordinating the sequential flow of data through a buffer Flag a specific bit pattern used to identify the beginning or end of a frame F
174. ts for another system to answer protocol requests Proxy Agent an agent that queries on behalf of the manager used to monitor objects that are not directly manageable PSN Packet Switched Network a network designed to carry data in the form of packets The packet and its format is internal to that network PT Payload Type bits 2 4 in the fourth byte of an ATM cell header The PT indicates the type of information carried by the cell At this time values 0 3 are used to identify various types of user data values 4 and 5 indicate man agement information and values 6 and 7 are reserved for future use PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit or Channel a circuit or channel through an ATM network provisioned by a carrier between two endpoints used for dedicated long term information transport between locations Q 2931 Derived from Q 93B the narrowband ISDN signalling protocol an ITU standard describing the signalling protocol to be used by switched vir tual circuits on ATM LANs Relaying a function of a layer by means of which a layer entity receives data from a corresponding entity and transmits it to another corresponding entity RFCs Requests For Comment IETF documents suggesting protocols and policies of the Internet inviting comments as to the quality and validity of those policies These comments are collected and analyzed by the IETF in order to finalize Internet standards RFI Radio Frequency Interference
175. ts from a prior installation you will be prompted as shown below to be sure the kernel is not accidentally reconfigured Are you sure you want to modify ATM 3 0 2 n Answering y to this prompt will cause the old version of the kernel configura tion to be overwritten If you answer n you will see the previous question Would you like to use FORE s SNMP agent y If you use the SNMP agent supplied by FORE Systems you will have access to the FORE Systems Management Information Base MIB Using this in con junction with applications such as ForeView or other network management applications enables you to remotely monitor your PCA 200E adapter card Answering y to this question causes snmpd to run It is started from the script S99snmpd fore in the directory sbin rc3 d or the user specified direc tory Answering n to this question suppresses execution of snmpd and cir cumvents the next question in the installation script Would you like to use the standard UDP ports for SNMP 160 161 y SNMP agents generally use port 160 to receive queries and port 161 to receive trap messages Only one agent can bind to these ports at a time Therefore in order to run a vendor supplied SNMP agent at the same time as FORE s SNMP agent one agent must run on a different set of ports If you do not wish to run both SNMP agents reply to this question with a y If you must run both reply to this question with a n and continue with the next two qu
176. twork SIR Sustained Information Rate the long term average data transmission rate across the User to Network Interface SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service a high speed datagram based public data network service expected to be widely used by telephone companies in their data networks SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol the Internet electronic mail protocol used to transfer electronic mail between hosts ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Glossary 17 Glossary SNAP SubNetwork Access Protocol SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol the Internet standard pro tocol for managing nodes on an IP network snmpd an SMNP agent for a given adapter card SONET Synchronous Optical Network a new and growing body of stan dards that defines all aspects of transporting and managing digital traffic over optical facilities in the public network Source Traffic Descriptor a set of traffic parameters belonging to the ATM Traffic Descriptor used during the connection set up to capture the intrinsic traffic characteristics of the connection requested by the source Spanning Tree Protocol provides loop free topology in a network environ ment where there are redundant paths SPANS Simple Protocol for ATM Network Signalling FORE Systems proprietary signalling protocol used for establishing SVCs between FORE Systems equipment SPARC Scalable Processor Architecture Reduced instructi
177. u see depends on your system s configuration User input is shown in bold cou rier type The responses shown in the example are typical for a session that configures the fa 0 interface Substitute responses appropriate for configuring your system where necessary CONFIGURE DELETE NETWORK INTERFACES You can configure or delete network interfaces Configuration information is updated in etc rc config and etc hosts Choose configure or delete at the prompt Enter whether you want to c onfigure or d elete network interfaces If you are finished press the RETURN key c ENTER You want to configure interfaces Is this correct yes ENTER You will now be asked a series of questions about the system Default answers are shown in square brackets To use a default answer press the RETURN key This machine contains the following network interfaces fa0 qaa0 qaal qaa2 qaa3 fal qabO0 qabl Z qab2 2o qab3 33 tud EX to as s10 Sz T2 SE o ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 4 3 Network Interface Administration Which interface do you want to configure fa0 ENTER You want to configure fa0 Is this correct yes ENTER Enter the hostname for interface fa0 mysystem atm ENTER The hostname for interface fa0 is mysystem atm Is this correct yes ENTER Enter the Internet Protocol IP address for interface fa0 in dot notation
178. uni30 show advanced Port VPI SigVCI ILMIVCI SigAAL MinVCI MaxVCI SigBW ILMIBW LCI 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 1C2 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 1C3 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 1C4 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 1D2 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 1D3 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 LD4 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 LCTL 0 5 6 5 32 5 0 0 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 10 25 Troubleshooting The following commands are run by logging in to the ATM Management Interface on the switch Enter the following parameters at the prompt for the type of network modules that are installed on your switch configuration porttaxi show Port Carrier State Obuf Version Loopback Model 1A1 yes up 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A2 no down 9192 E none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A3 no down 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A4 no down 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A5 no down 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT 1A6 yes up 8192 C none NM C TAXI 100 ST 128KB 6PT configuration port ds3 show Port Carrier Status Mode Framing Loopback ClockSrc Scrambling IdleCells Length 1A1 no 0x80 hcs chit diag internal off unassigned Gt225 1A2 no 0x24 plcp cbit none internal off unassigned Gt225 configuration port del show Port Carrier Status Mode Framing Loopback ClockSource LineLength IdleCells 1C1 yes 0x1 plcp ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C2 yes 0x1 plcp ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C3 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unassigned 1C4 no 0x60 hcs ESF none internal Lt110 unas
179. unicates with other LEC ELAN components the LES and BUS to resolve MAC addresses into ATM addresses LAN Emulation Con Runs on a Sun OS workstation or in a FORE Systems switch figuration Server Maintains information about all ELANs within the LECS administrative domain When the LEC successfully communicates with the LECS the LECS provides a list of ELANs which the LEC can join LAN Emulation Server Runs on a Sun OS workstation or in a FORE Systems switch LES Maintains information about the LECs within a single ELAN and performs address resolution 1 2 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction Broadcastand Runs on a Sun OS workstation or in a FORE Systems switch Unknown Server Provides services within a single ELAN allowing broadcasts BUS multicast and unknown unicasts within a single ELAN 12 2 An Example Configuration The diagram in Figure 1 1 shows an example configuration of a single emu lated LAN in a FORE network The ELAN includes Workstations PCs Macintoshes and UNIX boxes running a LEC Each has a ForeRunner ATM adapter the ForeRunner driver for the adapter and one or more ForeRunner ELAN drivers installed Two ASX 200 switches on which the LANE services are running One switch is running the LECS the LES and the BUS Both switches are also running LECs AnLAX 20 providing access to non ATM networks
180. us Adapter User s Manual 1 13 Introduction Table 1 1 PCA 200E Technical Specifications Continued Software Transparent TCP IP protocol interface Enhanced performance ATM Application Programming Interface API Library SPANS Switched Virtual Circuit SVC signalling protocol Permanent Virtual Circuits PVC Application controlled multicasting and broadcasting with recipient add and delete capabilities Supports up to 1024 Virtual Circuit Identifiers VCIs Support for UNI 3 0 signalling Support for ILMI Interim Local Management Interface Support for Classical IP Interfaces SNMP MIB access to adapter status ATM cell statistics cell errors and VPI VCI information Support for LAN Emulation Clients General Dimensions 0 5 H x 3 3 W x 5 8 D 1 3 cm x 8 5 cm x 14 7 cm Weight 6 oz 170 g Power Requirements 2 A maximum O 5V Operating Temperature 32 F to 104 F 0 C to 40 C Operating Humidity 20 to 80 non condensing 40 C Compliance FCC Part15 Class A Verification UTP FCC Class B Certification fiber optic connectors 1 14 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Introduction 110 Cable Specifications The following tables list the recommended cable specifications to ensure opti mal adapter and switch performance Table 1 2 Multi Mode Fiber Optic Cable Specifications Descrip
181. wn manual unit unit sel selector byte DESCRIPTION elconfig is a tool to display and modify FORE Systems ATM Forum LAN Emulation Client LEC configuration elconfig allows the super user to set the ATM address of the LAN Emulation Configuration Server LECS display the list of Emulated LANs ELANs configured in the LECS for this host GE the list of ELANs e configured along with the membership state of each and locally administer ELAN membership COMMANDS show If the single flag all is used the name and LES s ATM address for each ELAN returned by the LECS is displayed To display the name the ATM addresses of the LE Services and the local network interface name of each ELAN currently configured in the system the configured flag is used Since the LE Services ATM addresses may be acquired dynamically only those addresses that have been learned will be displayed In addition if connections exist to the LE Services the VPI VCI pairs for each connection are displayed Alternatively a single ELAN s configuration information may be displayed m specifying the single argument elan To retrieve the ATM address of the current LECS the lecs flag is used add The add command enables the user to join a particular ELAN and specify certain configuration parameters The if flag maps elan to the network interface interface e g el0 providing a mapping between ELAN name and network interface name The les flag allows the spe
182. y to set up an SVC If a host from another vendor does not support Classical ARP or ILML it is still possible to setup an SVC using work arounds If a host or switch in an LIS does not support UNI 3 0 however it is not possible to establish an SVC In this case a Classical IP PVC can be used for communication On each of the hosts atmarp c is used to establish the PVC An unused VPI VCI pair must be chosen for each host PVCs using the chosen VPI VCI pairs must also be setup from each of the hosts to their connecting switch and then on all of the switches between the two connecting switches NOTE Both the incoming and outgoing connections are set up simultaneously on the host but they must be set up individually on the switches The same VPI VCI pair is used by a host to send on the PVC as well as receive on the PVC The IP datagrams are sent over the PVC using AAL5 with LLC SNAP encapsulation 5 10 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring a Classical IP ATM Network 5 4 2 Revalidation and Removal Normally the device driver periodically checks that its PVCs are still estab lished and functioning A host revalidates a PVC every 15 minutes by sending InARP requests over the PVC if the user specifies that revalidation should occur by choosing 1 as the revalidate option to atmarp c If non FORE equipment supports revalidation the same command atmarp c and the revalidate option of 1 must be used If a
183. you are finished configuring ELANs press the lt retum gt key to end ELAN configura tion ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual 6 11 Configuring an Emulated LAN The script presents the current LAN emulation client configuration similar to the following LECS ATM address Well Known ELAN default ELAN engineering ELAN marketing Do You Want To Modify Configuration Information n Answer y if you wish to change delete or add LAN emulation configuration information Save Configuration Information y Answer y if you wish to save the configuration information that you have entered The system responds with a line indicating the configuration infor mation is being saved in a file called fore lanem conf 6 12 ForeRunner PCA 200E ATM PCI Bus Adapter User s Manual Configuring an Emulated LAN 6 4 1 2 Administering LECs using the elconfig Command LECs are controlled from the command line with the elconfig command A detailed explanation of the syntax and usage of the elconfig command is available on line in the elconfig man page or in this manual in Chapter 8 NOTE LECs that you start with the elconfig command require a functioning network interface for example el0 Refer to Section 4 1 of this User s Manual for information about configuring the appropriate network interface s NOTE Due to system limitations the elconfig add command may be issued no more than 200 times per boot lifetim
184. ystems Interface a standard for a controller bus that connects disk drives and other devices to their controllers on a computer bus It is typically used in small systems SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control IBM s data link protocol used in SNA networks SDU Service Data Unit a unit of interface information whose identity is preserved from one end of a layer connection to the other SEAL Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer also called AAL 5 this ATM adaptation layer assumes that higher layer processes will provide error recov ery thereby simplifying the SAR portion of the adaptation layer Using this AAL type packs all 48 bytes of an ATM cell information field with data It also assumes that only one message is crossing the UNI at a time That is multiple end users at one location cannot interleave messages on the same VC but must queue them for sequential transmission Aressoysy Segment a single ATM link or group of interconnected ATM links of an ATM connection Semipermanent Connection a connection established via a service order or via network management SGMP Simple Gateway Management Protocol the predecessor to SNMP Shaping Descriptor n ordered pairs of GCRA parameters LL used to define the negotiated traffic shape of an APP connection The traffic shape refers to the load balancing of a network In this context load balancing means configuring the data flows to maximize the efficiency of the ne

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