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Nanovoltmeter

1. Nanovoltmeter The two channel Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter is optimized for making stable low noise voltage measurements and for characterizing low resistance materials and devices reliably CHANNEL 1 and repeatably It provides higher measurement A speed and significantly better noise performance than alternative low voltage measurement Hi i solutions CHANNEL 2 2182A NANOVOLTMETER F The Model 2182A represents the next step forward in Keithley nanovoltmeter technology replacing the original Model 2182 and offering enhanced capabilities including pulse capability lower measurement noise faster current rever sals and a simplified delta mode for making resistance measurements in combination with a reversing current source such as the Model 6220 or 6221 Make low noise measurements at Flexible Effective Speed Noise Trade offs high speeds typically just 15nV The Model 2182A makes it easy to choose the best speed filter combination for a particular applica p p noise at 1s response time tion s response time and noise level requirements The ability to select from a wide range of response 40 50nV p p noise at 60ms times allows optimizing speed noise trade offs Low noise levels are assured over a wide range of Delta mode coordinates useful response times e g 15nV p p noise at 1s and 40 50nV p p noise at 60ms are typical Figure 1 measurements with a reversing illustrates the Model 21824 s noise p
2. 100V 120V 220V 240V LINE FREQUENCY 50Hz 60Hz and 400Hz automatically sensed at power up POWER CONSUMPTION 22VA MAGNETIC FIELD DENSITY 10mV range 4 0s response noise tested to 500 gauss OPERATING ENVIRONMENT Specified for 0 to 50 C Specified to 80 RH at 35 C STORAGE ENVIRONMENT 40 to 70 C EMC Complies with European Union Directive 89 336 EEC CE marking requirement FCC part 15 class B CISPR 11 IEC 801 2 IEC 801 3 IEC 801 4 SAFETY Complies with European Union Directive 73 23 EEC low voltage directive meets EN61010 1 safety standard Installation category I VIBRATION MIL T 28800E Type III Class 5 WARM UP 2 5 hours to rated accuracy DIMENSIONS Rack Mounting 89mm high x 213mm wide x 370mm deep 3 5 in X 8 375 in x 14 563 in Bench Configuration with handles and feet 104mm high x 238mm wide x 370mm deep 4 125 in x 9 375 in 14 563 in SHIPPING WEIGHT 5kg 11 lbs NOTES 1 Relative to calibration accuracy 2 With Analog Filter on add 20ppm of reading to listed specification 3 When properly zeroed using REL function If REL is not used add 100nV to the range accuracy 4 Specifications include the use of ACAL function If ACAL is not used add 9ppm of reading C from Tex to the listed specification T is the internal temperature stored during ACAL 5 For 5PLC with 2 reading Digital Filter Use 4ppm of reading 2ppm of range for 1PLC with 10 reading Digital Filter 6 Cha
3. 200 to 1372 C 0 001 C 0 2 C System Speeds 3 15 N 200 to 1300 C 0 001 C 0 2 C Ti 200 to 400 C 0 001 C 0 2 C RANGE CHANGE TIME lt 40 ms lt 50 ms E 200 to 1000 C 0 001 C 0 2 C FUNCTION CHANGE TIME lt 45 ms lt 55 ms R 0 to 1768 C DISC 0 2 C AUTORANGE TIME lt 60 ms lt 70 ms S 0 to 1768 C 0 1 C 0 2 C ASCII READING TO RS 232 19 2K Baud 40 s 40 s B 350 to 1820 C 0 1 C 0 2 C MAX INTERNAL TRIGGER RATE 120 s 120 9 MAX EXTERNAL TRIGGER RATE 120 s 120 9 1 888 KEITHLEY us only KEITHLEY www keithley com A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE Model 2182A specifications m 8 Oo 77 rs Ww v x wi al m gt iy oO Model 2182A specifications m U Oo a Ww x wi a m gt iy oll oO i 2182A Measurement Characteristics A D LINEARITY 0 8ppm of reading 0 5ppm of range FRONT AUTOZERO OFF ERROR 10mV 10V Add 8ppm of range 500uV for lt 10 minutes and 1 C NOTE Offset voltage error does not apply for Delta Mode AUTOZERO OFF ERROR 10mV Add 8ppm of range 100nV for lt 10 minutes and 1 C 100mV 100V Add 8ppm of range 10uV for lt 10 minutes and 1 C NOTE Offset voltage error does not apply for Delta Mode INPUT IMPEDANCE 10mV 10V gt 10GQ in parallel with lt 1 5nF Front Filter ON 10mV 10V gt 10GQ in parallel with lt 0 5nF Front Filter OFF 1
4. OF CONFIDENCE
5. cord alligator clips ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE Low Thermal Input Cable with spade lugs 9 1m 30 ft Low Thermal Connector with strain relief Low Thermal Test Lead Kit Low Thermal Calibration Shorting Plug Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit Shielded GPIB Cable 1m 3 2 ft Shielded GPIB Cable 2m 6 5 ft Shielded RS 232 Cable 1 5m 5 ft Trigger Link Cable 1m 3 2 ft Trigger Link Cable 2m 6 5 ft Trigger Link Adapter to 6 female BNC connectors Trigger Link Cable to 2 male BNC connectors IEEE 488 Interface Controller for the PCI Bus IEEE 488 USB to GPIB Interface Adapter SERVICES AVAILABLE 1 year factory warranty extended to 3 years from date of shipment 3 ISO 17025 accredited calibrations within 3 years of purchase Course Making Accurate Low Level Measurements Not available in all countries APPLICATIONS Research Determining the transition temperature of superconductive materials e l V characterization of a material at a specific temperature e Calorimetry e Differential thermometry e Superconductivity e Nanomaterials Metrology e Intercomparisons of standard cells e Null meter for resistance bridge measurements 1 888 KEITHLEY us only www keithley com Nanovoltmeter Reliable Results Power line noise can compromise measurement accuracy significantly at the nanovolt level The Model 2182A reduces this interference by synchronizing its measurement cycl
6. filtered readings to minimize the bandwidth near DC Unfortunately this approach has limitations particularly the fact that thermal voltages develop in the sample and connections vary so long integration times don t improve measurement precision With a noise specification of just 6nV p p the Model 2182A is the lowest noise digital nanovoltmeter available AC technique The limitations of the long integration and filtered readings technique have led many people to use an AC technique for measuring low resistances and voltages In this method an AC excitation is applied to the sample and the voltage is detected synchronously at the same frequency and an optimum phase While this technique removes the varying DC component in many experiments at high frequencies users can experience problems related to phase shifts caused by spurious capacitance or the L R time constant At low frequencies as the AC frequency is reduced to minimize phase shifts amplifier noise increases The current reversal method The Model 2182A is optimized for the current reversal method which combines the advantages of both earlier approaches In this technique the DC test current is reversed then the difference in voltage due to the difference in current is determined Typically this measurement is performed at a few hertz a frequency just high enough for the current to be reversed before the thermal voltages can change The Model 2182A s low n
7. sources uses the same basic technique but the way in which it s implemented has been simplified dramatically The new technique can cancel thermoelectric offsets that drift over time not just static offsets produces results in half the time of the original technique and allows the current source to control and configure the Model 2182A Two key presses are all that s required to set up the measurement The improved cancellation and higher reading rates reduce measurement noise to as little as InV Differential Conductance Measurements Characterizing non linear tunneling devices and low temperature devices often requires measuring differential conductance the derivative of a device s I V curve When used with a Model 622X current source the Model 2182A is the industry s fastest most complete solution for differen tial conductance measurements providing 10X the speed and significantly lower noise than other instrumentation options There s no need to average the results of multiple sweeps because data can be obtained in a single measurement pass reducing test time and minimizing the potential for measurement error Pulsed Testing with the Model 6221 When measuring small devices introducing ae Competition Nanovoltmeter Model 2182A Model 622X RS 232 GPIB or Ethernet Trigger Link Figure 3 It s simple to connect the Model 2182A to the Model 6220 or 6221 to make a variety of measurement
8. 00V 10MQ 1 DC INPUT BIAS CURRENT lt 60pA DC at 23 C 10V to 5V lt 120pA 23 C 5V to 10V COMMON MODE CURRENT lt 50nA p p at 50Hz or 60Hz INPUT PROTECTION 150V peak to any terminal 70V peak Channel 1 LO to Channel 2 LO CHANNEL ISOLATION gt 10GQ EARTH ISOLATION 350V peak gt 10GQ and lt 150pF any terminal to earth Add 35pF ft with Model 2107 Low Thermal Input Cable Analog Output MAXIMUM OUTPUT 1 2V ACCURACY 0 1 of output 1mV OUTPUT RESISTANCE 1kQ 5 GAIN Adjustable from 10 to 106 With gain set to 1 a full range input will produce a 1V output OUTPUT REL Selects the value of input that represents OV at output The reference value can be either programmed value or the value of the previous input Triggering and Memory WINDOW FILTER SENSITIVITY 0 01 0 1 1 10 or full scale of range none READING HOLD SENSITIVITY 0 01 0 1 1 or 10 of reading TRIGGER DELAY 0 to 99 hours 1ms step size EXTERNAL TRIGGER DELAY 2ms lt 1ms jitter with auto zero off trigger delay 0 MEMORY SIZE 1024 readings Math Functions Rel Min Max Average Std Dev Peak to Peak of stored reading Limit Test and mX b with user defined units displayed Remote Interface Keithley 182 emulation GPIB IEEE 488 2 and RS 232C SCPI Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments 1 888 KEITHLEY U S only www keithley com Nanovoltmeter GENERAL POWER SUPPLY
9. 1GQ impedance or higher In this case measuring with the Model 2182A 7 7 directly across the DUT will lead to loading Figure 6 Model 2187 4 Test Lead Kit errors The Model 2187 4 Low Thermal Test Lead Kit provides a banana cable and banana jack extender to allow the Model 2182A to connect easily to the Model 622X s low impedance guard output so the Model 2182A can measure the DUT voltage indirectly This same configuration also removes the Model 2182A s input capacitance from the DUT so it improves device response time which may be critical for pulsed measurements Figure 7 Model 2182A rear panel KEITHLEY A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE 2182A Nanovoltmeter Volts Specifications 20 over range CONDITIONS 1PLC with 10 reading digital filter or 5PLC with 2 reading digital filter 3 Accuracy ppm of reading ppm of range ppm parts per million e g 10ppm 0 001 Temperature Channel 1 Input 24 Hour 90 Day 1 Year 2 Year Coefficient Range Resolution Resistance Tean 1 C Toa 5 C Toa 5 C Toa 5 C 0 18 C amp 28 50 C 10 000000 mv23 4 Inv gt 10 GQ 20 4 40 4 50 4 60 4 1 0 5 C 100 00000 mV 10 nV gt 10 GQ Mae DD 30 4 40 5 RE 1 0000000 V 100 nV gt 10 GQ 7 2 18 2 25 2 32 3 1 0 1 C 10 000000 V 14V gt 10 GQ Aap 12 16 62 DER Sys 3 1 0 0 C 100 00000 V 10 uV 10 MQ 1 10 3 25 3 35 4 5245 1 0 5 C Channel 2 amp 10 100 00000 mV 10 nV gt 10 GQ 10 6 25 6 30 7 40 7
10. 2A 622X combination is also well suited for many nanotechnology applications because it can measure resistance without dissipating much power into the device under test DUT which would otherwise invalidate results or even destroy the DUT An Easy to Use Delta Mode Keithley originally created the delta mode method for measuring voltage and resistance for the Model 2182 and a triggerable external current source such as the Model 2400 SourceMeter instrument Basically the delta mode automatically triggers the current source to alternate the signal polarity and then triggers a nanovoltmeter reading at each polarity This current reversal technique cancels out 210E 9 i l i AA i i Af Hih Ht mi y y JE We j W Delta voltage A y il Wy i 1 1 1 1 440E 0 460E 0 480E 0 500E 0 Time 4 420E 0 a Mode Resistance Graph Voltage 1 1 1 200E 0 600E 0 800E 0 Resistance Graph Time Delta Mode Measurement DC Measurement Figure 2 Results from a Model 2182A 6220 using the delta mode to measure a 10m resistor with a 20pA test current The free Model 6220 6221 instrument control example start up software used here can be downloaded from www keithley com KEITHLEY A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE 2182A any constant thermoelectric offsets so the results reflect the true value of the voltage being measured The improved delta mode for the Model 2182A and the Model 622X current
11. Response Range Time NPLC Filter 10 mV 100 mV 1V 10V 100 V NMRR CMRR 25 0 s 575 6nV 20 nV 75 nV 750 nV 75 UV 110 dB 140 dB 40 s 5 10 15 nV 50 nV 150 nV 15 uV 75 pv 100 dB 140 dB 10 s 1 18 25 nV 175 nV 600 nV 2 5 uV 100 uV 95 dB 140 dB 667 ms 1 10 or 5 2 35 nV 250 nV 650 nV 3 3 UV 150 uV 90 dB 140 dB 60 ms 1 Off 70 nV 300 nV 700 nV 6 6 uV 300 uV 60 dB 140 dB Channel 2 amp 1 25 0 s 5 75 150 nV 200 nV 750 nV 110 dB 140 dB 40 s 5 10 150 nV 200 nV 1 5 uV 100 dB 140 dB 10 s 1 10 or 5 2 175 nV 400 nV 2 5 UV 90 dB 140 dB 85 ms 1 Off 425 nV 1uV 9 5 uV 60 dB 140 dB VOLTAGE NOISE VS SOURCE RESISTANCE Operating Characteristics gt 4 DC noise expressed in volts peak to peak 60Hz 50Hz Operation Psat Noise Analog Digital Function Digits Readings s PLCs 0 Q 6 nV Off 100 DCV Channel 1 75 3 2 5 100 Q 8 nV Off 100 Channel 2 TERS 6 4 5 1 kQ 15 nV Off 100 Thermocouple 6589 18 15 1 10 KQ 35 nV Off 100 Ganaa SEGO i 100 KQ 100 nv On 100 550 8 80 72 01 1MQ 350 nV On 100 4516129 115 105 0 01 Channel 1 Channel 2 Ratio 15 15 13 5 Delta with 24XX Scan RH De Pi 5 TEMPERATURE Thermocouples 2 ACCURACY oon ae 1 Displayed in C F or K Accuracy based on 90 Day 1 Year SA 20 16 i ITS 90 exclusive of thermocouple errors 23 5 C 5 57 30 29 0 1 Relative to Simulated 4517 41 40 0 01 TYPE RANGE RESOLUTION Reference Junction Delta with 622X 65 47 40 0 1 J 200 to 760 C 0 001 C 0 2 C K
12. e to line which minimizes variations due to readings that begin at different phases of the line cycle The result is exceptionally high immunity to line interference with little or no shielding and filtering required Optimized for Use with Model 6220 6221 Current Sources Device test and characterization for today s very small and power efficient electronics requires sourc ing low current levels which demands the use of a precision low current source Lower stimulus currents produce lower and harder to measure voltages across the devices Linking the Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter with a Model 6220 or 6221 Current Source makes it possible to address both of these challenges in one easy to use configuration When connected the Model 2182A and Model 6220 or 6221 can be operated like a single instrument Their simple connections eliminate the isolation and noise current problems that plague other solu tions The Model 2182A 622X combination allows making delta mode and differential conductance measurements faster and with less noise than the original Model 2182 design allowed The Model 2182A will also work together with the Model 6221 to make pulse mode measurements The 2182A 622X combination is ideal for a variety of applications including resistance measure ments pulsed I V measurements and differential conductance measurements providing significant advantages over earlier solutions like lock in amplifiers or AC resistance bridges The 218
13. erformance current source at up to 24Hz with 30nV p p noise typical for one reading Averages multiple readings for greater noise reduction Synchronization to line provides 110dB NMRR and minimizes the effect of AC common mode currents Dual channels support measuring voltage temperature or the ratio of an unknown resistance to a reference resistor Keithley 2182A nV uQ Meter Built in thermocouple linearization and cold junction compensation Number of Readings Figure 1 Compare the Model 2182A s DC noise performance with a nanovolt micro ohm meter s All the data shown was taken at 10 readings per second with a low thermal short applied to the input 1 888 KEITHLEY us only Ww VU e 77 Ww v x wi a m gt iy fo A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE 2182A 2107 30 2182 KIT 2187 4 2188 4288 1 4288 2 7007 1 7007 2 7009 5 8501 1 8501 2 8502 8503 KPCI 488LPA KUSB 488B 2182A 3Y EW C 2182A 3Y ISO wn c ro oO 4 ja a o0 S wn oO amp v 00 oO ro gt 2 bm D ais Be S 60 2 d D E 2 e b D wn oO e 2 N Y iS D D 5 wn oO o E v EA ro l TRN LLM 1 C LOW LEVEL MEASURE amp SOURCE Nanovoltmeter 2107 4 Low Thermal Input Cable with spade lugs 1 2m 4 ft User manual service manual contact cleaner line
14. l 1 yC 1 0000000 V 100 nV gt 10 GQ War amp 18 2 si ae i 32 63 1 0 5 C 10 000000 V 1V gt 10 GQ 2 15 18 2 25 2 32 3 1 0 5 C CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 RATIO For input signals 21 of the range Ratio Accuracy Channel 1 ppm of Reading Channel 1 ppm of Range Channel 1 Range Channel 1 Input Channel 2 ppm of Reading Channel 2 ppm of Range Channel 2 Range Channel 2 Input DELTA hardware triggered coordination with Series 24XX Series 26XXA or Series 622X current sources for low noise R measurement Accuracy accuracy of selected Channel 1 range plus accuracy of I source range DELTA MEASUREMENT NOISE WITH 6220 or 6221 Typical 3nVrms VHz 10mV range 1Hz achieved with 1PLC delay 1ms RPT filter 23 20 if 50Hz PULSE MODE WITH 6221 Line synchronized voltage measurements within current pulses from 50s to 12ms pulse repetition rate up to 12Hz PULSE MEASUREMENT NOISE typical rms noise Rpyr lt 109 0 009ppm of range meas_time Vpulse_avg_count 3nV V 2 meas_time pulse_avg_count for 10mV range 0 0028ppm for the 100mV range 0 0016ppm for ranges 1V and above 8nv VHz for ranges above 10mV meas_time seconds pulsewidth pulse_meas_delay in 33s incr DC Noise Performance DC noise expressed in volts peak to peak Response time time required for reading to be settled within noise levels from a stepped input 60Hz operation Channel 1
15. nnel 2 must be referenced to Channel 1 Channel 2 HI must not exceed 125 referenced to Channel 1 LO of Channel 2 range selected 7 Noise behavior using 2188 Low Thermal Short after 2 5 hour warm up 1 C Analog Filter off Observation time 10x response time or 2 minutes whichever is less 8 For Leyyc On line frequency 0 1 If Leyyc Off use 60dB 9 For 1kQ unbalance in LO lead AC CMRR is 70dB 10 For Low Q mode On add the following to DC noise and range accuracy at stated response time 200nV p p 25s 500nV p p 4 0s 1 24V p p 1s and 5uV p p 85ms 11 After 2 5 hour warm up 1 C 5PLC 2 minute observation time Channel 1 10mV range only 12 For Channel 1 or Channel 2 add 0 3 C for external reference junction Add 2 C for internal reference junction 13 Speeds are for 60Hz 50Hz operation using factory defaults operating conditions RST Autorange Off Display Off Trigger Delay 0 Analog Output off 14 Speeds include measurements and binary data transfer out the GPIB Analog Filter On 4 readings s max 15 Auto Zero Off NPLC 0 01 16 10mV range 80 readings s max 17 Sample count 1024 Auto Zero Off 18 For Lync On reduce reading rate by 15 19 For Channel 2 Low Q mode Off reduce reading rate by 30 20 Front Auto Zero off Auto Zero off 21 Applies to measurements of room temperature resistances lt 10Q Isource range S20uA 22 Display off delay Ims KEITHLEY A GREATER MEASURE
16. oise performance at measurement times of a few hundred milliseconds to a few seconds means that the reversal period can be set quite small in comparison with the thermal time constant of the sample and the con nections effectively reducing the impact of thermal voltages 1 888 KEITHLEY us only www keithley com Nanovoltmeter 220 215 Temperature CO 210 205 200 ie 195 190 185 180 10 O 8 17 25 33 42 50 58 67 75 83 92 100 108 117 125 Minutes Figure 5 The Model 2182A s delta mode provides extremely stable results even in the pres ence of large ambient temperature changes In this challenging example the 200nV signal results from a 20pA current sourced by a Model 6221 through a 10mQ test resistor Optional Accessory Model 2187 4 Low Thermal Test Lead Kit The standard cabling provided with the Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter and Model 622X Current Sources provides everything normally needed to connect the instruments to each other and to the DUT The Model 2187 4 Low Thermal Test Lead Kit is required when the cabling provided may not be sufficient for specific applications such as when the DUT has special connection requirements The kit includes an input cable with banana terminations banana extensions sprung hook clips alligator clips needle probes and spade lugs to accommodate virtually any DUT The Model 2187 4 is also helpful when the DUT has roughly
17. s 2400 SourceMeter instrument is a highly accurate and repeatable solution for measuring resistances on carbon nanotube based materials and silicon nanowires 1 888 KEITHLEY us only www keithley com A Figure 4 The Model 2182A produces the lowest transient currents of any nanovoltmeter available Research Applications The Model 2182 lt s 1nV sensitivity thermoelectric EMF cancellation direct display of true voltage ability to perform calculations and high measure ment speed makes it ideal for determining the characteristics of materials such as metals low resistance filled plastics and high and low temperature superconductors KEITHLEY GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE wn c O Ez Te a 7e Ez wn D e o DO ro gt 2 E D ia o 6o 2 _ D E U i D wn D _ fo 2 Ww Ea c D E D 5 wn D E o ae LOW LEVEL MEASURE amp SOURCE wn O Ez Ta a o0 cS T 2 D amp v 00 oO fo gt 2 D te ae 60 2 D E a O oO D wn D _ O 2 N 2 D E D 5 wn oO D E e m o ol LOW LEVEL MEASURE amp SOURCE 2182A Three Ways to Measure Nanovolts DC nanovoltmeters DC nanovoltmeters and sensitive DMMs both provide low noise DC voltage measurements by using long integration times and highly
18. s The instrument control example start up software available for the Model 622X current sources includes a step by step guide to setting up the instrumentation and making proper connections 2182A in delta mode even tiny amounts of heat to the DUT can raise its temperature skewing test results or even destroying the device When used with the Model 2182A the Model 6221 s pulse capability minimizes the amount of power dissipated into a DUT The Model 2182A 6221 combination synchronizes the pulse and measurement A measurement can begin as soon as 16us after the Model 6221 applies the pulse The entire pulse including a complete nanovolt measure ment can be as short as 50us In the delta differential conductance and pulse modes The Model 2182A produces virtually no transient currents so it s ideal for characterizing devices that can be easily disrupted by current spikes see Figure 4 Metrology Applications The Model 2182A combines the accuracy of a digital multimeter with low noise at high speeds for high precision metrology applications Its low noise high signal observation time fast measurement rates and 2ppm accuracy provide the most cost effective meter available today for applications such as intercomparison of voltage standards and direct measurements of resistance standards Nanotechnology Applications The Model 2182A combined with the Model 622X current source or Serie

Nanovoltmeter

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