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1. 7 N Norsk lt Regnesentral NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTER HAVANA user manual Version 6 0 i a e A gt pa Se pe AA OA on ere ee a A A A IAS gt NO TESSA OSO GE ae a ra a T de a ur a ee ee ee Be A a A ga A e pe A E A F SA PISE ES SES pe SS SSS 2 we A AAA AA Thean SSS le A a ES I 7 a AAA Fi i S A 0 05 0 ri F A Note no SAND 03 10 Authors Per R e Frode Georgsen Anne Randi Syversveen April 7 2010 Copyright Norsk Regnesentral 7 nw N Norsk Regnesentral NORWEGIAN COMPUTING CENTER The authors Several people are or have been involved in the development of Havana at NR including Kristin L Munthe Petter Mostad Geir Aamodt Jon Gjerde Bjorn Fredrik Nielsen Oddvar Lia Knut Utne Hollund Ariel Vazquez Almendral Christian Skaug Harald H Soleng Per R e Frode Georgsen Bjorn Fjellvoll and Anne Randi Syversveen Norwegian Computing Center Norsk Regnesentral Norwegian Computing Center NR is a private independent non profit foundation established in 1952 NR carries out contract research and development projects in the areas of information and communication technology and applied statistical modeling The clients are a broad range of industrial commercial and public service organizations in the national as well as the international market Our scientific and technical capabilities are further developed in co operation with The Resea
2. Height Figure 1 4 Height and reverse drag of a fault Arguments Two The parameter cz and the standard deviation o2 Values of o2 close to 0 0 1 0 2 indicate small uncertainty while larger values 0 5 1 indicate more uncertainty in the relationship Example FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT 2 0 0 1 ti HAVANA user manual INRE 1 4 26 Command FAULT_AVERAGE_REVERSEDRAG Necessary Description Specifies parameters for the relationship between the average size of the fault plane and the maximum reverse drag of the fault The reverse drag r see Figure 1 4 is assumed to approximately follow the relationship r czvIh as a function of the fault height h and the fault length The uncertainty in this relationship is modeled by multiplying the right hand side in the equation above by a stochastic variable with lognormal distribution The reverse drag is then r c3 vVIhV3 where V3 has a lognormal distribution so that log V3 has a normal distribution with expectation zero and standard deviation 03 Arguments Two The parameter cz and the standard deviation o3 Values of 93 close to 0 0 1 0 2 indicate small uncertainty while larger values 0 5 1 indicate more uncertainty in the relationship Example FAULT_AVERAGE_REVERSEDRAG 0 40 0 1 A 1 4 27 Command ORIENTATION GROUPS Optional Description The strike dip and dip down east parameters of a fault are collectively described as the orientation of the fault in
3. The interval is specified by writing first the well name and then the distances from Kelly Bushing i e the measured depths of the start and the end of the interval The line is ended with a single number The maximal displacement any fault intersecting the line can have at the intersection point Example A1 O 3500 5 A2 0 2000 10 A2 2000 3500 5 A 5 Havana specific file type Havana faults The HAVANA faults directory is used for generating input to HAVANA 5 HAVANA faults are stored in a directory containing the four files version Condition EllFaults and EllFaultGhosts and the four directories IRAPfaults IRA PghostFaults ParametricFaults and ParametricGhostFaults Elliptic HAVANA generated faults are stored in the EllFaults file The truncation rules are given in the file truncTable First is the number of faults to be truncated Then on each line is the name of the fault to be truncated followed by the number of faults and the fault names The other directories and files are always empty when generated with HAVANA 6 Note that the names of the files and directories cannot be changed When reading faults from a directory in the Havana faults format the program will look for files and directories with the names described above and ignore all other files and directories A 5 1 Format for the EllFaults file The first number in the file is the number of faults t
4. that may or may not truncate the other one the second fault can never truncate the first If the given parameter is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to one then truncation will be decided according to the following rule The length of the line of intersection between the fault planes is compared with the length of the extension of this line in the latter fault of the list If the ratio between these lengths is above the given parameter then truncation occurs otherwise it does not If the given parameter is less than zero then truncation is decided stochastically The relative intersection fraction is computed as above and is is then used as the probability for intersection Arguments One A decimal parameter the truncation limit Values close to 1 indicate very little truncation while values closer to 0 indicate truncation of all faults intersecting Negative numbers indicate stochastic truncation Example FAULT_TRUNCATION 0 01 1 4 31 Command REPULSION Optional Description Specifies parameters regarding the spatial interaction repulsion between parent faults This command is an alternative to command DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY in ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 23 Q Figure 1 6 Relative intersection determining the truncation of faults Section 1 4 19 Arguments Two The first argument is the interaction range a decimal number If two parent faults are further apart than the interaction range
5. 1 0 05 length length2 height width 2 0 A in exp 1 A 0 0 HangwallFrac 0 0 0 5 Dip exp value rel to mother and st dev 30 0 1 0 Strike exp value rel to mother and st dev 0 6 fraction of children ti HAVANA user manual INRE 26 A parameter set using a compact input style Co Cd Cn Li L2 H W A HW Ed Sd Es 5s 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 05 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 90 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 center offset strike dip normal 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 05 length length2 height width 2 0 childrenA 0 5 childrenHangwallFrac 0 0 0 5 Dip exp value rel to mother and st dev 90 0 1 0 Strike exp value rel to mother and st dev 1 0 fraction of children HF1 HF2 HF3 list of fault names for this param set 1 4 38 Command CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_MOTHER_TYPE Optional Description Specifies how the center points of the children faults are distributed relatively to the mother faults if the mother fault is of type RMS There are two different possibilities The RMS fault is approximated by an elliptical fault This method is very fast but not very accurate The other possibility is to use the triangle structure of the RMS This method is accurate but very slow depending on the density of the triangularization and the size of the intensity field given in RELATIVE_INTENSITY_GRID or DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_GRID Arguments One The two options are elliptic or rms The default value is elliptic Example CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_
6. FractalDimension is a decimal number determining the fractal dimension of the distribution The arguments following Asymmetry are two decimal numbers The first number specifies how much of the displacement takes place on the footwall side and how much on the ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 18 YU Figure 1 2 Illustration of measuring the displacement of a fault PDF Displacement Figure 1 3 A truncated fractal probability density function with fractal dimension d 2 4 and range from 5 to 12 meters hangingwall side If it is 1 all displacement takes place on the hangingwall side if it is zero the default there is equally much displacement on either side and if it is 1 all displacement takes place on the footwall side The second number specifies the uncertainty around the first number If it is greater than zero the asymmetry number will be drawn for each fault from a normal distribution with expectation and standard deviation given by the two numbers Note that if the Asymmetry sub command does not appear displacement will always be equally divided between the footwall and hangingwall sides Examples DISPLACEMENT Range 7 5 30 FractalDimension 2 0 This example generates slumps DISPLACEMENT Range 10 0 30 FractalDimension 2 0 Asymmetry 1 0 p HAVANA user manual 19 1 4 24 Command FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH Necessary Description Specifies parameters for the relationship between maxi
7. INTENSITY _ PARAMETERS DISPLACEMENT El HAVANA user manual NRE oO O O CO CO CO ON Y N N i ml cl ls alo eo alo a al al e il al Cs Ca oe o a dl a lo o le ll o o al M COON NNN 01 01 010 BP PWWAWNHNNNNNYNP lt rH rH Ht OOO CO 1 4 24 1 4 25 1 4 26 1 4 27 1 4 28 1 4 29 1 4 30 1 4 31 1 4 32 1 4 33 1 4 34 1 4 35 1 4 36 1 4 37 1 4 38 1 4 39 1 4 40 1 4 41 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 5 3 1 5 4 1 5 5 1 5 6 1 5 7 1 5 8 1 0 9 1 5 10 1 5 11 Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command ModifySurfaceFault Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH FAULT LENGTH_HEIGHT FAULT AVERAGE_REVERSEDRAG ORIENTATION GROUPS STRIKE DIP s a we cama FAULT_TRUNCATION REPULSION DISPLACEMENT _ WEIGHT NUMBER_OF_FAMILIES CHILDREN PARAMETERS CHILDREN_STRIKE CHILDREN_DIP CHILDREN PARAMETERS _ GENERAL CHILDREN PARAMETERS MOTHER_TYPE RELAY RAMPS NUMBER_OF_ITERATIONS FAULTNAME_PREFIX Change SFM fault properties INPUT_FAULTS FAULT_LINE_POLYGON SFM_PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE FAULT DISPLACEMENT _ LENGTH FAULT LENGTH_HEIGHT OUTPUT_FAULTS HORIZON TRANSFORM SCALE DISPLACEMENT LOCAL_ ROTATION SimulateSurfaceFault Simulate SFM faults 1 6 1 1 6 2 1 6 3 1 6 4 1 6 5 1 6 6 1 6 7 1
8. and start up script Index HAVANA user manual i it 34 34 34 34 34 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 40 41 42 43 1 User Reference HAVANA is run from the UNIX command line by writing havana directly followed by the name of the model file If no model file name is given the program will look for a file named havana model in the current directory and use this file if possible The program is fully controlled by commands and arguments parameters in one or more model files 1 1 Model file syntax Comments can be inserted into model files using AK for single line comments or pairs of lt and gt for multi line comments All lines containing a are regarded as blank from that point on Everything starting with a lt and ending with a gt is also disregarded All non blank entries must be commands They must start with a command word and end with a character Between the command word and the backslash is the argument list which in general may contain any number of arguments The command ACTION divides the model file into sections Before the first ACTION command comes a section with some commands pertaining to the whole program see Section 1 2 The allowed commands in each following section depends on the specific ACTION command heading it Within each section the commands may appear in any order but any command except READ commands may appear a
9. fault name fault throw distribution 1 0 all throw is distributed downwards 0 0 all throw is distributed upwards reverse drag distance measured laterally and whether the fault is normal 1 or reverse 1 is given If the name default is given the following parameters applies to all faults with no explicitly given parameters Example SFM_PARAMETERS F3 1 0 500 1 F1 0 7 2000 1 default 0 5 1000 1 1 3 4 Command VARIO_TYPE Necessary ti HAVANA user manual INRE Description Specifies a variogram model used when modeling the displacement field on the fault surface Arguments Four or five 1 Variogram type Possible variogram types are e GAUSSIAN Gaussian variogram e SPHERICAL Spherical variogram e EXPONENTIAL Exponential variogram e GENERAL_EXPONENTIAL General exponential variogram An additional parameter giving the power must be given 2 Range in strike direction Higher range gives smoother fault surfaces 3 Range in dip direction Higher range gives smoother fault surfaces 4 Anisotrophy angle in degrees Use this if you want to rotate the direction of the ranges 5 The power Only for general exponential variograms Examples VARIO_TYPE SPHERICAL 1000 500 0 0 A 1 3 5 Command FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH Optional Description The relationship between maximum displacement and length of fault Arguments Two constants a and b where length maximumDisplacement by 0 9 Default
10. length strike and location of the centre The default is to use algorithm 0 Example FAULT_CENTER_LINES_OPTION 1 1 4 13 Command INPUT_WELL_PATHS Optional Description This command is used to specify the wells For each well the name of the well must be given together with the name of a file specifying the well path The format for this file is given in Section A 4 1 Arguments A list of triples of arguments Each triple consists of the name of the well the name of the file containing the well path specification and the height of the kelly bushing With three elements per well the depth measurements in the z coordinate then refer to depth EN HAVANA user manual ME 14 below the kelly bushing If only two arguments are found the depth measurements are assumed to be below mean sea level MSL and not below the kelly bushing KB Examples INPUT_WELL_PATHS A1 wellpathA1 dat 100 A2 wellpathA2 dat 100 INPUT_WELL_PATHS A4 wellpathA1 dat A5 wellpathA2 dat 1 4 14 Command INPUT_WELLOBS OF_FAULTS Optional Description Specifies a collection of points in the reservoir where a fault has been observed The points are read from an ASCII file For each point one may also specify an interval for the throw strike and dip of the fault at the point and one may specify whether it is normal or whether it is dipping eastwards Missing information may be replaced with a in the file See Section A 4 2 for a precise specific
11. most important data for the simulated faults are output to a file on an easy to read format Arguments One two or three First the name of the output file for the statistics The format for this file is presented in Section A 2 The length of the fault is not the major diagonal of the elliptic plane but rather the part of this diagonal that is not truncated away by other faults Similarily for the height values To obtain better compatibility with the format for inputing Elliptic faults one may add the word NoTruncations as the second argument of this command Then the untruncated lengths and heights will be output The option TruncInfo will output the number of faults which truncates the given one and their fault names Fault statistics file written with the NoTruncations and TruncInfo may be imported in RMS Examples FAULTS_STATISTICS statistics dat FAULTS_STATISTICS statistics dat NoTruncations FAULTS_STATISTICS statistics dat TruncInfo FAULTS_STATISTICS statistics dat NoTruncations TruncInfo El HAVANA user manual ME 12 1 4 9 Command SIMULATION_VOLUME Necessary Description Defines the boundary of the volume where the faults are simulated represented by their centerpoints Arguments One of two forms e The arguments are the names of the top and bottom horizons of the reservoir for which faults are to be simulated Laterally the centerpoints of faults will then only be placed wher
12. or reverse signified by 0 To define the dip azimuth of a fault take that normal vector to the fault plane that points upwards and project it to the horizontal plane Then measure its angle in degrees with the vector pointing north in the y coordinate direction measuring the angle clockwise from north This produces an angle between 0 and 360 degrees Examples 460000 6580000 3000 8 8 2 130 132 461000 6581000 3200 ES 124 125 88 1 or using measured depth to specify position A1 3945 8 6 2 130 132 A1 4164 s 124 125 88 T 1 Note how the program reads the data line by line Thus when there is no information for the last items on a line it is not necessary to fill out the end of the line with question marks See Section 1 4 14 for usage of these files A 4 3 Input of well observations of faults with depth uncertainty This is an ASCII file that contains well observations of faults just as in A 4 2 but with uncertainty in depth The location of the observation must be given as the well name and the minimum and maximum distance from Kelly Bushing i e the measured depth Example ti HAVANA user manual INRE A1 3945 3957 8 8 2 130 132 A1 4164 4187 S 124 125 88 1 A 4 4 Input of well intersection thresholds This file is used to specify intervals along well paths where there are no faults or at least no faults with displacement above a certain threshold Each line in the file corresponds to one such interval
13. sets If command ORIENTATION_GROUPS is specified one set for each orientation group can be specified otherwise only one set If ORIENTATION_GROUPS is specified and only one parameters set is specified the same parameters will be used for all groups The sets of numbers for each group must be separated with a character Note the blank space before and after Arguments Each parameter set consists of four sub commands ProbDownEast ProbNormal Expectation and Stdev The sub command ProbDownEast is followed by a decimal number which is the probability ES HAVANA user manual ME 22 for the fault plane dipping down towards the east The sub command ProbNormal is followed by the probability of having a normal fault contrary to a reverse fault Then the expectation and standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution of the fault dip angle is specified by the sub commands Expectation and Stdev each followed by a trend function see section 1 4 17 These trend functions may be used to let the dip vary across the reservoir Example DIP ProbDownEast 0 7 ProbNormal 1 0 Expectation Constant 60 0 Stdev Constant 4 0 ProbDownEast 0 5 ProbNormal 1 0 Expectation Constant 40 0 Stdev Constant 4 0 1 4 30 Command FAULT_TRUNCATION Necessary Description Specifies a parameter controlling when one fault should truncate another When two fault planes intersect it is always the fault appearing first in the ordered list of faults
14. side 1 means that all displacement happens on the hanging wall side and 0 means a symmetric fault e The strike measured clockwise from the north in degrees e The dip in degrees such that vertical faults have dip 90 e The total untruncated length of the fault e The total untruncated height of the fault plane e The reverse drag of the fault distance from center point to where the fault operator dies out measured in the direction normal to the fault plane e Whether the fault dips down on the east side The input must be either 1 if the fault dips down on the east side or 0 e Whether the fault is normal The input must be either 1 if the fault is normal or 0 This list of numbers may be followed by a list of integers These integers will be interpreted as a list of faults truncating this one The integers refer to the indices of the other faults in the list As an example the following will be a legal input file It contains two faults truncating each other and a third untruncated fault This is my own list of faults Only two faults here both truncating each other x y z Displacement Asym Strike Dip Length Height Rev drag D East Norm Trunc 473248 40 6250139 54 9635 31 4 58 0 0 28 97 83 56 264 91 131 95 33 28 1 1 2 470231 52 6253973 31 10550 87 13 30 0 0 139 94 87 84 683 88 339 61 18 69 1 1 1 475477 07 6250081 58 10034 45 1 43 0 0 19 99 85 73 90 53 46 14 30 40 1 1 Note also that if the goal was to link t
15. the indices indicating fault truncations that may appear at the end of each line in the format for inputing Elliptic faults do not appear in the statistics format A 3 Fault center lines file File format for the ASCII fault center lines file n Number of faults to be simulated from fault center lines missing The definition of the missing value Fault name 1 of n n_1 Number of fault center lines for this fault x_11 y_11 z_11 Point 1 of n_1 points dipD_11 Dip direction 1 for east O for west dipA_11 Dip angle O to 90 degrees throw_11 Local throw x_12 y_12 z_12 Point 2 of n_1 points dipD_12 dipA_12 throw_12 Fault name 2 of n n_2 x_21 y_21 z_21 Point 1 of n_2 points dipD_21 dipA_21 throw_21 A 4 Well data files We have collected below the different file formats currently used in HAVANA for input and output of well data A 4 1 Input of well paths This file describes a single well path It contains with N points specified with their x y z coordinates The header consists of the integer number N This number is ignored by Havana Then follows N lines each specifying the x y z coordinates of a point on the well path The z coordinate is positive indicating depth below the reference height By default the reference height is the sea level but if a non zero height is given for the height of the kelly bushing then this height is used The well path starts directly above the first given point at the r
16. this manual One may specify several distinct groups of faults and then control the orientation of the faults in each group separately In each group the orientation may in fact vary across the reservoir To use more than one group of faults in this sense one must use the command ORIENTATION_GROUPS It specifies the probability for mother faults to belong to the different groups Orientation parameters for each of the groups must be specified in the STRIKE and DIP commands Arguments Positive decimal numbers specifying the probability of each of the orientation groups HAVANA normalizes the specified values to probabilities The number of values will give the number of orientation groups Examples ORIENTATION_GROUPS 0 3 0 7 1 4 28 Command STRIKE Necessary Description Specifies the probability distribution with related parameters for the strike The strike of a fault is the angle between its intersection line with a horizontal plane and north i e the y coordinate direction see Figure 1 5 The angle is measured in degrees between 0 and 180 clockwise Figure 1 5 Measurement of strike and dip ti HAVANA user manual INRE 21 This command accepts one or more parameter sets If the command ORIENTATION_GROUPS is used one set for each orientation group should be specified otherwise only one set If ORIENTATION_GROUPS is specified and only one parameters set is specified the same parameters will be used for all groups The
17. values if command is not defined are 1 0 and 0 05 Examples FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH 1 0 0 05 1 3 6 Command FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT Optional Description The relationship between length and height of fault Arguments One constant c where height length c Default value if command is not defined is 2 0 Examples FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT 2 0 1 4 Simulate Simulate sub seismic faults ACTION Simulate This module is used when parametric faults are simulated possibly conditioned on the presence of known faults and well observations of the geological layers The simulation is done according to the specified intensity maps and distributions for the fault properties 1 4 1 Command INPUT FAULTS See 1 3 1 ti HAVANA user manual INRE 1 4 2 Command FAULT_ LINE POLYGON See 1 3 2 1 4 3 Command SFM_PARAMETERS See 1 3 3 1 4 4 Command VARIO_TYPE See 1 3 4 1 4 5 Command SFM FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH See 1 3 5 1 4 6 Command SFM FAULT _LENGTH_HEIGHT See 1 3 6 1 4 7 Command OUTPUT_HAVANA_FAULTS Necessary Description Specifies a directory for output of the deterministic and simulated faults The faults are all written on the HAVANA format used by HAVANA 5 The output directory will only contain the simulated elliptic faults Arguments One The name of the directory where the faults are to be written Example OUTPUT_HAVANA_FAULTS outhfdir 1 4 8 Command FAULTS_STATISTICS Optional Description The
18. 153 start up script 42 STRIKE 21 me HAVANA user manual syntax 7 TRANSFORM 29 VARIO_TYPE 10 VARIOGRAM_GEOMETRY 31 VERTICAL _BUFFER_SIZE 13 HAVANA user manual ti NRE
19. 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command INPUT AND OUTPUT_ DIRECTORY INPUT DIRECTORY OUTPUT DIRECTORY READ SEED INPUT _SEED_ FILE LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION OUTPUT_LOG Input of fault model from RMS 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 Command Command Command Command Command Command INPUT_FAULTS FAULT_LINE_POLYGON SFM_PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE FAULT DISPLACEMENT _ LENGTH FAULT _LENGTH_HEIGHT Simulate Simulate sub seismic faults 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 4 4 1 4 5 1 4 6 1 4 7 1 4 8 1 4 9 1 4 10 1 4 11 1 4 12 1 4 13 1 4 14 1 4 15 1 4 16 1 4 17 1 4 18 1 4 19 1 4 20 1 4 21 1 4 22 1 4 23 Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command INPUT _FAULTS FAULT LINE POLYGON SFM_PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE SFM_FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH SFM_FAULT_LENGTH_ HEIGHT OUTPUT_HAVANA FAULTS FAULTS STATISTICS SIMULATION_VOLUME VERTICAL _BUFFER_SIZE INPUT_FAULT_CENTER_LINES FAULT CENTER LINES OPTION INPUT_WELL_ PATHS INPUT_WELLOBS_OF FAULTS INPUT _WELLOBS OF NOFAULTS NUMBER_OF FAULTS RELATIVE_INTENSITY RELATIVE_INTENSITY_ GRID DISPLACEMENT INTENSITY DISPLACEMENT INTENSITY GRID OUTPUT DISPLACEMENT INTENSITY DISPLACEMENT
20. 6 8 1 6 9 1 6 10 1 6 11 1 6 12 FaultTip 1 7 1 1 7 2 1 7 3 1 7 4 1 7 5 Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command Command INPUT FAULTS FAULT LINE POLYGON SFM PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH FAULT LENGTH HEIGHT OUTPUT FAULTS FAULT VOLUME WIDTH VARIOGRAM_GEOMETRY DISTRIBUTION FAULT PICKS FILE FAULT_PICK_UNCERTAINTY Fault displacement field modeling Command Command Command Command Command INPUT_FAULTS FAULT_LINE_POLYGON SFM_PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE FAULT DISPLACEMENT _ LENGTH ES HAVANA user manual NRE 20 20 21 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 34 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 1 76 Command FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT 1 7 7 Command OUTPUT FAULTS 1 78 Command SEISMIC RESOLUTION 1 79 Command SIMULATION 1 7 10 Command HORIZON A File formats Input of Elliptic euie Output of fault statistics Fault center lines file Well data files A 4 1 Input of well ee A 4 2 Input of well observations of ane A 4 3 Input of well observations of faults with depth encara A 4 4 Input of well intersection thresholds Havana specific file type Havana faults A 5 1 Format for the EllFaults file Horizons B License manager Installation script
21. AMETERS 25 CHILDREN_PARAMETERS GENERAL 25 CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_MOTHER_TYPE 27 CHILDREN_STRIKE 25 comment 7 DIP 22 DISPLACEMENT 18 DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY 17 DISPLACEMENT_WEIGHT 24 DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_PARA METERS 18 DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_GRID 17 DISTRIBUTION 32 environment variable 41 42 FAULT_AVERAGE_REVERSEDRAG 21 FAULT_CENTER_LINES_OPTION 14 FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH 11 20 FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT 11 20 FAULT_LINE_POLYGON 10 FAULT_PICK_ UNCERTAINTY 32 FAULT_PICKS_FILE 32 FAULT_TRUNCATION 23 FAULT_VOLUME_WIDTH 31 FAULINAME_ PREFIX 28 FAULTS_STATISTICS 12 HORIZON 29 34 INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY 7 INPUT_DIRECTORY 8 INPUT_FAULT_CENTER_LINES 13 INPUT_FAULTS 9 INPUT_SEED_ FILE 9 INPUT_WELL_ PATHS 14 INPUT_WELLOBS_OF_FAULTS 15 INPUT_WELLOBS_OF_NOFAULIS 15 installation 42 KB 15 kelly bushing 14 37 LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION 9 license file 42 license manager 41 LOCAL_ROTATION 30 mean sea level 15 MSL 15 multi line comments 7 NUMBER_OF_FAMILIES 24 NUMBER_OF_FAULTS 15 NUMBER_OF_ITERATIONS 28 ORIENTATION_GROUPS 21 OUTPUT_DIRECTORY 8 OUTPUT_FAULITS 29 31 34 OUTPUT_HAVANA_FAULIS 12 OUTPUT_LOG 9 OUTPUT_DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY 17 READ 8 RELATIVE_INTENSITY 15 RELATIVE_INTENSITY_GRID 17 RELAY_RAMPS 27 REPULSION 23 reverse drag 20 SCALE DISPLACEMENT 30 SEED 8 SEISMIC_RESOLUTION 34 SFM_PARAMTERES 10 SIMULATION 34 SIMULATION_VOLUME
22. MOTHER_TYPE rms CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_MOTHER_TYPE elliptic 1 4 39 Command RELAY RAMPS Optional Description Specifies the relay ramp intensity between two mother faults The intensity field is given as an area between parts of the two mother faults with a planar top and bottom boundary The children faults are distributed according to the given parameters Arguments The first two parameters specifies the names of the interacting mother faults The next two parameters specify the intensity field between two mother faults as a function of the fractional length of each mother fault that is the part of the faults to be included in the relay ramp field Four parameters describe the intensity field between the interacting mothers The two first numbers represent the size of the intensity along the strike of the two mothers The intensity field varies acording to a linear function between the mother faults and a breakline dividing the intensity field in two different parts The third number describes the relative distance from the first mother fault to the breakline A number 0 5 means that the breakline divides the intensity field between the two mothers in half The fourth number the size of the intensity at the break line Please note that the intensity sizes are relative that is the intensity field given by 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 5 and the field 2 0 2 0 0 5 1 0 are both equal The next number is the likelyhood of having a connecting fault between the tw
23. RAMETERS_GENERAL nor RELAY_RAMPS is given Description The fault strike for the children faults is assumed to follow a normal distribution where the strike of the mother fault is the expected value This command specifies the standard deviation in this distribution in degrees Arguments One The standard deviation of the child fault strike a decimal number Example CHILDREN_STRIKE 10 0 1 4 36 Command CHILDREN_DIP Necessary if children faults are to be simulated and neither CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_GENERAL nor RELAY_RAMPS is given Description The fault dip for the child faults is assumed to follow a normal distribution where the dip of the mother fault is the expected value This command specifies the standard deviation in the distribution Arguments One The standard deviation of the child fault dip a decimal number Example CHILDREN_DIP 2 5 1 4 37 Command CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_ GENERAL Optional Description Specifies how children faults are simulated relatively to the mother faults This command is an alternative to the CHILDREN PARAMETERS CHILDREN_ DIP and CHILDREN_STRIKE commands Arguments The command has 14 or more arguments specifying fault names and the 14 parameters controlling the simulation of children faults The children faults are distributed around a single point The first three arguments specify the position of this point relative to the centerpoint of the mother fault The arguments are ES HAVANA u
24. anual INRE i Description Specifies the name of the directory containing the fault files The directory must contain a faultmodel txt file together with the fault surfaces as point sets To obtain the faultmodel txt file the RMS_FAULT_MODEL_FILENAME environment variable should be set to the desired location of this file The file is then generated whenever a Fault modelling job is run within RMS The fault surfaces as point sets are generated by extracting the fault surfaces from the structural model within RMS and export the resulting point sets using the Roxar text format Arguments One The directory Example INPUT_FAULTS faults sfm_faults 1 3 2 Command FAULT_LINE_POLYGON Necessary Description List of files with fault line polygons exported from RMS One file corresponds to one horizon and contains fault lines for more than one fault The fault lines are generated in RMS by extracting fault lines from the horizon model within the structural model The resulting fault lines are placed in the Horizons list and exported using the Roxar text format Arguments One or more Each argument specifies a file containing a set of fault line polygons Example FAULT_LINE_POLYGON TopC_faultlines points BaseA_faultlines points 1 3 3 Command SFM_PARAMETERS Necessary Description Parameters describing the fault and corresponding influence area Arguments A list of faults with corresponding parameters For each fault the
25. ation of the format Arguments One The name of a file containing the well fault observations Example INPUT_WELLOBS_OF_FAULTS wellobs dat 1 4 15 Command INPUT_WELLOBS_OF_NOFAULTS Optional Description Used to put restrictions on faults intersecting the well paths For given intervals along the well paths one may specify that no fault intersecting the well in this interval has displacement at the intersection point above a certain threshold The intervals and thresholds are read from a file see Section A 4 4 for the format of this file Arguments One The name of a file containing the intervals and thresholds Example INPUT_WELLOBS_OF_NOFAULTS welldata dat 1 4 16 Command NUMBER_OF_FAULTS Necessary Description Determines the number of new faults to be simulated Note that if deterministic faults these are additional Arguments One A positive integer Example NUMBER_OF_FAULTS 100 1 4 17 Command RELATIVE_INTENSITY Optional Description Specifies a trend function for the relative intensity of faults The term intensity is defined as the expected number of events i e fault center points per unit area HAVANA normalizes the values in the intensity field so that multiplying all the values in the trend maps with a fixed constant C will not change the result ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 15 This command is an alternative to command DISPLACEMENT _INTENSITY in Section 1 4 19 Figure 1 1 Relative int
26. d FAULT_PICKS_FILE Optional Description File with well observations of faults If no file is given no fault observations are used during simulation Arguments One Name of file containing fault picks on RMS format Example FAULT_PICK_FILE wellPicks txt Example of fault picks file Fi Well 9 169800 000 570800 000 1727 5908 F10 W8 169047 814 570891 481 1789 8117 FQ W1 169958 321 569800 000 1832 5233 1 6 12 Command FAULT_PICK_UNCERTAINTY Optional Description Common uncertainty for all given fault picks We only support uncertainty normally to the reference plane for the fault EN HAVANA user manual ME 32 The uncertainty of the fault picks is modelled with a normal distribution with standard deviation equal to half the input uncertainty The uncertainty is however restricted by fault volume boundaries Arguments One Uncertainty in fault picks Example FAULT_PICK_UNCERTAINTY 20 A ti HAVANA user manual INRE 1 7 FaultTip Fault displacement field modeling ACTION FaultTip The necessary and optional keywords for the FaultTip action are described here 1 7 1 Command INPUT_FAULTS See 1 3 1 1 7 2 Command FAULT_ LINE POLYGON See 1 3 2 1 7 3 Command SFM_PARAMETERS See 1 3 3 1 7 4 Command VARIO_ TYPE See 1 3 4 1 7 5 Command FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH See 1 3 5 1 7 6 Command FAULT LENGTH_HEIGHT See 1 3 6 1 7 7 Command OUTPUT FAULTS Neccesary Description Specifies the name of the direct
27. dren HF3 HF4 mother faults 0 3 0 2 relative length of intensity field along mother faults 1 0 0 5 0 25 0 1 intensity field between mothers 0 824 connecting fault between mothers 15 10 strike and dip standard devations 0 5 1 4 40 Command NUMBER_OF_ITERATIONS Optional Description Specifies the number of iterations to be used in the simulation procedure for the mother faults Arguments One An integer Example NUMBER_OF_ITERATIONS 50000 1 4 41 Command FAULTNAME_PREFIX Optional Description Specifies a prefix for the fault names for the generated faults Defaults to HF Arguments One A string Example FAULTNAME_PREFIX MyFaults ti HAVANA user manual INRE 1 5 ModifySurfaceFault Change SFM fault properties ACTION ModifySurfaceFault The necessary and optional keywords for the ModifySurfaceFault action are described here 1 5 1 Command INPUT FAULTS See 1 3 1 1 5 2 Command FAULT LINE POLYGON See 1 3 2 1 5 3 Command SFM PARAMETERS See 1 3 3 1 5 4 Command VARIO_TYPE See 1 3 4 1 5 5 Command FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH See 1 3 5 1 5 6 Command FAULT LENGTH_HEIGHT See 1 3 6 1 5 7 Command OUTPUT FAULTS Necessary Description Specifies the name of the directory where faults are written to Arguments One The directory Example OUTPUT_FAULTS transfsurfaceFaults 1 5 8 Command HORIZON Optional Description Horizons that should be modified according to the changes in fa
28. e both horizons exist and have non missing values Vertically centerpoints of faults may be placed between the horizons but also in a buffer below and above the horizons The size of this buffer is such that all faults will normally intersect the reservoir However the size of the buffer may also be specified by the user using the keyword VERTICAL_BUFFER_SIZE see the next section e The command has six numbers as arguments These numbers specify the range of the centerpoints of generated faults in the following manner minimum and maximum for the x coordinate and then for the y and z coordinates Examples SIMULATION_VOLUME irapsurfaces munin_top igri irapsurfaces munin_bot igri SIMULATION_VOLUME 457000 466000 6574000 6587000 2100 3500 1 4 10 Command VERTICAL_BUFFER_SIZE Optional Description Defines the size of the vertical buffer above and below the reservoir used when simulating faults see the SIMULATION_VOLUME command If the VERTICAL BUFFER SIZE command is not used the program computes a suitable buffer size Arguments One The size of the buffer Examples VERTICAL_BUFFER_SIZE O A VERTICAL_BUFFER_SIZE 50 A 1 4 11 Command INPUT_FAULT_CENTER_LINES Optional Description Fault center lines are used to simulate elliptic new faults The fault center lines are read from a ASCII file File format for the ASCII fault center lines file n Number of faults to be simulated from fault center lines miss
29. e number of gridcells will influence the execution time of the Metropolis algorithm heavily Arguments Tree Integers Example DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_GRID 100 100 1 1 4 21 Command OUTPUT_DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY Optional Description When the DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY command is used one may use the OUTPUT_DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY command to output the displacement intensity of the realization produced by the simulation One may also output the target displacement intensity for comparison This target intensity is computed by the program from the input in the DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY command Both intensities are output on a simple erid format ES HAVANA user manual ME 17 nx ny nz for i 0 i lt nx ny nz i grid i This is the grid used internally in the program when it is trying to match the target intensity Arguments One or two The first argument is the name of the file where the result intensity will be written out If there is a second argument it should also be a file name and the target intensity will be written out there Examples OUTPUT_DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY simDisplIntensity dat OUTPUT_DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY simDisplIntensity dat targetIntensity dat 1 4 22 Command DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_PARAMETERS Optional Description One may use this command to change from their default settings some of the parameters used in the displacement intensity simulation Specifically the first argument is the number of bl
30. eference height ends at the last given point and is linear between any pair of consecutive points Example Els HAVANA user manual INRE amp 37 2 460000 6580000 3000 461000 6581000 3200 See Section 1 4 13 for usage of such files A 4 2 Input of well observations of faults This is an ASCII file that contains well observations of faults Each line in the file represents one fault observation The location of the observation may be given in two ways Either one may give the well name and the distance from Kelly Bushing i e the measured depth or one may give the x y and z coordinates of the location The program determines which option is used by determining whether the first item on the line is a text string or a number Following the specification of the location there may be any number of items as many as seven are read by the program Each of these seven items must be either a number or the character which of course signifies missing data If there are less than seven items on the line the effect is the same as if the missing items had been The seven items have the following meaning e Minimum fault throw at the observation point e Maximum fault throw at the observation point e Minimum dip azimuth of the fault in degrees e Maximum dip azimuth of the fault in degrees e Minimum dip of the fault in degrees e Maximum dip of the fault in degrees e Whether the fault is normal signified by 1
31. ensity and simulated faults There are different possible ways of specifying spatially varying trend functions 1 Using the Constant keyword The argument is one real number This trend function is a constant position independent value 2 Using the MultiSurface keyword The arguments are 2N file names The first N files are 2D maps containing a depth surface TVD The last N files are 2D maps containing a value of the variable this trend function represents All files represent grids which must cover exactly the same area and have the same grid resolution The depth surfaces must be specified in sorted order with the most shallow surface first and the deepest one as the last one The surfaces should not intersect each other to ensure the same order in all points x y The procedure for defining the value of the trend function at at position x y z is as follows e Find the grid cell index corresponding to the position x y e If the z coordinate is between two depth surfaces the value will be the linear interpolation of the values of the two grids interpolating along the vertical line through the point e If the z coordinate is above the top or below the bottom depth surfaces the value in the first or last value file in position x y is assigned As one can see from this procedure a 3D trend is defined from values of the trend function located at N different surfaces in space Arguments One A trend function Note that
32. he file contains Then follows for each fault e The name of the fault e The position of the fault in UTM TVD coordinates e The length of the length width and reverse drag axes of the ellipsoide Note that these numbers are half of the corresponding diameters of the ellipsoid thus the length of the fault is twice the given number e The total maximal displacement of the fault e The asymmetry number between 1 and 1 indicating how much of the displacement takes place on the hanging wall side of the fault e A unit vector normal to the fault plane e A unit vector along the length of the fault this vector will always have a zero z component e A unit vector along the height of the fault The displacement takes place along this vector ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 39 e The family number of the fault e The number of planes truncating the fault Then for each such truncating plane the indices of the faults truncating it A 6 Horizons Horizons may be read and written on several different formats e STORM SIORMGRID_BINARY format e RMS CLASSIC ASCII format The program will automatically recognize these formats ti HAVANA user manual INRE B License manager Starting with version 5 1 Havana has a new license manager controlling the permitted users the expiration date and the available modules The license manager is part of the havana program itself and hence it does not need any daemon running in the bac
33. he two first faults above together so that they represent one curved fault the truncation above does not give the desired result The fault planes are linked as expected but the two fault operators are both truncated away outside the truncation line while they are added together inside the truncation line If one wants to link several faults together to represent one curved fault one should use negative line numbers for truncation This will give the effect that the fault will be truncated by the plane ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 36 going through the intersection line between the two faults and dividing the angle between the two fault planes in two In the example below the three faults are linked together to represent one curved fault The three faults are linked together to represent one curved fault x y z Displacement Asym Strike Dip Length Height Rev drag D East Norm Trunc 120 00 120 00 2 00 30 00 0 0 65 00 78 99 200 0 50 00 50 00 1 1 2 100 00 100 00 2 00 30 00 0 0 5 00 80 99 200 0 50 00 50 00 1 1 1 3 80 00 50 00 2 00 30 00 0 0 87 00 90 00 200 0 50 00 50 00 1 1 2 A 2 Output of fault statistics The format for the output of fault statistics using the keyword FAULTS_STATISTICS see Section 1 4 8 is very similar to the format for inputing Elliptic faults see Section A 1 The only differences are that in the faults statistics file the truncated lengths and heights of the faults will normally be output and that
34. ing azimuth and or dip angle Arguments At least three Name of subcommand name of fault change of angle given in degrees Possible subcommands are CHANGE_AZIMUTH and CHANGE_DIP Note The fault lines and horizons if specified on output are not changed according to the rotations Example LOCAL_ROTATION CHANGE_AZIMUTH F2 45 CHANGE_DIP F1 90 ti HAVANA user manual INRE 1 6 SimulateSurfaceFault Simulate SFM faults ACTION SimulateSurfaceFault This action is used to generate stochastic realisations of a set of faults on the SFM format Here are the available commands 1 6 1 Command INPUT FAULTS See 1 3 1 1 6 2 Command FAULT LINE POLYGON See 1 3 2 1 6 3 Command SFM PARAMETERS See 1 3 3 1 6 4 Command VARIO_TYPE See 1 3 4 1 6 5 Command FAULT DISPLACEMENT LENGTH See 1 3 5 1 6 6 Command FAULT _LENGTH_HEIGHT See 1 3 6 1 6 7 Command OUTPUT FAULTS Neccesary Description Directory used for output of simulated faults Arguments One Output fault directory Example OUTPUT_FAULTS faults output 1 6 8 Command FAULT_VOLUME_WIDTH Neccesary Description Distance from input fault surface to the edge of the fault volume The total width of the fault volume is twice the input value Arguments One The width Example FAULT_VOLUME_WIDTH 100 A 1 6 9 Command VARIOGRAM_GEOMETRY Optional Description Variogram used when simulating the fault surface Default is a gaussian variogram without a
35. ing value The definition of the missing value Faultname 1 name 1 of n ES HAVANA user manual NRE amp 13 normal_1 Normal fault 1 reverse fault O n_1 Number of fault center lines points for this fault x_11 y_11 z_11 Point 1 of n_1 points dipD_11 Dip direction 1 for east O for west dipA_11 Dip angle O to 90 degrees throw_11 Local throw x_12 y_12 z_12 Point 2 of n_1 points dipD_12 dipA_12 throw_12 Faultname_2 name 2 of n normal_2 n_2 x_21 y_21 z_21 Point 1 of n_2 points dipD_21 dipA_21 throw_21 Note The values for normal reverse fault dip direction dip angle and local throw can be given as missing values if they are not known The values will then be drawn from the stochastic model The choice of missing value is defined in the fault center lines file Arguments The name of a file containing the fault center lines Example INPUT_FAULT_CENTER_LINES faultcenterlines dat 1 4 12 Command FAULT_CENTER_LINES OPTION Optional Description Specifies the method used in INPUT_FAULT_CENTER_LINES for generating faults from fault center lines The only legal values are 0 and 1 The algorithm used for option 1 is using the two endpoints of the fault center line to define the length strike and location of the centre The displacement is found as the maximum observed displacement The dip is estimated from the observed dips The algorithm used for option 0 is using all the points for estimating the
36. irectory either relative to the one where the program is run or absolute Examples INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY mydir INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY user geir havana example 1 2 2 Command INPUT_DIRECTORY Optional May only appear in the ACTION sections Description This command overrides any INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_COMMAND with relation to INPUT files and redirects the search for input files in the current ACTION section Arguments One The name of a directory either relative to the one where the program is run or absolute Example INPUT_DIRECTORY newfield data 1 2 3 Command OUTPUT_DIRECTORY Optional May only appear in the ACTION sections Description This command overrides any INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_COMMAND with relation to OUTPUT files and redirects the writing of output files in the current ACTION section Arguments One The name of a directory either relative to the one where the program is run or absolute Example OUTPUT_DIRECTORY results 1 2 4 Command READ Optional May appear anywhere any number of times Description This command includes any set of valid HAVANA commands written in a separate file The effect is as if the commands had appeared directly in the main model file Any commands may appear in such files including new READ commands except ACTION commands This guarantees that one will always know what modules are run just by reading the top model file Arguments The name of one or more files wi
37. kground All you need is a license file Hence to run HAVANA you need 1 A license file obtainable from support havana nr no 2 A model file 3 Either give the command unix gt havana 1 full_path license file model file or if the Havana installation script in Appendix C has been used to create a start up script or if the environment variable HAVANA_LICENSE_FILE is set to the full path of the license file just type unix gt havana model file where unix gt is the unix shell prompt If required contact the local system manager to get instructions for setting the environment variable ti HAVANA user manual INRE C Installation script and start up script Starting with version 5 2 Havana is delivered with a perl installation script called install_havana In order to run this script make sure that your perl installation is v5 8 0 or newer The installation script places the havana binaries and the license file in directories chosen by the user creates a start up script and places a soft link in e g usr bin havana The start up script automatically keeps track of the license file location and selects the correct binary for the platform used With the installation script correctly set up users do not need to set the variable HAVANA_LICENSE_FILE any more ti HAVANA user manual INRE Index ACTION 7 Action FaultTip 34 ModifySurfaceFault 29 Simulate 11 SimulateSurfaceFault 31 CHILDREN_DIP 25 CHILDREN_PAR
38. l distribution with the given number as the expectiation value Setting the expected number of families to 1 will usually prevent simulation of new mother faults given that the number of input mother faults are sufficiently large Arguments One An integer Els HAVANA user manual INRE amp 24 Example NUMBER_OF_FAMILIES 10 1 4 34 Command CHILDREN_PARAMETERS Necessary if children faults are to be simulated and neither CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_GENERAL nor RELAY_RAMPS is given Description Specifies how the center points of the children faults are distributed relatively to the mother faults These points are placed using a multinormal distribution around the center point of the mother fault Arguments Three The standard deviations along the length of the fault along the height of the fault and normal to the fault plane respectively All these numbers are relative to the dimensions of the current mother fault For example using the parameters 0 5 0 5 0 5 means that almost all children faults will be placed inside the mother fault ellipsoid Increasing the first number means that children may appear further away along the length of the mother fault Increasing the last number means that children may appear further away from the mother in the direction normal to the mother fault plane Example CHILDREN_PARAMETERS 0 9 0 3 0 7 1 4 35 Command CHILDREN_STRIKE Necessary if children faults are to be simulated and neither CHILDREN_PA
39. level is zero information at level 1 will be output to the log file Arguments One An integer 0 1 or 2 If LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION appears without any argument it corresponds to information level 1 Example LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION 2 1 2 8 Command OUTPUT LOG Optional May only appear before any ACTION commands Description Causes information from the program to be saved in a log file The information is the same as that appearing on the screen but if the information level is zero information at level 1 will still be output to the log file Arguments One The name of the log file Example OUTPUT_LOG logfile dat 1 3 Input of fault model from RMS Several commands are needed for input of a fault model from RMS These commands can only appear below the ACTION keyword but they are common for all actions The directory containing the fault model file and the fault surfaces is given by the INPUT_FAULTS command the fault displacement is deduced from the fault lines given by the FAULT_LINE_POLYGON command additional parameters needed to generate the displacement field are given by the SFM_PARAMETERS VARIO_TYPE FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH and FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT keywords The last two commands are renamed to SFM_FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH and SFM_FAULT_ LENGTH_HEIGHT for the SIMULATE action due to the need for similar parameters in the model used for simulating faults 1 3 1 Command INPUT_FAULTS Necessary tit HAVANA user m
40. mum fault displacement and maximum fault length The fault length is assumed to approximately be a function of the displacement d The relationship is as follows 1 d c The uncertainty in this relationship is modeled by multiplying the right hand side in the equation above by a stochastic variable with lognormal distribution The fault length is then l d c PV where V has a lognormal distribution so that log V1 has a normal distribution with expectation zero and standard deviation 0 Arguments Three The exponent p the constant c and the standard deviation 0 all real numbers Values of 0 close to 0 0 1 0 2 indicate small uncertainty while larger values 0 5 1 indicate more uncertainty in the relationship Example FAULT_DISPLACEMENT_LENGTH 1 10 0 01 0 05 1 4 25 Command FAULT_LENGTH_HEIGHT Necessary Description Specifies parameters for the relationship between maximum fault length and maximum fault height The fault height h is illustrated in Figure 1 4 and is approximately following the relationship h l c as a function of the fault length l The uncertainty in this relationship is modeled by multiplying the right hand side in the equation above by a stochastic variable with lognormal distribution The fault height is then h 1 c2 Va where Va has a lognormal distribution so that log V2 has a normal distribution with expectation zero and standard deviation o Reverse drag
41. ny anisotrophy with range 1000 in strike direction and range 2000 in dip direction Arguments Four or five 1 Variogram type Possible variogram types are ti HAVANA user manual INRE GAUSSIAN Gaussian variogram SPHERICAL Spherical variogram EXPONENTIAL Exponential variogram e GENERAL EXPONENTIAL General exponential variogram An additional parameter giving the power must be given 2 Range in strike direction Higher range gives smoother fault surfaces 3 Range in dip direction Higher range gives smoother fault surfaces 4 Anisotrophy angle in degrees Use this if you want to rotate the direction of the ranges 5 The power Only for general exponential variograms Example VARIOGRAM_GEOMETRY GAUSSIAN 1000 2000 0 0 1 6 10 Command DISTRIBUTION Optional Description Distribution for points on fault surface within fault volume Uniform and triangular distributions ensure that the simulated fault surface is within the given fault volume Uniform distribution is currently used as default Arguments One Name of distribution There are three possible distributions e UNIFORM Uniform distribution within given fault volume e TRIANGULAR Triangular distribution within given fault volume with mode equal to base case e NORMAL Normal distributed with mean equal to base case and stanard deviation equal to half the distance to the border of the fault volume Example DISTRIBUTION UNIFORM Y 1 6 11 Comman
42. o mother faults A number 1 0 means that there will be a connecting fault and a number 0 0 ES HAVANA user manual ME 27 means that there will be no connecting fault The two parameters that follow the likelyhood of a connecting fault specifies the minimum and maximum displacement of the connecting fault If the maximum value of the displacement is set too low it may be impossible to draw a connecting fault The next two numbers gives the standard deviation of strike and dip for the drawn children Note that the expected strike is parallel to the axis of the relay ramp as defined between the two mother faults The last parameter is an number specifying the fraction of children for the two mother faults to be used for the relay ramp simulation For example if the relay ramp structure has a fraction of 0 3 and the children parameter general structure has a fraction of 0 7 this means that 70 of the simulated children belonging to the two mother faults will be simulated from the children parameter general family of children faults The remaining 30 is simulated from the relay ramp family of children faults It is possible to specify several relay ramps separated with Example RELAY_RAMPS HF1 HF2 mother faults 0 5 0 5 relative length of intensity field along mother faults 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 5 intensity field between mothers 0 5 35 connecting fault between mothers 10 10 strike and dip standard devations 0 3 fraction of chil
43. ocks in the displacement intensity grid used when smoothing the displacement intensity before matching it with the target density The default value is 0 The second and optional argument is the constant used in the error estimation of the simulation The default value is 0 00000001 A larger value will give realizations which match the target density less well but the convergence of the iteration will be faster A smaller but positive argument will make the program try harder to match the exact target density but the convergence will be slower Arguments One or two The first is the number of grid cells used in smoothing while the second is the constant used in the error computations when matching a simulated displacement density with the target density Examples DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_PARAMETERS 4 DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY_PARAMETERS O 10 1 4 23 Command DISPLACEMENT Necessary Description Specifies parameters for the distribution of the maximal fault displacements The displacement of a fault is illustrated in Figure 1 2 and the distribution of these follow the a truncated probability distribution like the one in Figure 1 3 Arguments There are two required and one optional sub commands within this command Range and FractalDimension required and Asymmetry optional The arguments following Range are two decimal numbers The first one is minimum displacement and the last one is maximum displacement The argument following
44. ory where faults are written to Arguments One The directory Example OUTPUT_FAULTS transfsurfaceFaults 1 7 8 Command SEISMIC_RESOLUTION Neccesary Description The seismic resolution which defines standard deviation of uncertainty in observations Arguments One One constant value Example SEISMIC_RESOLUTION 10 0 1 7 9 Command SIMULATION Optional Description Indicator telling wheter we should simulate or predict Arguments One 1 for simulation 0 for prediction Default value is 1 Example SIMULATE 0 1 7 10 Command HORIZON Optional Description Horizons that should be modified according to the changes in fault displacement LA HAVANA user manual NRE amp 34 Arguments At least one Name of files with horizons Either xyz format or Storm format Example HORIZON horizons topC xyz horizons baseA xyz ti HAVANA user manual INRE A File formats A 1 Input of Elliptic faults The format is as follows The program will discard the first lines as long as they do not start with a number Then it will interpret each remaining line of the file as data for one fault The numbers read are interpreted as e x coordinate of the center point of the fault e y coordinate of the center point of the fault e z coordinate of the center point of the fault e The total maximal displacement e The asymmetry of the displacement A number between 1 and 1 1 means that all displacement happens on the foot wall
45. rch Council of Norway and key customers The results of our projects may take the form of reports software prototypes and short courses A proof of the confidence and appreciation our clients have for us is given by the fact that most of our new contracts are signed with previous customers Norsk Regnesentral Bes ksadresse Telefon telephone Internett internet Norwegian Computing Center Office address 47 22 85 25 00 www nr no Postboks 114 Blindern Gaustadall en 23 Telefaks telefax E post e mail NO 0314 Oslo Norway NO 0373 Oslo Norway 47 22 69 76 60 nr nr no Title HAVANA user manual Authors Per Roe Frode Georgsen Anne Randi Syversveen Date April 7 2010 Publication number SAND 03 10 Abstract HAVANA is a program for simulating subseismic faults in petroleum reservoirs and for integrat ing the effects of these faults into the reservoir description The HAVANA project has a long history the original sponsors being Statoil BP and Norsk Hydro Other sponsors include Conoco Norge AS Saga Petroleum AS and Centre for Integrated Petroleum Research at University of Bergen Keywords fault simulation sealing stochastic software Target group HAVANA users Availability Open Project Project number Research field Fault modelling Number of pages 44 Copyright 2010 Norwegian Computing Center p Contents 1 User Reference Model file syntax Commands common to the shia program 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1
46. ser manual NRE amp 25 the shift in the strike dip and reverse drag direction The values should be relative to of the size of the mother fault length height and reverse drag For example if 1 0 0 is used the centerpoints of the children faults will be distributed around one of the fault tips The distribution for the children fault centerpoints is a combination of two multinormal distributions one in each direction along the length of the mother faults Argument four and five specifies the standard deviations along the length of the mother fault in both directions the next two arguments are the standard deviation along the height and normal to the fault plane respectively Again all these numbers are relative to the size of the current mother fault For example using the parameters 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 means that almost all children faults will be placed inside an ellipsoid equal in size to the mother fault ellipsoid Increasing the first number means that children may appear further away along the length of the mother fault Increasing the last number means that children may appear further away from the mother in the direction normal to the mother fault plane The intensity of children fault centerpoints are expressed by exp x where x is the distance from the centerpoint scaled by the standard deviations The a can be set using argument 8 For a multinormal distribution a value of 2 0 must be used Argument 9 controls the children fa
47. sets of numbers for each group must be separated with a character Note the blank space before and after The probability distributions are specified by the keyword Gaussian Additional truncation limits can be specified by the subcommand Limits Arguments Each parameter set consists of one or two sub commands as described below First the sub command Limits with two parameters The first one is the minimum strike value and the second is the maximum strike value This sub command is optional Then follows the sub command Gaussian A Gaussian distribution with in general spatially varying trend functions giving the expectation and standard deviation The expectation is specified by sub command Expectation followed by a trend function The standard deviation is specified by the sub command Stdev followed by a trend function See Section 1 4 17 for the available trend functions and their format The trend functions may be used to get different strike situations in different parts of the reservoir Example STRIKE Limits 25 35 Gaussian Expectation Constant 30 Stdev Constant 3 Gaussian Expectation Constant 150 Stdev Constant 3 1 4 29 Command DIP Necessary Description Specifies the distribution of the dip angle for the faults The dip of a fault is the inclination angle between the fault plane and the horizontal see Figure 1 5 The dip is given in degrees between 0 and 90 This command accepts one or more parameter
48. t most once READ commands make it possible to read commands from other files so that one may split the model file into several smaller files see Section 1 2 4 The different sections correspond to different modules within HAVANA Each module is independent of the others in that it reads all of its input from files and writes all results to files before the next module is started This is slightly inefficient but has the advantage that HAVANA may be restarted at any module that causes it to terminate instead of at the very beginning The whole model file is checked before any part of the actual program is run If any errors are found they are listed and the program is terminated Note that there may still be errors in the input files read by the program It is not checked that for example ECLIPSE input files or RMS input files are correct before the program execution reaches the place where they are read in 1 2 Commands common to the whole program Many HAVANA commands may only appear in specific sections i e below specific ACTION commands However some commands may appear before any action commands or in any section or indeed anywhere These are listed below 1 2 1 Command INPUT_AND_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY Optional May only appear before any of the ACTION commands Description All files read and written by the program will be assumed located relative to this directory ti HAVANA user manual INRE Arguments One The name of a d
49. th HAVANA commands Examples READ simulate model READ simi model sim2 model 1 2 5 Command SEED Optional If neither a seed number or a seed file are available a random seed number will be used If both are available the seed number given in the seed file is used Description Sets the seed for the random number generator Arguments One An integer between 0 and 4294967295 Example SEED 74839254 tit HAVANA user manual INRE i 1 2 6 Command INPUT_SEED_FILE Optional If neither a seed number or a seed file are available a random seed number will be used If both are available the seed number given in the seed file is used Description Reads and sets the seed for the random number generator from a file If the file does not exists it will be created The value of the seed after the simulation is written out to the file Arguments One The name of an ASCII file containing one single integer between 0 and 4294967295 Example INPUT_SEED_FILE seed dat 1 2 7 Command LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION Optional May appear anywhere If it appears before any ACTION command it affects the whole program while if it appears below an ACTION command it affects only that section Description The command regulates the amount of information output to screen and to the log file There are three levels of information 0 1 and 2 When LEVEL_OF_INFORMATION does not appear information level 0 is used Note that even if the information
50. the relative intensity must be non negative with some positive values Examples RELATIVE_INTENSITY Constant 1 0 RELATIVE_INTENSITY MultiSurface munin_top s ti HAVANA user manual INRE munin_bot s munin_top_intensity s munin_bot_intensity s 1 4 18 Command RELATIVE INTENSITY_ GRID Optional Only used if command RELATIVE_INTENSITY is specified Description Specifies number of simulation box gridcells nx ny nz in x y and z direction respectively for the relative intensity grid The default numbers are nx 50 ny 50 and nz 10 Arguments Tree Integers Example RELATIVE_INTENSITY_GRID 100 100 1 A 1 4 19 Command DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY Optional Description Specifies a trend function for the displacement intensity of simulated mother faults This command is an alternative to the commands RELATIVE_INTENSITY Section 1 4 17 and REPULSION Section 1 4 31 Arguments One A MultiSurface trend function For a description of its format see Section 1 4 17 Example DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY MultiSurface munin_top s munin_bot s munin_displ_intensity s munin_displ_intensity s 1 4 20 Command DISPLACEMENT INTENSITY GRID Optional Only used if command DISPLACEMENT_INTENSITY is specified Description Specifies number of simulation box gridcells nx ny nz in x y and z direction respectively for the displacement intensity grid The default numbers are nx 50 ny 50 and nz 1 Note that th
51. they will not repel each other The second argument is the maximum negative interaction potential indicating the strength of the interaction If the absolute value of this parameter is large the repulsion is strong if it is close to zero the repulsion is weak Example REPULSION 2000 00 1 00 1 4 32 Command DISPLACEMENT_WEIGHT Optional Description The parameter specified here is an exponent for the fault displacements when these are used to determine family members for the mother faults The probability for the ith mother with displacement d to be selected as the mother for a new fault is originally d X di This implies that very large faults easily will become mothers for too many children faults To decrease the impact of the displacement size a weight is introduced The weighting function is d where d is the displacement and p is the exponent parameter given here The new probabilities are d gt gt d Giving values larger then 1 increase the significance of the displacement in this relationship while values smaller than 1 gives more Arguments One A decimal number for the exponent p Default is p 1 1 4 33 Command NUMBER_OF_FAMILIES Necessary Description Specifies the expected number of families to be used This number should be the desired expected sum of the seismic faults the mother faults in earlier simulated fault sets and the new simulated mother faults The actual number of families is drawn from a binomina
52. ult displacement Arguments At least one Name of files with horizons Either xyz format or Storm format Example HORIZON horizons topC xyz horizons baseA xyz 1 5 9 Command TRANSFORM Optional Description Specifies transformations performed on the faults Arguments At least three Name of subcommand name of fault distance for translation Possible subcommands are TRANSLATE_X translation parallel to the global x axis TRANSLATE_Y translation parallel to the global y axis TRANSLATE_NORM translation parallel to the faults normal vector projected to the global xy plane Note The fault lines and horizons if specified on output are not changed according to the LA HAVANA User manual NRE amp 29 transformations Example TRANSFORM TRANSLATE_NORM F1 1000 TRANSLATE_X F2 300 1 5 10 Command SCALE DISPLACEMENT Optional Description Specifies the factor for the change of displacement Arguments At least two Name of fault multiplier for displacement change The displacement at every point on the fault surface is multiplied by this factor Result The fault line polygons are moved according to the change in displacement If the HORIZON command is given together with this command the points on the horizon are moved according to the changed displacement Example SCALE_DISPLACEMENT F3 1 2 F1 0 7 1 5 11 Command LOCAL_ROTATION Optional Description Specifies rotations performed on the faults by chang
53. ult intensity on the hangwall v s footwall side of the mother fault The values accepted are from 1 to 1 A value of 1 will cause zero intensity at the footwall side and double intensity at the hangwall side A value og 0 5 will cause at 50 increased decreased intensity at the footwall hangwall sides A value of 0 will cause no shift 1 e same intensity on both sides The fault strike and dip for the children faults is assumed to follow normal distributions Argument 10 is the expected dip direction relative to the dip direction of the mother fault Argument 11 is the dip standard deviation The values should be given degrees Argument 12 and 13 is similar to 10 and 11 but for strike It is possible to specify several parameter sets separated by Argument 14 is a number specifying the fraction of children to be simulated using the specified set of parameters The numbers will be scaled if their sum is different form one Parameter sets may be given for specific mother faults by entering a list of fault names starting from argument 15 Faults specified will only use parameter sets where it is specified Note that at least one parameter set must be without faultnames to account for unspecified mother faults Due to the stochastic nature of the Simulate action there is always a possibility of anew unknown mother fault Example CHILDREN_PARAMETERS_GENERAL 1 0 0 0 0 0 center for intensity strike dip normal dir 0 1 1 0 0

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