Intelligent Name Card with RFID technology
Contents
1. The method make take the input text and add Vcard information to make it agree to the vcard standard The method make first take text from the input textfield and place it into a string with getText nv1l family_name getText nv2 homephone getText Then shall all strings put together to one only string and Vcard information shall be addded All obtains strings with getText nvl nv2 is send to the method 25 laggihop it take all the string in the same time There is number of consant strings in the method laggihop String a2 BEGIN VCARD nVERSION 2 1 n String bl N String cl FN i e This Vcard information shall be put together with respective string For example a person name it shall have the Vcard index N It starts to check if lastname c firstname a middlename b and title e is greater than 0 if c length gt 0 a length gt 0 b length gt 0 e length gt 0 Is t greater than 0 e g ther is text in some of the textfields then Vcard information is added Al al b1 There al from the beginning contain BEGIN VCARD nVERSION 2 1 and b1 N Then check if c gt 0 i e there is a lastname if there is it adds to the string al if not only a is added Then it s checked if there is a surname is t If yes it s added if not a is added On the same way it s doing with middlename and title The last thing to do is to add a newline sign n On similar way this is doin2. 5 ISO IEC 15693 2 1999 Radio frequency power and signal interface http www wg8 gipp com sd1 html 15693 6 ISO IEC 15693 3 1999 Anticollision and Transmission protocols http www weg8 gipp com sd1 html 15693 7 Skansholm Jan 2002 Java direkt med Swing ISBN 91 44 0228 X Lund Studentlitteratur 38 8 Texas Instruments 2002 S6700 Multi Protocol Transceiver IC Reference Guide http www ti rfid com 9 Texas Instruments Development kit user guide http www ti rfid com 10 Texas Instruments Reference Guide S6350 Midrange Reader Module RI STU TRDC 02 http www ti rfi m 39 Apendix A A 1 Example of testing the software with simulation of the Tl reader module If the following text is simulated that it s stored on tag and it will be read BEGIN VCARDVERSION 2 1 nN Oestling jan Student nFN jan Oestling n TITLE Student nORG Kth Campus Kista n TEL WORK VOICE 08 7906000 n ADR WORK Kista Sweden 16440 nURL WORK www it kth se nEND VCARD When read button is pressed A request to the DOS window RS 232 And the following code sends 11400 00 96 17 3 35 0 31 65 190 The input shall be but a little bit modified the sofware is done to read half the tag 32 blocks at a time here 24 blocks and the second field is 106 instead of 138 1 1060000 96 0 66 69 71 73 78 58 86 67 65 82 68 10 86 69 82 83 73 79 78 58 50 46 49 10 78 58 79 101 115 116 108 105 110 103 59 106 97 110 59 59 83
3. How the fourndifferent panels i tabbedpane look like is decided in the methods createpagel createpage4 Method Createpage1 The different components is added one by one you must also mention what kind of propertys a component should have The propertys is for example where the components are placed how large it s which color To mention the propertys of a component a particular class called GridbagConstraints is used The methods buildcConstraints creates 1 a new object of the class GridBagConstraints with several propertys BuildConstraints Constraints a b c d e f a mention in which row it starts b mention in which collumn it starts c mention how wide it is d mention it s height e and f is mention how extra space should be divide between the panes 22 When it s decided how the panes look like something should be added To show a textfield a Jlabel is created to show text on the screen and the orientation Then the given propertys should be connect with the component namnLabel it s done with Gridbag setCoinstraints namlLabel Constraints After that the component is added to the window Panell add namnLabel Next to the textfield it s a field for text input and output it s done as earlier with buildconstraints for it to be placed beside the textfield a 1 instead of a 0 i e the collomn beside Then Consraints fill GridbagConstraints Horizontal How it should fill the pane Then the propertys mentioned should be connect
4. card processor card has it s own processor and with that better security The different transmission frequencies are classified into three different ranges LF 30 300 Khz HF RF 3 30 Mhz and UHF 300 Mhz 3 Ghz Figurel show the RFID system Contactless data carrier transponder Coupling element Coil microwave antenna Application Figure 1 system overview 4 2 1 Transponder Construction Formats One format is disk coin format a round transponder with diameter from a few millimeters up 10 cm The transponder are often in a molded housing Glass transponder have been developed so it can be injected under the skin of an animal for identification purpose The glass tubes is just 12 30 mm long and 2 3 mm in diameter The term smart label refers to a paper thin transponder format In transponders of this format coil is applied to a plastic foil of just 0 1 mm thickness by screen printing or etching This foil is often laminated with paper and coated with adhesive and its used to be stucked to goods of all types Or the paper thin transponder can be laminated between PVC foils and in the size of ID 1 format size of credit cards and telephone cards 85 mm x 54 mm x 0 76 mm Figure 2 show a picture of transponders Figure 2 Example of some transponders 4 3 choice of system The different systems available on the market have sufficient memory capacity most of them only a few bytes Three different stand
5. perform an appropriate sequence 8 A typical command is structured as follows S1 eight bits command data ES1 se figure 21 Start Command Bin Data Stop si cmp B Data lest bit7 bitO Figure 21 Data to the transceiver chip 8 Minimum timings T2 300 ns T5 300 ns _ T1 300ns T4 600 ns I l T3 66ns T6 300 ns I I I I I I Figure 22 start of frame a one a zero and the and of frame 8 The comand byte is set to choose between several functions for example if it s ISO 15693 eller ISO 14443 modulations dept 1 of 4 eller 1 of 256 high or low baudrate For example bit0 bit7 011000110 Because the micro controller cannot control the timing of sending data to the TAG The transceiver ic must store the data from the micro controller The capacity of storage being limited management of the buffer must be implemented The buffer is implemented as a 16 bit FIFO In figure 23 shows an example of transmission and when buffer is full FIFO Management Ombe 51 on datar ts be sent to TAG Les eee UE ULUL ALLL I FULA oe fF lt lL J LHS t mm LL Figure 23 viewing when the buffer is full 8 Basic Request Response abse toe j daia to be seet to TAG est TRANI S3 TAG axta na TRANG woe JF Ly FLFLFLFLFLF fF ae a ee SLALFLALFLFLFLFLS Figure 24 request and response 8 A typical request and response procedure are shown in figure 24 Definition TRANI Du
6. to the internet all the time and everywhere So it s possible to use a memory with only 2048 bits with a few memory fields for example name company name and web address and that the receiver of the card can add some information for example when he receive the card or just only the web address Then the RFID system connects to web server where all the information are Future work First is the RS 232 interface other things to be added is a anti collision routine so more than one transponder can be in the area of the reader at the same time Another thing that can be added is some security functions provided in the vcard format Another interface should be implemented when the RS 232 almost have disappeared from today products If a larger memory it s possibility to add more vcard functions for example sound who pronounce the owner of the card correctly or add a map to a business location or some other place If transponder is developed just contain a address to website a web server could be developed that contain information for the name card 37 References 1 Atmel Avr 8085 User manual http www atmel com dyn resources prod documents doc2512 pdf 2 Cadenhead Rogers 2003 L r dig java 2 p tre veckor ISBN 9163607344 Pagina f rlags AB 3 Dawson Holst September 1998 vCARD Directory profile http ietf org rfc rfc2426 txt 4 Finkenzeller Klaus 2004 RFID Handbook ISBN 0 470 84402 7 Munich FRG
7. 116 117 100 101 110 116 10 70 78 58 106 97 110 32 79 101 115 116 108 105 110 103 32 10 84 73 84 76 69 58 83 116 117 100 101 110 116 10 79 82 71 58 75 116 104 59 67 109 112 117 115 32 75 105 67 188 The program send a request to get the rest of the data 1 14 0 0 00 96 17 3 35 32 31 97 158 The input shall be 1 1060000 960 115 116 97 10 84 69 76 59 87 79 82 75 59 86 79 73 67 69 58 48 56 45 55 57 48 54 48 48 48 10 65 68 82 59 87 79 82 75 58 75 105 115 116 97 59 83 119 101 100 101 110 59 59 59 59 49 54 52 52 48 59 59 10 85 82 76 59 87 79 82 75 58 119 119 119 46 105 116 46 107 116 104 46 115 101 10 69 78 68 58 86 67 65 82 68 0 40 215 And the result is shown in the Grafical User Interface 40
8. I Application Family Identifier In this field is it possible to put information in which branch where the are used e g transportation finance medicine gaming Data check The transmitted data is checked by 16 bits cyclic redunance check CRC Both when transmitting from transponder to reader and reader to transponder using CRC Request Flag Request flag is 8 bits long and contains for example information about which transfer method and wich datarate Response Flag Contains only an error message if an error has come upp what kind of error is present in the error field Command code The only mandatory command for the standard is inventory and stay quiet But a lot of manufacturer uses the optional standard and it also possible to uses som own commands and its also possible for new command in the future The used command here is inventory stay quiet read multiple blocks and write multiple blocks Write multiple blocks starts with a e SOF then flag 8 bits code for multiple blocks 24 in hex possible 64 bits UID the place where first place of data should be placed in the memory 13 e number of blocks to write e the data 16 bitars CRC e EOF Read multiple blocks e SOF e Flag 8 bitar e possible UID e first block to read e number of blocks e 16 bits CRC and e EOF The transponder reponse if ok with e SOF e Flag e data e CRC EOF Command for the Tl reader module The command for the for TI reade
9. Intelligent Name Card with RFID technology By Jan stling Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Master s Thesis in Elecrical Engineering Stockholm 2007 11 11 Examiner Professor Li Rong Zheng Abstract The purpose of this master thesis was to develop an intelligent name card with use of RFID technology wireless transmission of information While the master thesis I studied different RFID standards to find an appropriate standard I chose the ISO 15693 standard for it s simplicity and it s cheap unfortunately it not have the highest memory capacity of the different standards Next part of the thesis was to program the graphical user interface and together with a RFID reader be able to read and write to the transponder Unfortunately I have not got the serial interface RS 232 to work instead I have simulate the Reader with the command shell DOS window When develop the GUI I chose to use java because to make the program platform independent The last part was to propose the hardware it basically consist of three parts a micro controller a transceiver chip and an antenna The microcontroller is used for interface and buffer between the host computer and the transceiver chip The transceiver chip converts the data signals to radio signals and controls the transmission The antenna can be printed on the circuit board The RFID tags on the market today have not enough memory to store pictures Sammanfattning Avsikt
10. It have 512 Bytes memory that means that information sends to the transponder must be divided The microcontroller is in idle when start it waits for a start of frame The data that sends is start of frame number of bytes configuration data data and checksum The start of frame is 8 bits 10011001 Configuration data is information how the transponder circuit acts Checksum is calculated with xor checksum The micro controller reads the number of bytes as being send and a byte with configurations data these are placed in an each register Then all the data are stored to the memory and the checksum is calculated when all data is send the transfered checksum is compared with the calculated checksum If everything is okay then the microcontroller should communicate with transponder chip Communication with transponder chip Each transmitted data bit is latched rising clock the value of the bit must the same when the clock Sclock is high Pin 8 on portA is used for clock When data is transmitted from the microcontroller the microcontroller controlls the clock 1 The beginning of the transmission shall have a start of frame it s a low to high transition on the data input when the clock helds high The completion EOF is a high to low transition when clock helds high For the start of frame the clock portA pin1 to one then the program jumps to the subroutine timer there it waits then it jumps back to the main program and set the da
11. ards have better memory capacity ISO 15693 ISO 14443 A and ISO 14443 B The different is that ISO 14443 A and B are processor cards and ISO 15693 are a memory card and thus simpler and cheaper ISO 15693 has a highest memory capacity of 8 Kbytes but no manufacturer have no capacity that high Instead ISO 14443 often have a capacity of 10 20 kbytes and 2 kbit for ISO 15693 All three have a frequency of 15 93 MHz I have chose ISO 15693 because of it s simplicity and it was easier to obtain information about the standardization despite the memory capacity the memory in ISO 14443 has not enough memory to store pictures 4 Description of the system power supply The RFID system is inductive conected system i e It uses a spool one large surface as antenna It s passive system that means that the energy for the power supply for the transponder is emitted from the reader A small piece of the emitted field penetrates the antenna coil A voltage is generated in the antennacoil thru inductans That voltage is rectified and supplys the transponder with energy Figure 3 shows how the transmission of power works Transponder Figure 3 Energy transmission 4 The Antenna coil on transponder and the condensator C1 is a resonant circuit and it s tuned to the transmission frequency on the reader Data transfer transponder gt reader If a transponder in resonance i
12. button code are added to be in a Vcard format Send With this button the data is sent to the reader to be stored in the transponder The window Load picture from web load send save open make read Figure 18 the first page 19 On the first page Fig 18 there is personal information name nickname title and it s possibility add a picture or download a picture from internet Save ovon make rean ANN Figure 19 the second page On the second page Figure 19 there is space for address phone number webaddress and a place to put some notes in of S co KTH VETENSKAP gi SO OCH KONST p FW S EN sena sam L nen make rea Figure 20 the third page 20 Figure 20 shows the third page this is the business page there is space for adress to work phone to work and place for a logotype from the transponder or from a webadress on the transponder Software structure The software consist of three parts one part for drawing the window on the screen One part for events for example if a button is pressed or when text is typed And the last part for manage information send and receive information on the serialport The software are made with the help of the books 2 and 7 To create the graphical interface java graphical standard classes javax swing and java awt To create freestanding windo
13. d on the screen with the function and the right position position setText Lastname family_name setText To_screen substring array_index 3 1 array_of_indexsemi 0 Given name fornamn setText To_screen substring array_of index semi 0 1 ajaarray_of indexsemi 1 Nickname nick_name setText To_screen substring array_of indexsemi 1 1 array_of index 5 The other string is done in the same way Method Read The method read read the transponder and show the text on the screen The method should send a request to the reader thru the serialport but in this case it uses the command prompt That should be send is according to 15693 standard is start of 27 frame SOF flag command code mandatory parameter application data fields CRC and end of frame EOF The TI reader uses some extra header and don t use the 16 bit CRC instead a XOR checksum must be calculated see sect 4 Command for the TI reader module It s not possible to read all the 64 blocks at the same time thus it s done twice first block 0 to 31 and then the block 32 63 To read the first 32 blocks the following code should be send 01 14 00 00 00 00 96 17 03 35 00 31 65 190 In this case it s done with a System out println read_req_array i command The respond is either the data from the transponder or some error message The respond is read to the program is done with a class of the java BufferedReader BufferedReader myIn2 new Buffere
14. dReader new InputStreamReader System in Where System in is input from the Dos window it should be change when use of a RS 232 interface While the data is reading a XOR checksum is calculated to be compared with the two last bytes When the reading is completed and the checksum is ok the Header is removed and it convert the Acsii code to letters Then the read information should placed on the screen the same methods as in the method Open is called to place the information on screen for example namn_NN sum_read_ascii_string namn nickname sum_read_ascii_string Send The method Send should send Vcard data to the transponder thru the serialport and the reader in this case only to the DOS window The Vcard data that have been created with the method Make is first converted to ascii code then the remaining field should be added according to the 15693 standard and the TI reader module code see sect 4 Command for the TI reader module SOF flag comand code checksum Because the TI reader only can send one block 4 bytes at a time it s repeated 64 times The input to the function is the string ABC created by the function Make After the convertto Asii it s divided into blocks The header information is added then it s write to the outport in this case the DOS window with System out println sendarray i At the sime time the XOR checksum is calculated 28 and then the checksum writes to last to byte After each transmi
15. en med detta examensarbete var att utveckla ett intelligent visitkort med anv ndande av RFID teknologi tr dl s verf ring av information Under examensarbetet har jag studerat olika RFID standarder f r hitta en l mplig standard Jag har valt att anv nda ISO 15693 f r att den r enkel och billig dock har den ej den h gsta minneskapaciten av dom p marknaden f rekommande standardarna N sta del av examensarbetet har varit att programmera ett grafiskt anv ndar gr nssnitt och tillsammans med en f rdig RFID l sare fr n Texas intruments kunna l sa och skriva RFID tranpondern Dock har jag inte lyckats att f serieporten att fungera utan jag har f tt simulera RFID l saren genom att DOS f nstret Vid programmeringen har jag valt att anv nda java f r att g ra programmet plattformsoberonde Sista delen var att ge f rslag f r h rdvaran den best r i princip av tre delar a microcontroller ett transceiver chip och en antenn Microcontrollern anv nds som interface och buffert mellan huvuddatorn och transceiver chipet Transceiver chipet konverterar datasignalerna till radiosignaler Antennen kan tryckas direkt p m nsterkortet Dagens RFID tags har f r liten minneskapacitet f r att kunna lagra bilder Table of content Chapter page 1 Objective 5 2 Technology overview 5 3 Choice of system 6 4 Description of the standard 7 5 Vcard 14 6 Hardware 15 7 Software 15 8 Communication between host computer and t
16. en the tranciever and transponder Independent of wich modulationindex is in used two different codes is used 1 of 4 and 1 of 256 The frequencie as used is 15 56 MHz two different datarate the range is up to two meters 256 different blocks with four bytes in each block The various operations to do with the transponder are read and write one or several blocks lock different blocks from writing It s also possibly store information in wich bransch the transponder is in shops tickets and more To secure the datatransfer a block of 16 bits CRC is used Radio interface Code reader to transponder 1 of 255 PPM pulse position method 5 the value of the digit to be sent is umabiguoues determined in the area 0 255 dependent of the time position of the pulse viewed in Figure 5 8 bits one byte sends in one moment One byte with a transmission time of 4 833 ms is divided in 512 timeslots each timeslot is then 9 44 us it gives a transmission rate at 1 65 kbit s Each transmission starts with a start of frame SOF it consist of two modulationpulses on each 9 44 us separated with a time slot on 56 65 us 6 x 9 44 this is showed in Figure 6 Pulse gt e 9 44 ps Modul ulated gt Carrier 4 18 88 us ee a aa ICT OTRS Pa 01234 ff leee eee eS er Re Se a SA 2 noe 22 55 4 833 ms 34 4 Figure 5 1 out of 256 coding mode 5 The transmission is ended with a end of frame EOF it consist of one singel modulation pul
17. g to the other input textfields and every thing is addded together in one string The string can look like BEGIN VCARD nVERSION 2 1 nFN Stefan Andersson nN Andersson Stefan Bengt Bengan Engineer nADR Mainstreet 55 The City Zip 44123 Sweden nEND VCARD This code is similar than the vcard format except from the new line characters n That string then can be saved or be send to the transponder Method open The event that occur when button open is pressed It open a file with the method oppnafil as return a textstring DEF DEF is a textstring in Vcard format The string shall be sorted and show on the screen A method is used for search the Vcard index 26 and then show it on the screen To search for example for the name the method namnNN To screen it search for the index N and then it search for and The String To screen is whole Vcard textstring public void namn NN String To screen array ofindex 2 To screen indexOf N array of _index 1 array ofindex 3 To screen indexOf N array_of index 2 2 array_of index 4 To_screen indexOf array_of index 3 array_of indexemi 2 To_screen index_Of array_of indexsemi 1 1 The for N or N 1 placed in the vector To_screen each textfield is separated with a These are placed in the vector array_of_indexsemi the whole textfield in use are ended with a n that is placed in array_of index 5 Then text is showe
18. ial thus is stored in a register this register is then shifted onr bit to the left After 8 bits then the byte is stored in the memory After it s checked if a end of frame is present i e Dout is falling while Sclock 1 if notthe program jumps back and reads a new byte When a EOF is present the microcontroller shall write to host computer First a SOF here 11001100 sends concurent a XOR checksum is done After that number of bytes to send are calulated and send Then stored data are fetched from memory and sends Last the calculated checksum sends Then the program jumps back to beginning 9 Layout An application schematic which has been optimized to drive a 50 ohm antenna At 5 V this circuit will output typically 200 mW RF power when a suitable matched 50 ohm antenna is connected 8 In Figure 25 a propose of layout for the transceiver chip is shown 34 C1 10nF c2 S6pF c3 10uF c4 100nF c5 22pF c6 100nF c7 22pF c8 100nF c9 47pF L1 4 2uH L2 5 6uH L3 1 2uH RI 2 2kohm R2 120hm Figure 25 The Texas instrument transceiver chip and components 8 An Example of an antenna design see figure 26 with the antenna is printed on the circuit board 4 wr WL OZ lt 1 170 mm gt RI 5x4 7 ohm parallel 35 Cl 47 pF i Lael C2 180 33 pF parallel som J To C3 2 27 pF trimming Figure 26 the antenna with components to match 50 ohm 4 The pin configuration for the A
19. nceiver chip It s cheap chip both for 14443 and 15693 standards For the interface i chose an AVR 8015 microcontroller it s a cheap microcontroller with an UART interface The antenna is printed on the card and tuned into frequencie 15 56 MHz 7 Software Graphical user interface GUI The goal was to do the electronic buisness card gui based The software is developed in java to be platforms independent Figure 17 shows the grafical user interface 17 Surname browse Last name Nickname URL Load picture from web load Send Save open make read Figure 17 the grafical user interface The different pages have information about the person personal information and business information Even photograph and logotype but not with this transponder because the insufficient memory capacity only 8 kbytes but the standard gives it possibility for more memory in the future The software is made to demonstrate with photo and logotype Buttons Read The button read is for read the RFID transponder The information is sorted and placed in the window Save The button save store the information from the window on the harddrive The information is stored in Vcardformat so it can be sent away and read by other Vcard readers Open 18 The open button with this button you open a Vcard card from the harddrive and information is placed in the window Make With the make
20. nd Figure 11 shows a logic 0 when two subcarriers are used Figure 12 shows a start of frame when a single subcarrier is used and end of frame is show in Figure 13 when two subcarriers is used 11 i oo 18 88 ps 18 88 us gt 37 76 ps 37 76 ps 4 gt Figure 10 logic 1 and 0 when using one subcarrier 5 UUU UU UUU 18 58 ps gt 37 46 ps Figure 11 logic 0 when using two subcarriers 5 4 56 64 us pla 56 64 us sle 37 76 us gt Figure 12 start of frame when using one subcarriers 5 la 37 46 us ple 56 64 us pla 55 75 us gt l Figure 13 End of frame when using two subcarriers 5 The memory of the ISO 15693 is maximal 256 block x 256 bit gt 8kbytes but the transponder from Texas instrument only have a size of 2048 bits The structure gives it possibility to increase the memory The protocol consist first a request from the reader and then a response from the transponder 6 9 Each request from the reader consist of following fields flag command code mandatory and or option parameter field application data fields and CRC Each response consist of flag command code Mandatory and or optional parameter field Application data fields and CRC 6 9 12 Each transponder has it own serialnumber of 64 bits It can be used to adresse each transponder unique and individual It also uses when several transponders are in the range of the reader to do a anticollision loop AF
21. put on the screen is done with drawlmage To download and show a picture from an URL it s the same principal Just add the package java net and create an URL object from an web address This constructor is used URL u new URL 24 Events In java differents events is describe with eventclasses When an event occur an object is created of that class that describe the event After that a call to the method in that listener that is defined to listened to that type of events As parameter to the method in the listener is the created event object To capture an event should an listener be created This listenerinterface have the same name as the listenerclass but with listener instead of event in this case Actionlistener A listener must be registred that s done with the method add listener for the component that the listener should be added to The different events that s occur is save open make send and browsephoto and browselogo These are implemented in the class Handhant class HandHant implements ActionListener public void actionPerformed ActionEvent event if event getSource send1 skickaivag else if event getSource spar sparafil Etc for each button When the button is pressed on the first page then event getSource send1 occur and method skicka is called and data sends to the RFID transponder when the button save is pressed then the method sparafil is called and information is saved Method make
22. r contain some extra header code and some code removed 10 The SOF EOF and 16 bit CRC are removed the CRC is calculated by reader module instead a XOR checksum must be calculated Each field and the description of the field is is shown in figure 14 For example in The Command field 60nex Set the reader to the ISO 15693 format 14 Request Packet Format Standard reader Request Packet Format See Section 3 1 Header Packet Node Command Command ISO Command Checksum Length Address Flag Data Config Data Byte O1nex LSB MSB LSB MSB Flags 60hex XXnex Data Byte1 Byte2 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte 1 byte ByteO bytes 2 bytes 1 n 1 byte n bytes Request Packet Description Field Length Description Header 1 byte Defines the start of the packet 01 Packet Length 2 bytes Defines the length of the packet including checksum Node Address 2 bytes Defines the Node address of the reader Command Flags 1 byte Defines how a command will be executed Command 1 byte Defines the command for the reader to execute 60 for ISO 15693 3 commands Data O n Defines the data required by the reader for a command bytes Checksum 2 bytes Byte 1 is an XOR checksum of all elements from the header to the last byte Fig 14 Request packet for the Tl reader Header Packet Node Response Command ISO Response Checksum Leng
23. ransponder 28 9 Layout 33 10 Conclusion and future work 36 11 References 37 Apendix A Example of testing the software with simulation of the TI reader module 1 objective The work topic is to develop Intelligent Name Card This is to demonstrate how to use RFID technology for future production of intelligent paper such as a smart name card e Overview of RFID technology e Summary of challenges for RFID in smart label and paper applications e Demonstrate an intelligent name card with a RFID development board need to program the tag develop some user interfaces e Propose design to miniaturize the card reader so that it could be plug in a PDA or a laptop mobile phone 2 Technology overview It exist several types of RFID systems RFID means radio frequency identification wireless transfer of information It uses a magnetic or a electromagnetic field to transfer information The systems can be divide in passive or active with passive means that the transponder uses the transmitted field to provide the electonic Active transponder has it s own battery The transponders can also be divided into range where they are achievabled from a few millimeters to over 15 meters Another distinction is writable or readable some transponders gets a unique serialnumber when it s fabricated Another difference its how much information to stored in the memory from 1 byte up 50 kbytes Another difference is memory card or a processor
24. ring Transient 1 TRAN1 the controller gives control of the Sclock line to the transceiver chip Din 0 e Time a The bit ES1 is finished e Time b The controller raises Din either to prepare a control mode change for the Sclock line or to prepare an end of transmission ES1 e Time c Din is falling The controller definitely indicates that it will give the Sclock line control to the Transceiver chip Sclock 0 and both the controller and the transceiver chip are outputs e Time d Din rises showing that the controller leaves the control of the bus until DIN falls to ask the control of Sclock back At time d Sclock is still equal to 0 but the pin Sclock of the controller is an input and the pin Sclock of the Transceiver IC is an output When the Transceiver chip has control of Sclock it will send a S2 that corresponds to a start of frame sent by the transponder the data 7 bits in Figure 21 and an ES2 that corresponds to the end of frame of the transponder Definition TRAN 2 During Transient 2 the controller regains control of Sclock DIN 1 The controller indicates its intention to regain control over Sclock by setting Din 0 and initiate a change by making a pulse on Din It is during this pulse that the line Sclock will change direction Communication between host computer and the transponder 32 To communicate with the RFID circuit and the host computer an Atmel 8515 It s cheap 8 bits microcontroller with UART
25. s placed in the magnetic field from the reader antenna the transponder draw energy from the magneticfield 4 The resulted feedback on the reader antenna can be represented as a transformed impedance on the reader If switching a load resistor on and of the impedance change and with that the voltage on the reader antenna If the additional load resistor in the transponder is switched on and off at a very high frequency fs then two spectral lines are created at a distance of fs around the transmission frequency of the reader freader and these can easily be detected Load modulation with sub carrier creates two modulation sidebands at the readers antenna at the distance of the sub carrier frequency around the operating frequency freader These modulation sidebands can be separated from the significantly stronger signal of the reader by bandpass filtering on one of two frequencies freader fs Once it has been amplified the sub carrier signal is now very simple to demodulate Figure 4 shows the data transmission etic field H Chip Transponder Binary code signal Figure 4 data transmission transponder gt reader 4 Data transfer reader gt transponder Datatransfer between reader and the transponder is ASK and it s easy to detect The power thats need is 115mA m lt H lt 7 5 mA m Booth 10 ASK and 100 ASK modulation is used for datatransfer betwe
26. se on 9 44 ps it s on an even time slot to be separeted from the code viewed in Figure 7 37 76 ps gt lt 9 44 us 9 44 ps 9 44 us P 37 76 us Figure 6 start of frame in 1 out of 256 5 9 44 us 9 44 us JE le 37 76 ps a H Figure 7 end of frame for booth methods 5 1 of 4 code The another code who are used id 1 of 4 5 even in this code the value is determined on the position of the modulation pulse the value of the digit that s transmitted is between 0 4 In this case a time slot is 9 44 us and two bits takes 75 52 us to be transfered the transmission rate in this case is 26 48 kbit s se Figure 8 for the 4 values The start of frame is viewed in Figure 9 10 PU J 7 Uy ou 75 52 ps 75 52 ps 75 52 ps 75 52 ps gt gt 10 00 01 11 Figure 8 1 out 4 coding example 5 37 76 us 37 76 ps 4 pe Figure 9 Start of frame 1 out of 4 code 5 End of file is similar as in 1 of 256 coding Figure 7 Data transmission transponder to reader Load modulation with a modulated carrier is used for transmission between the transponder and reader 5 The ohmic or capacitive modulation resistor is turned on and off with the subcarrier frequency the subcarrier itself is modulated with manchester coding either with ASK or FSK long distance ASK gt 6 62 Kbit s and FSK gt 6 62 6 82 Kbit s Fast mode ASK 26 48 kbit s Figure 10 shows a logic 1 and logic 0 when one subcarrier is used a
27. ssion of a block it wait for the respond from the TI module If the transmission is ok it s continue with the next block Exceptional events When an execution error come up in the software i e an error come up when the program is running for example a try to a file when doesn t exist this is called exceptional event In java there is a mechanism to handle this situations when an error occurred in a method an exceptional event is generated This exceptional event is by definite rules sent to other methods where them are captured and adequate measure are follow When generating an exceptional event To signal simpler errors so called run time errors for example index outside of a field This error is signal with objects of subclass to the class java lang exception With error occurred when input and output for example when trying to opening a file that doesn t exist This error is signaling with objects of subclass to the class java 1o exception When an exceptional event occurred the normal executions is terminated and control of the software is transferred to the part of the software that capture events To make software to capture exceptional events in the declaration add throw Public static double read _ throws IOException When an exceptional event has been generated thus it should be handled it can be done with ry sentence while true try code catch NumberFormatException ne code 29 8 Communica
28. ta bit to one then it jumps back to timer and waits again then a jump back again to the mainprogram sets both the data and clock bit to zero Data transmission to the transceiver chip A byte is fetched from the memory and are stored in temory register then write to the outport portB pin 0 then the program jumps to the subroutine clock it handle the clock and waits then it jumps back to the main program and shifts all the bits in the register one bit to right and the new value is put to the outport then the same thing is done again seven times to write all the eight bits 33 While the transmission be going on the outport the Dout portA pin0 is checked if it zero if it be one the buffer in the transceiver chip is full and the programs jump to the interupt routine wait when the buffer is empty i e Dout is zero the program jumps back from the interupt and the transmission continues When all the bits in a byte has been send the program jumps back and fetch a new byte from the memory and do the same thing again until the memory is empty When the memory is empty the microcontroller sends an EOF it s a low to high transition on Din when clock holds high Write from Transceiver chip to micro controller It checks if Dout is rising while Sclock 1 i e A start of frame When the wrote micro controller to transceiver chip procedure is finished the micro controller leaves the control of the to the transponder chip The is recieved in ser
29. th Address Flags Data Data y bytes O1nex LSB MSB LSB MSB Flags 60hex 0 m Byte1 Byte 2 1 byte 2bytes 2 bytes 1byte 1 byte m bytes 2 bytes Fig 15 Respond packet from the reader The Respond of the packet is shown in fig 15 Read the transponder It s not possible to read all the 64 blocks at the same time thus it s done twice first block 0 to 31 and then the block 32 63 Too read the first 32 blocks the following code shoul d be send 01 14 00 00 00 00 96 17 03 35 00 31 65 190 Where the byte 10 35 is read multiple block Byte 11 00 is the start block and byte 11 31 is number of blocks that shall be read 15 The respond either the data from the transponder or some error message If an error occur the ISO Response data field contains of one byte with the errorcode Error code is shown in fig 16 O1 nex Transponder not found O2nex Command not supported O4 x Invalid flags Fig 16 Errormessage If the transmission is correct the ISO Response data field contains first a flag byte then transponder data The first 32 blocks and each contain 4 bytes Write to the transponder The Texas Instrument reader module can only write a single block For example write block 0 with the value 01 00 00 00 01 17 00 00 00 00 96 17 67 33 00 01 00 00 00 02 253 Where the byte 10 33 is write single block Byte 11 00 is the blocknumber and byte 11 14 01 00 00 00 is the data to the transponder If the opera
30. tion between host computer and transponder Between the host computer there basic three things A micro controller a RFID circuit and an antenna The micro controllers task is to communicate with the host computer and RFID circuit The micro computer have a serialport in this case a RS 232 interface An USB interface should be better not just it more up to date also because it s possible to have power supply through the serial port The microcontroller communicates with the RFID circuit with three wire interface The microcontroller shoul also acts as buffer on both ways and error handling The S6700 Multi Protocol Transceiver IC provides the receive transmit functions required to communicate with the three types of transponders that operate in the 13 56 MHz ISM band 8 A transmit encoder converts the transmitted data stream into the selected protocol protocol selection is done in the header of the transmitted data string The transmitter can provide up to 200 mW of RF power to a matched 50 Ohm load with a 5 V power supply Higher output power can be obtained by an external amplifier The receive decoder converts the signals from the RF receiver into a simple data string The protocol uses a simple three wire seriallink between the tranceiver ic and the ucontrolller to transmit data and set up data The antenna could be printed to the the board 30 Transceiver chip For each communication the remote controller must send a command to
31. tion is correct the ISO response data field contain the flag 00 The error is according figX 5 Vcard Vcard is automate the exchange of personal information there is on traditional businesscards Vcard are used in application as webbrowsers and here smartcards Vcard contain information as in ordinary businesscards as name adresse company phone logotype even a picture can be added Vcard support for another information as sound for example to pronounce the name of the card owner correct Vcard contain a number of predefined types 3 vcard must start with the type Begin VCARD and it must be ended with the type End VCARD Identification types is used for identification and separation the differnt parts in the vcardformat A property is the definition of a individually attribute Propertyname propertyparameters propertyvalue Propertyname must be the first text on a line Propertyparameter is delimited from propertyvalue with a semicolon propertparameters and propertyvalue is separated with a colon The vcard use only ASCII characters 16 TEL Home 1 23489 1234 An example for vcard BEGIN VCARD VERSION 2 1 FN Stefan Andersson N Andersson Stefan Bengt Bengan Engineer ADR Mainstreet 55 The City Zip 44 123 Sweden END VCARD 6 Hardware Very simple hardware only three major components RFID tranceiver chip interface chip and the antenna For the tranceiver chip i chosen Texas Instruments tra
32. tmel AVR 8085 microcontroller 1 shown in figure 27 GND d20 210 PCO AS Figure 27 pin configuration of a Atmel AVR 8085 1 Pin 10 RXD receiver pin and pin 11 TDX is transmitter pin for the rs 232 interface Pin 12 INTO is connected to the M error on the transceiver chip Pin 39 PAO is connected to Din on the transceiver chip Pin 32 PA7 is connected to Sclock on the transceiver chip Pin 1 PBO is connected to the Dout on transceiver chip 36 Conclusion and future work Conclusion The topic was to produce proposal to an electronic name card It s done but the memory capacity was the big obstacle probably in the future memory size in RFID transponder should increase as starting point I have make the system with asset of a larger memory I have created a graphical user interface to handle the information on the transponder But not to communicate with serialinterface To store the information the format vcard is used it s a spread format Then I have propose how the hardware can be designed it s with a micro controller a transceiver chip and an antenna The most important thing is that the memory is to small If you use that for the standard maximum memory size it s only possibility to store text To store pictures a picture is about 0 5 Mbyte but if serialize it s about 2 Mbyte about 5 Mbyte of memory size should be appropriate for an electronic name card On the other hand on and all are connected
33. to a component in this case a component for input and output of text a Jtextfield This component is defined earlier because it s in used in several places in the program It s defined earlier as JtextField krummelurer new TextField 15 gridbag setConsraints krummelurer Constraints Then the whole page is created in the same way Then the other pages is created in the same way On each page there is buttons for example send and save pages They also are created in the same way buildConstraints constraints 0 6 1 1 40 100 constraints fill GridBagConstraints NONE constraints anchor GridBagConstraints WEST gridbag setConstraints send1 constraints panell add send1 23 Where the button send1 is defined before because it s in use in several places in the program To make something hapening when the button is pressed there is a listener for every class They are connented to happening send1 addActionListener new HandHant Showing pictures To show pictures or icons the class Imageicon is used A picture of the Imageicon class internal contain an object of the class Image which describes an image The class Image can handle the image format GIF JPEG and PNG There is also possible to show motion pictures First the picture is downloaded with Image bilden toolkit getDefaulttoolkit getImage u Then a Jlabel is created with an Imagelcon object Jlabel new JLabel new Imagelcon bilden The out
34. ws i used the class Jframe it s creates a freestanding window with margins and titleline My own class TPE is a subclass to Jframe To TPE a Jpanel toppanel is added the class jpanel is used to create complicaded graphical interfaces for example when a window contain several small window Then an object of the class jpanel is added to the class it s a child component to the window In Jpanel it is possible to put other grafical components Jpanel toppanel new Jpanel Then what kind of strategy for placing the components I chose Borderlayout it s added to toppanel with Toppanel setLayout new BorderLayout I the main window is four cards with flaps added it s possible to chose window when clicking on some flap The window is created with the constructor tabbedpane new Jtabbedpane 21 To add a card to a Jtabbedpane component the method addtab is used It s four methods tabbedPane addtab panel panel panel1 4 Panel mention wich component on each card The components in Tabbedpane is created by call of the methods createpagel createpage4 Tabbedpane is added to toppanel with TopPanel add tabbedPane BorderLayout CENTER Where BorderLayout CENTER is the type of layoutmanager for placing the components BorderLayout CENTER means it s placed in the middle of the window Then it s decided what kind of layout manager for panels Panel setLayout gridbag panel panel1 panel4 Where gridbag is the Layout manager as used
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