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Methods Report - Alberta Health and Wellness

1. 27 Figure 11 Comparisons between PEM and Dichotomous Samplers with a flow rate of 10 L min for PN Measutepebls neve e cuca ERES IIR eUei Ia e p VIE Na PE TR POTE DEDE IRSE N ENDE DET DDR DIET EDS CIR SERIE 28 Figure 12 Precision of PM Mass Concentration Measurement as a Function of PM Mass Concentrations 29 Figure 13 Chromatogram Showing the Separation of Four Arsenic Species seeeeeseees 39 Figure 14 Typical Chromatograms Showing the Speciation of Arsenic in Three Urine Samples 40 Figure 15 Results of 3 Year Follow up of Population Cohort 0 0 0 eeesceeessseeceeeeneeeceessaeeeeessaeeeseesaes 44 List of Tables Table 1 Components of the Main Study ssesessssesseeeeeeeeeeneee ee eene eene nennen nens 4 Table 2 NES2 Tests Functional Domain and Specific Function eeeeeeeeenn 8 Table 3 Results of Replicate Study on NO Samplers sese eene 15 Table 4 Results of Replicate Study on SO Samplers seen eee 16 Table 5 Results of Replicate Study on VOC Samplers Benzene eene 17 Table 6 Results of Replicate Study on O5 Samplers seen eene eene 18 Table 7 Summary of Passive Sampler Detection Limits eese enne 19 pou P dm Methods Report Table 8 Detection Limits of
2. PRESEPARATOR ADAPTOR The method used in this sampling device is a modification of the standard PMio reference method outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 50 Appendix J The sampler meets the specifications in the Code on the air inlet system flow control device flow rate measurement means and timing control device However it is operated at a constant volumetric flow rate of 5 L min at ambient conditions which is generally less than the flow rates used by a reference method device Due to its low flow rate of 5 L min and the low noise from its FILTER pump MINIVOL samplers with both the PM4o and PM inlet HOLDER impactors were used in the pilot study to measure the indoor inside the residence PMi and PM 5s concentrations respectively QUICK DISCONNECT i The PEM Sampler The Personal Environmental Monitors PEM Model 200 used were made by MSP Corporation Minneapolis MN USA This miniature active sampler is also operated by the principle of inertial impaction using a single stage impactor with an after filter Fig 2 The impactor used in the PEM sampler consists of 10 round nozzles located in a circle near the outer edge of the cover and a doughnut shaped impaction surface The sampler can be operated at an evacuating volumetric flow rate of 2 0 4 0 or 10 0 L min at ambient conditions each with an impactor at a PM cut point of either 10 um or 2 5 um aerodynamic diameter The mass collecte
3. Still Moveing Average Stdev Count RSD Average Stdev Count RSD Date Duration ug m3 ug m3 ug m3 ug m3 6 Jul 99 7 Jul 99 8 Jul 99 9 Jul 99 10 Jul 99 11 Jul 99 12 Jul 99 13 Jul 99 6 Jul 99 10 Jul 99 peu T Ae increase in sample rate due to data from collocation at Ft McMurray Ambient Station using one day samples with postitive averages only 27 Aug 98 lday 94 57444 21 56 5 27 Aug 98 4day 70 24772 7 997642 5 NAaannrnrnn 4 tA 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 Figure 6 Precision of O Passive Sampler 250 e 5 200 Z hd Stil D A 9 15096 m Stll4 S Movet OH ET x Moved 5 y 0 2875x Regression 1 day 9 F 0 3085 y 08151x 2492 Regression 4 day X 50 F 0 3646 0 T T T T i 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Concentration of O3 ug m3 The physical processes governing diffusive sampling can be affected by changes in temperature relative humidity RH and wind speed on the samplers face Tables 3 to 6 show the wind effects on the passive samplers used in this study causes an increased sampling rate of 36 VOC 60 NO2 and 51 Os between samplers that were stationary and samplers moving at 3 km hr The SO samplers likely experiences similar effects although they were indeterminable due to extremely low levels of SO during 18 pou P dm Methods Report the investigation It has also been reported elsewhere that the sampling rate of
4. Appendix A 79 Appendix B A Collocation Study to Evaluate Samplers Used for Collecting Airborne Particulate Matter Prepared for Alberta Health amp Wellness by Shaole Wu and Xinbang Feng Analytical Chemistry Alberta Research Council Bag 4000 Vegreville Alberta Canada T9C 1T4 amp Dennis Prince Water West Consulting November 2 1998 Summary A collocation study to evaluate the performance of samplers for collecting airborne particulate matter PM was carried out in December 1996 These samplers including MINIVOL Portable Samplers Airmetrics and the Personal Environmental Monitors PEM MSP Corporation were used in a pilot study of the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program conducted in September and October of 1996 Either PM25 or PM airborne PM samples were collected to evaluate the effect of relative humidity used for filter conditioning on PM mass measurements PM masses were determined after sample conditioning for 24 hours at relative humidity of 50 35 25 and 15 respectively The analytical results showed that the PM mass decreased about 896 when the relative humidity changed from 5096 to 1596 while 396 portion of the mass could not be recovered when relative humidity increased back to 50 from 15 By using an electronic micro balance CAHN C 30 the precision of PM mass measurement was evaluated in this study The PM mass measurement could be affected by a maximu
5. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Retention Time min Abbreviations As IIT inorganic arsenite As V inorganic arsenate DMAA dimethylarsinic acid MMAA monomethylarsonic acid HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HGAFS hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry 40 EM P dm Methods Report 3 0 Health Assessment Methods and Protocols 3 1 Biological Markers of Effect 3 1 1 Autoantibodies Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizing tissue culture cells as the antigen substrate is the standard method for detecting autoantibodies Test sera are incubated on the wells containing the cells After washing away excess serum the antibody binding to intracellular antigens is detected by a fluorescent labeled antibody to human immunoglobulin IgG All testing was performed at the Advanced Diagnostics Laboratory University of Calgary Commercially obtained Hep 2000 slides Immuno Concepts Sacramento CA were used as substrate Test serum samples were diluted to 1 40 1 160 and 1 640 in phosphate buffered saline PBS and incubated on the slide wells for 30 minutes at room temperature Slides were then washed in two changes of PBS for 10 minutes Fluorescein tagged goat antibody to human IgG Immuno Concepts Sacramento CA was then added to the wells and the slides were incubated for 30 minutes in a dark humidified chamber at room temperature The washes in PBS were repeated the slides were cover slipped and then stored at 4
6. A atthe onset of the attack B only when the attack becomes more severe Appendix A 61 No Yes TICK ONE BOX ONLY 53 Has your doctor ever prescribed medicines including inhalers for your breathing A OO 2 on e av goue J 53 3 53 4 If you are prescribed medicines for your breathing do you normally take all of the medicine most of the medicine some of the medicine none of the medicine When your breathing gets worst and you are prescribed medicines for your breathing do you normally take all of the medicine most of the medicine some of the medicine none of the medicine Do you think it is bad for you to take medicine all the time to help you breath Do you think you should take as much medicine as you need to get rid of all your breathing problems 54 Have you ever visited the nursing station after hours because of breathing problems 55 Have you ever spent a night in the hospital because of breathing problems How many times in the last 12 months Appendix A 62 No Yes LJ LI TICK ONE BOX ONLY L L L L TICK ONE BOX ONLY HOEL Z O lt D o Yes Yes E ME TIMES 56 Have you ever been seen by a doctor because of breathing problems or shortness of breath 56 1 When was the last time you were seen by a doctor because of breathing problems or because of shortness of breath A within the last 7 days
7. Fresh or frozen broiled baked 50 100 g 2 3 oz Fried fish or fish sandwich 50 100 g 2 3 oz Canned e g tuna salmon etc V5 can 50 100g Shellfish shrimp lobster crab mussels 50 100 g 2 3 oz Liver including chicken livers 50 100 g 2 3 oz Lamb 50 100 g 2 3 oz Wild meat e g deer moose rabbit 50 100 g 2 3 oz Wild birds e g goose duck etc 50 100 g 2 3 oz Cured meats e g bacon ham etc 50 100 g 2 3 oz or 4 8 strips bacon Processed meats e g luncheon meats sausages wieners 50 100 g 2 3 oz 1 2 wieners or 1 2 slices of lunch meat Canned meat 50 100 g 2 3 oz Eggs 1 large or 2 small Tofu 3 cup 100 g Dry beans peas or lentils e g chick 2 1 cup or split peas kidney or baked pork 125 250 ml and beans cooked Nuts shelled 2 Tbsp Peanut butter 2 Tbsp Other meats and alternates Appendix A 28 Instructions for beverage component Please indicate how often you drink the following beverages by placing the appropriate number in the appropriate box In the example below this person has indicated that they drink nine 9 cups of coffee per day How often BEVERAGES Menu Rarely Serving Day Week Month Year N ever Example Co
8. Toronto Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto 1996 53 pou Methods Report AM c Special Thanks This report would not have been possible without the valuable contributions made by Consultants Erik Ellehoj Ellehoj Redmond Consulting Dennis Prince Water West Consulting and Jonathan Robb Robb Consulting Communications support was provided by Irwin Huberman Consulting Management Committee The Management Committee was responsible for providing overall direction to the program to ensure that the objectives and intent of the program were carried out The participating organizations are currently represented by Alberta Health and Wellness Alexander MacKenzie Community of Fort McMurray member at large Debbie White Fort McKay First Nation Ken Shipley Fort McMurray Environmental Association Ann Dort McLean Northern Lights Regional Health Services Dalton Russell Suncor Energy Tim Gondek Syncrude Canada Dr Ken Nickerson Operations Committee The Operations Committee was responsible for managing the affairs of the program between meetings of the Management Committee The Operations Committee included representatives from the following organizations Alberta Health and Wellness Alexander MacKenzie Community of Fort McMurray member at large Debbie White Northern Lights Regional Health Services Patricia Pelton The Management Committee and funding partners would also like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions
9. 19s What year did you move to this address Ly Oy Ly Asian East Indian Other please specify below OOOO Muslim Protestant Roman Catholic Traditional native beliefs Other please specify below N A lived here since birth b What year did you move to Fort McMurray Fort MacKay N A lived here since birth N A born in Alberta a e What year did you move to Alberta I9 d What year did you move to Canada 19 N A born in Canada We would like to obtain your lifetime residential history from the present back Beginning with your present city of residence could you list the name of both the city and province or if you were born out of the country the city and country and the years in which you resided at that place Please use the back of this page if more spaces are required What city did you move from Province State Country When did you move there Appendix A 3 8 Some studies have shown that socio economic status is associated with various dietary and lifestyle factors In order to make comparisons of groups of people information about approximate household income is important Please estimate the total gross income of all members of the household Which of the following categories contains your estimate m Less than 10 000 3 40 000 44 999 3 10 000 14 999 Oo 45 000 49 999 3 15
10. 4 o pus z 2 PEM 4 L min SKC 04 2 5 96N15B 12 14 96 15 38 12 15 06 9 33 17 55 0 042 3 PEM 4 L min SKC 32 10 96N16B 12 14 96 15 38 12 15 06 9 36 17 58 0 031 35 Appendix B 19 Unit PM Collecting PM NO Sampler Size Filter ID Initial Time Final Time Time Comment Number um hours mg 54 Dichotomous DG 25 96ROSG arias 1533 121596939 1606 14 62 15 87 0 144 9 1 JA tinier noie on titer 57 wwvOL SNi4Be 10 s6Qo2E 127496 i528 1275 96948 18 20 491 540 0049 9 1 A tinier nole on ler 5 wwvOL SNi4B7 10 S6Q03E 2 4 96 1530 1275 96948 18 18 476 522 0 056 107 A tinier hole on fiter 50 wwvOL SNi4so 25 S6QOTE 1274961529 127596948 1819 469 515 0043 53 rer uvol SNi4ee 25 seQoSE 1274 961530 izi596948 1818 475 522 oos 85 e ssm Hv 10 taraeet25 t25062000 1835 1099 1158 3300 285 PEM 10 Lmin 3 3 A tinier hole on filter 3 0 64 PEM 10L min AH 2 2 5 96L16B 12 15 96 10 59 12 16 06 9 22 22 23 1061 1424 0 053 37 1 1 2 3 0 7 3 2 1 1 3 65 PEM 10 Lmin AHS 25 seun4B 12 15 06 11 02 1216 96 9 12 22 10 10 41 1585 3 480 251 liscap on iter e6 PEM 10 Lmin APA 10 ssuosB 12 1596 10 57 121696923 2226 10 08 1351 0 031 23 e8 PEM 10 Lmin Arwe 10 ssLisB 12 15 06 10 58 1216 96920 2222 10 27 1379 o049 31 69
11. 57 LILILILILILIS HOUOL LILILILILLIS UWL lt D o lt D o 42 6 1 Which time of year does this happen No Yes winter Ea LJ spring i summer T 0023 autumn qe Ic gens 43 Have you ever had an illness or trouble caused by eating a particular food or foods NO YES LH HE 43 1 What type of food is this 43 2 Do you almost always have the same illness or trouble after eating this type of food 43 3 1 6 Did your illness or trouble include No Yes 43 3 1 a rash or itchy skin 43 3 2 diarrhea or vomiting 43 3 3 runny or stuffy nose 43 3 4 severe headaches 43 3 5 breathlessness 43 3 6 other Appendix A 58 No Yes LJL No Yes E SMOKING 44 Have you ever smoked for as long as a year yes means at least 20 packs of cigarettes or 12 oz 360 grams of tobacco in a lifetime or at least one cigarette per day or one cigar a week for one year ina 44 1 How old were you when you started smoking 44 2 Do you now smoke as of one month ago 44 2 1 How much do you now smoke on average m uU 44 3 44 3 1 44 3 2 A U O DW m cigarettes a day cigarillos a day cigars a week pipe tobacco week ounces pipe tobacco weeks grams Have you stopped or cut down smoking How old were you when you stopped or cut down smoking On average of the entire time you smoked or cut down how much did you smoke cigarettes a day cigari
12. 62 423 430 1990 Le X C amp Ma M 1998 Short column liquid chromatography with hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection for the speciation of arsenic Analytical Chemistry 70 1926 1933 Ma M amp Le X C 1998 Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation Clinical Chemistry 44 539 550 Ma M amp Le X C 1998 Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation Clinical Chemistry 44 539 550 Ma M amp Le X C 1998 Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation Clinical Chemistry 44 539 550 52 pou P m Methods Report E Feldmann J Lai V W M Cullen W R Ma M Lu X amp Le X C 1999 Sample preparation and storage can change arsenic speciation in human urine Clinical Chemistry 45 1988 1997 9 Feldmann J Lai V W M Cullen W R Ma M Lu X amp Le X C 1999 Sample preparation and storage can change arsenic speciation in human urine Clinical Chemistry 45 1988 1997 6 Le X C amp Ma M 1997 Speciation of arsenic compounds using ion pair chromatography with atomic spectrometry and mass spectrometry detection Journal of Chromatography 764 55 64 n Achari R Mayersohn M amp Conrad K A 1983 HPLC analysis of creatinine in human plasma and urine Journal Chromatographic Science 21 278 281 i Miller J M Chaffin D B amp Smith R G 1975 Subclinical psychomotor and n
13. After all appointments are completed return to study office with completed study materials 11 Return tubs with empty sampling containers to drop off location 12 Key log sheets into database Remaining Visits 1 Arrive at study office to pick up prepared packages 2 Travel to first participant s home 3 Greet participant 4 Gather all exposed samplers 5 Place exposed samplers into corresponding containers according to protocols 6 Place containers into empty tub and set aside 7 Place new samplers as described in initial visit procedure 8 Retrieve urine sample 9 Retrieve Time Activity Diary 10 Retrieve questionnaires 11 Thank participant and repeat steps 10 through 12 in initial visit procedure Appendix A 71 Floor Plan Participant ID Date Front Deor Room Kitchen cael te Ji ng Room Indoor Monitor Rear bor Window Patio Outdoor 69 Monitor Appendix A 72 Passive Sampling Field Data Log Sheet Participant ID Start Date Received by Submitted by Field Team Members End Date voces O Personal Sampler ID place sticker here place sticker here place sticker here place sticker here ET Time End Time Time AT Indoor Sampler ID place sticker here opem sticker here o one sticker here EE sticker here Lene Time Outdoor ID d place sticker here o ome sticker here o onm sticker here ome sticker here ete Tim
14. Bel J Maire C Francin J M Robert A amp Wild P 1992 Trans trans muconic acid a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the PPM level International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 64 5 309 313 Dick R B amp Johnson B L 1986 Human experimental studies Neurobehavioral Toxicology 348 387 Winneke G 1982 Acute behavioural effects of exposure to some organic solvents psychophysiological aspects Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum 92 117 29 Rasmussen K Jeppesen H J amp Sabroe S 1993 Solvent induced chronic toxic encephalopathy American Journal of Industrial Medicine 23 779 792 7 Houck P Nebel D amp Milham S 1992 Organic solvent encephalopathy An old hazard revisited American Journal of Industrial Medicine 22 109 115 Otto D A 1992 Assessment of neurobehavioral response in humans to low level volatile organic compound sources Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 641 248 260 Dick R B Setzer J V Wait R Hayden M B Taylor B J Tolos B amp Futz Anderson V 1984 Effects of acute exposure to toluene and methyl ethyl ketone on psychomotor performance International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 54 91 99 10 Larsen F amp Leira H L 1988 Organic brain syndrome and long term exposure to toluene A clinical psychiatric study of voc
15. C until read using a Leitz microscope fitted with UV fluorescence Fluorescence intensity was graded by one observer as 0 or 1 to 4 using standard controls on each slide The cutoff for a positive value was 1 intensity at a dilution of 1 80 a result recorded as low titer indicates that the sample had intensity of 1 at the 1 40 dilution Serum samples demonstrating gt 1 fluorescence intensity at 1 640 were titrated to end point The primary observer LJS was trained in techniques and interpretation by the technician AF who performs this test for the diagnostic lab and has done so for approximately 10 years Prior to the study inter rater reliability was assessed and found to be 94 98 During the study a second reader AF read a few slides and again inter rater reliability with the primary observer LJS was gt 95 3 1 2 Lung Function Pulmonary function tests generate quantifiable assessments of respiratory status The most widely used such test is the spirometric examination Spirometry measures the volume of air inhaled and exhaled from a subject s lungs as a function of time during clearly defined breathing maneuvers note for the present study only expiratory volumes and flow rates were recorded Critical inspection of the graphic records or spirograms produced can indicate changes in functional condition disease state and morbidity Spirometry has become an integral part of medical screening surveillance and monitori
16. Dichotomous PM p g m Table 5 LT of PM mass concentrations 12 11 96 WED 12 12 96 THU 12 13 96 FRI 12 14 96 SAT 12 15 96 SUN uen p un 95 n eet 95 eed 95 Mean 95 ug m ug m Conf ug m Conf ug m Conf ug m Conf nu 2 9 7 10 L min PEM 4 L min Mvo MINIVOL 10 PEM 10 L min PEM 4 L min SSI HV TEOM Appendix B 13 Comparison of the PEM and Dichotomous Samplers The mass concentrations of PM and PM collected by PEM samplers at a flow rate of 10 L min Fig 11 or 4 L min Fig 12 were strongly correlated with the dichotomous data R 0 975 The slopes were close to the 1 1 lines The differences in all data pairs were within 5 uig m Table 5 These observations agree well with the literature reported observations that the Marple i e PEM PM inlet correlated strongly R gt 0 970 with the dichotomous sampler Buckley et al 1991 Lioy et al 1988 Figure 9 Comparisons between PEM with a flow rate of 10 L min and dichotomous samplers for PM and PM measurements 40 PM10 PM2 5 4 liuc rc X E mes j fg spepgeee 30 Mi Spee A EE s iE A oS a 5 z y 12283x 08204 25 E eo 25 1 0 SO o E TE file E M mous f Le 22 me o o a MEE t EO 01 L ZA een ul z n Lu
17. Methods Report AM 2 1 2 Quality Assurance and Control Desorption Efficiency A known amount of each volatile organic compound was deposited on the activated charcoal filter of the 3M OVM 3500 passive monitor These compounds were desorbed extracted with carbon disulfide The amounts of these compounds recovered were determined by instrumental analysis This was performed in triplicates and desorption efficiencies were found to be about 100 This was in agreement with what was indicated by the manufacturer Stability of Analytes Three sets of passive monitors were spiked with the volatile organic compounds They were stored for one four and seven days The compounds were extracted from the monitors and analyzed It was found that the amounts recovered were similar among these three sets of monitors indicating the exposed monitors were stable up to at least seven days Sampling Rates In order to calculate the concentration of the volatile organic compounds in air the sampling rates of these compounds were required These sampling rates were obtained from the manufacturer except for limonene For limonene a sampling rate of 30 ml min was used and this value was in line with compounds of similar structure Detection Limits In most cases there was no contamination of volatile organic compounds in the monitors and the detection limit was governed by the performance of the analytical system gas chromatograph mass spectrometer The de
18. Neurobehavioral Systems Inc Wechsler D 1945 A standardized memory scale for clinical use Journal of Psychology 19 87 95 t Hanninen H Eskelinen L Husman K amp Nurminen M 1976 Behavioral effects of long term exposure to a mixture of organic solvents Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 2 4 240 255 O Donnell W amp Reynolds D 1982 Neuropsychological Impairment Scale Manual Annapolis Maryland Annapolis Neuropsychological Services sd Burney P G Luczynska C Chinn S amp Jarvis D 1994 The European community respiratory health survey European Respiratory Journal 7 5 954 960 as Lebowitz M D Quackenboss J J Kollander M Soczek M L amp Colome S 1989 The new standard environmental inventory questionnaire for estimation of indoor concentrations Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 39 11 1411 1419 a Block G Coyle L M Hartman A M amp Scoppa S M 1994 Revision of dietary analysis software for the Health Habits and History Questionnaire American Journal of Epidemiology 139 12 1190 1196 Health Protection Branch 1997 The Canadian Nutrient File Ottawa Food Directorate 51 EM X Methods Report Aw Goldberg D 1972 The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire London Oxford University Press Ware J J amp Sherbourne C D 1992 The MOS 36 item short form health survey SF 36 I Conc
19. Sullivan J 1994 Development and evaluation of a passive sampler to collect nitrous acid and sulfur dioxide Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 4 4 503 511 5 Myrick R H 1993 Air quality monitoring report for Alberta 1993 Edmonton Alberta Environmental Protection s4 Koutrakis P Wolfson J M Bunyaviroch A Froehlich S E Hirano K amp Mulik J D Measurement of ambient ozone using a nitrite coated filter Analytical Chemistry 65 3 209 214 5 Coutant R W amp Scott D R Applcability of passive dosimeters for ambient air monitoring of toxic organic compounds Environmental Science amp Technology 16 7 410 413 5 Shields H C amp Weschler C J 1987 Analysis of ambient concentrations of organic vapors with a passive sampler Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 37 9 1039 1045 Otson R 1990 A health amp welfare Canada program to develop personal exposure monitors for airborne organics at MUG M 3 Pittsburgh PA United States Environmental Protection Agency Gagner R 1996 Validation of a passive air sampling device for measuring ambient VOCs at subzero temperatures Edmonton Alberta University of Alberta 3 Green F H Y Yoshida K Fick G Paul J Hugh A Green W F 1990 Characterization of airborne mineral dusts associated with farming activities in rural Alberta Canada International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health
20. Troubleshooting Low Flow Rates A If you are obtaining low flow rates with the Minivol indoor units here are a few things to look for 1 The Minivol indoor particulate units have three settings ON AUTO and OFF Ensure that the unit is in the ON not AUTO mode Also ensure when tearing down the particulates that the unit is turned to OFF mode and then taken off the batteries 2 Check all attachments tubes i e kinks and ensure that batteries have been exchanged with the recharged ones All tubing used should be checked periodically for permanent kinks cracks or looseness Make note of these and have the study office replace these immediately 3 Detach the indoor particulate head and attempt to rotate the base of the head i e turn the clear plastic portion counter clockwise if held in upright position This may tighten up the unit which may result in a slightly higher flow The study office has attempted to pre tighten the heads but it is a good to double check that this has been done 4 The Minivol indoor particulate units have a black button on the right hand side that is labelled RESET in blue lettering below the indented button Press this button if receiving abnormal or no flow It may or may not resolve the problem B If you are obtaining low flow rates with the outdoor particulate units here are a few things to look for 1 Check all attachments tubes 1 e for kinks and twisting and ensure that BO
21. and detection limit can be affected by the physical processes governing diffusive sampling and the factors related to the quantifying of compounds on the adsorbent pad before and after sampling Standard protocols in the shipping and handling of the passive badges in the field and the lab were used in an effort to minimize the variability in quantifying the compounds Many field blanks were taken roughly 2046 of the total samples to provide a good understanding of the background noise and detection limits Replicate samples were used to investigate the precision of the passive samplers and the effects of air movement on the face of the samplers Ten sets of each type of sampler were deployed daily for eight days with a 24 hour exposure period in a room of a home Five sets of samplers were mounted on a staytionary frame while the other five were mounted on 2 m diameter frame spinning so that the sampler speed was 3 km hr see Figure 2 A barrier was suspended between the moving and stationary samplers to reduce the effect that air movement due to the moving frame would affect the face velocity of the stationary samplers In addition to the 24 hr samplers 2 groups of 20 set of each sampler type were exposued for four days with half moving and half stationary to investigate the improvement in precision with increased sample period The results of the replicate samples are shown in Tables 3 to 6 and Figures 3 to 6 for NO SO O and benzene 13 Me
22. continuous flows of hydrochloric acid and sodium borohydride introduced by using a peristaltic pump meet directly with effluent from the HPLC column at two T joints Hydride generation takes place when the three solutions are mixed Optimum concentrations of hydrochloric acid and sodium borohydride were found to be 1 2 M and 1 3 respectively Hydride generated from the reaction is separated from liquid waste in a gas liquid separator apparatus and carried by a continuous flow of argon carrier gas to the atomic fluorescence detector A Pentium computer with Varian Victoria Australia Star Workstation software and ADC board was used to acquire and process signals from the atomic fluorescence detector Samples urine or serum were filtered through a 0 45 um membrane filter An aliquot 20 ul of the filtered sample was injected onto the HPLC column for arsenic speciation analysis No other sample treatment was applied Deionized water from a Maxima ultra pure water system Elga was used for the preparation and dilution of all reagents and standards Standard solutions of arsenite As III arsenate As V monomethylarsonic acid MMAA and dimethylarsinic acid DMAA were prepared by appropriate dilution with deionized water from 1000 mg L stock solutions as described previously 9 Standard solutions containing above 1 ug As mL were stable for several months Standard solutions containing less than 10 ng As mL were prepared fresh daily by ser
23. me t c Es La in se zm vu t 5 poc ee 4 D DIM ed d i 3 y 0 9822k41 5086 2 i ji ao UEM R d 9896 7 CLA CEN EDEN US 3 y 0 9326x 4 0 0218 ur Re e 1 1 line a R 0 966 o 7 z z100 i 10 j E 1 ev 5 5 a penu E m A eem 0 i 0 t t 5 1015 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 a 20 25 30 35 40 PEM PM ug m PEM PM pg m Appendix B 12 Comparison of the MINIVOL and Dichotomous Samplers In spite of small data sizes Fig 10 demonstrates that the data collected by the two samplers were highly correlated for both PM R 0 991 and PM R 0 961 The slopes were all close to the 1 1 lines However the PM data collected from the dichotomous sampler on the first sampling day was about 6 9 ug m lower which exceeded the criteria of 5 ug m slightly Table 5 This may be explained by the flow of the dichotomous sampler used in the first sampling day which deviated from the cut point flow and resulted in 4 smaller cut point than that of the MINIVOL Figure 8 Comparisons between MINIVOL and dichotomous samplers for PM and PM measurements A o a E E 30 o 225 20 ES d n yz14173x 50008 a a Pe L 0 9908 o 9 15 o z z z E00 E RM meee feces 5 RM a 0 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 40 Dichotomous PM25 pg m
24. occasionally or not at all occasionally or not at all O Daily O Daily O Daily O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week Appendix A 16 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 WORK ENVIRONMENT Do you have a paid job outside of the home Yes No self employed in the home No full time student No full time homemaker skip to question 56 No out of work just now but usually employed skip to question 56 No retired or disabled skip to question 56 pn pn n n n oO No other please specify skip to question 56 Where do you work or attend school At the present time is your primary job or school attendance full or part time O Full time O Part time What is your occupation or if
25. 10 Comparisons of Mass Concentrations Collected from Different Samplers To decide if a type of sampler is equivalent to reference methods three samplers need to be collocated with 3 reference samplers for 10 to 15 days at two different test sites If differences are within the larger of 5 ug m or 7 of the measured value and correlation coefficients among sample pairs exceed 0 97 the samplers can be designated as equivalent to the reference methods Chow 1995 Although the experimental design of this study did not fully satisfy the above requirements the evaluation criteria listed above were used for comparisons among different types of samplers The comparisons were first made between the MINIVOL and the PEM samplers used in the pilot study Then comparisons were made between each type of sampler with the dichotomous sampler The reason for selecting the dichotomous sampler for comparing measurement accuracy is that it was the only method allowing the determination of PM and PM25 simultaneously while being the U S EPA reference method for PM only Before the comparison the sampling flow rate its deviation from the designed flow rates of a given sampler and the consequences of the deviations on PM cut point and mass concentration measurements were evaluated first Effect of the Deviation of Sampling Flow Rates from the Cut Point Flow Rate For a sampler whose PM cut point is based on the principle of inertial or virtual impac
26. 18 20 12 19 06 2043 2623 9 25 t amp se osws o7 Fre PEM 10 Lmin Arwe 10 ssMooB 12 12 06 19 00 12 19 96 2023 2523 969 iare lose 5s PEM 4 Lmin SKO 04 to ssNesB 1272961922 1213 962037 2515 384 sse ozoe sa 20 Dichotomous DOT 25 SEROSC TZ 286207 T2396 1919 2302 i74 20 96 ossi 261 M 21 Dichotomous DC 10 96ROSC 12 12 06 20 17 1213961919 2602 1639 2065 oreo 344 F 22 wwOL SNi487 10 SGLOSD 12 12 06 1945 12 19 66 201 2426 aeo 09 lozes 324 23 vmvoL SNI489 10 SGLIOD 12 12 06 1940 12 19 96 1940 2400 4 8 eso loze S45 24 wwNOL SNi486 10 SSQIOE 12 12 06 1947 12 196 2015 2428 a82 7 07 oz34 gai 25 wwvOL SNi453 10 SKOSD 12 12 06 1943 12 1906 1947 2404 484 698 loz sts 26 wwvOL SNi4es 10 9KO4D 2 206 1935 12 19 06 2018 2x3 42 7 5 o 7 T Appendix B 18 Unit PM Collecting NO Sampler Size Filter ID Initial Time Final Time Time Comment Number um hours 27 wnivOL Swi se i0 oomme 127296 19 55 1213961957 2402 485 699 0235 335 8 ssmv Hv io iziz61045 izi3G6915 2230 1057 1427 34 20 29 30 a D e s 32 3S 34 PEM 10 Lmin Ante 35 PEM 4 Limin SKC 04 10 _ oen13B 12 19 96 2220 12naras 1402 1542 392 569 ooa sa M PEM 4 L
27. B more than 7 days ago but within the last 4 weeks No Yes LJ Cd TICK ONE BOX ONLY C more than 4 weeks ago but within the last 12 months 56 2 Where were you seen TICK ONE BOX ONLY by a GP at home by a GP in his office C by a specialist at home D by a specialist in his office or hospital outpatient department E in an emergency room EE EE E F admitted to hospital THE END THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION Appendix A 63 Spirometry Instructions 1 Plug in computer plug in adapter as well 2 Turn computer power on left hand side of laptop push button in and hold for 2 secs 3 Once in DOS plug cord into hand held spirometer 4 Type ed dx and press Enter This should take you to C dx 5 Type dx and wait until program loads 6 Once inside computer check to see if green light is on located in the top right hand corner Green light indicates that the spirometer and computer are communicating If a red light appears reboot computer because the com ports are not responding 7 Go to F7 and select calibrate the sensor located at bottom of list 8 Once the unit is calibrated successfully go to F1 and select Get Patient Data File 9 Once the patient is loaded go to F2 and select FVC test and hit Enter 10 Once a test is complete follow instructions to get out of the data file 11 Once you have returned to the main screen go to Fl and select save pa
28. Head injury Alzheimer s disease or other dementia Dementia please specify Emotional illness please specify Mental health condition please specify Any disease affecting your nerves or brain please specify Any other long term condition please specify None Appendix A 34 19 Here is a list that describes some of the ways people feel at different times During the past few weeks how often have you felt please circle answer Angry Never Rarely Sometimes Excited Never Rarely Sometimes Disgusted Never Rarely Sometimes Proud Never Rarely Sometimes Afraid Never Rarely Sometimes Sad Never Rarely Sometimes Interested Never Rarely Sometimes Surprised Never Rarely Sometimes Sorry Never Rarely Sometimes Happy Never Rarely Sometimes Embarrassed Never Rarely Sometimes 20 Would you describe your life as very stressful somewhat stressful not very stressful not stressful at all 2 Would you describe yourself as usually happy and interested in life somewhat happy somewhat unhappy very unhappy 22 How would you describe your usual ability to remember things Are you able to remember most things somewhat forgetful very forgetful unable to remember anything at all Appendix A 35 Often Often Often Often Often Often Often Often Often Often Often 23 Listed below are some general statements We would like to know how strongly you agree or disagree wi
29. Health and Nutrition Survey The Health and Nutrition Survey was designed to collect a variety of health indicators including mental and physical health physical activity levels and nutritional intake The Dietary Survey was developed for the study based on the format used for the American National Cancer Institute s Health Habits and Diet Survey Participants were required to estimate the amount of each food item that they typically ate over the previous year including estimating the usual serving size as well as the frequency they consumed the food The Dietary Survey included a wide range of commercially available foods as well as a number of wild foods obtained locally Volumes were defined using the Canadian Food Guidelines so the data collected from the survey could be converted into average daily nutritional intakes using the Canadian Nutrient File The survey was self administered and included a detailed example to clarify the instructions The survey also requests information about the participant s weight and height weight gain or loss over the previous year and vitamin or medication intake Two standardized scales were included the General Health Questionnaire GHQ and the Short Form 36 Health Survey SF 36 Both questionnaires are well validated and documented tools for assessing health The GHQ assesses psychological well being and the SF 36 assesses physical functioning role limitations bodily pain social functioning ge
30. PEM 4 Lmin SKC 04 25 seLiSB 12 15 96 11 03 1216 96926 22 23 406 545 0 007 13 e method detection imi lt method detection limit Smal hole in Fiter 72 Dichotomous Dos 10 96ROSC 12 896 1105 12 686941 2236 1736 2854 0 160 65 Smallhole inFiter 75 vmvoL SNi487 10 _ oeL02D 12 566 1056 12m6 930 2234 asi 610 loose 53 T 76 wwVOL SNt4eo 25 96si7e 12 15 06 1056 124696930 2234 46 635 looa 38 M 7 wwvol ntaso 25 sesise 12 15 06 1056 1266930 2234 aso 622 loos 69 M D Q Appendix B 20 Unit PM Collecting NO Sampler Number Size Filter ID Initial Time Final Time Time Comment Flag um hours ug m 78 wwvOL ennes 25 O6L0iD 121596 1056 1216006930 2234 464 628 nom as T x ssm Hv t0 21562000 12106 18 05 22 05 1055 i398 15 70 112 Appendix B 21
31. Report Measuring the extent of damage due to exposure to airborne contaminants can be problematic Spirometric measurements such as FVC or FEV produce consistent results but may not be sensitive enough to detect damage to the smaller airways which are the primary site of attack by airborne contaminants On the other hand tests of small airway function such as the FEF 5 75 are more sensitive but show large within individual variation decreasing the reliability of results The measure of choice in this case was FEF s 755 because it is sensitive enough to detect obstruction in the small airways and its higher variability makes it more useful in the comparison of data from large populations In addition to the direct measures of exposure and the measurement of biological markers of exposure and effect the study instruments also included a time activity diary that required participants to record daily activities that might have an effect on exposure 1 2 Components of the Main Study The Main Study collected and utilized a very broad range of human health and exposure data sources Figure 1 provides a pictorial description of some of these sources of data Table 1 provides a more extensive list of data sources for the project grouping them into various components and providing a purpose for collecting each source of data Figure 1 Components of the Study Blood and urine samples Respiratory health Neurocognitive measures Occupat
32. Sampling 2 5 1 Sample Collection Following a defined protocol two water samples were collected from the Kitchen tap or in cases where treatment was present at a tap location which bypassed treatment All samples were collected after running the water for three to five minutes A routine chemical water sample was collected in a 500 mL PET500 polyethylene terephalate trace metal free sample bottle This bottle was properly labelled for Routine Chemical analysis with a unique sample ID NO from the Request for Chemical Analysis form A water sample for trace metal analysis was collected in a separate 500 mL PET500 After 500 mL of water was collected this sample was preserved with 5 mL of trace metal free Nitric Acid 7096 Eagle Picher 5 mL ampule NA 6166 1EP2 This bottle was properly labelled for Trace Metal analysis with another unique sample ID NO from a separate Request for Chemical Analysis form Both samples were shipped to the Trace Element Environmental Toxicology Laboratory at the University of Alberta Hospital Edmonton 2 5 2 Routine Chemical Analysis The samples were thoroughly mixed prior to aliquots being taken for the routine analyses protocols All chemical parameters were performed using modified American Public Health Association APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater protocols Conductivity pH and fluoride concentrations were determined using Radiometer conductivity specific ion electrodes em
33. against the calibration curve 2 6 2 Arsenic Blood Samples Two samples of blood were obtained using gold cap 4mL serum collection tubes These vacuum tubes contain gel and clot activator which help to separate serum Samples were set aside for 30 60 minutes maximum to allow for clotting then centrifuged and poured or transferred with a clear plastic pipette into a metal free polypropylene plastic screw cap vial 8mL Sarstedt 60 542 or equivalent Both serum and blood cells remaining in gold top vials were stored at 4 C and shipped on refrigerated coolant twice weekly Monday and Thursday Speciation analysis of arsenic in blood Speciation analysis of arsenic in serum was carried out using the same methodology as for urine From a total of 131 serum samples only 4 samples had detectable arsenic concentration The rest of serum samples had arsenic below detection limit This is consistent with the literature arsenic in the body has very short half time 1 4 hours depending on arsenic species Speciation analysis of arsenic in blood serum is less useful than that in urine Urine Samples Laboratory technicians were required to pour a 50 mL aliquot into a chemical free tube such as the Fisherbrand disposable sterile centrifuge tubes with plug seal cap made of modified polystyrene 50 mL Catalog No 05 539 10 No preservatives were added Samples were stored at 4 C and shipped on refrigerated coolant twice weekly Monday and Thurs
34. and expectoration episodic dyspnea and weight gain About 64 of COPD is attributed to chronic bronchitis that presents a chronic cough and sputum production for at least three consecutive months in two successive years The unspecified COPD 20 and emphysema 15 account for the rest of COPD Three case definitions for COPD are summarized in Table 13 47 EM X Methods Report AM Table 13 Case Definitions for COPD Interval Between the 1 and Last Visits Frequency of Visit Over 3 Case Description P Years Probable Case Stringent Three or more 91 days or more Two or more 91 days or more Likely Case Moderate OR Visited a Physician and was hospitibzed The same or different days Possible Case Less Stringent One visit or more N A All Respiratory Disorders ICD 9 CM 460 519 Respiratory disorders are the most common illness About 37 of Albertans had a record of respiratory disorders in the 1997 98 claims file The majority of respiratory disorders particularly in children are attributed to upper respiratory infections such as common cold sinusitis tonsillitis etc Three case definitions for respiratory disorders are summarized in Table 14 Table 14 Case Definitions for Respiratory Disorders Interval Between the 1 and Last Case Description Frequency of Visit Over 3 Years Visits Probable Case Stringent Five or more 181 days or
35. and return it to the appropriate shipping vial Ensure that the labels on the sampler and the container are identical 9 Tightly place the lid onto the transport vial and seal with parafilm tape 10 Record date and time of sample termination on the data log sheet 11 Transport vials are to be collected at a central location and shipment is made to the laboratory twice weekly Preparation of O Blank 1 Skip step 7 above and continue with following steps as if the air monitor was exposed Itis not necessary to record the time of exposure as the monitor is not being exposed for any relevant length of time Volatile Organic Compounds Sampler The 3M Brand Organic Vapour Monitor 3500 is the passive air sampling device that was selected for use in the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program For personal sampling the sampler is worn near the breathing zone on the human host lapel or shirt collar while ambient indoor and outdoor monitoring involves placing the sampler in an open area with sheltering from the elements if required The OVM 3500 is made of a metal collar clip attached to a plastic sorbent pad holder containing a charcoal pad A porous material that serves as a diffusion membrane protects the sorbent After exposure the monitor is eluted with 1 5mL of carbon disulfide fortified with internal standards benzene d toluene dg and ethylbenzene d o and then the extract is analyzed by GC MS The 3M
36. at ambient conditions would have been altered increased Since the reduced cut point would decrease the measured PM level the increase in the above example would be within 7 496 In the recently ruled reference method for PM25 Federal Register 1997 it specifies that the cut point volumetric flow rate should be maintained at the ambient condition and the actual PM concentration at ambient conditions should be measured Yet the reference method for PM has not been changed Except for TEOM samples all the PM data reported for this study were that at actual ambient conditions Because the volumetric flow rates applied deviated from the cut point flow rate the actual cut points did change slightly from the design values as shown in Table 4 However since the degree of the deviation of the flow from the cut point flow for different samplers were similar the actual cut points among different samplers were similar except for three cases One exception was the TEOM sampler where the flow was automatically adjusted to standard conditions according to the manually pre set ambient temperature This might result in the cut point being 5 796 smaller than that of a dichotomous sampler The second Appendix B 11 exception was that on the first day of sampling the PM cut point of the dichotomous sampler was 4 lower than the others The third one was that on the last sampling day the cut points for PM 25 and PMijo of the MINIVOL sampler were about 5
37. breathing 32 2 1 What was this job What did this job involve What kind of business or industry did you work for YOUR HOME YEARS 33 How many years have you lived in your present home E 34 How many years have you in this neighborhood or community YEARS f Appendix A 54 35 What type of a mattress do you sleep on No Yes 35 1 spring zd 35 2 water E 35 3 foam 35 4 air 35 5 futon cotton stuffed mattress i i 35 6 kapok 35 7 other B 42 6 8 do not use any of the above a No Yes 36 Do you sleep with the windows open at night during the winter 36 1 Do you sleep with the window open TICK ONE BOX ONLY A all of the time B sometimes C only occasionally D never m m L 37 Has there ever been any water damage in the building DON T or its contents for example from broken pipes No Yes KNOW leaks or floods DON T No Yes KNOW BONT YES 37 1 Has there been any water KNOW damage in the last 12 months No Yes 38 Do you have a basement or cellar m m Appendix A 55 38 1 Does water ever collect on the basement floor YES s8 2 Has this happened in the last 12 months 39 Has there ever been mould or mildew on any surface other than food inside the house NO OR 39 1 1 6 Which rooms have been affected DON T KNOW 39 1 1 bathroom s 39 1 2 bedrooms s 39 1 3 living room area s 39 1 4 kitchen 39 1 5 basement or attic 39 1
38. classified into 17 categories shown in Table 9 This characterization allows classification into broad mineral groups however it is not intended to provide exact mineralogical identification This would require selected area electron diffraction for individual particles or x ray diffraction for bulk samples The results therefore are intended to be a guide to the types of mineral classes that may be present in these samples Table 9 Non Fibrous Particle Classification Scheme Percent elemental composition G Elements Examples i e Hs pape pepe Al Si K 10 40 25 75 4 25 Alkali feldspar illite etc sea etc ait Te SN EE Ee AL SNA Fs 7 p DABIS ow bI IE A Si Ti RE e pe ERO CNN Al Si Ca EE Na Fe 10 40 25 75 4 49 9 feldspar smectite hornblende etc i 50 Hes pus pop t p t E iens T m ES m 10 N EE jeep ia Pp e M oep p a marcasite etc P Gypsum calcite i i dolomite anhydrite etc LL d Tj PT Mise Note Di Elements in brackets may or may not be present within that group 2 This element is not considered if the specified criteria is met 3 AII particles that do not meet the requirements for any of the first 16 categories are placed in the miscellaneous class 4 Groups 15 and 16 were assigned to miscellaneous for data analysis 3 Ca rich 10 6 B ae pm qe DN DNE pne 2 3 5 Data management and st
39. column O Yes see below Brand Name Dosage Frequency day week etc Current Appendix A 21 Instructions for Completing Nutritional Component This section is about your usual eating habits Please think back over the last year when you answer these questions Identify the foods you can recall eating during the last year and estimate the amount you usually eat Remember to include foods eaten in mixtures such as the carrots in stew or the cheese or meat toppings on a pizza Include only those foods that you eat not what is served to your family First indicate by checking the appropriate box whether your usual serving size of a particular food is small S medium M or large L Each food contains an example of a medium serving size If you portion is similar to that listed place a check mark v in the medium M column If you typically eat or drink larger servings place a check mark Y in the large L column If you eat or drink less than the medium serving size shown place a check mark v in the small column Then put a NUMBER in the most appropriate column to indicate HOW OFTEN on the average you eat the food For example you may eat bananas twice a wee in which case you would put a 2 in the Week column If you never eat bananas you would place a check mark v in the appropriate box in the Rarely Never column Please DO NOT SKIP foods and plea
40. dichotomous sampler or other samplers Experimental Samplers Samplers used in the collocation study were MINIVOL portable samplers PEM samplers a dichotomous sampler a size selective inlet SSI high volume sampler and a TEOM sampler Only the first two sampler types were used in the pilot study The TEOM sampler is the U S EPA equivalent sampling device for PM o The SSI high volume and the TEOM samplers are the U S EPA reference sampling devices for PMip The MINIVOL Portable Sampler The MINIVOL portable samplers used were made by Airmetrics Springfield OR USA This active sampler is operated by the principle of inertial impaction using a single stage impactor with an after filter Appendix B 1 Figure 1 Schematic view of the MINIVOL sampler head AERE In this device a pump is used to maintain a constant air flow at a design rate through the impactor and filter the particle laden air is accelerated through one nozzle and the exiting jet impinges upon a plate The large particles cross the air streamlines and impact on the plate due to their inertia while IMPACTOR the small particles are carried along the air streamline and are collected on the after filter The mass collected on the pre weighed filter is then determined by the gravimetric method in the laboratory The inlet impactor is capable of removing particles larger than the cut points of either 10 uim or 2 5 um in aerodynamic diameter 50 effective
41. hand 1 6 3 Respiratory Health Questionnaire The European Community Respiratory Health Survey Questionnaire was developed by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases It includes some basic demographic data information on a variety of respiratory symptoms including cough phlegm wheeze chest tightness shortness of breath and others qualitative information on the indoor environment presence of carpeting pets smokers type of heating and cooking fuel etc a smoking history and a history of past medical conditions especially respiratory conditions Although many of the questions are replicated in the Demographic and Exposure Questionnaire both questionnaires were included in entirety because they are standardized and to support comparisons between interviewer administered questions and self administered questions pou Methods Report AN 1 8 4 Demographic and Exposure Questionnaire The Demographic and Exposure Questionnaire was designed to collect information about participant demographics occupational health and work and home environments including potential sources of contaminants It included all of the questions on the Basic Standard Environmental Inventory Questionnaire designed to help classify relative concentration estimates A standard occupational health symptom questionnaire was included to identify symptoms related to exposure and the location with which the symptoms were associated 1 6 5
42. made by e All volunteers in Fort McMurray and Lethbridge whose participation in the program was critical to the success of the study e All members of the Field Study Teams who helped deploy and retrieve all of the personal exposure monitors and acted as the primary contact with the study for many of the participants e Students Peter Inglis Jaime Pinzon and Tricia Lowrey from the Department of Psychology s Internship program at the University of Alberta whose commitment and dedication to the program provided much needed support and Yvonne Walsh and Jeff Brock who provided the ongoing supervision of field staff and managed the study office in Fort McMurray 54 Appendix A Forms and Questionnaires Consent Form Participant ID Date THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS COMMUNITY EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM Participant Consent Form I understand that the Northern Lights Regional Health Authority is engaged in a study of people s exposure to certain airborne substances I understand that this study is being conducted in order to help measure levels of exposure to the selected substances and is limited to the purpose stated I further understand that the study is being conducted in co operation with and under co sponsorship of Alberta Health Syncrude Canada Ltd Suncor Inc Fort McMurray Environmental Association and the Fort MacKay First Nations I do hereby freely consent to participate in this study of exposure
43. monitoring NO in ambient air over exposure durations as low as 8 hours The article provided a description of a sampler holder that was very similar in design to our SO sampler and the sorbent material triethanolamine TEA solutions that have been in use in active samplers for over two decades Direct contact was made with Mulik and he agreed that our sample holder would in all probability function very well with a TEA treated filter A decision was made to use our in house sampler holders and to have the scientists at Centre for Toxicology prepare and load the sorbent pads By doing this the study is ensured of the highest standards of laboratory quality control which translates into fewer concerns about the detection limits of the NO samplers There are fewer sources of contamination from the sampler and analytical equipment materials in comparison to SO and the typical levels of NO in the urban air would be notably higher due to common anthropogenic sources found in an urban environment The sampling rate used in the study was 120 mL min determined through collocation with the WBEA ambient monitoring station during the study Sulphur Dioxide Sampler Leaderer et al 1994 published results where typical urban air concentrations were measured with a passive sampler over 24 hours The sampling rate of the sampler was determined to be 41 1 mL minute and sensitivity of the sampling method was down to 200 ppb over a 4 hour sample dur
44. more Likely Case Moderate Three or more 91 days or more OR Visited a Physician and was hospitalized The same or different days Possible Case Less Stringent One visit or more N A Terms and Definitions Alberta Resident An active recipient of Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan AHCIP who lived in Alberta at the time of the registration Invalid Alberta Postal Code An AHCIP recipient who has a residence location code of AB and the first letter of the residence postal code at the time of assessment is not T but a space a number etc Low Socioeconomic Status SES An AHCIP recipient is defined as the low SES if he is 1 on family and social service or 2 receiving a full subsidy of AHCIP premiums Registered Treaty Indians An AHCIP registrant who has a Treaty Indians Code at the time of assessment fiscal year end Valid Claim A Fee For Service physician claim that does not have a duplicate claim for the same service rendered to an AHCIP recipient 48 pou P dm Methods Report Single Health Care Visit An AHCIP recipient has contacted a physician and or been admitted into a hospital at least once for a given diagnosis during a day i e a person day is one visit Definition of a single day as a basic unit of health care visit regardless of the number of claims during the day will eliminate artificial amplification of visits due to the fact that one person c
45. of nicotine and a variety of heavy metal compounds including arsenic selenium lead vanadium and cadmium Analysis included metabolites of the BTEX compounds benzene toluene ethylbenzene m p xylene and o xylene and a variety of heavy metal compounds such as arsenic selenium lead vanadium and cadmium Analysis included immunofluorescence microscopy to detect Autoantibodies autoantibodies which indicate elevated immune system reaction Levels of IgE in blood were examined High levels of IgE are associated with an increased incidence of diseases Biomarkers of including bronchial asthma allergic rhinitis and eczema Effect Spirometry was used to measure the individual s lung Lung Function capacity and volume during the exposure monitoring period A respiratory health survey was also administered Computerized neurocognitive tests and the completion of other activities were used to determine the possible impact of chronic exposure on neurocognitive functioning Questionnaires identified general occupational emotional and psychological health A questionnaire identified previously diagnosed health problems Lifestyle behaviors Lifestyle behaviors Time Activity Diary Biomarkers of Exposure Immunoglobulin gamma E IgE Neurocognitive measurement Measures of Health Questionnaires WBEA ambient station data Quantify relative contribution of local emission sources to Exposure exposure for variou
46. older brothers 23 2 How many younger brothers 23 3 How many of your brothers ever had asthma 23 4 How many of your other brothers ever has eczema skin or nasal allergy or hay fever who didn t have asthma How many sisters do or did you have 24 1 How may older sisters 24 2 How many younger sisters 24 3 How many of your sisters ever had asthma 24 4 How many of your other sisters ever had eczema skin or nasal allergy or hay fever who didn t have asthma NUMBER L I NUMBER L I NUMBER Em L I NUMBER L I DON T No Yes KNOW Did your mother ever have asthma a a Did your mother ever have eczema skin or nasal DON T Yes KNOW allergy or hay fever ee 3 Did your father ever have asthma Did your father ever have eczema skin nasal allergy or hay fever Did you regularly share your bedroom with any older children before the age of 5 years DON T Yes KNOW DON T Yes KNOW DON T No Yes KNOW ee nd Appendix A 53 30 Did you go to a school playschool nursery school DON T daycare or kindergarten with other children before No Yes KNOW the age of 5 years 31 Did you have a serious respiratory infection before DON T the age of 5 years No Yes KNOW 32 1 Does being at work either make your No Yes chest tight or wheezy No Yes 32 2 Have you ever had to change or leave your job because it affected your IN
47. passive samplers increases with increasing wind speed and temperature and decreases with increases in relative humidity Corrections for these factors were not possible in the calculations of the air contaminants however it is important to appreciate the potential bias when interpreting the results For example a sampler place indoor may under report concentrations relative to a sampler place outdoors and on a person due to wind on the sampler face Similarly outdoor samplers in the cold may under report contaminant concentrations relative to indoor and personal samplers due to temperature effects A rough estimate of the magnitude of the bias if a participant moved about at 3km hr for 15 of the day then the personal NO sampler would have a 9 higher sampling rate than the stationary indoor NO sampler and uncorrected would report a 9 higher concentration The detection limits of the passive sampler were based on three standard deviations of the field blank levels and may vary slightly between the batches of samplers through the study The average detection limits over the study for the compounds investigated assuming a 24 hour sample are listed in Table 7 Table 7 Summary of Passive Sampler Detection Limits Sample Rate Detection Limit Sampler Compound mL min ug m NO 120 18 5 SO 218 6 7 Os 24 5 4 7 HEXANE 32 0 6 5 BUTANONE 36 3 1 1 METHYHEXANE 28 9 3 2 BENZENE 35 5 4 4 HEPTANE 28 9 5 2 TOLUENE 31 4 26 6 OCTANE 26 6 1
48. protocol was used to define appropriate and successful spirograms Each participant was required to complete five spirometry tests on each day of participation in the study for a total of twenty five tests Tests were then evaluated and invalid tests were discarded Additional information is included in the Appendices 1 9 4 Drinking Water Sampling The standard provincial protocol used for public health assessments of drinking water was employed for the study Routine and trace metals analysis was performed on samples obtained from each participant s tap water 1 9 5 Biological Sampling Each participant was required to provide a 12 hour urine sample and a blood sample for biomarker measurement The urine samples were separated into three separate aliquots The blood samples were treated and separated prior to shipping The samples were shipped to the three laboratories frozen and packed on dry ice The urine samples were analyzed for muconic acid hippuric acid mandelic acid methylhippuric acid 2 hexanol and 2 5 hexamedion and a variety of heavy metal compounds including arsenic selenium lead vanadium and cadmium In addition the species of arsenic found in each sample were identified Blood samples were analyzed for cotinine as a measure of exposure to cigarette smoke for trace metals and to identify the species of arsenic found in each sample 1 10 Data Entry All data was entered into a Microsoft Access database and valida
49. sampler was introduced in the early 1970 s as an occupational hygiene air sampler Since this time research by Coutant and Scott 1982 Shields and Weschler 1987 and Otson 1990 have combined to build a considerable level of confidence in the methodology Moreover Gagner 1996 performed exposure chamber field and personal validation studies at low temperatures in direct support of the current study s mandate 24 pou P dm Methods Report VOCSs Sampling Protocol 1 Each monitor is packaged in an aluminum can The original shipping container must be used to send the exposed monitor to the laboratory for analysis 2 Remove the plastic lid from the can There should be four removable labels under the tab of the can Ensure that all four labels as well as the label affixed to the side and lid of the can are identical The vo prefix will identify that the sampler is a VOC sampler 3 Open the can carefully and remove the air monitor from the can DO NOT TOUCH WHITE FILM OR REMOVE THE PLASTIC RING Note If the ring tab snaps off while attempting to open the container you may be able to carefully use something to assist in removing the lid As a last resort use a can opener This will destroy the container and will require you to use parafilm to reseal the exposed sampler 4 Affix one of the labels to the back of the VOC sampler and one to the field data log sheet in the appropriate space provided Place the remaining two la
50. serving size of meats according to the following guidelines One deck of cards is equal to approximately 3 oz 100 g of meat which is equal to a medium serving check the M column if you eat about this amount per meal A small serving size would be about half a deck of cards check the S column if you eat about this amount A large serving size would be about two decks of cards check the L column if you eat this amount If you usually eat a portion size less than half a deck of cards or more than two decks of cards indicate this by placing a number in the S or L column that corresponds to the number of cards you eat in an average meal The first row is filled in as an example This person has indicated that they eat a steak that is equivalent to four decks of cards or about 12 oz twice a week Your 1 How often f Serving Size Medium Serving Rarely MEAT AND ALTERNATES SIMIL Day Week Month Year c Beef all types steaks roasts 50 100 g 2 3 oz 4 2 Beef all types steaks roasts not ground 50 100 g 2 3 oz Beef ground all burgers meat loaf 50 100 g 2 3 oz Beef stew or pot pie with vegetables 1 cup 250 ml Beef salt 50 100 g 2 3 oz Pork all types e g chops roasts 50 100 g 2 3 oz Poultry e g chicken or turkey Roasted stewed broiled baked stir fried 50 100 g 2 3 oz Fried 50 100 g 2 3 oz Fish
51. that there was a problem with the resulting weights of the particulate filters It was discovered that vapours from the lubricant applied to the impaction surface of the particulate head were migrating to the Teflon filters and increasing the analytical weight of the filters To alleviate this problem in October 1997 an alternative lubricant was used and all particulate filters were shipped and stored in a cool environment After some initial problems with flow rates for some of the indoor particulate filters all filters were checked for possible cross threading and corrected before deploying In February 1998 a new method of calibration for the particulate airflow was utilized The old process of using the Gilabrator bubble flow meter by Gillian was found to be awkward for the field staff and the cold temperatures often froze the liquid solution After some validation tests the old 34 P dm Methods Report process was replaced by a more accurate and efficient calibration method using a Drycal DC lite by Bios International To avoid additional weight and crowding of air samplers in the participants breathing zone personal particulate blanks were often set on top of the indoor particulate units The indoor and outdoor blanks were secured by an elastic band to the back of the active samplers Following a request from the laboratory as of January 1998 all particulate blanks were left in their packaging when deployed 2 5 Water
52. to selected chemical compounds and substances and agree to provide the following data answers to questions related to environmental exposure and work and living conditions responses to neurocognitive functioning and lung functioning tests responses to supplementary questions about activities of interest that I have undertaken and to questions related to my health samples of the air that I breathe collected through the use of a personal exposure monitor PEM samples of the air inside and outside my home collected through the use of a fixed location microenvironmental monitor one sample of blood and daily samples of urine taken during the time that I am being monitored a record of my activities and locations during the time that I am being monitored and my personal health number I understand and agree that a b c d e f 2 an agent of the study will administer the questionnaires and neurocognitive tests and will collect the resulting information will place the monitoring equipment in my home and will undertake all other tests referred to in this document with the exception of collection of the blood samples an agent of Alberta Health will access and compile information about health care services provided to me an agent of the Northern Lights Regional Health Authority will collect the blood sample Alberta Health and the Northern Lights Regional Health Authority may use any and all of the information collec
53. to the Research Triangle Institute where they are currently administering an extensive sampling program for PM and PM in Toronto Ontario A considerable amount of documentation was shared with us and provided an outline of the necessary quality control protocol required with the Marple PEMs After reviewing these reports a final decision was made to pursue this sampling method for the Oil Sands Pilot study 2 3 2 Sample Preparation Filters were handled gently to avoid displacement of particles A proportion of each filter was taken for x ray microanalysis another portion for morphology and the rest held in reserve For scanning electron microscopy the samples were coated with gold paladium in a sputter coater and mounted on aluminum stubs prior to examination in the scanning electron microscope Samples for x ray microanalysis were sputter coated with vaporized carbon mounted on carbon based stubs and examined in the scanning electron microscope 2 3 3 Scanning Electron Microscopy The majority of the analyses were performed on a Hitachi S400 scanning electron microscope equipped with a back scattered electron detector Kevex x ray detector and Tracor Northern x ray analytical system As the x ray detector at the University of Calgary does not detect light elements carbon oxygen nitrogen selected samples were also examined on a Leo S360 scanning electron microscope with a Kevex delta 4 quantum light element detector x ray detector and a
54. you have Cl Yes or part of your home Place a v in the column that indicates where the item is usually stored and indicate if you ever smell odours by circling either Y or N Do you ever smell Item Not Garage Basement Hopbyi orage Oer odours in Stored Room Room Location adjacent rooms Kerosene Y N Gasoline Y N Gasoline powered tools Y N including lawn mowers Automobiles Y N Motorcycles Y N snowmobiles dirt bikes Chemicals pesticides Y N Varnishes and paints Y N 24 Where do you store your cleaning supplies such as bleaches and detergents Please check all that apply 3 Kitchen 3 Garage 3 Utility Room 3 Hobby Room Oo Laundry Room n Attic 3 Bathroom 3 Other please specify below Oo Basement Appendix A 8 25 26 27 glues solvents or chemicals O No 1 Yes please specify Have you ever had a hobby that caused you to work daily for more than a month with Have you ever worked with any of the following chemicals daily for more than a month If Yes describe in the space below the nature of the work dates including whether you are currently exposed and any symptoms you may have experienced when exposed a Organic solvents toluene xylene methylene chloride methyl chloroform trichloroethylene perchloroethylene styrene n hexane 1 No O Yes If yes specify b CL adoi
55. 000 19 999 Oo 50 000 59 999 3 20 000 24 999 m 60 000 69 999 3 25 000 29 999 Oo 70 000 79 999 Oo 30 000 34 999 Oo 80 000 or greater Oo 35 000 39 999 Oo Don t Know HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS AND PRACTICES 9 Which best describes your home py oehoe D maler I A building for 5 to 9 families 3 A one family house detached from 7 A building for 101619 families any other house 3 zo oncstamiy House atliched to o A building for 20 or more families one or more houses 3 A building for 2 families 3 Wobodb fent SHE 7 A building for 3 or 4 families 3 Other please specify below 10 Isthere an unpaved driveway on your property Oh No Oh Yes 11 Is there a garden on your property O No 1 Yes Appendix A 4 12 13 14 15 Approximately when was your home originally built Please consider when it was originally built not when it was remodeled added to or converted o 1995 Present m 1990 1994 m 1985 1989 m 1980 1984 m 1975 1979 1970 1974 1960 1969 1950 1959 1949 or earlier Don t Know Ly Ly Ly Ly Ly How many square feet or square metres of living space is there in your home square feet or square metres O Check box if estimated Do you have carpets in your home C No skip to question 16 O Yes In which rooms see below Room Yor Can you estimate the size of the carpeted area Li
56. 283 482 05 332 29 PEM 25 6 os53 1022 22 2 349 17 PEM 10 6 0536 945 28 2 366 2 PEM 10 6 0210 908 41 247 84 Above the instrument detection limit but below the method detection limit The instrumental detection limit DL for the mass measurement of Teflo filters 37 mm or 47 mm in diameter was 5 ug derived from three times the standard deviation for the measurement of a blank filter n 10 The method detection limit MDL for the mass measurement of Teflo filters 37 or 47 mm in diameter was 20 ug Table 5 which was derived from the pilot study from three times the standard deviation of the measurement for field blank filters n210 The field blanks were loaded and exposed for up to the maximum of 60 min without drawing air through the sampler The MDLs for the masses or mass concentrations may also be estimated from Fig 8a and 8b respectively To do so the PM and PM 5 data for the same samplers were first combined together to increase the data sizes Then power curves were fitted to the corresponding data for MINIVOL and PEM samplers respectively The MDL value is the mass value or the mass concentration corresponding to the RSD value of 33 3 In spite of the small data sizes MDL values for mass measurement derived from Fig 8a column B of Table 3 are in good agreement with those obtained from gravimetric measurements column A of Table 3 Similarly MDL valu
57. 4 hour average However the slope was only about 0 25 The TEOM data at relatively high PM10 concentrations were about 40 lower than the dichotomous data Previously Alberta Environmental Protection had compared the PM10 concentrations as a 24 hour average measured by the SSI and TEOM samplers over a one year period Byrne 1996 It was found that there was a strong correlation between the two measurement devices R2 0 89 n 82 However the TEOM data were consistently lower than the SSI data by 25 Some researchers also reported that the TEOM sampler tended to give lower recordings than the reference devices Patachnick and Ruppercht 1991 and explained this tendency being due to the differences in filter conditioning While the dry air was measured by the TEOM at 50 C during this study the Teflo filters of the dichotomous sampler were conditioned for 24 hours at 45 1 RH and 23 3 C This study was carried out during winter at the average ambient temperature of about 10 C and relatively high concentration ratios of PM2 5 to PM10 about 80 Under such circumstances and at the TEOM operation conditions used the loss of the volatile component of PM10 could be very significant in addition to the smaller cut point which contributed to the reduced PM mass concentrations Appendix B 15 Conclusions The relative humidity used for filter conditioning affects the mass measurement The extent of the effect depends on the nature of th
58. 6 higher than the corresponding ones of other samplers In addition to the wide daily temperature variations the theoretical relationship among the cut point flow rate barometric pressure and temperature for a PM impactor sampler is complicated beyond the scope of this report Table 4 Corrected PM cut sizes used 12 11 96 WED 1272 96 THU 12 13 96 FRI 12 14 96 SAT 12 15 96 SUN Mean 95 96 n 95 Mean 9596 96 ys 95 96 Kies 95 96 um Conf Diff Conf D um Conf Diff Conf Diff Conf Diff Dichotomous 2 5 a PEM 10 Limin PEM 4 L min v Prj ajen oroa UE ERSRES EE nae 20 ras a az fe sor as Perirumis froze 13 posl s TEOM Mean Temp C Bor Pressure mm Hg Comparison between the MINIVOL and the PEM Samplers Both the corresponding mass concentrations for PMi and PM25 collected by the MINIVOL and PEM samplers compared very well as shown in Fig 9 The data measured by the two samplers were highly correlated For PMjo the R value was 0 966 and the slope was 0 933 For PMzs the R value was 0 9896 and the slope was 0 982 Figure 7 Comparisons between MINIVOL and PEM with a flow rate of 10 L min for PM and PM measurements PM10 40 T T T PM2 5 40 e 3 Ie LAM a 35 d t MEN i1 LA Ll LZ 5
59. 6 1247 1212961938 2446 10 15 1so osto sao T s PEM 10 Lmin Ae 25 S NoB 12 11 96 1247 T2206 1838 2446 10 36 1529 ose 51 T 4 PEM 10 Lmin AHA 25 s NoeB 121196 1247 i206 1333 2446 992 iara losos aaa T 5 PEM 10 Limin Ares 25 sense 12 11 96 1247 T2206 1338 446 10 06 1494 osee 3 T F6 PEM 10 Lmin AHS 25 seNoaB 127196 1247 Tzzoe 1333 2446 10 27 is26 oss aea T 7 Dichotomous Der 25 S RTIC 12 11 96 13 10 12 12 06 1325 2415 16 55 2408 o 700 201 M e Dichotomous Dosi 10 SSRIC 12 11 06 90 T2206 1825 245 1831 2665 0998 3 5 M 9 wwVOL SNI489 25 98LSD 12 11 96 i245 122061935 2450 S15 767 ozeo 369 M o wwvOL SNi453 25 SGLO7D 12 96 1245 12 1206 1335 2450 826 783 loze 30 M L wwVOL SNi48B 25 9GLOD 12 11 96 1245 T22061335 2460 498 742 loza 50 M pap ssm Hv i0 2 11 96 12 00 12 12 06 12 00 2400 i130 iemr amp 7o se5 M iS PEM 10 Limin AH T 10 SONGS 12 12 06 19 15 123962035 2520 969 1456 oseo sea TM Li4 PEM 10 Lmin Arw 10 s NoB iznzme 18 52 12 196 2027 2535 940 oaas fosos Gi T Fis PEM 10 Lmin Arwa 10 senosB 12 12 06 18 27 12 19 06 2045 2618 972 isss ose ae Fi PEM 10 Lmin Arwa 10 semoaB 12 12 06 18 33 12 19 96 2040 2607 906 1420 oss 378 T 17 PEM 10 Lmin Ares 10 ssMorB 12 12 06
60. 6 other 39 2 Has there been mould or mildew on surfaces inside the home in the last 12 months ANIMAL DUST AND FEATHERS 40 1 12 When you were a child did anyone in your household have any of the following pets Z O lt D o 40 1 cats 40 2 40 3 40 4 40 5 40 6 40 7 dogs horses birds guinea pigs hamsters mice LILILIDILILILI LILILIDILILILI continued next page Appendix A 56 DON T No Yes KNOW EE JE IL DON T No Yes KNOW lt D o LILILIEILILIS LILILILILILI DON T Yes KNOW e 41 1 6 41 1 41 2 41 3 41 4 41 5 41 6 No Yes 40 8 rats 40 9 rabbits jJ 40 10 gerbils 40 11 ferrets 40 12 other When you are near animals such as cats dogs or horses near feathers including pillows quilts or duvets or in a dusty part of the house do you ever start to cough start to wheeze get a feeling of tightness in your chest start to feel short of breath get a runny or stuffy nose or start to sneeze get itchy or watering eyes TREES GRASS PLANTS FLOWERS AND POLLEN 42 1 6 42 1 42 2 42 3 42 4 42 5 42 6 When you are near trees grass or flowers or when there is a lot of pollen about do you ever start to cough start to wheeze get a feeling of tightness in your chest start to feel short of breath get a runny or a stuffy nose or start to sneeze get itchy or watering eyes Appendix A
61. 8 ETHYL BENZENE 27 3 0 26 MPXYLENE 27 3 3 7 OXYLENE 27 3 0 11 NONANE 24 6 0 19 DECANE 23 1 2 0 LIMONENE 30 0 3 3 An estimate of the accuracy of the NO SO and O samplers was obtained by comparing daily passive samples taken at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association s Athabasca ambient monitoring station with the results of the continuous monitoring equipment Figures 7 to 9 show a comparison of the passive and ambient station data 19 Methods Report Figure 7 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for NO 1to line Regression line e E o 3 uL e a E G o E 0 a n WBEA Ambient Station ug M3 Figure 8 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for Ozone 1to 1 line Regression Line Passive Sampler ug m3 WBEA Ambient Station ug M3 20 P a gt Methods Report Figure 9 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for SO 1 to 1 line e Regression line y 0 7958x 0 1888 R 0 7174 or E o z Pas 2 a E S o o 2 p 5 a WBEA Ambient Station ug M3 The data show the passive samplers were reasonably accurate with fairly good agreement between the passive samplers and the ambient station monitors 2 1 1 Passive Field Sampling Protocols Nitrogen Dioxide Sampler Jim Mulik 1989 published research on high efficiency passive samplers designed for
62. Anonymous 1998 Commentary on Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure In Health Effects Institute Research Report Number 61 Miller A 1986 Pulmonary function tests in clinical and occupational lung disease Orlando FL Grune amp Stratton Keeney A H 1976 Ocular examination Basis and technique 2 ed St Louis MO Mosby 50 pou P m Methods Report Leitman M W 1981 Manual for eye examination and diagnosis 2 ed Oradell NJ Medical Economics Co Book Division Hudnell K H Otto D A amp House D E 1996 The influence of vision on computerized neurobehavioral test scores A proposal for improving test protocols Neurotoxicology and Teratology 18 4 391 400 Kalmus H 1965 Diagnosis and genetics of defective colour vision New York Pergamon Press 5 Letz R 1990 The neurobehavioral evaluation system An international effort In B L Johnson W K Anger A Durao amp C Xnintaras Eds Advances in neurobehavioral toxicology p 189 201 Chelsea MI Lewis Publishers Inc Letz R 1990 The neurobehavioral evaluation system An international effort In B L Johnson W K Anger A Durao amp C Xnintaras Eds Advances in neurobehavioral toxicology p 189 201 Chelsea MI Lewis Publishers Inc Letz R 1990 The neurobehavioral evaluation system An international effort In B L Johnso
63. D o 3 Have you had an attack of shortness of breath that came on during the day when you were at rest at any time in the last 12 months lt D o 4 Have you had an attack on shortness of breath that came on FOLLOWING strenuous activity at any time in the last 12 months L lt D o 5 Have you been woken by an attack of shortness of breath at any time in the last 12 months COUGH AND PHLEGM FROM THE CHEST lt D o 6 Have you been woken by an attack of coughing at any time in the last 12 months lt 7 Do you usually cough first thing in the morning in the winter IF DOUBTFUL USE QUESTION 8 1 TO CONFIRM es e Je Jel kj je a Appendix A 48 o ves 7 1 Do you cough like this most days for as much as 3 months each year Do you usually cough during the day or at night in the winter ves 8 1 Do you cough like this most days for E as much as 3 months each year Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest first thing in the morning in the winter IF DOUBTFUL USE QUESTION 10 1 TO CONFIRM 10 Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest during the day or at night in the winter YES 10 1 Do you bring up phlegm like this on most days for as much as 3 months each year BREATHING 11 Do you ever have trouble with your breathing P Do you have this trouble continuously so that your breathing is never quite right B Repeatedly but it al
64. Elemental Concentrations in PM sseeeeeeeeeeeenees 30 Table 9 Non Fibrous Particle Classification Scheme sees eene 33 Table 10 Criteria for Spirometric Tests ccccccccccessesssnneeeeeeeeeseeenneeeeeeeeseeneeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeaaaeeeeeesneeeeeeees 42 Table 11 Percentile Distribution of Visiting a Physician and Hospital for Respiratory Disorders by Diagnostic Category April 1995 March 1998 ssssssssssssssseeeeeeeee eee eene nnne 46 Table 12 Case Definitions for Asthma cccccccccesssseceeceeeeeeeseeeennaaeeeeceeseeneeeeceeeeeeeseeeeaaaaeeeeeeeneeeaeeeaes 47 Table 13 Case Definitions for COPD ssssssssssssssesseeeeeee senes en nenne sinensis 48 Table 14 Case Definitions for Respiratory Disorders seeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeenen nennen 48 E Methods Report ARM 0c n a gt Methods Report 1 0 Study Design and Overview 1 1 Study Design The Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program was modeled after the USEPA TEAM approach The TEAM approach is based on four fundamental characteristics direct measurement of all routes of exposure breathing ingestion and skin contact direct measurement of biomarkers daily logs of a participants activities and a representative probability sample The study was designed to assess exposure and associated health effects by direct measurement of personal exposure direct m
65. Far sighted Currently wearing Date Team midi e A Questionnaire o EE Field_Appt Date Pare Completed Pte Received Team en Members Original Deployment _ a ML mm ECL mms E SEC SS NN RN RN RN 3 qw SSS S COo es S memes ume 3 qw S ase S mE epum a EM a E pe one EN ERN ERN RN Biological Suggested Confirmed Confirmation for receipt Confirmation Source Confirmation Confirmed Sample Appt Date Appt Date of urine initial if yes name Date By Appendix A 70 Procedures for Field Monitoring Teams Initial Appointment 1 Arrive at study office to pick up prepared packages 2 Travel to first participant s home 3 Introduce team members to participant 4 Survey participant s house and yard 5 Sketch map of house yard and indicate placement of all samplers e Indoor note location of kitchen living room dining room doors windows sofa chair stove table etc e Outdoor note which direction the front of the home faces and sketch in the road s trees garden shed garage etc e mark all sampler locations with an X 6 Place personal samplers according to protocols 7 Place indoor samplers according to protocols 7 Place outdoor samplers according to protocols 8 Explain to the participant instructions for collecting urine sample 9 Explain to the participant how to complete the Time Activity Diary 10
66. Fig 5 a sample air stream at the volumetric flow rate of 16 7 L min is drawn through the PMj inlet Then a part of the PM stream at the volumetric flow rate of 3 L min is passed through a TEOM filter mounted on the end of a hollow tapered tube As particulate mass accumulates on the filter the tapered tube s natural frequency of oscillation decreases The change in frequency is monitored every two seconds and the total mass of particles deposited is determined To ensure temperature stability and that the dew Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the TEOM point of the ambient air is always exceeded and the sampler sample stream consists of dry air the mass transducer section of the TEOM sampler is usually maintained at a fixed temperature environment of 30 E or 50 C or a pre selected temperature The real time mass change is combined with the precisely controlled sample flow rate to yield an accurate and continuous measurement of the particulate mass PM Inlet 10 Bypass Flow Line o o A CO ncentration 7 TEOM Sensor Uait At AEP s Edmonton Northwest Monitoring Unit TEMP T p as hourly PM4o mass concentrations were continuously po Loud measured by the TEOM sampler During this l Air Tubes Mass Transducer Se study the mass transducer section was maintained TEOM Control Unit x a Bypau Fine Pate nay oo
67. ITIONS 14 Do you have any nasal allergies including hay fever 15 Have you ever had eczema or any kind of skin allergy 16 Are you allergic to insects stings or bites 16 1 Which insect 16 2 3 What kind of reaction do you have 16 2 14 breathing difficulty feeling faint nausea or fever 16 2 2 redness itching or swelling at the side of the sting 16 2 3 other 17 Have you ever had any difficulty with your breathing after taking medicines 17 1 Which medicine s Appendix A 51 NUMBER No Yes No Yes No Yes B No Yes JE No Yes Hc J LE YOUR PARENTS SMOKING 18 Did your father ever smoke regularly during your DON T childhood No Yes KNOW 19 Did your mother ever smoke regularly during your DON T childhood or before you were born No Yes KNOW YES 19 1 When your mother was pregnant in particular with you did she TICK ONE BOX ONLY A stop smoking during pregnancy B cut down or stop smoking during pregnancy C smoke as usual during pregnancy D started smoking during pregnancy E don t know AOU UL MORE ABOUT YOURSELF 20 When were you born DAY MONTH YEAR 21 What country were you born in a 22 Are you male or female MALE FEMALE NUMBER 23 How many brothers do or did you have code type of interview 1 at test center 2 at home 3 over telephone p Appendix A 52 24 25 26 27 28 29 23 1 How many
68. Learning Participants were presented a series of ten digits to be reproduced in correct serial order The stimulus and interstimulus intervals were both 600 msec Presentation of the same series of digits continued until the subject recalled the sequence correctly on two consecutive trials or until eight trials had been administered An error score was recorded by the test program Zero points were given for a correct answer one point was awarded for each trial with at least two thirds of the series reproduced correctly and two points were awarded for a series that had fewer than two thirds of the digits correct The value used for analysis was the sum of scores Vocabulary Twenty five words were presented and the subject was to select from a set of four words the synonym for the presented word The number correct was recorded This test is said to provide an index of stable CNS function and is a modification of a vocabulary subtest from the Armed Forces Qualifying Test AFQT 3 1 5 Analysis of Health Records Methods for Cohort Construction Analysis and Case Definition Of the 42 356 residents of Fort McMurray and 90 289 residents of Lethbridge from April 1995 to March 1998 34 031 Fort McMurray residents and 79 379 Lethbridge residents were registered with the Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan AHCIP on April 1 1995 Of these 29 368 86 3 from Fort McMurray and 70 390 88 7 from Lethbridge were followed for three years Individ
69. M samplers all samplers have their own flow rate control and measurement device The volumetric flow rates for the PEM samplers were measured with a bubble meter Gilian Gilibrator 2 calibration system made by Sensidyne Clearwater FL USA The volumetric flow rates of the MINIVOL samplers were also measured with this device The actual flow rates applied were adjusted to standard conditions at 298 K and 1 atmosphere according to the daily average temperature and barometric pressure at the Municipal Airport in Edmonton provided by Environment Canada Mass Measurement As mentioned previously the PM masses collected by the TEOM sampler were measured by the internally installed Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance at a constant temperature of 50 C The unloaded and loaded Teflo filters used for the PEM MINIVOL and dichotomous samplers were weighed by an electronic micro balance CAHN C 30 from CAHN Instrument Company Paramount CA USA with the mass range of 0 001 200 mg and the minimum readability of 1 ug The balance was located inside a chamber with constant humidity 45 1 and temperature 23 3 C and a polonium 210 Po radioactive source was located within the balance housing to remove electrostatic energy from filters Prior to the measurements the unloaded or loaded Teflo filters were conditioned i e equilibrated for 24 hours at a constant temperature of 23 3 C and a constant humidity of 45 1 unless specified ot
70. Royal Blue Trace Element blood collection tubes MUST be used DO NOT USE Becton Dickinson Royal Blue Stoppered Trace Metal blood collection tubes The usc of plastic catheters is highly recommended although not essential if the procedures outlined below are followed Do not use serum separator tubes Do not use glass containers for urine collections When multiple blood samples are scheduled for collection from one patient the trace metal specimen must be collected FIRST Once the phiebotomy needle has punctured another rubber stopper jt is contaminsted and SHOULD NOT be used for Trace Metal Specimen Collection NOTE D A completed SPECIALTY REQUISITION CHA 24 LB May 96 MUST be used and MUST accompany the specimens for any Trace Metal Analysis request 2 University of Alberta Hospital will provide containers and specialty requisitions for trace element tests upon request Cro vA Abertay strus ed JIA j38505 e D Audi Ae at S42 bl 13 1 SERUM TRACE ELEMENT SCREEN vA b EFS For aluminum antimony barium beryllium copper mangancse nickel selenium vanadium and zinc E Perform venipuncture using a stainless steel phlebotomy needle with a plastic hub 2 Attach a 7 mL Monoject Trace Element Blood Collection Tube Royal Blue stopper no additive silicone coated tube 307006 Sherwood Medical Canada Jand slowly draw the required volume of blood 3 Allow 30 60 minutes maximum for clotting centrifuge and pour o
71. TH motors are running properly Feel the motor NOTE Not for too long though they get extremely hot The vibrations should be quite evident Also ensure a secure connection between the particulate tubing and the particulate filter some extra tubing should be provided in the flow meter kit to make any alterations that are necessary 2 If the motors do not appear to be running at all try the reset breaker button Also check the extension cord connection s When turning the knob to adjust the flow ensure that the bottom is not turning not only will the flow not get any higher of course but the tubing may twist and deform or kink Battery Recharging e minivol large white batteries to be charged every 24 hours for at least 3 hours no maximum recharge time so can stay on recharger when now in use e AA batteries inside minivol samplers may need to be replaced occasionally one unit e personal pump batteries sticks to be replaced every 48 hours used ones to be marked and set aside Appendix A 76 Flow Meter use flow meter to check the flow of all particulate and personal pump units can be kept on charger when not in use no maximum recharge time e do not reset pump meter every time until target flow is reached once target flow is reached reset flow meter i e by holding reset button until old data cleared then take 5 10 readings and take the average reading if all readings are appropriate i e no double bubbl
72. TMF positive pressure hepafiltered room employing Eppendorff pipettes tips and SARSTEDT polypropylene sample tubes SPEX Certified Ultra pure single element standards were employed for the preparation of all mixed aqueous calibration standards internal standards and quality control samples AII standards were prepared by weight in TMF Nalgene low density polyethylene bottles acidified with TMF HNO acid and diluted to appropriate weight with Barnstead 18 Megohm cm TMF water SEASTAR TMF HNO acid was used throughout The analyses were conducted in a separate TMF positive pressure hepafiltered room employing a PE SCIEX Elan 6000 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer ICP MS operating in the quantitative mode with internal standardization All samples contained a mixed internal standard consisting of Sc v Rh and Ta The total recoverable metal by direct analysis for 23 trace metals was performed using a modified Ontario Ministry of Environment DW ATER protocol Determination of Trace Metals in potable waters by ICP MS The ICP MS method employed was consistent with the principles outlined for Total Recoverable Analyte by Direct Analysis of an unfiltered acid preserved drinking water sample employing ICP MS in the US EPA Method 200 8 Revision 5 4 1994 protocol Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 2 5 4 Internal External Quality Assurance Protocols All r
73. The Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program Methods Report Ae November 2000 pou Methods Report A This report is one of a series of published documents Pilot Study 1997 Summary Report 2000 Methods Report 2000 Technical Report 2000 For more information or copies of any of these documents contact Health Surveillance Alberta Health and Wellness P O Box 1360 10025 Jasper Avenue Edmonton Alberta T5J 2P4 Phone 780 427 4518 Fax 780 427 1470 Internet www health gov ab ca ISBN 0 7785 0697 5 pou P d Methods Report Acknowledgements This report is the result of the efforts of a number of individuals who collaborated to develop a holistic approach to the study of personal exposure and the potential health impact of airborne contaminants Dr Stephan Gabos Health Surveillance Alberta Health and Wellness led the study team The required data analysis and the development of the report was carried out by selected members of the Science Team Dr Robert Audette Dr Siu Chan Jasna Dmitrovic Bond X Feng Dr Marvin Fritzler Dr Francis Green Dr Patrick Hessel Dr Chris Le Health Surveillance staff Alexander MacKenzie Jonathan Robb Dr Donald Schopflocher Susan Shaw and Fu Lin Wang Science Advisory Committee Dr Petros Koutrakis Harvard School of Public Health Dr Rein Ottson deceased Health Canada Dr Pierre Band Health Canada Dr Tee Guidot
74. al who lives with you and signed consent Each individual who is older than 18 must consent to allow us to use this information and signed consent from the parent or guardian must be provided for each child younger than 18 years of age As indicated before all responses will be kept strictly confidential and you may refuse to provide this information Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Name Name Name Alberta Health Care Number Alberta Health Care Number Alberta Health Care Number I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the health care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compiling and evaluation the results of the study Signed I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the health care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compiling and evaluation the results of the study Signed I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the healt
75. amination of the loaded filters and were not included for the evaluation Effect on Mass Measurement of Relative Humidity Used for Filter Conditioning One of the requirements in the guideline for PM sampling and analysis applicable to receptor modeling U S EPA 1994 is to condition the filter for 24 hours at a constant relative humidity RH within 5 between 20 and 45 prior to mass measurement In the National Air Pollution Surveillance NAPS program conducted by Environment Canada filters were conditioned at a constant RH of 43 5 Danta T 1994 In the West Central Airshed Zone monitoring program filters have been conditioned at a RH value of 5096 Peake E personal communication 1996 The average ambient RH in the past 10 years at Fort McMurray where the pilot study was carried out was about 5596 Environment Canada 1996 Based on the above information an RH value of 45 was selected for conditioning the Teflo filters in the pilot study With an in house made device the variation of the RH value was controlled within 196 Figure 5 The Effect of Relative Humidity Applied during the 24 hr Filter Equilibrium Period on the Mass of Airborne Particulate Matter n 11 for PM and n 9 for PM In order to understand the comparability of the PM a 4 mass data obtained at different relative humidity B i0 l values used for conditioning the filter collocated T PM filter samples were measu
76. an have more than one claim for the same disease during the same day Treated Case An individual who accessed the health care system and has a record of diagnostic code in the physician claims and or the hospital morbidity file Physician A Fee For Service FFS health care practitioner This term is interchangeably used with the term the health care practitioner in the text Rate of Visiting a Physician and or a Hospital Rate PH The number of visits for a specific pre defined disease occurring during a given time period in an at risk population It is interpreted as the number of visits for a given disease per 100 person years at risk Mathematically it is expressed as Number of visits for disease during 3 years Rate PH X 100 Total person years population at risk Period Prevalence Rate PR 96 The proportion of the pre defined existing cases during a given time period in the population at risk It is interpreted as the number of cases during the 3 year study period per 100 population One individual can be counted only once between April 1995 and March 1998 Mathematically it is expressed as Number of pre defined existing cases during the 3 year period Population at risk Incidence Rate IR The number of new cases or events that occur in a specified time period in the population at risk It is defined as the number of the pre defined cases in the child
77. and metabolites of the BTEX compounds benzene toluene ethylbenzene m p and o xylene Although there are several methods of measuring benzene exposure in biological media the most appropriate measure of low level exposure to benzene from environmental sources is urinary muconic acid Studies have shown that urinary muconic acid is the most sensitive measure available to detect environmental exposures of less than 1mg m Similarly urinary mandelic acid hippuric acid 2 and 3 4 methylhippuric acids are indicative of exposure to ethylbenzene toluene and o and m xylene respectively Measures of serum levels of nicotine were included to identify the contribution from tobacco smoke to serum levels of both trace metals and BTEX compounds The biological measures of effect included in the study included autoantibody activity a neurocognitive assessment and a respiratory health assessment including a respiratory health history survey and a spirometry assessment Increases in antinuclear autoantibodies result from a reaction by the immune system to external stressors Comparison of prevalence with reference populations can be used to demonstrate differences in exposure and response In addition it is important to estimate the impact on human health from natural sources such as pollen and dust to determine the relative impact from oil sands activity Neurocognitive impairments have been associated with exposure to a variety of contami
78. ar o Te S peso 0 i i 0 5 10 15 P 3 Dichotomous PM u g m Dichotomous PM ug m Figure 10 Comparisons between PEM with a flow rate of 4 L min and dichotomous samplers for PM and PM measurements PM2 5 40 T i me came jme eee ren eee EARE ee gern 1 T T 35 E E 30 iiHine i 2 RE uM T 25 pee pee p TE E ET a D Jr SESW EDS UENIRE VE AUD P c NUM KELE EIEEN ELIRIS SERIE ws dE 2 7 Lo 15 LL e ye 1 28x 1 8982 R 0 9941 n uU 104 F o o a i 5 d t t 0 i Go e M ee iW UE oas SM 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Dichotomous PM pg m Dichotomous PM25 ug m Appendix B 14 PM o Mass Concentrations Collected by the SSI High Volume Sampler and the TEOM Sampler The purpose to collocate the MINIVOL and PEM samplers with the SSI high volume and TEOM samplers in addition to the dichotomous sampler was simply to collect more data from a reference method SSI high volume sampler or an equivalent method TEOM These two samplers were already in use at the ambient air monitoring station However only 5 sets of PM data were collected The data sizes were too small to warrant proper comparisons Nevertheless the data as compared to the dichotomous measurements are presented in Figs 13 14 for reference Figure 10 Comparison be
79. at 50 C and the instrumental setting for ambient diem 2T i ce temperatur tat 15 C eae T ea emperature was set a l Controller yam lt jc A Appendix B 5 Filter Media The filters used in the dichotomous PEM and MINIVOL samplers were 37 and 47 mm diameter Teflo filters polymethylpentene ring supported Teflon membrane with 2 um pore size made by Gelman Science Inc Montreal Canada The 37 mm R2PJ037 filters were used for the dichotomous and PEM samplers and the 47 mm R2PJ047 filters were used for the MINIVOL samplers The filters used in the SSI sampler are 8x10 inch Teflon coated glass fiber filters Emfab TX40HI20WW from Pallflex Putnam CT USA The filter medium layer is composed of pure borosilicate microglass fibers Extra fine woven glass cloth is added for reinforcement The two materials were bonded together by Teflon which is cured at over 700 F simultaneously being cleaned by heat The material is then flushed a number of times with deionized water to remove any water soluble residue The filter medium layer of the TEOM filter cartridge is also made from the Teflon coated borosilicate microglass fiber filters Emfab TX40HI20WW from Pallflex The filter cartridge support is made of aluminum foil Sample Collection This study was performed during December 11 16 of 1996 at AEP s Edmonton Northwest Monitoring Unit ERMU located at 127 street and 133 avenue Six PEM 10 L min t
80. atigue Physical fatigue Headaches Unspecific airway infections Scratchy throats or coughs Colds or flu Nausea Dizziness Dry itching or tearing eyes Strained eyes or focusing Chest tightness Unspecific hypersensitivity Feeling heavy headed Difficulty concentrating Dry facial skin Aching joints Muscle twitching Back pain 57 Have you seen a doctor for any or all of these symptoms O No 58 When do you experience relief from these symptoms Appendix A 18 59 60 6l 62 63 Do you have another job or if employed do you go to school part time O Yes O No skip to question 63 At the present time is your second job or school attendance full time or part time O Full time O Part time Where do you work or attend school What is your occupation for your second job If you are a student What program or training are you taking If you have any questions comments or concerns about the study please write these down in the space provided below Appendix A 19 Health Habits and Diet Survey Participant ID Date THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS COMMUNITY EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM HEALTH HABITS AND DIET SURVEY As you are probably already aware the goal of the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program is to assess
81. ation Assuming a constant sampling rate this would translate into sensitivities of about 35 ppb over a 24 hour sampling duration Unfortunately from a methods development perspective the Air Quality Monitoring Report for 21 pou Methods Report Ar Alberta 1993 indicates that typical concentrations of SO in Fort McMurray and Fort McKay are between 5 and 10 ppb 13 to 26 ug m It was decided that the Leaderer design was acceptable however the sorbent pad area needed to be slightly larger to facilitate the collection of more contaminant In addition the diffusion path between the diffusion membrane and the treated sorbent pad needed to be decreased to increase the sampling rate The final sampler design for the current study was a clear lightweight plastic holder with a diameter of 55 mm The sampler is constructed from a modified 55 Plus Millipore Filter Holder with a removable TEFLON diffusion barrier designed to protect the sorbent pad from wind and rain The sorbent pad is cleaned and treated at the Centre for Toxicology at the University of Calgary and loaded into the holders under zero air conditions A specially designed TEFLON ring is used to hold the filters in place and a standard bull dog clip is used to attach the sampler to the volunteer Lastly the samplers are shipped individually in an airtight vial purged with nitrogen prior to leaving the Centre for Toxicology The sampling rate used in the study was 120 mL min de
82. ationally active printing workers Journal of Occupational Medicine 30 875 878 ll Grabski D A 1961 Toluene sniffing producing cerebellar degeneration American Journal of Psychology 8 461 462 Linn W 1996 Short term air pollution exposures and responses in L A area schoolchildren Journal of Exposure Analusis and Environmental Epidemiology 6 4 449 472 Delfino R 1998 Emergency room visits for respiratory illnesses in the elderly in Montreal Association with low level ozone exposure Environmental Research 76 2 67 77 Borja Aburto V 1998 Mortality and ambient fine particles in southwest Mexico City 1993 1995 Environmental Health Perspectives 106 12 849 855 Hoek G 1997 Effects of ambient particulate matter and ozone on daily mortality in Rotterdam the Netherlands Archives of Environmental Health 52 6 455 463 16 International Programme on Chemical Safety 1993 International chemical safety cards On line Available www cdc gov niosh 1 Calderon G 1996 DNA strand breaks in human nasal respiratory epithelium are induced upon exposure to urban pollution Environmental Health Perspectives 104 2 160 168 An Humerfelt S Gulsvik A Skjaeven R Nilssen S Kvale G Sulheim O Ramm E Eilertsen E amp Humerfelt S B 1993 Decline in FEV and airflow limitation related to occupational exposures in men of an urban community European Respiratory Journal 6 1095 1103
83. atistical analysis Data were entered into an Excel file and analyzed by analysis of variance Primary analyses were made to determine differences in elemental composition of particles for the three types of sample personal indoor and outdoor Secondary analyses were performed to look for differences between PM and PM samples 33 pou Methods Report AN 2 4 Modifications and Additions to Sampler Protocol To improve data collection methods and address quality control issues certain changes were made to the protocols and procedures of the main study 2 4 1 Passive Sampler Protocol Changes As the study progressed the field coordinator developed a more efficient means to transport samplers to and from the laboratory increase the circulation rate of the samplers and facilitate proper deployment and retrieval of the samplers by the field staff The shipments of samplers were carefully managed to decrease the time that samplers were held in storage This was necessary in order to minimize the possibility of background exposure of the samplers Receiving procedures included checking each sampler identification label with the shipment log sheets as well as the field staff ensuring that each sampler was returned to its original container Finally prior to shipment back to the laboratory the field coordinator reviewed and signed off the log sheets and kept a record of which samplers were being returned to the laboratory for analysis T
84. bels back into the container the laboratory will require the remaining labels 5 The following should be recorded on the field data log sheet participant number site description date and time military of sample initiation and relevant comments as deemed necessary 6 Ensure that the sampler is intact and the clip is operable If the clip is broken or the permeation barrier of the sampler is damaged it is advised that you do not use this sampler or at the very least record this information on the field data log sheet 7 Attach the air monitor to the personal sampler necklace the indoor stand or the outdoor stand 8 After the sampling period has ended remove the plastic ring and white film from the face of the sampler Take the closure cap from the container and firmly snap it onto the face of the sampler Ensure that the two port plugs are firmly seated 9 Turn the clip to one side and return the monitor to the appropriate can and seal with plastic lid provided Ensure that the labels on the sampler and the container are identical No parafilm is required as the closure cap and plastic lid provide an appropriate seal 10 Record date and time of sample termination on the data log sheet 11 Transport vials are to be collected at a central location and shipment is made to the laboratory twice weekly Preparation of VOC Blank 1 Skip step 7 above and continue with following steps as if the air monitor was exposed 25 pou
85. completed the initial interview described above and the times that the appointments were booked The teams were responsible for contacting the participant at the previously arranged appointment time to place the samplers inside and outside the home and on the individual The monitoring team also provided details about the equipment being placed in the home and explained what to do if there were problems with the equipment In addition the monitoring team reviewed the method for completing the time activity diaries Each participant was required to be available for four consecutive 24 hour periods and appointments were booked during the introductory interview Two field staff visited each site at approximately the same time each evening to retrieve exhausted samplers and deploy fresh samplers and conduct spirometry Field staff also retrieved completed time activity diaries each day and retrieved the questionnaires when completed The urine sample bottles were deployed during the last appointment along with instructions for their use Participants were also reminded to visit the local hospital laboratory on the following day to deliver the urine sample and provide a blood sample All documents and data collected by the field monitoring teams were returned to the study office at the end of the day The information on the data collection instruments was keyed and the forms were returned to storage After error checking and validation the keyed data was us
86. correctly matched were recorded A computerized version of the Symbol Digit task has been found to be of value in automated screening of psychiatric patients Besides being included in the WHO NCTB the Digit Symbol test has been found to be useful in prior epidemiological studies of individuals exposed to lead carbon disulphide and solvent mixtures Pattern Comparison Participants were presented with 25 trials of three 10 x 10 arrays of black and white squares and asked to choose the array that differed from the other two Four out of the 100 arrays are set to differ in each trial The mean latency of correct responses to stimuli 2 to 25 were examined Improved performance on this test with experimental administration of dextroamphetamine and worse performance after administration of scopalomine has been observed Pattern Memory A single stimulus 10 x 10 black and white array was presented for a brief period and then the screen was blanked After a very brief retention interval three arrays were presented side by side One of these was 43 pou Methods Report AN identical while the other two patterns varied slightly For each trial the subject chose which of the three arrays was identical to the initial presented array The task was repeated with different stimulus and choice patterns to a total of 15 trials The computer recorded the number of correct and incorrect responses and the response latency for each item Serial Digit
87. culty performing the work or other activities for example it took extra effort Yes No Appendix A 40 29 30 31 32 During the past 4 weeks have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular activities as a result of any emotional problems such as feeling depressed or anxious Cut down on the amount of time you spent on work or other activities Yes No Accomplished less than you would like Yes No Did not do work or other activities as carefully as usual Yes No During the past 4 weeks to what extent has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your normal social activities with family friends neighbors or groups Not at all Slightly Moderately Quite a bit Extremely How much bodily pain have you experienced during the past 4 weeks None Very mild Mild Moderate Severe Very severe During the past 4 weeks how much did pain interfere with your normal work including both work outside the home and housework Not at all Slightly Moderately Quite a bit Extremely Appendix A 41 33 34 35 These questions are about how you feel and how things have been with you during the past 4 weeks For each question please check v the one answer that comes closest to the way you have been feeling How much of the time during the past 4 weeks Allof Mostof Agoodbit Someof A little of None of the time thetime ofthetime thetime thetime the time Did y
88. cup 125 ml Potatoes fried french fries hash 3 34 cup browns Spinach Swiss chard V5 cup 125 ml Squash yellow V cup 125 ml Sweet potatoes yams V cup 125 ml Tomato raw 1 med cup 14 Y2 cup Tomato sauce 75 125 ml Tomato canned V cup 125 ml Zucchini V cup 125 ml Mixed assorted or frozen vegetables 1 2 cup 125 ml Vegetable soups such as tomato 1 cup 250 ml Vegetable drinks e g tomato V cup 125 ml juice Clamto V 8 Other vegetables Appendix A 24 Your Medium Serving How often Size Serving Rarely GRAIN PRODUCTS SIMIL Day Week Month Year Never Bread rolls white slice or roll Bread rolls whole grain or dark slice or roll Bagel hamburger or hot dog bun white Bagel hamburger or hot dog bun Vy whole grain Bannock 1 small piece Corn bread corn muffins or corn 1 medium tortillas piece Crackers all types 4 6 Cereals cooked e g oatmeal Ys cup 125 ml porridge Cereals cold higher fiber e g bran shreddies granola shredded 1 cup 30 g wheat Cereals cold lower fiber e g corn flakes rice krispies sugary Seb Leup 20g Rice cooked ea are a ERR RES CER T rn cT ee en ee White V5 cup 125 ml Brown or Wild l5 cup 125 ml Pasta all types cooked V5 cup 125 ml Other grain products Appe
89. d identify when a participant has left anything out For example if you see that a participant has written that they were at work until 4 45 p m and then the next entry shows that they were at home the interviewer must identify how they got home whether by they walked or drove and whether the participant stopped on the way home at the grocery store dry cleaners etc Each activity of the day must be accounted for but the activity list does not need to be so comprehensive that the participant needs to indicate that they got up to use the bathroom or get a snack while watching TV The most important concern is that they identify that they were relatively sedentary and did not leave the home Appendix A 47 Respiratory Health Survey AREA NUMBER PERSONAL NUMBER DATE Day Month Year I AM GOING TO ASK YOU SOME QUESTIONS AT FIRST THESE WILL BE MOSTLY ABOUT YOUR BREATHING WHENEVER POSSIBLE WOULD LIKE YOU TO ANSWER Yes OR NO WHEEZE AND TIGHTNESS IN THE CHEST lt D o 1 Have you had wheezing or whistling in your chest at any time in the last 12 months E lt D o YES 1 4 Have you been at all breathless when the wheezing noise was present E 1 2 Have you had this wheezing or whistling when you did not have a cold E lt D o 2 Have you woken up with a feeling of tightness in your chest chest at any time in the last 12 months CeO le De SHORTNESS OF BREATH lt
90. d in relation to Syncrude s Mildred Lake Development Project 1994 Human health concerns related to air quality were raised by various participants including aboriginal groups environmental associations and Alberta Health and Wellness National initiatives also identified these contaminants as a priority and set exposure limits and monitoring requirements for sulphur dioxide SO nitrogen dioxide NO2 ozone O3 and particulate matter PM Finally the availability of appropriate technology was a key defining factor in the final selection Personal samplers for ozone and particulate matter were commercially available but samplers for SO and NO had to be developed and tested during the pilot study Commercially available VOC samplers were deployed during the pilot study and analyzed for a wide range of contaminants the final selection of VOCs analyzed for the main study included all VOCs for which measurable quantities were identified during the pilot study The selection of biomarkers for the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program was based on a number of factors including the ability of the laboratory to measure low levels of relevant biological markers the most appropriate media for measuring the markers and the burden placed on each volunteer The final set of biological measures of exposure included trace metals EM X Methods Report AN such as arsenic cadmium lead and uranium nicotine
91. d on the pre weighed filter is then measured by the gravimetric method in the laboratory The PEM sampler is not a reference or equivalent method device The flow rates used are much less than those used in reference method devices and the sampler is not equipped with a mean of flow rate measurement or a timing control device However it was claimed that results for PM were comparable to those obtained with the reference methods Bukley et al 1991 Lioy et al 1988 Appendix B 2 Figure 2 Schematic view of the Personal Environmental Monitor PEM 2 5 um NOZZLE CAP TUFTANE SEAL POROUS STAINLESS STEEL IMPACTION RING IMPACTION RING SUPPORT FILTER AP10 FILTER SUPPORT OF u TUBE uj SPANNER MACHINE SCREWS 10 pm NOZZLE CAP The PEM samplers with the evacuating volumetric flow rate of 10 L min with either PM or PM inlet impactors were used in the pilot study to collect the outdoor outside the residence house and the ambient at the local ambient air quality monitoring stations PM samples The PEM samplers with the evacuating volumetric flow rate of 4 L min with either PMio or PMos inlet impactors were used to collect the personal PM exposure samples Appendix B 3 The Dichotomous Sampler The dichotomous sampler Series 244 made by Graseby Anderson Smyrna GA USA was used in this collocation study The sampler collects simultaneously the fine size fraction i e PM2s5 with an aer
92. day Urine samples were kept either at 4 C if analyzed within 48 h or 20 C if kept for longer term storage No preservative was added to the samples After filtration through a 0 45 um nylon membrane the sample was subjected to high performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry analysis HPLC HGAFS 37 pou Methods Report AM Speciation of arsenic in urine Arsenic compounds were speciated by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC with hydride generation atomic fluorescence detection HGAFD Detailed methodology has been previously described The HPLC system consisted of a Gilson Middletone WI HPLC pump Model 307 and a Rheodyne 6 port sample injector Model 77251 with a 20 ul sample loop A reversed phase C18 column ODS 3 150 mm x 4 6 mm 3 um particle size Phenomenex Torrance CA was used for separation A solution pH 5 8 containing 5 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide Aldrich 4 mM malonic acid Aldrich and 5 methanol Fisher was used as the HPLC mobile phase The column was mounted inside a column heater Model CH 30 Eppendorf and the temperature was maintained at 50 C Isocratic HPLC operation was performed under 1 5 mL min flow rate A hydride generation atomic fluorescence detector HGAFD Model Excalibur 10 003 P S Analytical Kent UK was used for the detection of arsenic The combination of HPLC and HGAFD has been described previously Briefly
93. e Blank Sampler ID place sticker here eterno sticker here EET sticker here BET sticker here Appendix A 73 Air Particulate Sampling Field Data Log Sheet Participant ID Field Team PM 2 5 Sra Time place sticker here Personal 10 Yellow place sticker here Indoor Target Flow Rate L min place sticker here Personal 4 15 0 1 5 18 0 1 Start Date End Date End Flow Rate L min Start Flow Rate L min End Time Comments hh mm 10 37 0 1 Outdoor place sticker here pec Pe ee place sticker here Indicate sampler type of Blank MP MPP MV or DC and whether it is a PM 2 5 or PM 10 sampler Sampler Types MP Marple Outdoor Sampler 37 mm filter MPP Marple Personal Sampler 37 mm filter MV Minivol Indoor Sampler 47 mm filter DC Dichotomous Sampler 37 mm filter Received by Appendix A 74 Particulate Sampling Instructions amp Tips e blank particulate head to be sent out every second day two blanks per person throughout a four day sampling period doesn t matter what type of blank i e personal or minivol or what particulate size i e 2 5 or 10 but the type i e personal indoor outdoor colour and particulate size should be recorded on the field data log sheet Requirements Indoor Outdoor Monitors e two carrying containers blue coolers e one containing empty particulate containers with appropriate packing material and data sheet e
94. e PM collected For the samples collected in this study the mass concentration data decreased about 896 when the relative humidity changed from 5096 to 1596 A 396 portion of the mass could not be recovered when relative humidity increased back to 50 from 15 If the relative humidity is controlled within 5 in the range of 30 40 the mass measurement could be affected by a maximum of 2 for the samples in this study The method detection limits of PM mass concentration measured directly were in agreement with those calculated from the method detection limits of PM mass measurement The method detection limits for PMi9 and PM25 mass measurement collected on Teflo filters 37 or 47 mm in diameter were 20 ug regardless of the samplers used The MINIVOL and PEM samplers were basically comparable to each other for PMi and PM measurement and to the dichotomous reference sampler for PM measurement However if resources are available more data should be collected especially for PM25 measurement for which an EPA reference method is now available Appendix B 16 References Bates D L 1996 nhalable particulate matter in Edmonton and Calgary from 1984 to 1993 Air Issues and Monitoring Branch Alberta Environmental Protection ISBN 0 7732 5052 2 Bukley T J Waldman J M Freeman N C G Lioy P J Marple V A Turner W A 1991 Calibration intersampler comparison and field application of a new PM 10 personal ai
95. eanesseatcreceesee 32 2 3 2 Sample Preparation eeaeci teo epa euet enne dece seers EEEE EAEE EREEREER 32 2 3 3 Scanning Electron Microscopy eeeessseeeeeeeee ener 32 234 Part icle CharacteFizatiofi eeu cose ehe the deese tat in nier ees eee dena ENERO 32 2 3 5 Data management and statistical analysis esses 33 2 4 Modifications and Additions to Sampler Protocol eese 34 2 4 1 Passive Sampler Protocol Changes seen 34 2 4 2 Particulate Protocol Changes eene 34 2 5 hdd RR 35 2 3 1 Sample COC CHON tedecsssorstesdisieareseonetaseiseresesises ie ueit neiet eea EERE EEEREN EREEREER 35 2 9 2 Routine Chemical ANGQLySiS sievcesiscsasnors consis svcsasanes cases satous noes dese aae akeas 35 25 3 race Metal Analysis eet A E 36 2 5 4 Internal External Quality Assurance Protocols eese 36 pou Methods Report AM 2 6 Biological Markers of Exposure ee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee 7 2 6 1 Nicotine and BTEX Compounds eese eene nnne 37 VIP MEE VOTI IGPEPHEREPEREEP TEE 37 3 0 Health Assessment Methods and Protocols 41 3 1 Biological Markers of E TOchai cesses ese n eee ERE PVER NS A pepe R ev FRE an a PARS MESE 41 3 1 1 Autoantibodies 2 2 cccccccceecceeeeeeetsneeneeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeesaaeeaaaeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaeeeeeeseeaaaea 41 3 12 Lu
96. easurement of biomarkers and daily logs of a participant s activities The study did not use a representative probability sample for two major reasons 1 the high level of commitment required from participants and 2 the high cost of administering a complex sampling design The science team determined that the high level of commitment required from potential participants would result in a biased sample regardless of the recruitment method Furthermore the high cost of administering a complex sampling design was not considered to be offset by an improvement in the selection bias Consequently participants were recruited on a volunteer basis The Methods Report provides a more detailed description of the various components in the study including the methods protocols and validation studies Please refer to this document for further detail The contaminants identified for personal exposure measurement for the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program were sulphur dioxide nitrogen dioxide ozone volatile organic compounds and particulates The final list of contaminants were identified using three criteria e the local priority contaminants of concern e national initiatives and e the availability of technology to measure the contaminants The local community identified a number of priority contaminants and these were highlighted during the public hearings conducted by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Boar
97. ed affix the calibration device to the particulate head filter and determine the end flow rate by taking the average of ten consecutive readings during which the rate is relatively stable Record the end flow rate and the end counter time in on the field data once the device has been turned off 11 Detach the particulate head filter ensuring to keep the intake portion of the device in an upright position Wrap the filter in the plastic bags provided and carefully place the exposed head filter into the cooler to be returned to the laboratory for analysis Check for arrows on shipping containers that indicate which way the boxes should be positioned and ensure that shipping staff are aware that boxes must not be inverted and should be handled with care 12 Samples are shipped to a central location unloaded cleaned and reloaded for further sampling 31 pou Methods Report Ar 2 3 Electron Microscopy 2 3 1 Materials and Methods The filter samples were taken by the project field teams between July 16 1998 and November 4 1998 Particle filters were collected from three locations 1 outdoor n 12 2 indoor n 12 and 3 personal n 12 In addition two sized cut off points were made one at PM5 another at PMio The Marple PEM or Personal Exposure Monitor was first recommended by Petros Koutrakis from Harvard University Follow up conversations with Steve Ferguson from the School of Public Health at Harvard eventually led us
98. ed for statistical analysis Sampler identification numbers participant identification numbers date and time of exposure and location of exposure was recorded each day for each set of exposed samplers The field coordinator maintained a hard copy inventory of all samplers sent to the laboratory from Fort McMurray and a copy was sent to the laboratory with the details of each shipment Each sample was logged in upon receipt at the laboratory and its condition noted All monitoring filters were sorted by numerical filter number order Filters were kept in their original plastic slides bundled in batches of 10 and stored in boxes The boxes were then placed in a locked refrigerator set at 4 5 C A hard copy inventory of all sampler filters returned from Fort McMurray was maintained in the laboratory to record the status of each filter 1 9 1 Personal Exposure Measurement Instruments Five air contaminants including volatile organic compounds VOCs sulphur dioxide SO nitrogen dioxide NO2 ozone O3 and particulates both PMjo and PM were designated for evaluation in the Main Study Figure 1 provided a pictorial description of the monitoring of the air contaminants on the study participants Passive samplers measuring SO NO O and VOCs were placed outside and inside the residence and on the person daily for four days One in six participants were selected for particulate matter PM monitoring which involved two pumps outside and tw
99. ed goods e g muffins loaves 2 3 cookies 1 donut pies cake cookies pastries donuts or pastry 1 med pc Candy Chocolate 1 bar 40 60 g Hard or soft candy handful Sugar white and brown including 1 tsp in tea coffee or on cereal Syrup all types 1 Tbsp Honey 1 Tbsp Jams and jellies 1 Tbsp Popcorn 1 microwave bag 3 cup 3 cups or 1 bag Potato chips pretzels cheesies etc 1 cup 250 ml Other sweets or snack foods Tour How often Medium Serving Size FATS AND OILS SEVDE SIMIL Day Week Month Year o TIP For estimating fat used in cooking 1 cup 250 ml contains 16 Tbsp 2 cup 125 ml contains 8 Tbsp Butter not for cooking tsp Hard margarine not for cooking tsp Soft tub margarine not for cooking tsp Salad dressing SSS ee pp Regular 1 Tbsp Light or fat reduced 1 Tbsp Cream 1 Tbsp Mayonnaise including on sandwiches Regular 1 Tbsp Light or fat reduced 1 Tbsp Sour Cream Regular 1 Tbsp Light or fat reduced 1 Tbsp Cooking fats oils Lard or shortening 1 Tbsp Canola oil 1 Tbsp Olive oil 1 Tbsp Peanut oil 1 Tbsp Other vegetable oils 1 Tbsp Meat drippings 1 Tbsp Butter or margarine 1 Tbsp Other fats and oils Appendix A 27 Instructions for meat and alternates component Please indicate your
100. ed vessel under constant temperature and the metal concentrations were determined with ICP MS Perkin Elmer Elan 5000 The list of elements with the detection limits achieved during the main study is show in Table 8 The detection limits were based on three times the standard deviations of the blank samples taken during the study The detection limits of the elements in terms of air concentrations for a one day sampling can be obtained by dividing the limit per filter in Table 8 by the volume of air sampled i e 5 7 m3 for personal samples 7 2 m3 for indoor samples and 14 4 m3 for outdoor samples The table also shows the percentage of the samples taken that were above the detection limit While the majority of the measures for most elements were above the detection limits there were some elements that were not in the detectable range due to a combination of high background concentrations or low levels in the samples collected 28 Methods Report Figure 12 Precision of PM Mass Concentration Measurement as a Function of PM Mass Concentrations 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 w o RSD of PM Mass Concentrations PO eo o 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 PM Mass Concentration ug m A MINIVOL PM2 5 B MINIVOL PM10 A PEMPM2 5 O PEMPM10 Power MINIVol Power PEM 29 poun Methods Report A lt Table 8 Detection Limits of Elemental Concentrations in PM Average Stdev Detection Fraction of of blan
101. epidemiological study that evaluates participants on a single occasion The current study is most closely related to the latter of these two uses The flexibility and the user friendly design of the NES2 which is easily administered by a minimally trained technician using an IBM compatible computer has allowed it to be useful in these and many other testing situations The NES2 consists of 18 neurocognitive tests which evaluate a variety of neurocognitive functions Four of the NES2 tests are direct variants of the World Health Organization Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery WHO NCTB a widely administered and validated battery of non computerized neurobehavioral tests from which the concept for the automated NES2 was derived from During the selection of the tests to include in the NES2 battery emphasis was placed on adapting tests that had been useful in many EM X Methods Report A occupational studies Simple non verbal tests were chosen that would be minimally affected by differences in language and education Table 2 lists the tests included in the NES2 their functional domains and the specific function tested Table 2 NES2 Tests Functional Domain and Specific Function Symbol digit substitution Coding speed ability Hand eye co ordination Motor co ordination dexterity visuomotor accuracy Simple reaction time Psychomotor Visuomotor speed Performance Continuous performance test or Sustained attenti
102. eport Table 5 Results of Replicate Study on VOC Samplers Benzene Still Moveing Average X Stdev Count RSD Average X Stdev Count RSD Date Duration ng m3 ng m3 ng m3 6 Jul 99 3289 20 536 87 3554 62 439 25 7 Jul 99 3559 97 241 67 3127 19 283 86 8 Jul 99 5725 87 735 77 6263 82 635 38 9 Jul 99 1269 32 1976 30 1939 99 1931 38 10 Jul 99 2733 17 1629 93 2774 38 1658 32 11 Jul 99 1244 12 1937 57 2801 18 1677 67 12 Jul 99 547 19 1583 82 2671 14 1631 01 13 Jul 99 3207 02 176 43 3858 42 427 82 6 Jul 99 1721 72 128 56 2173 67 160 19 10 Jul 99 1808 79 116 66 2162 07 118 12 he Average increase in sample rate due to data from collocation at Ft McMurray Ambient Station using one day samples with postitive averages only 27 Aug 98 l day 112 9652 1320 84 5 1169 27 Aug 98 4day 3064 075 73 2241 5 2 Un Un tUa CA Un tn CA CA 5 5 5 5 b 5 5 5 Oo Oo Figure 5 Precision of VOC Passive Sampler Benzene Precision of VOC Sampler Benzene 500 450 ie e Sil bibis m Stil 4 naci Move y 11053118948 x Move4 200 150 100 50 0 0 00 1000 00 2000 00 3000 00 4000 00 5000 00 6000 00 7000 00 Concentration of Benzene ug m3 Regression 1 day Regression 4 day R 0 8187 y 15129x 7 R 0 7603 RSD of Benzene Concentration 17 Methods Report lt Table 6 Results of Replicate Study on O Samplers
103. eptual framework and item selection Medical Care 30 6 473 83 d Freeman N C G Waldman J M amp Lioy P J 1991 Design and evaluation of a location and activity log used for assessing personal exposure to air pollutants Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 1 3 1991 i Nelson W C Ott W R amp Robinson J P 1994 National Human Activity Pattern Survey NHAPS Use of nationwide activity data for human exposure assessment Government Reports Announcements amp Index 21 1994 American Thoracic Society 1987 Standardization of spirometry 1987 update American Review of Respiratory Disease 136 5 1285 1298 3 Koutrakis P Wolfson J M Bunyaviroch A Froehlich S E Hirano K amp Mulik J D 1993 Measurement of ambient ozone using a nitrite coated filter Analytical Chemistry 65 3 209 214 Harper M amp Purnell C J 1987 Diffusive sampling A review American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48 3 214 218 3 Tang H Brassard B Brassard R amp Peake E 1997 A new passive sampling system for monitoring SO in the atmosphere Field Analytical Chemistry amp Technology 1 5 307 314 i Mulik J Lewis R McClenny W amp Williams D 1989 Modification of a high efficiency passive sampler to determine nitrogen dioxide or formaldehyde in air Analytical Chemistry 61 2 187 189 s2 Leaderer B P Koutrakis P Wolfson J amp
104. er Fast foods Take out foods Cafeteria style meals Home delivery Restaurants Deli foods Other 16 Please list your five most common choices when you eat fast or take out foods cafeteria meals home delivery foods restaurant dishes or deli foods For example they might include caesar salad clam chowder steak sandwich pizza and french fries l 2 Appendix A 31 17 We would also like to know if you have had any medical complaints and how your health has been in general over the past few weeks Please answer all the questions below by circling the answer which you think most nearly applies to you Remember that we want to know about present and recent complaints not those that you had in the past It is important that you try to answer all of the questions Have you recently Been able to concentrate on whatever you are doing Lost much sleep over worrying Been feeling mentally alert and wide awake Been feeling full of energy Been having restless disturbed nights Been managing to keep yourself busy and occupied Been getting out of the house as much as usual Been managing as well as most people would in your shoes Felt on the whole you were doing things well Been able to feel warmth and affection for those near to you Been finding it easy to get along with other people Felt that you are playing a useful part in things Felt capable of making deci
105. es differences in PM cut points due to deviation of the flow rates from Appendix B 8 the designed value etc The U S EPA reference method for PM requires that the measurement precision determined by repeated collocated sampling should be within 5 ug m for concentrations less than 80 ug m or 7 of measured PM for concentrations exceeding 80 ug m for a 24 hour period Chow 1995 The measurement precision with MINIVOL and PEM samplers expressed as the percentage relative standard deviation RSD is presented in Table 2 and plotted in Fig 8 The RSD values of the flow rates among the collocated samplers are also listed in Table 2 Because RSD values of the flow rates are generally much lower than the corresponding RSD values of the PM concentrations variations in flow rates were not considered to be the major contributor for the observed mass concentration variations The RSD of the mass concentrations increased rapidly as the masses or the mass concentrations decreased to or below the detection limit of the corresponding sampler Fig 8 In all cases the measured PM or PM25 concentrations were less than 80 ug m and the precision at the 95 confidence level was within 5 g m Table 2 Percentage relative standard deviation of mass concentrations measured Flow Rate Mass Concentration PM Size Mean Sampler mon E Mean um RSD 3 RSD E ug m MINIVOL 25 3 0 274 513 27 360 74 MNIVOL 10 6 0
106. es no popping half way up etc e to obtain best results with flow meter gently press button and hold initial bubble should start once bubble reaches top gently release button and another bubble should immediately start e if problems obtaining bubbles gently nudge the base of the flow meter if problem persists ensure that enough bubble solution exists Note Too much solution may also cause problems double bubbles e ensure that bubble solution does not collect excessively in top compartment of flow meter due to the fact that the flow meter is running and the particulate head is attached while checking flow there is a slight possibility that some of the solution may be sucked up Appendix A 77 Ambient Station Log Sheet Start Date Field Team Members End Date Received By NO SO O and VOC Field Data Log Sheet Ambient Station Sampler ID place sticker here place sticker here place sticker here place sticker here Dichotomous Sampler Field Data Los Sheet Ambient Station Filter ID Start Time Target Flow Start Flow End Flow End Time Comments on Counter Rate L min Rate Rate on Counter L min L min 2 5 White 17 32 Appendix A 78 Cascade Impacter Field Data Log Sheet Submitted by Received by Start Date Start Time Target Flow 28 3 L min Start Flow COMMENTS Submitted by Received by End Date End Time Target Flow 28 3 L min End Flow COMMENTS
107. es for mass concentrations derived from Fig 8b column E of Table 3 are in good agreement with those calculated from gravimetric measurements column C of Table 3 Appendix B 9 Figure 6 Precision of PM mass concentration measurement a as a function of PM masses b as a function of PM mass concentrations 110 m 110 a100 T a aaa 100 b 90 5 90 z 80 H 80 g 70 9 70 o 8 60 8 60 MINVOL foi MNIVOL P y 146 41x 10 Gc Ay 0 9664x 09278 s 50 V R2 06976 40 5 a o tc xL 0 00 0 05 0 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0 40 0 45 0 50 0 55 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 PM Mass mg PM Mass Concentration pg m A MNIVOL PM2 5 mw MINIVOL PM10 A PEMPM25 A MNIVOL PM2 5 W MINVOL PM10 A PEMPM25 o PEMPMi0 Power MINIVol Pow er PEM o PEMPMi0 Power MINIVol Pow er PEM Table 3 Method detection limits MDL for the measurements of PM mass and mass concentrations MDL of Mass Measurement MDL of Mass Concentration mg ug m L B D E Gravimetric Estimated Calculated Calculated Estimated Sampler Flow rate measurement of from from from from L min field blanks Fig 8a column A column B Fig 8b MNVOL 5 002 0022 28 314 43 Dichotomous 16 7 0 02 MDL of mass concentration MDL of mass Collection time Flow rate T Estimation Appendix B
108. ese labels are identical before removing the appropriate label and placing it on the particulate field data log sheet 4 To begin sampling attach the particulate head filter to the vacuum source and record the counter time displayed on the device 5 Make a continuous connection between the particulate head filter and the calibration device 1 e DryCal by using the appropriate attachments provided You may be required to remove a protection cap if using an indoor particulate head 6 Start the DryCal and adjust the flow rate of the active sampling device until the DryCal reading is within the desirable range of the target flow rate Take at least ten continuous readings during which the rate of airflow remains relatively constant and within the target flow rate Record the average after ten consecutive readings which is shown on the DryCal display 7 Detach the calibration attachment and replace protection cap if using an indoor particulate head 8 The following should also be recorded on the particulate field data log sheet participant ID date and time military of sample initiation and relevant comments as deemed necessary 9 fusing a personal sampling pump affix the pump and particulate head to the subject in the individuals breathing zone just below their lapel Alternatively affix appropriate rain shields or protection caps and leave in a stationary location inside or outside the home 10 After the sampling period has end
109. euromuscular changes in workers exposed to inorganic mercury American Industrial Hygiene Journal 36 725 733 i Baker E L Letz R amp Fidler A 1985 A computer administered neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology Journal of Occupational Medicine 27 3 206 212 Hanninen H 1979 Psychological test methods Sensitivity to long term chemical exposure at work Neurobehavioral Toxicology 1 157 161 Acker W 1992 A computerized approach to psychological screening The Bexley Maudsley automated psychological screening and the Bexley Maudsley category sorting test International Journal of Man Machine Studies 18 361 369 ia Baker E L Letz R amp Fidler A 1985 A computer administered neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology Journal of Occupational Medicine 27 3 206 212 i Schmedtje J F Oman C Letz R amp Baker E L 1988 Effects of scopalomine and dextroamphetamine on human performance Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 59 407 410 G Baker E L Letz R amp Fidler A 1985 A computer administered neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology Rationale methodology and pilot study results Journal of Occupational Medicine 27 3 206 212 7 McDonnell W F Abbey D E Nishino N amp Lebowitz M D 1999 Long term ambient ozone concentration and
110. f yes in an average year how often would you eat wild fruits or berries Times Daily Times Weekly Times Monthly Times Yearly If you eat any other local wild plants herbs vegetables weeds seeds or nuts indicate theses in the space provided Do you ever eat locally caught wild meat No Yes If yes what type of wild meat do you eat Check all that apply Bear Gopher Richardson Ground Squirrel Beaver Grouse Caribou Moose Deer Pheasant Duck Ptarmigan Eggs wild bird Rabbit Hare Goose Other s Do you ever eat locally caught fish No Yes If yes what type of fish do you eat Check all that apply Arctic grayling Sturgeon Burbot Trout Fish eggs Walleye Pickerel Goldeye Whitefish Perch Other s Pike Appendix A 30 15 How often do you eat meals from these sources Please place one number or check v if never in each row For example if your average week consisted of going out for breakfast or lunch daily to a fast food chain going out for dinner once a week to a non fast food restaurant and you never ate cafeteria style meals you would indicate this by placing a 1 in the Day column of the Fast foods row a 1 in the Week column of the Restaurants row and a y in the Never column of the Cafeteria style meals row It is not necessary to describe amounts only how often you eat these meals DINING OUT Day Week Month Year Nev
111. ffee regular not decaffeinated 1 cup 250 ml 9 Coffee regular not decaffeinated cup 250 ml Tea not herbal cup 250 ml Cola type drinks all pops except diet 1 can 355 ml Cola type drinks diet only 1 can 355 ml Powdered drinks sweetened e g Kool Aid cup 250 ml Crystal Lite etc reconstituted Beer can 350 ml Wine 4 oz 125 ml Other Liquor p D Other beverages not fruit or vegetable drinks Seldom Never Sometimes Often Always 9 How often do you eat the skin on chicken How often do you eat the fat on meat How often do you use salt in your cooking How often do you add table salt to your food How often do you add pepper to your food 10 Do you ever eat any locally or home grown fruits or vegetables No go to question 11 Yes If yes in an average year how often would you eat these fruits and vegetables Times Daily Times Weekly Times Monthly Times Yearly Would you say that you eat these fruits and or vegetables seasonally i e in the summer and fall only or do you consume them at about the same rates year round Seasonally Year round Appendix A 29 11 12 13 14 Do you ever eat any local wild fruits or berries No Yes If yes what type of wild fruit or berries do you eat Check all that apply Blueberries Raspberries Chokecherries Rose hips Crabapples Saskatoons Cranberries Soapberries Currants Strawberries Gooseberries Other s I
112. g the field personnel and to undertake all monitoring activities at the ambient air station In addition the field coordinator was responsible for organizing sampling information and respondent data and ensuring that all aspects of the study were administered to each of the participants There were several field monitoring teams each consisting of two trained personnel who were responsible for deployment and retrieval of the air samplers in participant homes conducting daily spirometry tests and collecting completed questionnaires and time activity diaries The field coordinator was available to assist the monitoring teams with identification of the appropriate location for samplers to establish the required flow of information and to prepare the field equipment each day pou Methods Report AN 1 5 Study Office A study office was situated in a location that provided easy access to local residents to enhance participation The available space was divided into a testing office equipment preparation and repair equipment cleaning and sampling head assembly areas Biological sample collection was conducted at the local hospital laboratory by trained technicians 1 6 Field Staff Training Field staff received several days of classroom and practical training Field staff were required to follow a strict protocol for sampler deployment and retrieval designed for quality control purposes Periodic review and retraining was conducted to maintain q
113. gens 2 An intrinsic form It occurs in adults and shows no evidence of immediate hypersensitivity to specific antigens Three case definitions for asthma were developed as shown in Table 12 Table 12 Case Definitions for Asthma Case Description Frequency of Visit Over 3 Years Interval Between the 1 and Last Visits Probable Case Stringent Three or more 60 days or more Likely Case Moderate Two or more 30 days or more OR Visited a Physician and was hospitalized The same or different days Possible Case Less Stringent One visit or more N A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD ICD 9 CM 490 492 494 496 COPD is a common disorder 11 13 and is usually characterized by progressive obstruction to airflow and a history of inhalation of irritants i e tobacco smoke It includes several disease entities such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema in recent publications of epidemiological studies Bronchiectasis ICD9 494 and other non classified chronic airway obstruction ICD9 496 are also included in this group There are two classic types of COPD 1 Pink puffers having predominant emphysema and show symptoms at a relatively advanced age such as exertional dyspnea weight loss and little or no cough and expectoration 2 Blue bloaters having predominant chronic bronchitis and at a relatively young age experience chronic cough
114. gh sensitivity but a low specificity In studies of potential health impact from the environment it is important to have a case definition that is sensitive enough that no health effect will escape the evaluation However a very sensitive case definition may result in false cases Three case definitions were developed for the health effect assessment Two factors the frequency of the visit and the interval between the visits appear to be important and are considered in case definitions of every disease Percentile Distribution of Physician Visits and Hospitalization To assist in the development of case definitions the percentile distribution of visits for selected respiratory disorders was examined Table 11 shows the percentile distribution of the number of visits to a physician or hospitalization for respiratory disorders between April 1 1995 and March 31 1998 Since the number of visits is one for all percentiles less than 50 only the distribution from percentiles 50 or above is presented Table 11 Percentile Distribution of Visiting a Physician and Hospital for Respiratory Disorders by Diagnostic Category April 1995 March 1998 Diagnosis 50 75 90 95 99 i Visit a Physician PV All Respiratory Disorders Asthma Visit a Hospital Hospitalized All Respiratory Disorders Asthma All Respiratory Disorders Asthma COPD Note 1 One visit refers to a person day visit to a physician and or one hospital 2 The summary i
115. h care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compiling and evaluation the results of the study Signed Appendix A 45 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 Name Name Name Alberta Health Care Number Alberta Health Care Number Alberta Health Care Number I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the health care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compiling and evaluation the results of the study Signed I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the health care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compiling and evaluation the results of the study Signed I do hereby freely consent to allow agents of the study to match the information collected for this study with other information about my past or future contacts with the health care system I understand that my name will not be voluntarily disclosed and that my name will not be referred to in anyway when compil
116. han one hour Basketball to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Bowling to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Football to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Golfing 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Tennis racquetball squash to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Volleyball 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Popular or social dancing 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Swimming in pool or open water 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Yoga or Tai chi 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Appendix A 38 TONY ames Na About how much time did you X Ji dM TOY ae zs Dust ont usually spend on each occasion 1 to 15 minutes Fishing or 16 to 30 minutes hunting 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Gardening 1 to 15 minutes cutting grass other yard work 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes Other specify 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes Other specify 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour to 15 minute
117. he children s cohort are considered as new incident cases Residential History and Mobility Status Who Are at Risk for Potential Exposure A valid residence address is essential for the estimation of the potential residential exposure This issue is particularly important for the present study since the residence is an assumed exposure factor under examination Thus understanding the residential history of the study population becomes the first step in defining potential exposure The population cohort was grouped into three categories 1 those who did not report a change of the residence address through the 3 year period of observation 2 those who reported the same residence address for any two years of the 3 year period of observation 3 those who reported a change of the residence every year through the 3 year period of observation In those with a complete 3 year observation of the population cohort about 73 6 21 612 29 368 and 78 2 55 079 70 390 of study subjects of Fort McMurray and Lethbridge respectively did not report a change of the postal residence address through the 3 year period These individuals were assumed to be permanent residents of each study area during the study period and were used as the population at risk for health outcome estimation Years of Observation Who is Under the Complete Observation The time period of observation is an important factor for risk estimation of the present study The
118. he resealing technique of the nitrogen dioxide sulphur dioxide and ozone containers was modified in September 1997 During the pilot study and early stages of the main study the samplers were resealed using plastic wrap and elastics Not only was this method cumbersome for the field workers but it was decided that using parafilm as a sealant would act as a more efficient barrier from unwanted airflow Upon receiving and prior to shipping each sampler was visually inspected for proper sealing by the laboratory and field staff During the initial stages of the main study some of the nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide samplers had dark spots on the Teflon membranes The laboratory was contacted regarding this and the problem was rectified In the event of damaged or missing passive samplers a spare set of samplers traveled with the field staff These extra samplers were rotated by the field coordinator to minimize background exposure to the monitors 2 4 2 Particulate Protocol Changes The personal particulate pump batteries were confirmed to run continuously for more than a 72 hour 3 day period but to help decrease the possibility of battery failure during sampling the batteries were exchanged every 48 hours 2 days For the same reason the indoor particulate Minivol units were plugged directly into an electrical outlet and were equipped with back up batteries in case of a power failure During the initial months it was detected
119. herwise The unloaded and loaded SSI filters were weighed using a top loading balance with the mass range of 0 1 10 g and the minimum readability of 0 1 mg Prior to the measurements the unloaded or loaded filters were conditioned for 24 hours at a constant temperature of 23 3 C in a desiccator In the gravimetric methods standard weights and control blanks were weighed periodically to verify precision and accuracy of the microbalance To study the effect of the relative humidity levels used during filter conditioning on the PM mass measurement six unloaded Teflo filters were weighed after conditioning at a constant temperature of 23 3 C and relative humidity of 50 40 30 25 and 15 respectively for 24 hr The loaded filters were re weighed after conditioning at the corresponding relative humidity for 24 hr The order of relative humidity used prior to weighing was 50 40 30 25 15 and 5096 Appendix B 7 Mass Concentration Calculations For this study the measured volumetric flow rate was used to calculate the mass concentration except for samples collected by the TEOM sampler The TEOM sampler automatically calculates hourly and 24 hour averaged mass concentrations based on the volumetric flow rate at standard conditions i e at 298 K and 1 atmosphere Results and Discussion The PM masses and mass concentrations together with the sample collection parameters are listed in Appendix 1 Several data are flagged due to cont
120. his household and indicate their age relationship to you and some additional information This data is requested as it is often the case that these people are exposed to the same air quality and contaminants as you are Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Name Name Name Date of Birth Date of Birth Date of Birth Month Day Year Month Day Year Month Day Year Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Relationship to you Relationship to you Relationship to you Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Occupation Occupation Occupation Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily occasionally or not at all occasionally or not at all occasionally or not at all O Daily O Daily O Daily O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this perso
121. ial dilution with deionized water from 1 ug As mL arsenic standard solutions The arsenic standards were used for chromatographic peak identification and for calibration and quantitation A Standard Reference Material Toxic Metals in Freeze Dried Urine SRM 2670 from National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Gaithersburg MD was used for method validation The certified value provided by NIST for total arsenic concentration is 480 100 ng mL in urine containing elevated levels of toxic metals In urine containing normal levels of toxic metals the concentration of arsenic is not certified and a reference value of 60 ng mL has been provided by NIST Results from analyses of these standard reference materials using the present method agree well with the certified and reference values Creatinine in urine samples was determined by using HPLC with UV Vis absorption spectrophotometric detection as described previously Urine samples were diluted 50 times with deionized water and a 10 wl aliquot was injected onto a C18 column Bondclone C18 3 9 x 300 mm Phenomenex Torrance CA Sodium acetate 50 mM pH 6 5 in 98 2 v v water acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 0 mL min A system consisting of a Dionex Sunnyvale CA Gradient Pump DX300 38 pou P m Methods Report Waters 712 WISP Autosampler and Waters 484 Tunable Absorbance Detector was used Absorbance at 254nm was measured and peak area was u
122. imin SKO 32 25 seNi4B 1243 981907 terae 1358 1851 395 447 oma 253 T Dichotomous Dom 25 96RieC 1273196 1936 1274061422 18 46 1484 1671 0o35 213 T Dichotomous DC amp i i0 96RO7C 12 19 96 1936 Te496 1422 18 46 1645 i amp s2 o494 267 T wwVOL SNi4Se 10 96MOSE 12 19 96 225 iz 466 1404 1549 484 460 fome 246 wwVOL SNi4se T0 96MOSE 12 13 96 2245 1214196 1404 1519 495 455 0 121 266 wwvOL SNi4s7 10 omie 12 13 96 20 15 121406 1404 1549 487 62 fone 258 T wwVOL SNi4se 25 s6QosE 12 13 96 1943 121496 1404 1821 455 534 lore 199 Te n2 wVOL Snas 25 96Q09E 1273 96 1954 12 496 1404 1810 484 526 0059 112 Damagedfte V wwVOL SNi4se 25 98Q07E 127386 20 07 12na6 14 04 1757 407 5e ors z38 ssinv Hv 10 1213962115 124961820 1605 1057 1020 t900 480 PEM 10 Lmin AH 25 S5NISB ramame 15 39 12456923 1750 9 34 999 oow 90 PEM 10 Lmin 2 7 i i 8 6 7 r gt 0 PEM 10 L min AH 3 2 5 96N18B 12 14 96 15 37 12 15 96 9 17 17 40 1 760 179 Oil soap on filter PEM 10 L min AH 4 10 96N12B 12 14 96 15 35 12 15 96 9 28 17 53 10 49 0 130 12 4 8 p PEM 10 Lmin Anas 10 99N108 Te rsee153e 1eis691s 1787 oea 1018 lors i23 PEM 10 Limin _AH 6 10 serie ize 1532 127596920 irs 949 iora oni
123. in a plastic transportation vial that is sealed with parafilm tape Ensure that the parafilm seal is intact If it is not use another monitor or make note of this on the field data log sheet and continue 2 Remove the plastic lid from the vial and carefully remove the monitor DO NOT TOUCH THE SIDES OF THE SAMPLER intake location 3 The container should have three identical peel away labels There should also be a label on the back of the sampler as well as on the outside of the container Ensure that all labels are identical The oo prefix will identify that the sampler is an O5 sampler 23 pou Methods Report A 4 Affix one of the labels to the field data log sheet in the appropriate space provided Place the remaining two labels back into the container the laboratory will require the remaining labels 5 The following should be recorded on the field data log sheet participant number site description date and time military of sample initiation and relevant comments as deemed necessary 6 Ensure that the sampler is intact and the clip is operable If the clip is broken or the intake areas of the sampler are damaged it is advised that you do not use this sampler or at the very least record this information on the field data log sheet 7 Attach the air monitor to the personal sampler necklace the indoor stand or the outdoor stand 8 After the sampling period has ended remove the monitor from the sampling location
124. in the past year day s 39 How many times have you seen a medical doctor in the past year time s Appendix A 43 40 The following five items concern specific areas of life Please rate yourself on a scale of 1 very dissatisfied to 7 very satisfied as to how satisfied you are with the following aspects of you life Please circle one of the seven numbers for each line Very Very Dissatisfied Satisfied Your non working activities hobbies and so on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Your family life 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Your friendships 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Your standard of living the things you have e g housing car furniture recreation etc Your neighbourhood 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 41 42 Would you say that you and you family are better off or worse off or just the same financially as you were a year ago Please circle your answer BETTER OFF SAME WORSE OFF Now looking ahead do you think that a year from now you and your family will be better off financially or worse off or just about the same as now Please circle your answer BETTER OFF SAME WORSE OFF Appendix A 44 43 Due to the fact that others within your household are generally exposed to the same quality of air and environment it is desired to match information about household exposure levels with other information about each individual s past contacts with the health care system In order to accomplish this we require the personal Alberta health care number of each individu
125. in the study Similar results were found for the various flow rates and PM cut sizes and is provided in Appendix B Figure 10 Comparisons between MINIVOL and PEM with a flow rate of 10 L min for PM Measurements PM10 y 0 9326x 0 0218 R 0 966 ii a Ne R E MINIVOL PM ug m Ns 0 T T T 0 5 10 19m 20 25 3 30 35 40 PEM PMi 5 u g m 27 pou Methods Report AM Figure 11 Comparisons between PEM and Dichotomous Samplers with a flow rate of 10 L min for PM Measurements PM10 y g m PEM PM io 10 L min 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Dichotomous PM pg m The measurement precision with MINIVOL and PEMTM samplers expressed as the percentage relative standard deviation 7RSD is presented in Figure 12 As shown in the figure the precision of the samplers depends on the PM concentration At PM concentrations of 15 ug m the precision at the 95 confidence level was within 1 5 g m 10 for the PEMs samplers and 3 0 g m 20 for the MINIVOL samplers As expected near and below the detection limit the precision declines rapidly RSD increases The particulate matter was analyzed to determine the concentrations of 36 elements The collected particulate matter was extracted with a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids in a clos
126. ing and evaluation the results of the study Signed Thank you for taking the time to provide this information The study team will pick up the completed questionnaire at the next appointment time If you have any concerns or comments please take the time to express these in the space provided below Appendix A 46 Time Activity Diary Instructions The Time Activity Diary is designed to enable the participant to keep track of his or her activities while wearing the personal samplers A carefully recorded activity diary will show where the participant is at all times while wearing the sampler identify when the participant is outside or potentially exposed to some other source of chemical contaminant It is very important that the participant maintains a careful record of his or her activities and this will be time consuming and difficult to do You will have introduced the Time Activity Diary to the participant during the first appointment so the second appointment will only require a review of the purpose and discussion of the amount of detail required The interviewer s role will be to ensure that the participant has recorded his or her activities completely and accurately The interviewer will be required to review each event recorded to ensure that the participant has not left out any critical steps You will have to use your imagination as you follow the participant s daily activities an
127. initial study population included individuals with a differing number of years of observation due to differences in the time of entry into the study and many other reasons Years of observation were defined as follows e Three years registered with the AHCIP for all three consecutive years between April 1 1995 and March 31 1998 e Two years registered with the AHCIP for only two years during the 3 year observation period e One year registered with the AHCIP for only one year of the 3 year observation period Overall 29 368 and 70 390 residents had a complete 3 year follow up for Fort McMurray and Lethbridge respectively Cases and Health Outcome Measures A health outcome is defined as a specific health event of an individual such as visiting a health care practitioner admission into a hospital or death from a specific cause One person can have single or multiple health events The following discussion is focused on the case definition for asthma and other selected diseases using physician claims and hospital morbidity data 45 poun Methods Report oo a Definition of a Case Selection of a case definition depends upon the purpose of a study Similar to the process in determining the value of a test for screening a very stringent case definition will less likely misclassify a non case as a case leading to a high specificity but a low sensitivity In contrast a less stringent case definition will lead to a hi
128. ion of seafood etc This requisition MUST accompany the specimens Additional trace elementS maybe added as demand warrants Interpretation of results is facilitated by the understanding that reference Values can be method specific and have been primarily derived from stomic absorption technologies As improved methods are implemented duc to the increased sensitivity and specificity of ICP MS reference information must also be re evaluated and updated If you have any questions or concerns please contact Dr R Audette 492 6648 LIST OF TESTS SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS amp REFERENCE VALUES See following pages Page 2 09 May 1997 Appendix A 67 Instructions for Trace Elements in Blood 13 TRACE ELEMENT TESTING All laboratory analyses for trace metals are performed in ultra clean rooms under positive air pressure air filtration in order to prevent contamination and allow for detection of very low concentrations of any metal However blood and urine collection devices are notorious sources of unwanted trace element contamination Sample collection aud subsequent specimen storage transportation are critical steps in accurate determination of trace elements in serum whole blood and urine Contamination control must be practised during sample collection to provide a specimen that will yield clinically useful results NON POWDERED GLOVES MUST BE WORN THROUGHOUT THE COLLECTIONS When requesting a comprehensive trace element screen Monoject
129. ional environment Time activity diaries Diet and nutrition Other lifestyle behaviors Diagnosed health conditions Health history Ambient air station Meteorological data Active particulate matter samplers PM25 and PMijo Drinking water Passive samplers Residential environment SO NO VOCs and O Methods Report lt Table 1 Components of the Main Study Component Media or Source EN E of Data p Vital Statistics General information was collected to help characterize the Other Demographics samples and populations uu Questionnaires identified individual smoking habits body Characteristics of mass index nutritional intake and physical activity levels mnene waer sample of the drinking water used by the household The time activity diary identified potential routes of exposure in daily activities Personal Exposure Exposure measurement identified the actual exposure levels Monitors of each participant during a regular day using personal indoor and outdoor air monitors A sub sample of Passive samplers participants was asked to provide exposure measures for Exposure Particulate samplers particulates Electron microscopy and type of organic mineral and metal particles Household sources A questionnaire was used to identify potential sources in the Work sources home and work environments and identification of potential Dietary exposure dietary sources of exposure Analysis included cotinine a metabolite
130. ive was to respond immediately and only when a large letter S was flashed on the screen A series of letters of which 20 were the letter S were randomly and briefly for about 50 msec flashed at a rate of one per second for five minutes Individual response latencies were recorded and stored which allowed for computation of the mean reaction time Omission and commission errors were also recorded Some studies have used this form of testing extensively in attempt to evaluate solvent and lead neurotoxicity Hand Eye Coordination Required the subject to use a joystick to trace over a large fixed sine wave pattern A cursor moved horizontally at a constant rate while the individual controlled only the vertical motion of the cursor with the joystick The errors the participant made measured as the amount and frequency of deviation from the line were recorded Hand eye coordination and dexterity are functions found to be disrupted in previous studies of various neurotoxic agents Symbol Digit Substitution Nine symbols and nine digits were paired at the top of the monitor and the subject had to press the digit keys that corresponded to a reordered test set of the nine symbols Six sets of nine symbol digit pairs were displayed in succession the first was a practice set The pairing of the symbols with digits was varied between sets to avoid learning The time required to complete each symbol digit set and the number of digits in
131. kes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week Appendix A 15 Person 7 Person 8 Person 9 Name Name Name Date of Birth Date of Birth Date of Birth Month Day Year Month Day Year Month Day Year Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Relationship to you Relationship to you Relationship to you Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Occupation Occupation Occupation Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily occasionally or not at all
132. ks of blanks Limit Samples Detectable ng ng ng filter AG AL 0 023 0 031 0 092 54 75 131 62 187 88 99 AS 0 23 0 32 0 95 8196 92 B 2 6 3 6 10 8 84 92 BA 2 5 1 7 5 1 86 98 BE 0 12 0 36 1 1 10 15 BI 0 031 0 024 0 071 69 85 CA 603 315 945 6096 91 CD 0 20 0 11 0 32 78 85 CL 1100 748 2244 10 24 CO 0 51 0 59 1 8 33 55 CR 37 14 41 1696 2696 CU 14 5 15 54 81 FE 146 70 211 86 99 HG 0 0014 0 176 0 528 15 29 K 4 1 238 713 50 82 LI 0 15 0 52 1 55 19 59 MG 56 20 61 92 99 MN 2 0 1 5 4 6 97 99 MO 0 15 0 10 0 29 80 89 NA 138 61 184 69 95 NI 2 8 1 4 4 3 6296 84 P 9 5 50 151 12 62 PB 1 1 0 61 1 83 95 99 S 716 2683 8049 21 19 SB 0 09 0 08 0 24 91 97 SE 0 31 1 14 3 4 15 21 SI 146 1859 5578 12 65 SN 0 76 0 66 2 0 60 78 SR 1 0 0 46 1 39 88 98 TH 0 004 0 017 0 051 60 91 TI 7 0 3 6 10 8 88 99 TL 0 022 0 033 0 098 32 58 U 0 0014 0 0078 0 0233 57 88 V 0 20 0 14 0 41 89 99 30 pou P dm Methods Report 2 2 1 Particulate Sampling Protocol In the Field 1 The assembled sampling heads and filters are shipped in sealed plastic bags that are placed inside a cooler 2 Prior to sampling turn all active sampling equipment on and run for approximately 30 minutes to ensure that a stable flow is established 3 There should be one removable label on the back personal outdoor or on the side indoor of the particulate head that corresponds to the fixed label Ensure that th
133. levels of people s actual exposure to airborne chemicals related to oil sands and other activities during normal daily activities The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain information about your dietary habits physical activity and health The information recorded in this questionnaire will be held in strict confidence and will be used solely for research into the effects of environmental factors on population health We are asking the same questions of each participant in the study All results will be summarized for groups of people no information about individual persons will be released without the consent of the individual While you are not required to respond your cooperation is needed to make the results of this study comprehensive accurate and timely This questionnaire will take approximately one to two hours to complete Please answer all questions as accurately as possible and feel free to ask any questions you have about this questionnaire or express any other concerns about the study l How tall are you feet inches centimeters 2 How much do you weigh pounds kilograms 3 Have you gained or lost more than ten pounds 4 5 kilograms in the past year Check v If yes please check the appropriate box and fill in one of the blanks to indicate how much O No go to question 4 O Yes I gained approximately Ibs or kg in the past year O Yes I lost approximately Ibs or kg in the past year If yes were
134. llos a day cigars a week pipe tobacco week ounces pipe tobacco weeks grams 44 4 X Do you or did you inhale the smoke Appendix A 59 LJ LI MEDICINES AND INHALERS 45 Have you used any inhaled medicines to help your breathing No Yes at any time in the last 12 months YES wo ves 45 1 Listthe names of the inhaled medicines 1 2 3 4 5 Have you used any pills capsules tablets or medications other No Yes than inhaled medicines to help your breathing at any time in the last 12 months YES ie i YEs ug 46 1 List these pill capsules tablets or medicines 47 Have you received allergy shots at any time in your life aPN DON T No Yes KNOW No ves 47 1 Have you received allergy shots in No Yes last 12 months C C No Have you had any other injections to help your breathing Yes at any time in the last 12 months ES PME 8 1 What injection s Appendix A 60 49 Have you used any suppositories to help your breathing at any time in the last 12 months No Yes No ar 9 1 What suppositories Have you used any other remedies to help your breathing at a time in the last 12 months 24 What remedies Do you take drugs every day to help your breathing even if you don t feel short of breath No Yes Us a ves 8t 1 Which drugs Do you take any drugs only for attacks of breathlessness 52 1 Which drugs 1 2 52 2 Do you take these drugs
135. llowing statements We would like to know how strongly you agree or disagree with them On a scale of 1 Strongly Disagree to 7 Strongly Agree please state how much you agree with each statement Please circle one of the seven numbers for each statement Strongly Strongly Disagree Agree Overall political economic control of your town rests in the 1 2 deo 3 08 7 hands of a few prominent business people The provincial government has really helped your town s 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 development The municipal government is interested in my needs and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cares about my opinion If I have a concern with municipal bylaws I can call and get 1 2 ud A 0v 38 7 action Local officials are easily accessible in my town 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 Social class is important in my town 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Family breakdown is common in my town 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The oil industries e g Suncor Syncrude are responsible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 for a lot of pollution in my town Pollution is better controlled than it used to be 1 2 3 4 ds 7 The oil industries have reduced their pollution emissions in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 the past few years The oil industries care about environmental damage and are 1 2 3 4 5 6 E actively working to reduce long term impacts The Regional Health Authority RHA Board is interested 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 in my health welfare 4T How many people live in your household Appendix A 13 48 Please list all the people who regularly live in t
136. m of 296 for the samples if the relative humidity for conditioning is controlled within 5 in the range of 30 40 The instrument detection limit for the mass measurement is 5 ug while the method detection limit is 20 ug The MINIVOL and PEM samplers were compared each other for PM25 and PM measurement and the results were highly correlated The MINIVOL and PEM samplers were also comparable to the dichotomous reference sampler for PM o measurement Introduction Airborne particulate matter PM is one of the air quality parameters monitored in the Alberta Oil Sands Community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program In the pilot study of this program conducted in September and October of 1996 the MINIVOL Portable Samplers Airmetrics and the Personal Environmental Monitors PEM MSP Corporation were used to collect PMas and PMio samples for evaluating personal exposure and or indoor and outdoor air quality Later in December 1996 a simple collocation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of these samplers for PM measurement This report documents the results of the study The objectives of the collocation study were i To evaluate the effect of relative humidity used for filter conditioning on PM mass measurements ii To assess the precision of PM mass measurement iii To evaluate the comparability of the MINIVOL and PEM samplers used in the pilot study to the reference or equivalent method devices such as the
137. may check more than one answer for this question If never in part a skip to question 30 O Spring O Summer O Fall O Winter CJ Year round What is the source of your tap water CJ City or Municipality T Surface Water i e dug out O Well CJ Other specify Is your tap water hard or soft O Hard O Soft O Don t Know Do you use tap water for drinking and drink mixes that is for coffee tea mixing juice concentrate etc C No skip to question 34 O Yes Appendix A 10 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 When you drink water from the tap do you run the water for a period of time before filling your glass O No O Yes O Sometimes Do you have a filter on your water tap or any other type of filter that purifies the water O No O Yes What type Do you use bottled water O No skip to question 36 O Yes O Sometimes gt If yes or sometimes for what purposes do you use bottled water Check all that apply O All drinking O Cooking CJ Drink at work school O Other specify CJ Drink when travelling Approximately how much liquid do you drink each day During the past week have you used any pesticides e g Raid ant roach traps plant pesticides etc inside your home C No skip to question 38 O Yes gt If yes in which room s were these pesticides used gt If yes specify when these where used and check box if they are currently in use O Currentl
138. me Figure 3 Schematic illustration of a high volume Sam p ler sampler with a size selective inlet SSI The PM mass concentrations collected by the size selective inlet SSI high volume sampler Model 1200 was made by Graseby Andersen Smyrna GA USA This sampler was designated by U S EPA as the reference method for PMi measurement Federal Register 1987 and has been operated at Alberta Environmental Protection s AEP Edmonton Northwest Monitoring Unit ERMU for many years The SSI sampler was designed to provide a wind direction and wind speed insensitive up to 20 km hr PM cut point of 10 um In this sampler particulate matter in the air entering the buffer chamber is evacuated at a volumetric flow rate of 1130 L min 1096 through the acceleration nozzles Particles greater than 10 um in aerodynamic diameter strike the impaction plate and smaller particles are deposited onto the pre weighed filters Fig 4 The TEOM Sampler The PM mass concentrations was also measured by a TEOM Series 1400 sampler equipped with the PMjo inlet made by Rupprecht amp Patashnick Co Inc Albany NY USA This sampler was designated by U S EPA as an equivalent Method for PM o measurement Federal Register 1990 and has been operated at AEP s Edmonton Northwest Monitoring Unit ERMU since November 1993 The measurement principle of the TEOM sampler is based on the patented Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance In the sampler
139. mudnnanann 6 1 6 1 Neurocognitive Tests eene eene nnne nennen enne rennen 7 1 6 2 Supplementary Psychological Tests esee 9 1 6 3 Respiratory Health Questionnaire caen nennen 9 1 6 4 Demographic and Exposure Questionnaire eese 10 1 6 5 Health and Nutrition Survey esses eene eene eene 10 1 6 6 Personal Healthcare Numbers PHNSs esses 10 1 9 unma o 10 1 9 1 Personal Exposure Measurement Instruments eese 11 T92 Time Activity Diary ics eet die ieto tacts oos Coetu data 00008 dde equ 10 0n ia Jokes equat onda deuda 11 LOS LUN OS FUNC NON Seese a a E E EEEE nana nU 12 1 9 4 Drinking Water Sampling eene nennen 12 1 9 5 Biological Sampling eee oen ern naar eae en quaa et Ea EESE esaeas 12 110 Data D cum 12 DSPEMEPUOE TODA E 13 2 0 Exposure Assessment Methods and Protocols 13 2 1 Passive Air NGDIDIGPS aas rte IRAE EF F ERE NEBST I2 EREUK TER HAE XE NAUES TER HK KTAREHHARE 13 2 1 1 Passive Field Sampling Protocols esee 21 2 1 2 Quality Assurance and Control sess eene eene 26 2 2 Particulate Air Semplers uice eoe eripe IRA ionamin 26 2 2 1 Particulate Sampling Protocol esee nennen 31 2 3 Electron Microscopy Pi ONG J2 2 1 Materias and Methods s etes epcte EEEE cise duaseuabes crete deuus
140. n W K Anger A Durao amp C Xnintaras Eds Advances in neurobehavioral toxicology p 189 201 Chelsea MI Lewis Publishers Inc 5 A computerized administered Neurobehavioral Evaluation System for occupational and environmental epidemiology by E L Baker R Letz and A Fidler 1985 Journal of Occupational Medicine 27 3 p 208 Letz R 1993 NES2 User s Manual Version 4 6 Neurobehavioral Systems Inc Arcia E amp Otto D A 1992 Reliability of selected tests from the neurobehavioral evaluation system Neurotoxicology and Teratology 14 2 103 110 al Hooisma J Emmen H H Kulig B M Muijser H amp Poortvliet D 1990 Factor analysis of tests from the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System and the WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery In B L Johnson W K Anger A Durao amp C Xnintaras Eds Advances in neurobehavioral toxicology p 245 255 Chelsea MI Lewis Publishers Inc Letz R 1990 The neurobehavioral evaluation system An international effort In B L Johnson W K Anger A Durao amp C Xnintaras Eds Advances in neurobehavioral toxicology p 189 201 Chelsea MI Lewis Publishers Inc 3 Letz R 1991 Use of computerized test batteries for quantifying neurobehavioral outcomes Environmental Health Perspectives 90 195 198 Letz R 1993 NES2 User s Manual Version 4 6 Neurobehavioral Systems Inc 35 Letz R 1993 NES2 User s Manual Version 4 6
141. n smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week If this person smokes daily or occasionally what do they smoke and how frequently O Cigarettes per day or week 1 Pipe per day or week O Cigars per day or week O Other per day or week Appendix A 14 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 Name Name Name Date of Birth Date of Birth Date of Birth Month Day Year Month Day Year Month Day Year Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Gender OM OF Relationship to you Relationship to you Relationship to you Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Is this person employed or attending school full time Ol No 1 Yes school O Yes full time employment Occupation Occupation Occupation Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily Does this person smoke daily occasionally or not at all occasionally or not at all occasionally or not at all O Daily O Daily O Daily O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all O Occasionally OF Not at all If this person smo
142. nalyzer run by John McGovern and Associates in northeast Calgary 2 3 4 Particle Characterization Particles on the filters were characterized by morphology and elemental composition Morphology was primarily determined in the secondary electron mode of the scanning electron microscope In this mode it was easy to differentiate organic particles such as moulds spores carpet fibres by their characteristic appearance Differentiation of carbon based organic particles from mineral particles and metals was further aided by the use of back scattered electron imaging This mode of examination enables differentiation of particles by atomic number contrast Particles of high average atomic number for example mineral dust particles and metals appear brighter in this imaging mode than particles with a predominantly organic composition for example a pollen grain X ray microanalysis was performed on 100 randomly selected mineral and metal particles These particles were then characterized according to their net fractional x ray counts for selected elements The elements chosen for this semi quantitative analysis were sodium magnesium aluminum silicon potassium calcium titanium iron chromium and manganese This profile was chosen to correspond with previously reported data Elements that fell 32 poun P a gt Methods Report outside this grouping were also noted The ratios of the x rays for each of the elements for a given particle were then
143. nants both through high volume occupational exposure and low level environmental exposure Neurobehavioral tests have been demonstrated to be sensitive to minute changes in neurocognitive functioning resulting from exposure to contaminants such as lead mercury aluminum and volatile organic compounds Organic solvents also pose a threat to the central nervous system because of their lipophilic characteristics Short term low level exposure has been linked with a pre narcotic reversible effect of psychomotor slowing or vigilance decrement Other studies have shown a pre narcotic state of central nervous system depression characterized by behavioral dysfunction Further evidence of the detrimental health effects of organic solvents have demonstrated that heavy and long term exposure situations can induce a chronic partially irreversible encephalopathy with an excess of neuropsychiatric complaints Volatile organic compounds VOC can have a similar impact on the central nervous system Symptom questionnaires and rating scales have produced consistent evidence of sensory irritation or discomfort resulting from exposure to low level VOC mixtures Among the wide range of VOCs toluene is the best known neurotoxicant Accidental occupational exposure and controlled exposure experiments have demonstrated its adverse effects on balance cognitive function and colour vision Moreover toluene toxicity can be further increased with the simultaneo
144. ndix A 25 MILK PRODUCTS Fluid milk including in coffee tea or on cereal Homogenized or whole cup 250 ml Your Medium seving Size Serving S M L Day Week How often Month Year Rarely Never 2 1 cup 250 ml 1 1 cup 250 ml Skim 1 cup 250 ml Dry skim milk powder 1 2 Tbsp Evaporated milk arse ee mi ee EN Whole l2 cup 125 ml 2 1 cup 125 ml Skim l2 cup 125 ml Cheese hard all types re 2S ee eS ee ER ERES Regular 50 g 3 x1 x1 Light or fat reduced 50 g 3 x1 x1 Cheese processed or slices Regular 50 g 2 slices Light or fat reduced 50 g 2 slices Cottage Cheese 4 MF cup 250 ml Light or fat reduced cup 250 ml Cheese spreads e g cream cheese and cheese whiz Regular 2 Tbsp Light or fat reduced 2 Tbsp Yogurt PSS E ES ESSE ERE Fat free cup 250 ml All other yogurts 1 cup 250 ml Ice cream 1 cup 250 ml Pudding soups and other products made from milk 1 cup 250 ml Other milk products Appendix A 26 Your How often Medium Serving Sein ME BAKED GOODS SWEETS SML Day Week Month Year Rarely SNACK FOODS Never Bak
145. ned by this questionnaire will be held in strict confidence and will be used solely for research into the effects of environmental factors on population health All results will be summarized for groups of people no information about individual persons will be released without the consent of the individual While you are not required to respond your cooperation is needed to make the results of this survey comprehensive accurate and timely The questionnaire will take approximately one hour to complete The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain information about you your residence your occupation and the environment in which you work We are asking the same questions of each participant involved in the study Please circle or check v your response or where necessary write in the information required DEMOGRAPHICS 1 Are you MALE FEMALE If female are you currently pregnant Yes No 2 What is your date of birth Month Day Year 3 What is the last year of school which you completed Please circle one only If you are currently in school indicate your current year Elementary 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jr Sr High 7 8 9 10 11 12 College Tech School 1 2 3 4 3 6 University 1 2 3 4 5 6 Appendix A 2 To what race do you belong O Caucasian O First Nations O Metis Ol African American What is your religious affiliation None including agnostic or atheist Buddhist O Hindu O Jewish O Mormon a
146. neral mental health vitality and general perceptions Measures adapted from the National Population Health Survey conducted by Statistics Canada were included to provide information about physical activity level Participants were also required to identify previously diagnosed chronic health conditions There were 307 Demographic and Exposure Questionnaires completed 277 from Fort McMurray and 30 from Lethbridge and 304 Health Habits and Diet Surveys completed 274 from Fort McMurray and 30 from Lethbridge Some participant s questionnaires could not be retrieved after several attempts to contact the volunteer and others dropped out of the study part way through and thus did not complete the questionnaires 1 8 6 Personal Healthcare Numbers PHNs During the completion of the consent form participant s were asked to record there Personal Health Number PHN A total of 327 PHNs were collected 295 98 3 from Fort McMurray and 32 94 1 from Lethbridge 1 9 X Site Visits The field coordinator was responsible for preparing the equipment supplies and tools necessary for each visit checking and validating data and supervising the teams to ensure accuracy and consistency Pre printed stickers with bar code numbers were used to track all samplers and biological material 10 pou P dm Methods Report Field monitoring teams operated in pairs to ensure safety and improve accuracy Each team received a list of participants who had
147. ng PUNCH ON sv ii ee ei b pionero tret erre etos shock cna sate EE R Ee 41 3 3 Imm unoglobulin BAMMAL vessevessssssiesacoisee sss oesense sdeseesdssseousas seasiees ssesszenssasepeaasss 42 3 1 4 Neurocognitive Function NES2 cecssssesssseseeseseeeee eee eene nnne 42 3 1 5 Analysis of Health Records eese enne 44 Appendix A Forms and Questionnaires Appendix B A Collocation Study to Evaluate Samplers Used for Collecting Airborne Particulate Matter List of Figures Figure 1 Components Of the Study arie eee dee iersinii aonet snoek 3 Figure 2 Set up for Replicate Passive Sampler Study eeeeeeeeeee eee 14 Figure 3 Precision of NO Passive Sampler eesscceeeessneeeeesneeceesseeecesseeeceesaeeceessaeeesessaeeseesaes 15 Figure 4 Precision of SO Passive Sampler sess 16 Figure 5 Precision of VOC Passive Sampler Benzene sess 17 Figure 6 Precision of O5 Passive Sampler seesssseeesseeeeeeeee eene eene eene ene nn ARRONE 18 Figure 7 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for NO sees 20 Figure 8 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for Ozone esses 20 Figure 9 Passive Sampler Data Compared to Ambient Station Data for SO sees 21 Figure 10 Comparisons between MINIVOL and PEM with a flow rate of 10 L min for PMijo EE nsn E
148. ng and storage and filter handling To minimize filter handling errors pre weighed filters were loaded in sampling heads at the lab and shipped to the site Care was taken to ensure the flow measurement devices 26 AM Methods Report were comparable Problems that occurred with oil from the PEMs impactor surfaces adsorbing to the Teflon filters during shipping and handling were resolved by using a less volatile oil and refrigerating the samplers during storage An investigation of the effect of relative humidity on the filter weighing in the lab found that controlling RH within 5 in the range of 30 40 RH during weighing minimized the impact on the PM mass measurement to 2 of the mass The instrument detection limit electronic micro balance CAHN C 30 for the mass measurement is 5 ug while the method detection limit is 20 ug per filter regardless of the samplers used The method detection limit in terms of air concentration for a 24 hr sample at the various flow rates is 3 5 ug m for personal 2 8 ug m for indoor and 1 4 ug m for outdoor The accuracy of the PM measurements was investigated by comparing the results with a dichotomous sampler Series 244 made by Graseby Anderson that was collocated with the other samplers Figure 10 is an example of the PEM PM 10 L min versus MINIVOL and Figure 11 is PEM PM 10 L min versus dichotomous sampler The figures shows excellent agreement between the different PM samplers used
149. ng strategies Thus as an indicator of general respiratory health it is often a fundamental tool employed in pulmonary epidemiologic studies addressing public health concerns Effort dependent forced expiratory spirometric examinations include multiple trials per testing session Initial analysis of these collected tracings requires identification of the best test curves based on a clearly defined set of standards established by the American Thoracic Society Table 10 provides a detailed summary of the ATS acceptability and reproducibility criteria employed in the data selection process Because these curves then constitute the data set for all further evaluations stringent adherence to ATS protocol ensuring both validity and optimal quality is crucial 41 EM X Methods Report AM Table 10 Criteria for Spirometric Tests Acceptability Criteria A test is considered acceptable if The participant performs a satisfactory start free of excessive hesitation The extrapolated volume derived from the start of the volume time curve is less than 5 of the forced vital capacity FVC or 0 15 L whichever is greater Maximal expiratory and inspiratory efforts are demonstrated There should be at least a 1 second observed volume plateau at maximal expiration No variable effort is demonstrated by the participant during the maneuver No obstruction of the spirometer mouthpiece occurs No volume loss from a leak in the spirometer occurs No co
150. ng volatile organic compounds sulphur dioxide nitrogen dioxide ozone and particulates PM and PM25 All of the compounds except for particulate were measured through the use of passive sampling devices The passive sampling devices used were small plastic containers that held adsorbent pads containing compounds designed to react with the contaminants of interest in the air such as O5 or SO After samplers were exposed to the air for a specific period of time the adsorbent pads were removed and analyzed to determine the amount of the reaction products collected The original concentration of contaminants of interest in the air can then be determined using a formula that converts the mass of reaction products to the mass of the contaminants of interest and divides by the volume of air sampled The volume of air sampled is a product of the diffuse sampling rate of each sampler and the length of the exposure period The SO and NO samplers used in the study were developed by Dr Siu Chan at the Centre for Toxicology University of Calgary The O sampler used the Ogawa sampler cartridge but was loaded and analyzed at the Centre for Toxicology The VOCs sampler used was the commercially available 3M sampler with the extraction and analysis GC MS of the collected samples done at the Centre for Toxicology see following sections for more information on the passive samplers used The performance of the passive samplers in terms of precision accuracy
151. nidesipiles ede tage E RDEULAR PR ARTS O No O Yes Ge Mercury uas sv dE donet laca fus whee es E CES O No O Yes d Other Metals If yes specify O No O Yes e Pesticides If yes specify O No O Yes f Other chemicals that make you feelill O No O Yes If yes specify Explanation for any of above Have you ever used mothballs or moth crystals in your home CJ Living Room Den Dining Room Bedroom OOo d Kitchen m No skip to question 28 m No skip to question 28 o aug g 1 Yes If yes are you currently using mothballs or moth crystals in your home o Yes If yes in which room s are you currently using mothballs or moth crystals Attic Family Room Basement Other please specify below Appendix A 9 28 29 30 31 32 Do you use indoor air fresheners of any type Please be sure to include any sprays liquid or solid air fresheners 3 No Oo Yes If yes in which room s and how frequently Fill in the number of times daily weekly or monthly in each room or if Rarely check v column Times Times Daily Times Weekly Monthly Rarely Living Room Dining Room Kitchen Family Room Den Bedroom Bathroom Other a How frequently do you have an outdoor barbecue or fire Times Daily Times Weekly Times Monthly Times Yearly Never b Do you have these mainly in the You
152. nly 27 Aug 98 lday 0 137824 0 19 5 27 Aug 98 4day 0 468758 0 12734 2 Un tn tn CA Un tn CA CA 5 5 5 2 3 5 5 5 Figure 3 Precision of NO Passive Sampler Still 1 day x 0 3645 UUs Still 4 day R 0 9212 Move1 day Move 4 day Regression 1 day y 0 5674x 9 Regression 4 day Aa ond EE A RSD of NO2 Concentration 20 30 40 Concentration of NO2 ug m3 15 Methods Report Table 4 Results of Replicate Study on SO Samplers Average Date Duration ug m3 06 Jul 99 07 Jul 99 08 Jul 99 09 Jul 99 10 Jul 99 11 Jul 99 12 Jul 99 13 Jul 99 06 Jul 99 10 Jul 99 Still Moveing Count RSD Stdev Count RSD Average Stdev ug m3 ug m3 145 80 61 150 312 335 233 20837 330 150 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 oo Un tn ta tA Un tn nn 47 87 52 258 116 129 511 25230 842 104 p ee Average increase in sample rat due t data from collocation at Ft McMurray Ambient Station 27 Aug 98 1 day 0 14004 1 05 5 27 Aug 98 4day 2 354209 0 496863 5 Figure 4 Precision of SO Passive Sampler y 0 3745x 99875 R 0 8755 RSD of SO2 Concentration 1 00 1 50 2 00 Concentration of SO2 ug m3 16 using one day samples with postitive averages only Still Still 4 Movet Move4 Regression 1 day Regression 4 day P d Methods R
153. o good reason Been able to face up to your problems Found everything getting on top of you Been feeling unhappy and depressed Been losing confidence in yourself Been thinking yourself a worthless person Felt that life is entirely hopeless Been feeling hopeful about your own future Been feeling reasonably happy all things considered Been feeling nervous and strung up all the time Felt that life isn t worth living Found at times that your couldn t do anything because your nerves were too bad Not at all Not at all More than usual Not at all Not at all More than usual Not at all Not at all Not at all Not at all Not at all Not at all More than usual Not at all Not at all Not at all No more than usual No more than usual Same as usual No more than usual No more than usual Same as usual No more than usual No more than usual No more than usual No more than usual No more than usual No more than usual About the same as usual No more than usual No more than usual No more than usual Appendix A 33 Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Less than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Less able than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Less than us
154. o inside collecting PM and PM and one pump on the individual alternating between PM o and PM samples Descriptions of the passive gaseous samplers and active particulate samplers used in the study are described in greater detail in sections 2 1 and 2 2 of this report 1 9 2 Time Activity Diary Activity logs and diaries are an important part of exposure assessment The time activity diary can indicate potential sources of exposure to a particular contaminant due to many daily activities such as taking a shower driving a car or hobbies that are known to be associated with exposure to particular air borne contaminants Activity diaries are widely recommended in the literature and have been proven to be valuable to the interpretation of the measured exposure levels The collection instrument was a 11 pou Methods Report AN simple design that allowed the participant to identify their daily activities and the time at which these activities took place Participants were asked to include all activities undertaken while wearing the sampler including periods of sleep bathing and eating Participants were asked to record their activities during each 24 hour monitoring period recording where they spent their time what they did and what potential exposures they may have had 1 9 3 Lung Function Field staff were provided two days of intensive training in administering the spirometry tests The American Thoracic Society s standardization
155. odynamic diameter up to 2 5 um and the coarse size fraction i e PM254o with an aerodynamic diameter greater than 2 5 um and up to 10 um This sampler was designated by U S EPA as the reference method for PMi measurements Federal Register 1989 Figure 3 Schematic diagrams of a dichotomous sampler a PM inlet b PM virtual impactor assembly The dichotomous sampler consists of a PM inlet Fig 3a a PMes virtual impactor assembly Fig 3b and a control module Particulate matter in the ambient air enters the inlet at a total evacuating volumetric flow rate of 16 7 L min This flow rate provides a force balance so that the upward velocity is equal to the settling velocity of a 10 um particle Only particles with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 10 um are drawn into the virtual impactor Through the accelerating nozzle the coarse particles i e PM 25 10 together with one tenth of the fine particles i e PM 2 5 are collected onto one pre weighed filer at an evacuating flow rate of 1 67 L min And nine parts of the fine particles are collected on another pre weighed filter at an evacuating flow rate of 15 L min The PM mass concentration is calculated as mass of coarse PM mass of fine PM total flow rate collection time and the PM25 mass concentration is calculated as mass of fine PM flow rate for fine PM collection time Appendix B 4 The Size Selective Inlet SSI High Volu
156. ogical studies and 5 results in lower administration costs After an extensive review of the literature on neurocognitive test batteries it was determined that the most appropriate test battery for the purposes of the current study was the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System NES2 The NES2 is a computerized neurobehavioral test battery that was developed in 1985 at Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts by Dr E L Baker and Dr Richard Letz The intention of the development of the NES2 was to have an efficient and practical tool to measure neurobehavioral functions in large scale epidemiological studies The main goal was to have the NES2 quantify a range of neurobehavioral functions of employed primarily healthy adult populations in a standardized format under field investigation conditions with severe time constraints and portable equipment The NES2 was designed to be easy to use to encourage widespread acceptability and thus address the need for standardized test methods The primary purpose of the data collected with the NES2 is to relate the quantitative neurobehavioral assessment to measurements of neurotoxicant exposure It was assumed that test performance would become more impaired with increased neurotoxicant exposure The NES2 was designed to be used in two types of exposure situations 1 studies examining the acute effects of exposure by repeated testing of individuals throughout the work day and 2 the cross sectional
157. on Cherries V5 cup 125 ml Grapefruit V or Vo cup Grapes V5 cup 125 ml Nectarines medium Oranges med 1 cup Peaches med cup Pears med 1 cup Pineapple V5 cup 125 ml Plums 2 3 medium Pumpkin V5 cup 125 ml Rhubarb 2 cup 125 ml Tangerines 1 medium Watermelon pou wedge Dried fruit e g raisins prunes 2 Tbsp apricots etc Fruit Juices all types not crystals or fruit flavoured drinks e g not V cup 125 ml Kool Aid or Crystal Light Other Fruits Appendix A 23 Your Medium did How often FRUITS AND VEGETABLES Peng Rarely VEGETABLES SIMIL Day Week Month Year Nevet Beans green or yellow cup 125 ml Beets V5 cup 125 ml Broccoli 2 stalks or 1 2 cup 125 ml Brussel sprouts V5 cup 125 ml Cabbage cole slaw sauerkraut V5 cup 125 ml Carrots V cup 125 ml Cauliflower V5 cup 125 ml Celery V5 cup 125 ml Corn V cup 125 ml Cucumber V5 cup 125 ml Garlic fresh tsp minced or crushed Kohlrabi parsnips and turnips V cup 125 ml Lettuce salad cup 250 ml Mushrooms V5 cup 125 ml Mustard greens turnip greens collard 2 cup 125 ml Onions 14 cup 75 ml Peas V cup 125 ml Peppers sweet e g green yellow i red not hot CURO Potatoes boiled baked potato salad med or mashed V
158. on speed CPT with animals Paired associate learning Visual learning Vocabulary test Verbal ability Colour word vigilance Vigilance attention Note Suitable for repeated measures design Original WHO NCTB test The NES2 tests to be administered and the administration order was determined based on an extensive review of the literature including other studies using the NES2 reliability studies validity studies and taking into account the recommendations in the NES2 manual The following NES2 tests were administered to each subject in the order presented finger tapping continuous performance test hand eye co ordination task paired associate learning simple reaction time symbol digit substitution pattern comparison pattern memory serial digit learning switching attention colour word vocabulary test mood test and paired associate learning delayed recognition A complete description of the battery of NES2 tests administered is provided in section 3 1 4 To maintain consistency each subject was tested in the same testing environment located in an office established for the purposes of the neurocognitive testing The NES2 tests were administered on an IBM compatible computer using the MS DOS program The program automatically stored all NES2 test P dm Methods Report results Participant s data was stored under a separate file associated with their personal identification number 1 6 2 Supplementary Ps
159. one any of the following in the past 3 months Mark ALL that apply Type of Activity Y or How many times did you do this activity in the past 3 months About how much time did you usually spend on each occasion Walking for exercise indoor or outdoor 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour to 15 minutes Hiking or 16 to 30 minutes snowshoeing 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour i i to 15 minutes E 16 to 30 minutes iud 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour iki to 15 minutes ES E DD 16 to 30 minutes Suis 31 to 60 minutes d more than one hour to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes ere 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour 1 to 15 minutes Skating 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Cross country skiing 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Downhill skiing 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Weight training 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Exercise class aerobics 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour Appendix A 37 Type of Activity Y or How many times did you do this activity in the past 3 months About how much time did you usually spend on each occasion Baseball softball 1 to 15 minutes 16 to 30 minutes 31 to 60 minutes more t
160. one containing new particulate head blank particulate head if required and new data sheet large elastics kept in flow meter carrying case to fasten blank two recharged minivol batteries flow meter see below for further instructions on flow meter should be recharged extension cord will be required to complete outdoor particulate sampling Personal Monitors e personal pump c w carrying case two straps waist and shoulder e two batteries new ones required every 48 hrs e flow meter see below for further instructions on flow meter e screwdriver for adjusting flow kept in flow meter carrying case NOTE Personal pump counters should be reset each time thus the start time on counter box on log sheets should be 0 min Note Paper clip or pin works best to reset NOTE Masking tape or some other method will have to be used to ensure that the personal pump switch remains in an on position NOTE After any particulate sampling is complete all personal pump heads should be placed in a face up i e holes facing top side position wrapped in it s plastic bag after being wrapped appropriately in the plastic bags provided indoor particulate heads should be placed with the white rain cap top side in a secure position held in place with packaging materials air filled ziploc bags seem to fill empty cooler space well It is important to keep the particulate heads and filters in upright positions at all times Appendix A 75
161. opper lead manganese mercury selenium thallium vanadium and zinc 2 3 4 2 4 1 Collect a 24 h urine in a LABCRAFT brand orange color plastic container Anachemia Science 4282 252 Collect in a clean environment It is important that dust from clothing not contribute to the specimen contents DO NOT collect urine in metal or glass urinals pans or containers 2 Record the volume using the scale on the side of the LABCRAFT container Provide the information on the Specialty Requisition and the plastic container containing the specimens 3 Thoroughly mix the 24 h urine Pour a 30 mL aliquot into a polypropylene plastic screw cap conical centrifuge tube with flat base 30 mL Sarstedt 460 543 or equivalent 4 Send at ambient temperature for analysis If shipping is dclaycd morc than two days store at 4 C and ship on refrigerated coolant Samples may also be sent frozen NOTE A Whole blood remains the specimen of choice for cadmium and lead toxic metal screening while urine remains the specimen of choice for arsenic and mercury B Environmental exposure to certain trace elements either occupationally or in foods medication can cause elevated trace element levels eg arsenic in seafood cadmium in cigarettes barium in pepto bismol aluminum in sucralfate It is important to note ALL relevant information on the Specialty Requisition form such as medications the patient is on whether a smoker or non smoker recent ingest
162. ou feel pep Have you been a very nervous person Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing would cheer you up Have you felt calm and peaceful Did you have a lot of energy Have you felt downhearted and blue Did you feel worn out Have you been a happy person Did you feel tired During the past 4 weeks how much of the time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities like visiting friends relatives etc All of the time Most of the time Some of the time A little of the time None of the time How TRUE or FALSE is each of the following statements for you Mark an in the appropriate box Definitely Mostly Don t Mostly Definitely true true know false false I seem to get sick a little easier than other people I am as healthy as anybody I know I expect my health to get worse My health is excellent Appendix A 42 36 The following five questions are about your neighbourhood and the people around there Please indicate by circling your answer 1 How often do you get together with any neighbours just for a chat Almost Less than Once a Several times Several times Almost Never Daily never once a month month a month a week daily 2 How often do you visit with friends in Fort McMurray Fort MacKay Almost Less than Once a Several times Several times Almost Never Daily never once a month month a month a week daily 3 How often do you visit with rela
163. outine chemistry and trace metal analytical procedures adhered to stringent in house QC protocols employing standards and QC samples traceable to international standard reference materials The analytical protocol typically consisted of 15 2596 QC samples unknowns In addition the accuracy and precision of the trace metal analyses was concurrently further monitored employing the National Institute of Standards amp Technology Standard Reference Material for Trace Elements on Water NIST SRM 1643d employed as additional QC samples Typical RSDs for the routine analytes were between 0 2 4 and for the trace metals RSDs were between 1 396 All analyzed NIST SRM 1643d samples were within acceptable certified values Further validation of the data quality was ensured by successfully participation in two external Interlaboratory Proficiency Testing PT programs for all the parameters in this study The first PT program was the bi annual Alberta Water Analysts Committee PT program 25 35 Alberta water laboratories and the second was the Analytical Product Groups APG Proficiency Environmental Testing Program 2250 North American laboratories on a quarterly basis Both PT programs meet the stringent International Standards Organization ISO Guide 43 Part I 1996 Proficiency Testing Program protocols employing z scores for performance evaluations The APG program the largest PT provider of water samples in North America is ISO 9002 certified and they are cu
164. ploying a Radiometer VIT90 autotitrator system equipped with a 40 sample SAC90 auto sampler a CDM 80 conductivity meter and a ABU93 25 mL triburette for the TISAB delivery All cation analyses were performed using air acetylene flame atomic absorption spectroscopy protocols on a Perkin Elmer Z5000 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with a flow spoiler burner chamber and an AS40 auto sampler Samples aliquoted for sodium potassium calcium and magnesium analysis contained a final concentration of 0 24N HCl and 2 La as LaNO to eliminate interferences from varying concentrations of carbonate bicarbonate and sulphate Samples aliquoted for iron analysis were acidified with concentrated trace metal free HNO to a final concentration of 1 HNO to dissolve any precipitated iron The anion quantitations were performed on a Roche COBAS FARA II autoanalyzer for chloride ferricyanide method nitrate nitrite nitrogen hydrazine reduction method sulphate turbidimetric method and alkalinity autotitration method Samples with pHs gt 8 3 were manually titrated employing a pH meter to a pH of 8 3 to assist in the proper calculation of carbonate bicarbonate hydroxide concentrations Total Dissolved Solids and ion balances were calculated from the analytical results 35 pou Methods Report oo a 2 5 3 Trace Metal Analysis Samples were stored at 4 C prior to analysis Samples and standards were prepared in a trace metal free
165. r sampling impactor Aerosol Sci Technol 14 380 387 Chow J C 1995 Measurement Methods to Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particles Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 45 320 382 Dann T 1994 PM and PMs concentrations at Canadian sites 1984 1993 Report Series No PMD 94 3 Environmental Technology Centre Pollution Measurement Division Environment Canada Unpublished Lioy P J Wainman T Turner W A Marple V A 1988 An intercomparison of the indoor air sampling impactor and the dichotomous sampler for a 10 um cut size JAPCA 38 668 670 Patachnick and Ruppercht 1991 U S EPA 1994 Guidelines for PM 10 Sampling and Analysis Applicable to Receptor Modeling Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U S Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711 EPA 452 R 94 009 Code of Federal Regulations 40 CFR 50 Appendix J Federal Register 40 CFR 50 Appendix L July 18 1997 Federal Register September 18 1990 Vol 55 43406 Federal Register July 27 1989 Vol 54 31247 Federal Register December 1 1987 Vol 52 45684 Appendix B 17 Appendix A 1 Data for field collection parameters and measured PM masses and mass concentrations Sampler Filter ID Initial Time Final Time Comment C pento umin wr 25 secos 12 196 1247 12n2M6 1333 2446 1055 1568 Jossa 353 T F2 PEM oUm aes 25 oonoes 12 11 0
166. r transfer with a clear plastic pipette NOT glass into a metal free polypropylene plastic screw cap vial 8 mL Sarstedt 60 542 or equivalent 4 Place the screw cap firmly on the vial Send at ambient temperature for analysis It shipping is delayed more than two days store at 4 C and ship on refrigerated coolant Specimens may also be sent frozen 2 3 2 WHOLE BLOOD TRACE ELEMENT SCREEN For cadmium cobalt lead molybdenum and thallium 1 Use step of the above procedure Ifa serum trace clement screen is also required complete the above serum procedure first 2 5 Utilizing the same phlebotomy needle attach a 7 mL Monoject Trace Element Blood Collection Tube Royal Biue stopper Powdered Additive EDTA Na Non Silicone Coated Tube 4307022 Sherwood Medical Canada and slowly draw the required volume of blood 3 Thoroughly mix the blood DO NQT transfer to another container Send the whole blood sample at ambient temperature for analysis If shipping is delayed more than two days store at 4 C and pum refrigerated coolant Specimen may also be sent frozen Page 2 08 May 1997 Appendix A 68 Confirmation of Biological Sampling Log Sheet Suggested Blood Urine Confirmed Sample PID Name Blood Appointment Received Source by Appointment Date Date Check if yes initials Appendix A 69 Data Control Form Participant ID Neurocognitive Testing Date Completed Glasses Contacts Near sighted
167. red for masses E 98 after conditioning at several relative humidity ze f F 5 values ranging from 50 to 15 each for a 24 oa E hour period The normalized to the mass P o4 3 measured at 5096 RH average data vs RH are E L plotted in Figure 7 where the error bars represent 2 a the uncertainties at the 9596 confidence level ull m ae These error bars for the PMio measurement are ERIS much smaller than those for PMzs5 measurement 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 35 Figure 7 shows that when the RH decreased from Relative Humidity 76 5096 to 1596 the PM masses decreased by about A PM10 PM2 5 A PM10 re equilibium W PM2 5re equiibium 8 On average However when the RH value increased back to 50 from 15 5 of the mass which was previously lost were recovered most likely by water vapor The other 3 of the mass lost could not be recovered In the recent U S EPA final rule for the ambient PMz5 reference method Federal Register 1997 filters must be conditioned at constant relative humidity within 5 between 30 and 40 RH The corresponding mass variations obtained from Fig 7 were within 296 Measurement Precision for PM Masses and Mass Concentrations Factors affecting the precision for the measurements of mass concentrations include variations in collection efficiencies among samplers uncertainties in gravimetric measurement possible filter contamination variation in flow rat
168. ren s cohort per 100 person years children at risk The permanent residents of Fort McMurray or Lethbridge who were borne after March 31 1995 were followed up to a maximum of three years Mathematically it is expressed as Number of pre defined cases in children s cohort Total person years children at risk This rate may be interpreted as the number of new cases of asthma per 100 person years in children Cause Specific Rate of Mortality CS Rate The number of deaths from a specific underlying cause occurring during a given time period in population at risk It is interpreted as the number of deaths from a specific disease during the 3 year study period per 100 000 population Mathematically it is expressed as Number of deaths from a given cause of disease in a given time period CS Rate X 100 000 Total person years population at risk 49 EM X Methods Report AM End Notes Pellizzari E D Thomas K W Clayton C A Whitmore R W Shores R C Zelon H S amp Perritt R L 1992 Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology PTEAM Riverside California Pilot Study Washington DC United States Environmental Protection Agency Weisel C Yu R Roy A amp Georgopoulos P 1996 Biomarkers of environmental benzene exposure Environmental Health Perspectives 104 Suppl 6 1141 1146 3 Ducos P Gaudin R
169. rrently seeking accreditation under the new US EPA NIST National Standards for Water Proficiency Testing Program which they helped develop 36 P m Methods Report 2 6 Biological Markers of Exposure 2 6 1 Nicotine and BTEX Compounds Mandelic acid hippuric acid and the isomers 2 3 and 4 methylhippuric acid are quantified in urine using liquid chromatography LC without prior extraction of the specimens Internal standard was added to a 1 mL aliquot of the specimen and then the urine is analyzed on the LC To determine muconic acid content 0 5mL of urine specimen was used After adding internal standard the pH of the urine was adjusted to be 1 2 with 1N hydrochloric acid and saturated potassium hydrogen tartrate Muconic acid was extracted into an organic solvent diethyl ether derivatized with BSTFA 1 TMCS and the derivatized extract injected onto a gas chromatogram mass spectrometer GC MS Nicotine in serum was quantitated by GC MS As an internal standard 1 mL of serum was fortified with nicotine d4 The serum was alkalinized with 5M potassium hydroxide and sodium chloride was added Nicotine was extracted into an organic solvent ethyl acetate The extract was concentrated under a stream of nitrogen at 40 C and the extract was injected onto a GC MS For each batch of samples a set of calibration standards and two quality control specimens were analyzed The concentration of the analyte in the sample was calculated
170. s 16 to 30 minutes Other specify 31 to 60 minutes more than one hour None 25 In general would you say your health is Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor 26 Compared to one year ago how would you rate your health in general now Much better now than one year ago Somewhat better now than one year ago About the same now as one year ago Somewhat worse now than one year ago Much worse now than one year ago Appendix A 39 2f 28 The following ten items are about activities you might do during a typical day Does your health now limit you in these activities If so how much Yes limited Yes limited No not Activities a lot alittle limited at all Vigorous activities such as running lifting heavy objects participating in strenuous sports Moderate activities such as moving a table pushing a vacuum cleaner bowling or playing golf Lifting or carrying groceries Climbing several flights of stairs Climbing one flight of stairs Bending kneeling or stooping Walking more than one mile Walking several blocks Walking one block Bathing or dressing yourself During the past 4 weeks have you had any of the following problems with your work or other regular daily activities as a result of your physical health Cut down on the amount of time you spent on work or other activities Yes No Accomplished less than you would like Yes No Were limited in the kind of work or other activities Yes No Had diffi
171. s based on the 3 year provincial data between April 1995 and March 1998 3 PV Physician Visit HV Hospital Visit hospitalization During the 3 year period about half of the treated cases had two person day visits to a physician for all respiratory disorders and asthma and one person day visits for COPD About 25 of the treated cases had five visits for all respiratory disorders three visits for asthma and two visits for COPD The frequency of hospitalization for these disorders is lower The majority of individuals were hospitalized only once during this period As noted the frequency of hospitalization for COPD appears higher than for all respiratory disorders and asthma After combining physician claims and hospitalization the percentile distribution of visits for these disorders did not differ much from that of physician claims data alone The 50 and 75 distribution of the visits for all three categories are the same suggesting the importance of physician claims data in studies of respiratory disorders 46 c Methods Report Asthma ICD 9 CM 493 Asthma is a reversible airway obstruction that is characterized by hyperirritability and inflammation of the airways It involves 7 10 of adults and 10 15 of children Asthma is traditionally divided into two forms 1 An allergic form It is responsible for most of childhood asthma and is immunologically medicated due to type I hypersensitivity to inhaled anti
172. s contaminants Exposure Sources measurements pou P dm Methods Report 1 3 Recruitment of Volunteers A sampling pool of volunteers was recruited from the community through the use of local newspaper radio and television advertisements as well as some general phone solicitation and staff recruitment from the major employers All participants who participated were required to be either temporary or permanent residents of the town of Fort McMurray Alberta Volunteers were restricted to adults who lived within the town of Fort McMurray and excluded people who lived on acreages outside of the city limits Participants were selected at random from the volunteer sampling pool and contacted for an introductory interview at the study office It was believed that volunteers would be more willing to comply with the high level of commitment required in the study At the time of recruitment all participants were made fully aware of the purpose and requirements of the study Volunteers were required to provide their phone number and current address in order to be contacted at a later date and time to confirm an appointment for the introductory interview All volunteers were required to be at least 18 years of age Volunteers younger than 18 years of age were not accepted due to the difficulty of obtaining legal consent for their participation in addition to the level of commitment and responsibility required from participants in the study Volunteer
173. s who smoked although excluded from the pilot study were included in the main study for three main reasons 1 the relative importance of exposure to contaminants in the ambient air could be compared to voluntary exposure 2 it was also believed that by minimizing the exclusion criteria the sample size would be more representative of the general population of the community and 3 it was believed that by collecting and including in the analysis data on past and present individual smoking habits that excluding smokers was not necessary All participants were required to participate in a 1 2 hour appointment at the study office Furthermore to meet the requirements of the air sampling component of the study volunteers had to be available for five consecutive evenings beginning on the day of their initial appointment No incentives to participate in the study were provided to the volunteers One participant was added to the study each day This method maintained a steady and manageable workload for the field study teams and ensured that an equal number of participants would be assessed in each season of the year The same approach of volunteer recruitment was used for the control community 14 Field Staff A field coordinator was responsible for selecting and screening participants booking appointments for the field monitoring teams maintaining the sampler inventory coordinating the flow of samplers to the laboratory for analysis supervisin
174. sampler necklace the indoor stand or the outdoor stand 8 After the sampling period has ended remove the monitor from the sampling location and return it to the appropriate shipping vial facedown Ensure that the labels on the sampler and the container are identical 9 Tightly screw the lid onto the transport vial and seal with parafilm tape 10 Record date and time of sample termination on the data log sheet 22 P dm Methods Report 11 Transport vials are to be collected at a central location and shipment is made to the laboratory twice weekly Preparation of NO and SO Blank 1 Skip step 7 above and continue with following steps as if the air monitor was exposed It is not necessary to record the time of exposure as the monitor is not being exposed for any relevant length of time Ozone Sampler The Ogawa Sampler is recognized by several research institutions EPA Research Triangle Institute Harvard School of Public Health Gage Research at University of Toronto as the preferred passive sampling method for ozone The sampler was originally designed by Harvard and is currently receiving royalties from Ogawa amp Co USA Inc who serve as the North American distributors There is a significant level of comfort when using this method because it has been used extensively in the United States and Japan for monitoring ozone for personal and stationary ambient air exposures Extensive validation studies are also available tha
175. se BE CAREFUL which column you put your answer in It will make a big difference if you indicate Hamburger once a day when you mean Hamburger once a week Each food category contains other spaces for you to add foods that are not listed Write the amount you normally eat beside the food in the medium serving column Please note that the Meats and Alternatives and the Beverages components have additional slightly modified instructions Please look at the example below Your Serving i M How often Medium Serving Rarely SIMIL Day Week Month Year Never Cantaloupe 1 4 melon 2 cup v x Grapefruit V Sweet Potatoes V cup 125 ml yams Ice Cream cup 250 ml Squash Yellow V cup 125 ml This person 1 eats a medium serving of cantaloupe once a week 2 has 2 grapefruit about twice a month 3 has a small serving of sweet potatoes about three times a year 4 has a bowl of ice cream about three times a week and 5 never eats squash Appendix A 22 Your Medium os How often FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PERDE Rarely FRUITS ML Day Week Month Year Nevet EXAMPLE Apples or Loriscup 4 Applesauce Apples or Applesauce 1 or cup Apricots not dried 2 3 Banana 1 med 1 2 cup Berries saskatoons raspberries dba etc mp E23 ml Cantaloupe 14 mel
176. sed for the quantitation of creatinine All 144 urine samples were analyzed for three times using the HPLC HGAFD method Results were reported as mean 1 standard deviation from triplicate analyses of each sample Concentration below detection limit of 0 5 ng mL for As III and MMAA and 1 ng mL for As V and DMAA were reported as not detected n d Figure 13 shows a typical chromatogram obtained from the analysis of 4 arsenic species in deionized water It shows that the four common arsenic species are well separated The retention time is a characteristic for each species and peak intensity is a function of the concentration of the species present in the sample Figure 13 Chromatogram Showing the Separation of Four Arsenic Species As III ca e E tz o o S Q o e RH pan o E ia As IID inorganic arsenite As V inorganic arsenate MMAA monomethylarsonic acid DMAA dimethylarsinic acid 2 3 Retention Time min Figure 14 shows chromatograms from three urine samples analyzed for arsenic species These samples were from the general population participating in the study Differences in speciation patterns as observed here are common and may reflect inter individual variability with respect to the metabolism of arsenic compounds 39 EM X Methods Report ARM Figure 14 Typical Chromatograms Showing the Speciation of Arsenic in Three Urine Samples e a ce Fluorescence Intensity e c e e co
177. sions about things Felt constantly under strain Better than usual Not at all Better than usual Better than usual Not at all More than usual More than usual Better than most Better than usual Better than usual Better than usual More than usual More than usual Not at all Same as usual No more than usual Same as usual Same as usual No more than usual Same as usual Same as usual About the same About the same About the same About the same as usual Same as usual Same as usual No more than usual Appendix A 32 Less than usual Rather more than usual Less alert than usual Less than usual Rather more than usual Less than usual Less than usual Rather less well Less well than usual Less well than usual Less well than usual Less useful than usual Less than usual Rather more than usual Much less than usual Much more than usual Much less alert Much less energetic Much more than usual Much less than usual Much less than usual Much less well Much less well Much less well Much less well Much less useful Much less capable Much more than usual Have you recently Felt you couldn t overcome your difficulties Been finding life a struggle all the time Been able to enjoy your normal day to day activities Been taking things hard Been getting scared or panicky for n
178. study and the participant names and addresses were not included on any data files All participants completed a test of visual acuity using a standard Snellen eye chart Previous articles have recommended measuring participants visual acuity when responding to visual stimuli presented via computerized neurobehavioral testing In addition all participants completed a colour blindness test Correct colour vision was necessary to accurately complete the colour word task of the neurocognitive battery Participants showing any colour deficits during the colour blindness test were not administered the colour word task The participant s weight and height were also recorded All instructions given and activities administered were the responsibility of a trained interviewer The order of administration of all activities was identical for each subject Participants first completed the test of visual acuity followed by the colour blindness test The Verbal Digit Span and Respiratory Health Questionnaire were administered by the interviewer and then participants were left alone while they completed the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale NIS A complete description of the Verbal Digit P dm Methods Report Span the Respiratory Health Questionnaire and the NIS is included in the Appendices The remaining time of the appointment consisted of participants completing several selected tests from the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System NES2 batter
179. successful on the first trial the examiner then continues with the second trial of the item then moves to the first trial of the second item and so on This pattern continues until the subject fails a complete item i e both trials of that item or the subject completes the entire task i e all six items In both tasks each item increase results in the number of digits in the trials increasing by one The Digits Backward test differs from the Digits Forward test in that the first two trials are a string of two numbers instead of three and the subject repeats the digits in reverse order One point is given for each trial repeated correctly The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale NIS was administered to all participants who participated in the study The NIS was chosen to add a subjective evaluation to the neurocognitive component which also appropriately complemented the NES2 mood scale The Neuropsychological Impairment Scale NIS is a self administered paper and pencil task consisting of a 50 item scale designed to identify neuropsychological symptoms and deficiency The NIS provides eight scores two global indices a symptom intensity gauge and a five item LIE scale Four additional clinical scales evolved as a result of item and empirical analysis a General scale a Pathognomic scale a Learning Verbal scale and a Frustration scale The NIS requires a 5 grade reading level can be administered in 5 10 minutes and is readily scored by
180. t indicate the variability of the sampling rate and possible sources of bias The original selection of the sampler came on the recommendation of Dr P Koutrakis while subsequent support for the sampler has been received from Dr J Mulik RTD Dr Broder Gage Research and from field studies carried out by Alberta Environmental Protection and the Clean Air Strategy for Alberta The design of the sampler makes it very compact and ergonomically friendly It is a small cylindrical polymer body 2 cm diameter x 3 cm with treated filters mounted at each end The diffusion barrier as mentioned earlier is not a membrane but rather a plastic cover with several holes This is preferred for sampling gases such as ozone because it is high reactivity with many substances including porous materials that may be used in other passive sampler applications The cylinder holder is mounted in a small support with a pin attached to the back Unlike the SO and NO samplers the O5 sampler sorbent filter pads are patented and must be ordered from the supplier The sorbent pads are ordered separately from the holders and loaded under zero air conditions in the laboratory The active ingredient on the pads is nitrite NO it collects ozone as nitrate NO and is reported from the lab as a mass of nitrate ion Stoichiometry is again 1 1 and the sampling rate reported by Koutrakis et al 1993 is 24 5 mL minute O Sampling Protocol 1 Each monitor is packaged
181. tection limit was 0 1 g mL in the extract or 150 ng per monitor If there were contamination in the monitor the detection limit would be higher The most common contaminant was toluene When there was measurable contamination the limit of detection can be estimated through a statistical analysis of the amount of the contaminant in the blank monitors The detection limit was equal to three times the standard deviation For example the limit of detection of toluene was estimated to be 580 ng per monitor 2 2 Particulate Air Samplers PM samples were collected by drawing air through a size selective impactor that removed the unwanted larger sizes of particulate and captures the smaller sizes on a pre weighed Teflon filter The PM samplers used for outdoors samples were the Personal Environmental Monitors PEM MSP Corporation flow rate 10 L min indoor samples used the MINIVOL Portable Samplers Airmetrics flow rate 5 L min and personal samples used the PEM at 4 L min A collocation study to evaluate the performance of samplers used for collecting PM 5 and PM was carried out in December 1996 Appendix B The goal of the collocation study was to determine the detection limit precision and accuracy of the PM sampling techniques used in the main study Many factors can affect the PM measurements such as filter weighing sampler flow rate stability and measurements temperature and barometric pressure changes during sampling sampler shippi
182. ted by the data manager to ensure completeness and accuracy Personal information was removed from all materials and records were identified exclusively with the participant identification number All data files on the PC were then converted to SPSS and SAS databases for analysis Documentation of the file formats including variable positions lengths types and meanings were developed Results of the laboratory analysis of the samplers and particulate filters were also sent from the laboratory to the data manager who created a database of all information collected during the study After the original database was compiled from the various sources the data manager printed records for examination All discrepancies were investigated and corrected where possible Records with unusable or suspect data were flagged and returned to the database with the accompanying flag The data manager also scanned the database to discover specific problems including out of range particulate pump flows or 12 EM P dm Methods Report particulate catches duplicate uses of codes and missing data These problems were flagged investigated and corrected wherever possible 1 11 Data Analysis Data analysis was completed by the science team at Alberta Health and Wellness using SPSS SAS and S plus statistical packages 2 0 Exposure Assessment Methods and Protocols 2 1 Passive Air Samplers Five contaminant classes have been designated for the study includi
183. ted from or regarding me pursuant to the study referred to herein for the purposes referred to herein including those in the first paragraph above Alberta Health Northern Lights Regional Health Authority and the other sponsors of the study referred to herein may use and disclose the information as they choose so long as my name will not be referred to in any way when compiling or evaluating the results of the study participation in this study may result in no direct benefits to me and I am free to withdraw at anytime and withdrawing from the study will not have any adverse effect on my access to health care services It has been explained to me that there are no significant risks to me from participation in this study I further understand that while participating in this study I will be free to ask any questions concerning the study Participant name Address Witness Print Signature Personal Health Number Print Signature Appendix A 1 Demographic and Exposure Questionnaire Participant ID Date THE ALBERTA OIL SANDS COMMUNITY EXPOSURE AND HEALTH EFFECTS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM DEMOGRAPHIC AND EXPOSURE QUESTIONNAIRE As you know the goal of the Main Study for the Alberta Oil Sands community Exposure and Health Effects Assessment Program is to assess levels of people s actual exposure to airborne chemicals related to oil sands and other industry during normal daily activities The information obtai
184. termined based on collocation with the WBEA ambient monitoring station during the study NO and SO Sampling Protocol 1 Each monitor is packaged in a plastic transportation vial that is sealed with parafilm tape Ensure that the parafilm seal is intact If it is not use another monitor or make note of this on the field data log sheet and continue 2 Unscrew the plastic lid of the vial and carefully remove the monitor DO NOT TOUCH THE WHITE FILM permeation barrier 3 The container should have three identical peel away labels There should also be a label on the back of the sampler as well as on the outside of the container Ensure that all labels are identical The no or so prefix will identify whether the sampler is an NO or SO sampler respectively 4 Affix one of the labels to the field data log sheet in the appropriate space provided Place the remaining two labels back into the container the laboratory will require the remaining labels 5 The following should be recorded on the field data log sheet participant number site description date and time military of sample initiation and relevant comments as deemed necessary 6 Ensure that the sampler is intact and the clip is operable If the clip is broken or the permeation barrier of the sampler is damaged it is advised that you do not use this sampler or at the very least record this information on the log sheet 7 Attach the air monitor to the personal
185. th them On a scale of 1 Strongly Disagree to 7 Strongly Agree please state how much you agree with each statement Please circle one of the seven numbers for each statement Strongly Strongly Disagree Agree The people running this country don t really care what happens to you The rich get richer and the poor get poorer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What you think doesn t count very much anymore 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 You re left out of things going on around you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Most people with power try to take advantage of people like 1 2 3 A4 S 6 7 yourself The people in Ottawa are out of touch with the rest of the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 country Next to health money is the most important thing in life 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 You sometimes can t help wondering whether anything is worthwhile anymore To make money there are no right and wrong ways only easy and hard ways Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself In spite of what some people say the lot situation condition of the average person is getting worse not better It s hardly fair to bring a child into the world with the way things look in the future Most public officials people in public office are not really interested in the problems of the average person These days a person doesn t really know whom can be counted on Most people don t really care what happens to anyone else 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Appendix A 36 24 Have you d
186. the Phadiotope screen were tested for IgE specifically for the following common inhalant allergens D pteronyssinus housedust mite cat dander dog dander Hollister Stier housedust mix Cladosporium Herbarum mold Alternaria Tenuis mold dandelion pollen birch tree pollen wild grass rye pollen and Timothy grass pollen 3 1 4 Neurocognitive Function NES2 The NES2 is a computerized test that assesses a number of basic neurological and cognitive parameters as detailed below providing a non invasive means of evaluating associations between exposure and effects on measures of neurocognitive functioning The existence of an exposure response relationship would suggest a potential causal effect linking the agent of interest and the central nervous system CNS outcomes assessed In addition neuropsychological assessment provides the possibility of estimating the 42 D P dm Methods Report magnitude of effects associated with a given level of exposure thereby contributing to the risk assessment of the agent Finger Tapping Participants were required to press a button with the index finger of their preferred nonpreferred and alternating hand as often as possible in four 30 sec trials Summary measures were the number of taps from each trial with preferred nonpreferred and alternating hand Finger tapping has been shown to be sensitive to acute and sub acute effects of toxins Continuous Performance Test CPT The object
187. the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults the Ahsmog Study Environmental Research section A 80 110 121 7 Downey G Hyland R Eng K et al 1996 Respirology In Michael B Chang and Laura J Macnow eds 1996 MCCQE Review Notes and Lecture Series 12 ed Toronto Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto 1996 Fiel S B 1994 Pulmonary Diseases In Allen R Myers Eds The National Medical Series for Independent Study Medicine 2 ed pp 61 95 Philadelphia Harwal Publishing 75 Fiel S B 1994 Pulmonary Diseases In Allen R Myers Eds The National Medical Series for Independent Study Medicine 2 ed pp 61 95 Philadelphia Harwal Publishing Q Schouten J P Vonk J M amp De Graaf A 1996 Short term effects of air pollution on emergency hospital admissions for respiratory disease results of the APHEA project in two major cities in The Netherlands 1977 89 Journal of Epidemiology amp Community Health 50 Suppl 1 S22 S29 Murray J L amp Lopez A D 1996 Global Health Statistics Cambridge MA Harvard School of Public Health Fiel S B 1994 Pulmonary Diseases In Allen R Myers Eds The National Medical Series for Independent Study Medicine 2 ed pp 61 95 Philadelphia Harwal Publishing Downey G Hyland R Eng K et al 1996 Respirology In Michael B Chang and Laura J Macnow eds 1996 MCCQE Review Notes and Lecture Series 12 ed
188. there any specific reasons why your weight changed 4 Do you regularly take any vitamins or minerals O No go to question 5 O Yes If yes what are you currently taking See example Brand Name Dosage Frequency day week etc Vit A 400 IU Vit B 2 25mg Centrum Vit B2 2 6mg Niacinamide 20mg Folic Acid 1 day 0 1mg Vit Bg 3mg etc Note Please check the label of the bottle or refer to the side of the box for this information Appendix A 20 5 Do you regularly take any herbal preparations O No go to question 6 O Yes If yes what are you currently taking Herbs Used amp Brand Name Dosage Frequency day week etc 6 During the past year have you taken any prescription medications O No go to question 7 If yes please list all that you have taken below Please note if you are currently taking this prescription medication by checking v the Current column 1 Yes see below Prescription Name Dosage Frequency day week etc Current T7 During the past year have you taken any other medications including painkillers e g tylenol aspirin antacids e g tums rolaids pepto bismol or antihistamines e g sudafed O No go to question 8 If yes please list all that you have taken below Please note if you are currently taking this prescription medication by checking Y the Current
189. thods Report b Figure 2 Set up for Replicate Passive Sampler Study Hee The points plotted in the figures were the standard deviations divided by the means percent relative standard deviation RSD of groups of collocated samplers The two regression lines on each figure represent the average precision for the samplers exposed for one and four days These figures showing the precision of the samplers also provide an estimate of the confidence interval of an individual passive measure at the different concentrations For example the 9596 confidence interval 1 96 standard deviations of a one day passive measure of NO at a concentration of around 13 g m is roughly 5 2 ug m 24096 As the figure show the precision of the passive samplers varies with the concentration of the contaminant being measured At high concentrations relative to the background levels of the samplers the imprecision will be low while at low concentration the imprecision will increase rapidly 14 P m Methods Report Table 3 Results of Replicate Study on NO Samplers Still Moveing Increased Average X Stdev Count RSD Average X Stdev Count RSD sample Date Duration ug m3 ug m3 ug m3 ug m3 Rate 06 Jul 99 24 07 Jul 99 12 08 Jul 99 48 09 Jul 99 11 10 Jul 99 9 11 Jul 99 10 12 Jul 99 32 13 Jul 99 49 06 Jul 99 10 6 10 Jul 99 10 8 eae eee data from collocation at Ft McMurray Ambient Station using one day samples with postitive averages o
190. ti The George Washington University Dr Antero Aitio World Health Organization Science Team Dr Stephan Gabos Alberta Health and Wellness Alexander MacKenzie Alberta Health and Wellness Dr Donald Schopflocher Alberta Health and Wellness Susan Shaw Alberta Health and Wellness Bond X Feng Alberta Research Council Dr Shaole Wu Alberta Research Council Dr Siu Chan Centre for Toxicology Jasna Dmitrovic Centre for Toxicology Dr Robert Audette niversity of Alberta Hospital Dr Charles Beck niversity of Alberta Dr Ken Froese niversity of Alberta Dr Patrick Hessel Jniversity of Alberta Dr Steve Hrudey Jniversity of Alberta Dr Chris Le niversity of Alberta Dr Marvin Fritzler niversity of Calgary Dr Francis Green niversity of Calgary Dr Ian Mitchell Jniversity of Calgary Dr Sheldon Roth Jniversity of Calgary 4 4 4 coccccecccc ci E Methods Report ARM 0c pou P m Methods Report Table of Contents 1 0 Study Design and Overview ecce eee eee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeees L 1 1 PAY DESIO N GEO OS AE ROA A AAAA OM SAE 1 1 2 Components of the Main SUUY ccncivessisisiaciinrinenniinnninnunciinnnaudin 3 1 3 Recruitment of Volunteers sciatica 5 1 4 l477 8 77 5 PIMEN C0 idjplmeeem REESE 6 Di Field Staff Training NRIE TE 6 I7 GIT Ons reciente a ee 6 1 8 Introductory Interview ncccnaunncicmanackinrimniisnwniadiodu
191. tient data file 12 Repeat steps 9 11 until the 5 6 spirometry trials are complete 13 Before exiting go to F5 and copy data to disc Choose COPY FROM DEFAULT DRIVE DIRECTORY TO FLOPPY A 14 To exit go to EXIT TO DOS Once you have returned to DOS you may turn off power Appendix A 64 Lung Function Testing Form Participant ID Field Worker Comments Field Worker EE Field Worker E Field Worker Comments Field Worker DM Appendix A 65 Urine and Blood Instructions The urine sample is a continual 12 hour sample and must begin on the night the bottle is received and stopped when the 12 hour period is complete e g 7 00pm begin 7am stop Between contributions we ask if you can keep the bottle in the refrigerator Before the scheduled blood appointment please fill out the circled information on the provided blood requisition form When going for the blood appointment we ask if you can please take the urine bottle along with the blood requisition form provided to the lab at the Northern Lights Regional Health Authority Hospital Note Females are asked to give a urine sample prior to or following menstruation Thank you for your cooperation your participation is greatly appreciated Field Study Coordinator Appendix A 66 Instructions for Trace Elements in Urine 2 3 3 URINE TRACE ELEMENT SCREEN For aluminium antimony arsenic barium beryllium bismuth cadmium c
192. tion its specified volumetric flow rate at the given environment should be maintained to achieve the cut point Federal Register 1997 When this flow changes the PM cut point will change with the inverse square root of the ratio of the actual flow to the cut point flow Chow J C 1996 In the reference method for PM o the sample volume used to calculate the mass concentration has to be adjusted to that at standard conditions of 298 K and 1 atmosphere i e 760 mm Hg column at sea level Often the volumetric flow rate of the pump at a given environment is calibrated to that value which corresponds to the cut point flow rate at standard conditions For example in the dichotomous reference method the cut point flow of 16 7 L min should be used at ambient conditions to obtain PMio concentrations At a barometric pressure of 700 mm Hg a water vapor pressure of 16 mm Hg and an average temperature of 15 C the overall volumetric flow rate of a dichotomous sampler would be set at 17 9 L min using a bubble meter This value is calculated from 16 7 L min x 273 15 298 x 760 700 16 16 7 L min x 1 074 17 9 L min thus converting the flow rate of 16 7 L min to that at standard conditions By doing so the actual PM cut point of the sampler would have been decreased from 10 um to 9 65 um by a factor of 1 square root of 1 074 Because the flow rate of 16 7 L min instead of 17 9 L min would be used in calculation the PM mass concentration
193. tives in Fort McMurray Fort MacKay either in your home or theirs includes all relatives Almost Less than Once a Several times Several times Almost Never Daily never once a month month a month a week daily 4 How often are you in contact with friends outside Fort McMurray Fort MacKay including letters phone calls and visits Almost Less than Once a Several times Several times Almost 2 Never Daily never once a month month a month a week daily 5 How often are you in contact with relatives outside Fort McMurray Fort MacKay including letters phone calls and visits Almost Less than Once a Several times Several times Almost Never Dail E never once a month month a month a week daily y Sih We would like to know about some of the major events that may have happened to you in the last 12 months Check v all boxes that apply to you Lost a job or been unemployed Been on strike or laid off Had other work related difficulties Had financial problems Got married Arrival of baby at home You and your spouse separated or got Someone moved in or out of your divorced home Quit or retired from full time work Started working or changed jobs i Xa Serious illness or injury of someone Serious illness or injury close Death of someone close Changed residence Serious trouble with spouse Promotion at work Improvement in finances 38 Aside from any paid vacation and holidays how many days of scheduled work have you missed for any reason
194. tween a SSI high Figure 10 Comparison between a TEOM volume sampler and a dichotomous sampler for sampler and a dichotomous sampler for PM PM measurements measurements PM10 PM10 co a i ae a I l o 10 6038x 15 841 E pax E s EE m m o o 1 1 line 25 e pe M o pe z z n n gt I o 7 u EE o E y 0 2535x 4 5505 yz 0 2 e 0 714 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 3 Dichotomous PM pg m Dichotomous PM pg m Figure 13 shows that the PM10 mass concentrations measured by SSI correlated with that measured by dichotomous samplers R2 0 337 Data comparisons of PM10 mass concentrations at several sites of the National Air Pollution Surveillance NAPS program including a site at Edmonton collected from the SSI and dichotomous samplers in 1984 1994 have been reported Dann 1994 It was found that there was a strong correlation at the Edmonton site between the two samplers with R2 0 84 n 326 and the ratio of the dichotomous data to the SSI data being 0 93 0 27 mean SD n 326 Figure 14 shows that there was a strong correlation between the data collected from the TEOM and the dichotomous samplers R2 0 7055 the former as the 24 hour average and the latter as the 18 to 2
195. ual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Rather more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much less than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much less able Much more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much less than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual Much more than usual 18 We would like to know if you any long term health conditions that is conditions that have lasted or are expected to last 6 months or more that have been diagnosed by a health care professional Below is a list of chronic health conditions Please indicate by checking v the appropriate box if you have ever been diagnosed by a health care professional for any of the following conditions Have you ever been diagnosed with Food allergies Other allergies Asthma If yes have you had an attack in the past 12 months No Yes Have you had any whistling or wheezing in the chest at any time in the past 12 months No Yes Chronic bronchitis or emphysema Sinusitis Arthritis Back problems excluding arthritis Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Heart Disease Effects of stroke Cancer what type of cancer Alcoholism Urinary incontinence Kidney failure or kidney disease Acne requiring prescription medication Cataracts Glaucoma Migraine headaches
196. uality consistency and accuracy of procedure and protocol A supervisor accompanied field staff on site visits chosen at random to ensure that the protocol remained consistent 1 7 Field Operations Each participant was required to complete a standard protocol The standard protocol required each volunteer to visit the study office for initial testing Participants were required to sign a consent form and provide their Personal Health Number PHN before beginning Additional screening criteria included e participants must be able to remain at the study office for approximately two hours to provide the required preliminary information and e participants must be available the same evening to allow the field team to install the monitoring equipment in their home and on the individual 1 8 Introductory Interview The introductory interview was conducted by a trained interviewer who began with a clear description of the requirements of participation Volunteers were given the opportunity to decline participation and were required to sign a consent form before proceeding The interviewer ensured that the participant read and understood the consent form and answered any questions concerning their participation The consent form is included in the Appendices To maintain and ensure confidentiality of participant information a personal identification number was assigned to each participant This unique identifier was used in all components of the
197. uals who changed their residence postal code during the 3 year period were excluded from the final analysis leaving 21 612 73 6 and 55 079 78 2 individuals for Fort McMurray and Lethbridge respectively by the end of the study Figure 15 Figure 15 Results of 3 Year Follow up of Population Cohort Start April 1 1995 End March 31 1998 gt N 34 031 Loss of follow up Y N 4 663 Remaining Fort McMurray N 29 368 86 3 Change of Residence Leaving N 7 756 gt N 21 612 26 4 of 29 368 73 6 N 79 379 Lethbridge Loss of follow up Y N 8 989 Remaining N 70 390 88 7 Change of Residence Leaving N 15 311 I N 55 079 21 8 of 70 390 78 2 gt Source Fort McMurray Study Population Database April 1995 March 1998 pou P dm Methods Report A children s cohort was also constructed from the population cohort The criteria for inclusion in the children s cohort were l registered with the AHCIP on April 1 1995 until March 31 1998 2 born after March 31 1995 3 permanent residents of Fort McMurray or Lethbridge between April 1 1995 and March 31 1998 Overall there were 436 children in Fort McMurray and 925 children in Lethbridge who were followed for three years Of these 272 62 4 from Fort McMurray and 629 68 0 from Lethbridge did not change their residence address through the 3 year period They were used for incidence estimation All asthma cases in t
198. ughing occurs during the spirometric maneuver Reproducibility Criteria After establishing the acceptability of at least two tests reproducibility is demonstrated if The two largest FVC values are within 0 2 L or 5 of each other whichever is greater The two largest FEV values are within 0 2 L or 5 of each other whichever is greater Data reporting Criteria Ifthe above conditions are not met the test session should be rejected Participants involved in the Alberta Oil Sands respiratory health assessment performed spirometry over a consecutive five day testing period using a standard pneumotach spirometer connected to a portable computer After each spirometry session the graphic output was stored and or printed to facilitate visual interpretation All subsequent spirometric test evaluations were completed following ATS guidelines refer to Table 10 Test sessions not complying with these guidelines were rejected A log book manually compiled at the time of testing was referenced in order to determine completeness of the data provided on disks It was presumed that noted discrepancies were a result of technical difficulties 3 1 3 Immunoglobulin gamma E Blood sera was obtained from 242 participants 214 from Fort McMurray and 28 from Lethbridge Total IgE was quantitated using the Pharmacia amp Upjohn Fluoroenzyme immunoassay Phadiotop7 FEIA screen The lowest detectable limit was 2 kU L Samples that tested positive for
199. us exposure of methyl ethyl ketone The respiratory system is naturally a major site of exposure to airborne contaminants The effects of exposure to airborne contaminants on the respiratory system range from mild acute and reversible to severe chronic and permanent Epidemiological studies have shown increased respiratory symptoms sneezing cough chest pain wheezing and asthma medication use hospital admissions for respiratory illness cardiovascular mortality and all cause mortality associated with increased concentrations of ozone nitrogen dioxide sulphur dioxide and inhalable suspended particles Acute effects of exposure to these contaminants as well as to volatile organic compounds include irritation of the respiratory tract resulting in coughing sneezing chest pain wheezing etc and the exacerbation of asthma symptoms higher concentrations may cause lung edema Sulphur dioxide can even cause death due to spasm of the larynx and respiratory arrest Chronic exposure to these contaminants may cause structural alterations in the respiratory epithelium that compromise oxygen absorption and lung elasticity reduce the ability of ciliated cells to clear mucus from the lungs leading to increased susceptibility to infection and can even lead to tumor formation Humerfelt argued that occupational exposure to sulphur dioxide and metal fumes result in an accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second FEV Methods
200. ving Room mm or fc Foyer or Front Hall m or ft Bedroom m or ft Bedroom 2 m or ft Bedroom 3 m or it Bedroom 4 m or ft Kitchen m or ft Bathroom m or ft Hallways mm or fc Basement m or ft Other specify uo e During the past week did you have any new carpet installed or placed in your home o No o Yes In which room s and when Check all OO Ly Basement m Living Room Bedroom O Hallway Den Family Room m Other please specify Foyer or Front Hall Appendix A 5 16 17 18 19 During the past week did you have any drapes carpeting or furniture in your house professionally cleaned O No Oo Yes In which room s and when Check all m Basement m Living Room T Bedroom C Hallway Den Family Room CJ Other please specify T Foyeror Front Hall What is the main type of heating system and fuel used to heat your home Type of fuel Type of heating Natural Fuel system Gas Oil Electricity Kerosene Coal Wood Other Forced Air Wall Furnace or Heather Radiant Gravity Portable Fireplace Wood Stove Other specify Do you have a cold air return on your heating system That is does the heating system take the air from the outside of the home for heating and circulation O No O Yes O Don t Know Do you keep your home humidified m No skip to question 20 o Don t Kno
201. w skip to question 20 3 Yes At what relative humidity RH At what temperature uC How do you add humidity O Attachment on furnace Free standing humidifier Other Method Appendix A 6 20 21 Do you have a an unvented clothes dryer located in the house or an attached structure such as a garage O No O Yes Where an unvented kerosene heater in the house or an attached structure O No C Yes Where a fireplace in the house or an attached structure O No 1 Yes Gas or Wood burning Please circle one Where Is the damper usually open O No 3 Yes a wood stove in the house or an attached structure O No O Yes Where central air conditioning O No O Yes Where window air conditioner s O No O Yes Where ceiling exhaust fan s O No O Yes Where portable or ceiling circulating fan s O No C Yes Where central vacuum system built in O No skip to question 21 O Yes If yes how frequently do you vacuum times daily _ times times weekly monthly Did or does your home contain Urea Formaldehyde insulation a No o Yes o Appendix A 7 times yearly Don t Know Never 22 Are there any pets in your household O Dog O Cat O Other Does this pet live mainly indoors O Yes O No 23 Please indicate if you store any of the following items in any structure that is attached to O No skip to question 23 If yes what kind of pet s do
202. ways gets completely better C only rarely 12 Are you disabled from walking by a condition other than heart or lung disease Appendix A 49 Yes gE B Yes nic NEN WEG Yes PIE TICK ONE BOX ONLY EN No Yes PIL YES 12 0 STATE CONDITION 12 4 Are you troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying on level ground or walking up a slight hill 12 1 1 Do you get short of breath walking with other people of your own age on ground level 12 1 1 1 Do you have to stop for breath ASTHMA when walking at your own pace on ground level 13 Have you ever had asthma 13 1 Was this confirmed by a doctor 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 4 1 6 13 4 1 13 4 2 13 4 3 13 4 4 13 4 5 13 4 6 13 5 How old were you when you had your first attack of asthma How old were you when you had your most recent attack of asthma How old were you when your asthma symptoms first started Which month of the year do you usually have attacks of asthma January February March April May June July August September October November December AHEHE Have you had an attack of asthma in the last 12 months Appendix A 50 No Yes No Yes No Yes EE YEARS YEARS YEARS No Yes i YES a5 How many attacks of asthma have you had in the last 12 months 13 6 Are you currently taking any medicines including inhalers aerosols or tablets for asthma OTHER COND
203. wo personal PEM 4 L min six MINIVOL samplers and one dichotomous sampler were set up on the roof of the station Fig 6 beside AEP s regular monitoring samplers one TEOM PM sampler and one SSI PM high volume sampler Figure 4 Field operation of the collocation study The number of samples collected using each type of sampler in this study is listed in Table 1 This study was targeted at a minimum sample set of 5 for a simple statistical evaluation which was however not achieved for PEM with a flow rate of 4 L min It was decided that if the variations in the results were too large due to small sample sizes supplemental data would be collected later The first two days were also aimed to collect data for the evaluation of gravimetric measurement precision and the effect of relative humidity applied for filter conditioning on mass measurement The replicate samples collected with Appendix B 6 MINIVOL and PEM samplers were used to compare the chemical compositions analyzed by ED XRF and ICP MS which will be reported elsewhere The sample collection duration ranged from 15 to 26 hours with the majority of samples collected in about 24 hour periods Appendix 1 Table 1 Samples collected Dichot MINIVOL PEM PEM TEOM Date Day 16 7 5L min 10L min 4 L min 3 L min PMio PMes PMio a Aee a ee szea o i 3 e e e a 131 3 e Flow Rate and Flow Rate Measurements Except for the PE
204. y At the completion of the interview each participant was given two questionnaires and some information outlining the events to take place over the course of their participation The participants were made aware of what to expect and given numbers to call if their schedule interfered with the appointments booked at the outset of the interview The interviewer also reviewed and explained how to complete the questionnaires and the time activity diaries 1 8 1 Neurocognitive Tests The neurocognitive tests used for the study included both computerized and manually administered tests A computerized battery of neurocognitive tests was preferred for many reasons Some of the advantages of computerized neurocognitive testing include 1 standardization of testing conditions between different research groups which results in greater feasibility of pooling data from unexposed populations to generate reference data 2 data collection and scoring is automated and thus easier faster invariable more accurate and less error prone the NES2 contains an efficient data processing program that permits rapid scoring and display of results after testing 3 a computer administered format can change the nature of the test session from a potentially threatening and tedious situation to one with a challenging game quality 4 automated administration is generally a more efficient and less time consuming method of assessing neuropsychological function in epidemiol
205. y in use During the past week did you use pesticides anywhere outside your home That is on your garden lawn or elsewhere on the property outside your home O No O Yes Do you ever use any insect repellants e g Deep Woods Deet etc 3 No O Yes specify type While you are awake in which area of your home do you spend MOST of your time J Bedroom CJ Kitchen O Den CJ Living Room O Dining Room CJ Other please specify below O Family Room Appendix A 11 4 Is smoking permitted in your home O No O Yes Do people usually smoke when you are an occupant O No O Yes 42 Is smoking permitted in your vehicle O No C Yes Do people usually smoke when you are an occupant O No O Yes 43 Have you ever smoked as much as one cigarette a day for as long as one year FJ No skip to question 44 CJ Yes How much did do you smoke per day T 1to10 Daily cigarette equivalent 3 11to20 1 oz tobacco 25 cigarettes 21 to 30 1 small cigar 2 cigarettes T 31to40 1 large cigar 5 cigarettes O gt 40 gt How many years did have you smoke smoked gt If you have quit how long has it been since you quit Years and months if known 44 How many of your friends smoke 1 None OA few O About half O Most 3 All 45 How much time on a typical day are you exposed to second hand cigarette smoke Appendix A 12 46 In a survey of Fort McMurray carried out earlier residents made the fo
206. ychological Tests An assessment based entirely on computerized tests has a number of drawbacks such as the reliance on visual stimulus and the absence of verbal non visual tests Two manually administered activities were included to supplement the primarily visual tests included in the NES2 the Verbal Digit Span and the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale All participants completed the Verbal Digit Span from the Wechsler Memory Scales Revised WMS R Although the computerized neurocognitive battery included the Visual Digit Span a task derived from the Verbal Digit Span The original format was chosen as a replacement to introduce a non visual component to the neurocognitive evaluation Other advantages of the Verbal Digit Span include its wide range of scientific use and acceptance and its ease of administration and scoring Previous studies of solvent and lead toxicity have used the Digit Span test as a measure of short term memory and attention There are two parts to the WMS R version of the Digit Span the Digits Forward and Digits Backward which are administered separately Both parts consist of six items each consisting of two trials which have the same number of digits The examiner begins with item one trial one by reading aloud the string of numbers at a rate of one per second Each string of digits is read only once The subject then attempts to repeat the string of numbers back to the examiner Regardless of whether the subject is
207. you are a student what program or training are you currently taking Thinking back over the past 3 months which of the following best describes your usual daily activities or work habits O Usually sit during day and do not walk about very much O Stand or walk about quite a lot but do not have to carry or lift things very often O Usually lift or carry light loads or have to climb stairs or hills often Do heavy work or carry very heavy loads a Do you work in a non smoking environment Ol No O Yes b How many of your co workers smoke O None O A few O About half O Most O All Do you work with office equipment such as a computer printer or photocopier O No 1 Yes What type Please indicate all that apply Computer 1 Photocopier Printer 3 Other s Fax machine Appendix A 17 56 It is implied that some symptoms are the result of certain environmental conditions in the home workplace or commuting microenvironments and are not caused by other factors Please indicate if you have experienced any of the following symptoms during the past year be checking v the appropriate box If you did not experience these symptoms please leave the appropriate such as infections food poisoning sunstroke etc line blank Home Office Commuting Other Places where Eye irritation Nose irritation Throat irritation Dry mucous membranes Dry skin Erythema Mental f

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