Creating SWAT Soil Database using FAO Soil and Terrain Database
Contents
1. 1 MUIDSICNTCODE MAPUNIT SOIPR HORIZONU1 DEPTHCM10 DEPTHPLU10 ORGCARBO10 TEXTURE10 NATBLSTRUS STRUF STRU COLWETA COLWICOLWI COLDF COLDR COLDFR SC HORI DEPTI 2 39 114 ALu um ALh ch1 5c 1 0 0 B E 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 42 114 CHl or1 3ab 1 0 0 SL L 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Some attributes contain numbers after the header that corresponds to the soil profiles For example for ATTRIBUTExy x is the soil number 1 5 1 is the dominant soil and y is the profile number 0 4 For the soil profile O is for the complete profile total soil if no horizontal data area available and 1 4 for the separate horizons The relevant columns from the exported Soil 1 table are the MUID ORGCARBO TEXTURE and DEPTHCMH it helps to hide the other columns There are two scenarios for the data 1 The MUID does not have any horizontal data In this case use organic carbon and texture data for the complete profile and the effective depth from the General Info export file note the depths given from the FAO data are in cm while SWAT requires them in mm B E FY 7 AF AG AH AJ AV 1 MUIDSISOIPR HORIAORGCARBO10 TEXTURE10 boipR HORI DEPTHCM11 ORGCARBO11 TEXTURE11 J 39 1 OB C 1 1 25B 3 42 1 0 SLL 1 1 0 4 55 o o0 1 1 10 B SL 5 6 1 OE L o 0 o 6 66 o o0 o o0 0 T TI q1 no ml fi ii ii 1 MUIDSHEET DOM1 AREAPERC1 TEXTCLASS1 AOCLASS1 AREAF 2 39 ALu 355 ST ALu um 3 42 CHI 603 150 CHI or 4 55 FRr 100 4 150 FRr or 5 65 HSs 853 100 HSs dy Fi2. A0070 3 BAPER ER Table 20 VTO02 18 FREDON NJ0038 1 9 6 05 a HERO _CTANA7 1 E Date Modified 9 6 2002 11 05 21 AM___Y Record 4 lt 1 of 14502 gt W E Search i gt Datasheet View Num Lock K Each column stands for the following SNAMI Soil Name printed in the HRU summary tables optional HYDGRP Soil Hydraulic Group A B C or D required SOL_ZMX Maximum rooting depth of soil profile mm required ANION_EXCL Fraction of porosity void space from which anions are excluded optional If no value is entered the model will set 0 50 SOL_CRK Potential or maximum crack volume of the soil profile optional TEXTURE Texture of soil layer optional SOL_Z layer Depth from soil surface to bottom of layer mm required SOL_BD layer Moist bulk density Mg m or g cm3 Values should fall between 1 1 and 1 9 Mg m required SOL_AWC layer Available water capacity of the soil layer mm H20 mm soil required SOL_K layer Saturated hydraulic conductivity mm hr required SOL_CBN layer Organic carbon content soil weight required SOL_CLAY layer Clay content soil weight required SOL_SILT layer Silt content soil weight required SOL_SAND layer Sand content s soil weight required SOL_ROCK layer Rock fragment content total weight required SOL_ALB top layer Moist soil albedo required USLE_K top layer USLE equation soil erodibility K f
3. AA Br 10n 10 1 Pri 2 The MUID does have horizontal data Use the individual layer DEPTHCM1 ORGCARBO1 and TEXTURE1 _DEPTHCM11 ORGCARBO11 TEXTURE11 JDEPTHCM12 ORGCARBO12 TEXTURE12 l Cj OF DEPTHCM13 ORGIt B E l U AF AG 1 MUIDSESOIPR HORIZ ORGCARBO10 TEXTURE10 SOIPRIHOR 2 39 1 0B Cc 1 z 0 0 3 42 1 0 SL L 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 55 0 0 1 1 10 B SL 25 A SCL 3 60 A The organic carbon is given in terms of A B C and D while the texture data is given as C L Sa Si or a combination The corresponding values are given in the tables below Table 1 FAO Textural Classifications pL loam 8 2 4 tS loamySand 6 82 122 SaSand 5 2 f 3 SC Sandy Clay 4 amp 2 5 6 SCL Sandy Clay Loam 28 60 12 s sit 6 7 83 SiC SiltyClay 47 7 46 SiL Siltyloam 20 20 6o Table 2 FAO Organic Matter Data FAO OM code Organic Carbon in weight A 0 06 OC used in SWAT SPAW VISSING DATA o o o Exporting Shapefiles in the cases where multiple textures are listed the averages of each percentage were taken Missing data was given a value of 0 1 because the region isn t known to have fertile soil 1 In order to link the MUID data into SWAT the country shapefiles will need to be exported and used in ArcMap The ten countries and their corresponding ARC INFO EXPORT files are in the EXPORT files from the FAO CD and are E00 files To do this open
4. ArcCatalog Go into TOOLS gt Customize and make sure the ArcView 8x Tools box is checked Now click the Conversation Tools button and select Import from Interchange File Conversion Tools ga D g i p gt Shapefile to DEF wi a Shapefile to AGF Fad AGF to Shapefile a MIF to Shapefile gf SDTS Point To Coverage 5075 Raster To Grid fey Mobile Tools The input file is the SOTER export file of each country Choose the file with the ending of E00 The output dataset should have a corresponding name Then press OK Ls MCL Poena E Arc iew Import from Interchange File 2 x Input file JF Purdue Thesis FAQ_CD_DATA EXPORT KENYA EQD x Cancel Output dataset F SPurdue T hess FAO CO DATASEXPOR T Kenya_Shape i fed Fara rM MATA Now the dataset will be visible in ArcCatalog Right click the data set and select Export gt to Shapefile Contents Preview Metadata Mame Type kenya shane Coverage S NEWIGa t SE Copy Ctrl C Text File a Delete Rename Fz Ai Refresh Create Layer Export To CAD Properties To Geodatabase multiples To Shapefile multiplet The input features will automatically be added Select the location of an output folder for the shapefile to be saved and press OK The polygon shapefile is what will be used in ArcMap It may also be necessary to add a coordinate system to the shapefile that matches
5. Creating SWAT Soil Database using FAO Soil and Terrain Database of East Africa SOTER Data Prepared by Lauren Gies and Venkatesh Merwade vmerwade at purdue dot edu Introduction SWAT is a very useful tool for hydrologists when modeling large watersheds One of the main inputs the model needs is the soil properties for the basin The soil data needed can be divided into physical characteristics required and chemical characteristics optional They play a large role in determining the movement of water and air within the HRU To use FAO Soil and Terrain Database of East Africa SOTER data with SWAT new soil characteristics will need to be appended into the existing SWAT database Once a SWAT project is set up the following steps will instruct how to use FAO SOTER soil data within the project SWAT Database To append the necessary data into the database first locate the soil files within SWAT Inside the SWAT database ie SWAT2009 mlb there is a table entitled usersoil This is the database that will be altered to include the FAO data AN H I amp gt usersoil Microsoft Access Table Tools x ca Ciad _ P Fa Home Create External Data Database Tools Datasheet o x i A Calibri abel JLE New Totals Al id Yr Fy fac k SS ii Nae s Ea ile cue sem I H Save V Spelling J View Paste 202 Refresh i Filter s
6. G H K 1 MUID SEQN SNAM S3D CMPPCT LAYERS HYDGRP SOL ZMX ANION EFSOL CRK TEXTURE 2 K0039 1 K0039 KEN 100 1D 1500 0 5 3 K0042 1 K0042 KEN 100 1B 1500 0 5 SL L SEQN and CMPPCT mean sequence number and soil component percent respectively Because the data used is for the one soil component dominant soil for each polygon CMPPCT should not be an important factor in the SWAT modeling it can be filled with 100 values SEQN looks to be an identification number for manipulation of the soil layers it may not be directly related to simulation fill this column with values of 1 SNAM and SSID have to do with naming and identifying the different soils The SNAM is the identifier SWAT will use to print in the HRU summary tables using the MUID values will suffice SSID is described in the SWAT User Guide as The user may also link the soils map to the database via Soils5ID number When the S5ID option is chosen data for the specified soil series is used to represent the map unit In order to use the S5ID option the soil database for the entire US must be installed Because the soils are not from within the US this is not an option Instead insert a prefix for the country to further identify the soil Importing to SWAT Database Model Save the new excel file and reopen the SWAT Access Database In Microsoft Access click the External Data tab and then on the right above import select Excel Browse for the excel fil
7. actor units 0 013 metric ton m hr m metric ton cm required The FAO data contains textural soil information for up to 4 layers of soil thus the new table that will be appended will have SOL_Z1 SOL_Z2 SOL_Z3 SOL_4 etc The next section will discuss how to access the data Accessing FAO Soil and Terrain Database of East Africa Data Extracting the necessary data from SOTER a Open the file entitled SEA b Install the program called INSTALL 9 DOCUMENT E BURUNDI SHR E DIIBOLITI SHR E EGYPT SHR E ERITREA SHR es ETHIOPTA SHR Se FAOLOGO E SOMALIA SHR E SUDAN SHR EA UGANDA SHR E UNSTALL SHR c Select the country of interest from the upper right drop down menu Uganda Burundi Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Somalia Sudan Below is the tool bar Soil and Teram Database East Africa File Edit Select Data View Help 1 2 1 This button loads the data summary screen where you can browse through the muidsheets data for each polygon within the country profile This summary screen converts the class codes used in the database into full text 2 This button displays the thematic map dialog box where you can choose variables colors classes etc to display on the map ie vegetation landscape geology etc 3 This icon simply redraws the map To export th
8. ble is the Soil Water Characteristics program Make sure the values are in metric units under options For each MUID plug in the FAO data for organic carbon 1 and texture using the drop down menu 2 or the manual inputs for sand and clay 3 Once these values are filled in press ENTER and the values of Available Water content 4 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity 5 and Bulk Density 6 will be calculated These values will need to be inputted into the new excel file under their respective headers This needs to be done for each layer of soil While doing this make sure to fill in the NLAYERS column for each MUID This represents the number of layers of soil within the MUID It will range from 1 4 depending on the data available Soil Characteristics Texture Class Silty Loam Wilting Point 13 7 4 Vol Field Capacity 32 1 Vol Saturation 46 2 Vol Available Water 221 int Sat Hydraulic Cond 0 46 in hr Matric Bulk Density 85 67 lb ft Organic Matter 25 wi Salinity 0 0 dS m Gravel O a Vf I I I I I Eo dh a Compaction 1 00 I I I I I Loose NormalDense Hard Sever Moisture Calculator 1 37 Fa Val I I I I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 450 60 Matic Potential 15 00 bar Matic Osmotic 15 00 bar Matric Potential Hydraulic Cond 1436 7 ine Matric Osmotic Hydraulic Cond RS a a sea D Potential bar Hydraulic Cond inari Soil Moisture Vol Hydrologic Group HYDGRP Soil hydrol
9. e data into manageable files go to file gt Export Data E Soil and Terrain Database East Africa File Edit Select Data View Help IBIS were Comet T E a a a eae Export Data Preferences Exit Alt X This will open the dialog box below Click Browse to select where the file will be saved Change the format to ASCII fixed or Dbase to be opened in excel Select the gt gt button to select all the variables as well as Muidsheets these are the polygons that make up the entire country From the Table drop down menu there is the option of General Info Soil 1 Soil 2 and Soil 3 It s necessary to export all 4 tables they need to be exported individually ENN es Data Export i a File name Ps Browse Format ASCII fixed Path C SEA Delimiter _ Separator E Available Yarables Yarables selected Table IDNUMBER TEELE Custom a4 Muidsheets selected Soil 1 General Info Goil 1 Goil 2 Goil 3 Open these files in excel in order to manipulate them SOTER gives soil data for up to 3 main soils within the polygon Soil 1 represents the most dominant soil Soil 1 represents the 2 most dominant and Soil 3 is the 3 most dominant for the area Use the dominant soil to characterize the entire polygon in some cases there is no data for the dominant soil in this case use the subsequent soil data In rare cases no data for the soil is given To characterize
10. e that was created using the FAO soil data then select Append a copy of the records to the table and select the usersoil table and press okay Make sure all of your headers line up with the existing table and Finish Look Up Table When loading the soil data into SWAT a look up table will need to be used Do this in Excel by creating a column of MUIDs corresponding to the country shapefile in ArcMap and another column matching to the MUIDs of the new SWAT soils appendage They should have the headers VALUE and NAME respectively Using the country shapefile exported earlier open the layer to the SWAT project in ArcMap Make sure that there is an attribute column in the shapefile that matches up with the VALUE column of the look up table if not add one With the shapefile the look up table and the appended SWAT database SWAT soil analysis can be run Following the steps to Land Use Soils Slope Definition in SWAT the new soils database can now be accessed References 1 Woodwell G M Chapter 3 Organic Carbon in Soils of the World The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle Measurement by Remote Sensing Chichester West Sussex Published on Behalf of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment SCOPE of the International Council of Scientific Unions ICSU by Wiley 1984 91 109 2 Gijsman A P Thornton and G Hoogenboom Using the WISE Database to Parameterize Soil Inpu
11. ize to Switch Find x J lAa E 35 Aly X Delete EH More 25 v Fit Form Windows Ww Views Clipboard Font E Rich Text Records Sort amp Filter Window Find Security Warning Certain content in the database has been disabled Options Tables v amp MUID a SEQN a SNAM X S5ID CMPPCT NLAYE Ls Date Modified 4 11 2006 9 24 13 PM VTO060 8 POMFRET VT0030 4 urban Table 2 VT063 6 GLOVER VT0072 5 Date Created 5 18 2006 9 36 35 AM 3 VT0O65 4 HADLEY MA0022 8 Date Modified 5 18 2006 9 36 36 AM 4 VT021 7 SCANTIC ME0044 5 san 5 VT021 16 LORDSTOWN NY0096 3 Date Created 11 1 2006 10 07 03 AM Date Modified 11 1 2006 10 07 14 AM 6 VT023 1 VERGENNES VT0001 24 urbanrng Table 7 VTO65 6 MERRIMAC MA0026 7 Date Created 9 6 2002 11 07 54 AM 8 VT065 8 WAITSFIELD T0044 6 Date Modified 9 10 2007 11 07 38 AM 9 VTO65 12 LAMOINE ME0108 2 usersoil Table 10 VT017 13 COVINGTON VT0012 1 aihn hia 11 VT017 16 PANTON VT0019 1 Date Modified 10 18 2011 10 33 06 AM E 12 VT021 6 ENOSBURG VT0007 5 F NF ms 13 VT023 11 PALATINE NY0006 3 Date Created 1 22 2007 10 23 45 AM Date Modified 1 22 2007 10 23 57 AM 14 VT023 13 SWANTON ME0017 3 userwgn Table 15 VT023 16 HINESBURG vVT0O008 1 Date Created 2 6 2007 10 25 01 AM 16 VT025 8 WINDSOR CT0014 3 Date Modified 2 6 2007 10 25 01 AM 17 VT025 11 ADAMS NY0025 3 18 VT025 17 HARTLAND VT0011 3 Date Created 9 2 2002 5 06 44 PM a Date Modified 9 2 2002 5 06 44 PM J 15 Se 17 BELGRADE
12. number is the medium value lightness and the second number is the chroma value The value used for determining the soil albedo is the first lightness number It is used in the following equation x AA AC AD 31 STISTICOLWETA10 COLWETB10 OLDR COLDRYE 0 7 5000 YR 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 5 0000 YR 4 3 0 0 7 5000 YR 3 4 0 nnn T nm nm Soil Albedo 0 069 color value 0 114 For soil MUIDs that are missing a Munsell color value use a default value of 0 13 classified as brown by Gijsman et al USLE USLE_K The USLE factor has to do with soil erodibility some soils erode more easily than others even when all other factors are the same The SWAT Input Output documentation describes the factors that affect the USLE K value Using textural data and organic carbon data from above the USLE K value was found using the following equations from the SWAT documentation KysLE fesand jj fet si i forge Shisand Msilt fosana 2 3 exp 0 25 m 1 oo fog Msitt y a Me Msiit 0 0256 orgC forge 1 S y MaN orgC exp 5 51 22 9 1 700 Bm wan _ ms _ ms 1 7p exp 5 51 22 9 1 775 with m percent sand Msi percent silt m percent clay orgC percent organic carbon of layer Remaining SWAT Parameters At this point there are only 5 more columns to fill any other empty spaces columns are either optional or will be left as a O A C b F
13. ogic groups are classified by four categories A B C and D based on infiltration characteristics Using the definitions in the SWAT user manual and in the paper by Gijsman et al distinctions between the groups based on soil texture were computed Sandier deeper soils were given a value of A sand gt 86 depth gt 1500 mm fairly sandy middepth soils were given a value of B sand gt 50 clay lt 35 and depth gt 500 mm soils that were slightly more clayey than sandy and fairly shallow were given a value of C clay gt 28 sand lt 44 and depth lt 800 mm and very clayey soils were given a value of D clay gt 50 If the soil wasn t a definite fit for one of these categories it was given the default value of B Rock SOL_ROCK The FAO data doesn t have a value for rockiness pertaining to each layer A value of stoniness is even for each MUID high and low Use the low value as the rockiness for the first layer of soil UYR U W WG JPA pPTONEHIGH1 STONEPLUS1 CRE cx Ww 0 JH W 0 0 J Soil Albedo SOL_ALB top layer Soil albedo is the ratio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a body to the amount incident upon it expressed as a fraction It can be calculated from a linear regression between albedo and the Chroma Meter Munsell color value The FAO data contains a Munsell color value for each MUID in the Soil 1 export file under COLWETC10 It is given in the format where the first
14. the projection of the SWAT project This is done in ArcCatalog by right clicking the file and selecting properties Then under the XY coordinate system tab a coordinate system can be selected for the shapefile SPAW Pedotransfer Functions Using the textural data and organic matter data from FAO the available water content SOL_AWC saturated hydraulic conductivity SOL_K and bulk density SOL_BD can be determined using a downloadable program called SPAW available free from the following website http hrsl arsusda gov SPAW Index html Field Hydrologic Processes Pond Hydrologic Processes SPAW Wetland Lagoon Reservoir SOIL PLANT ATMOSPHERE WATER FIELD amp POND HYDROLOGY 2 oS TO e teas e SS t spats SPAW is a daily hydrologic budget model for agricultural fields and ponds wetlands lagoons ponds and reservoirs Included are irrigation scheduling and soil nitrogen Data input and results are graphical screens Developec By Dr Keith E Saxton USDA Agricultural Research Service in cooperation with Department of Biological Systems Engineering WASHINGTON STATE mea ee UNIVERSI 4 Voice 509 332 7277 FAX 509 332 7277 Email ksaxton roacrunner com Homepage http ars usca gov ba anri hrsl ksaxton DVD Training Hydrology and the SPAW simulation model Register and Download SPAW Revised Oct 29 2009 Install and open SPAW The SPAW program used to calculate the SWAT varia
15. these polygons use soil data from adjacent areas Finding SWAT Parameters First create a new excel file that contains the same column titles as the SWAT usersoil table This will be the spreadsheet that is used to import the FAO data to the SWAT database The FAO data gives a maximum of 5 layers of data So the excel file only needs to extend to 5 soil profiles 1 MUID B G D E F G H J K L M N O R Q SEQN SNAM S5ID CMPPCT NLAYERS HYDGRP SOL ZMX ANION_EXCL SOL CRK TEXTURE sor z1 SOL_BD1 SOL_AWC1 SOL K1 SOL_CBN1 CLAY1 SIL Soil textural and organic matter data are readily available for each soil layer from the FAO data Open the exported files in excel It will be a large spreadsheet the first row had headers that represent various characteristics of the polygons e s Pt led E C D E F G 1 MUIDSHEET CNTCODE MAPUNIT DOMI RELIAB LANL 2 39 114 ALu um ALh ch1 ALu H U 3 42 114 CHl or1 3ab CHI Mi P 4 a3 114 FRr or 4ab FRr H P Copy all of the MUID s over into the excel spreadsheet if you are going to be using more than one country s MUID values it is helpful to add a prefix to the MUID values to distinguish the different countries Because the dominant soils are being used to define the polygons open the Soil 1 exported file This contains the FAO data for the dominant soil of the polygon Again there will be headers for each column 5 G D E F G H U Vv WwW X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG 4
16. ts for Crop Simulation Models Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 56 2 2007 85 100 3 Post D F A Fimbres A D Matthias E E Sano L Accioly A K Batchily and L G Ferreira Predicting Soil Albedo from Soil Color and Spectral Reflectance Data Soil Science Society American Journal 64 2000 1027 034 4 Peschel Joshua M Patricia K Haan and Ronald E Lacey A SSURGO Pre Processing Extension for the ArcView Soil and Water Assessment Tool Tech no 032123 N p ASAE n d 5 Winchell M R Srinivasan M Di Luzio and J Arnold ArcSWAT Interface For SWAT2005 User s Guide Publication Temple Texas Blackland Research Center 2007
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