PV Magazine (February 2013 edition) Spoilt for Choice
Contents
1. Depth of Discharge DOD Expressed as the battery capacity that has been discharged as a percentage of maximum capacity A discharge to at least 80 is termed a deep discharge Efficiency of battery Defined by two efficien cies the coulombic efficiency and the voltage efficiency The coulombic efficiency of a battery is the ratio of the number of charges that enter the battery during charging compared to the number that can be extracted from the battery during discharging The voltage efficiency is determined largely by the voltage difference between the charging voltage and voltage of the battery dur ing discharging Energy density A battery with higher energy density will be lighter or smaller than a similar capacity battery with a lower energy density re spectively whether the density is given as weight Wh kg or volume Wh lI density This factor plays a role in the transportation cost of batteries where a battery of higher density would be an advantage Maximum continuous discharge current The maximum current at which the battery can be discharged continuously Usually defined by a manufacturer to prevent excessive discharge rates that can damage the battery or reduce its capacity Nominal battery capacity The amount of elec trical charge that can be stored without taking into account it should not be discharged to 100 Nominal voltage The reference voltage of the battery Self discharge month The amount at2. Graphite e 3 15 29 He 95 aa 70 2 100 gt 100 yes PONY Bat ane CE 565 Safety ventilation Cathode LiFeP04 S tery Testing Dielectric Membrane Center EN50178 1EC60950 6 000 C 2 6 500 C 2 1P20 Current interrupt de UR 2 UR 95 5 104 205 pi 80 70 no external at UN3480 vices at cells optimal module level 1 C62093 thermal management At system level BMS only at system SIL2 cell safety separator mate includes over voltage level because N50178 UL1642 rial cell balancing and _over temperature and Saft commercial 1EC60950 measurement of V T lin current protections 6 000 C 2 6 500 C 2 izes systems 1P40 the module for module G J2 C5 95 amie 70 5 me E STS safety EN61000 3 27 2 800 50 4 30 58 4 92 2 800 50 4 29 07 6 542 2 800 50 4 28 75 6 00 2 800 50 4 28 0 7 64 2 800 50 4 27 62 3 562 2 800 50 4 15 85 4 37 2 800 50 4 28 60 1 50 1 600 50 20 00 2 162 1 600 50 24 07 2 462 1 600 50 21 95 2 477 1 600 50 21 86 1 992 1 200 50 19 10 2712 1 200 50 1919 2 992 1 200 50 19 40 1 50 1 200 50 18 67 1 60 1 200 50 18 75 ee 1 200 50 1919 1 672 1 200 50 26 35 2 40 1 200 50 18 75 2 80 1 200 50 18 57 2 89 1 200 50 19 72 nis 600 50 18 58 1 40 600 50 17 86 1 54 600 50 18 18 IER 600 50 17 34 0 408 1 000 50 3 29 41 0 624 1 000 50 3 28 85 1 017 1 000 50 3 23 76 1 19 1 000 50 3 24 37 1334 1 000 50 3 23 31 1 000 50 3 1
3. VRLA batteries are relatively maintenance free but checks like voltage internal resistance and capacity verification measurements should be done periodically Flooded lead acid batteries have the same in ternal chemistry but require upright orienta tion to prevent electrolyte leakage a ventilated environment to diffuse the gases emitted when cycled and regular maintenance of the electro lyte Lead based batteries are said to be Relatively efficient but lesser than lithium ion batteries for example e With low self discharge rates Established with recycle possibilities However they have lower energy densities comparatively Lithium ion batteries are based on lithium ions that move back and forth from the cathode to the anode during charge and discharge The cathode or anode materials can differ in chem istries The manufacturers who took part in the market overview listed lithium ion based solu tions such as lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 lithium titanate and lithium nickel cobalt alumi num Li NCA The advantages are stated by energy expert Arup Energy Storage s A five minute guide to electricity storage as Extremely high energy densities Able to tolerate more discharge cycles than other technologies High efficiency Negative effects can be rectified with battery management systems Flow batteries use two liquid electrolytes for the opposing charges which act as energy car riers An
4. transport costs This is where lead based batteries may eventually lose out but the eventually much lower capital cost might cancel this disadvantage out If the buyer has a certain budget then he ought to find out how many cycles the battery can give at a given Depth of Dis charge DOD DOD is the capacity that the battery has been discharged to as a percentage of maximum capacity How long can it run The manufacturers in the list provided cycle life for DODs anywhere between 50 and 100 Cycles for 80 DOD as well as manufacturer s own typical spec ified DOD was asked for It is not exactly a linear relationship but the deeper the DOD the more ca pacity you take out and the shorter the cycle life Deep cycle batteries are nor mally not discharged 100 This would completely empty the battery something that is not recommended Manufactur ers normally recommend 80 DOD for Li ion batteries where 20 of the stored energy remains and 50 DOD for lead based batteries This in turn increases the service life of the battery Trojan Battery s Kalyan Jana says You could have for example without any specific reference a battery that can give 1 000 cycles at 80 DOD but at 50 DOD 1 200 to 1 300 cycles The buyer thus needs to take note of the DOD when looking at cycle life The cycle life numbers may look extremely impres sive but when the buyer discharges the battery at higher DODs than that indi cated h
5. 02 1 000 50 3 23 53 1 2 1 000 50 3 24 17 IBE 1 000 50 3 24 62 1 64 1 000 50 3 23 78 318 1 000 50 3 22 33 1 19 1 000 50 3 26 05 1322 1 000 50 3 23 48 pean label ww worldwide opt optional at 100 hrs rate pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com 81
6. clear leader in these battery technolo gies Lead based is competitive in terms of price installation ease and mainte nance Lithium is more compact Nickel is somewhere in between lead based and lithium And sodium is more for larger scale applications They all have different characteristics With so many technologies on the market is there a way to say that one bat tery technology is better than another How safe is my battery Late in 2011 a sodium sulphur battery system made up of 40 battery modules went up in flames at a plant in Joso City in Japan The battery manufacturer NGK Insulators Ltd had to request that cus pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com Storage amp Smart Grids Graphic Solarpraxis AG Harald Sch tt Pumped Hydro 127 000 MW 1 500 000 MWh S S T oS g e g E El T S E g a z 3 A over 99 of the total storage capacity Redox Flow Battery Worldwide installed storage capacity for electrical energy as of 2010 e Compressed Air Energy Storage 440 MW 3 730 MWh e Sodium Sulphur Battery 316 MW 1 900 MWh Lithium lon Battery k 70 MW 17 MWh Lead Acid Battery 35 MW 70 MWh Nickel Cadmium Battery 27 MW 6 75 MWh Flywheels lt 25 MW lt 0 4 MWh lt 3 MW lt 12 MWh Sodium sulphur batteries led the pack as of 2010 but other technologies are catching up tomers refrain from using the batter ies until the cause was discovered
7. yes 48 48 2 Le 50 22 IND9 6V US EU 610x390x260 100 6 6 36 525 500 545 Ah INDI3 6V US EU 610x568x260 143 6 6 36 5 25 500 820 Ah INDI7 6V US EU 610x678x260 188 6 6 36 5 25 500 1090 Ah IND23 4V US EU 610x568x260 168 4 4 24 3 50 500 1500 Ah IND29 4V US EU 610x678x260 211 4 4 24 3 50 500 1910 AH IND27 2V US EU 610x390x260 104 2 212 175 500 1780 AH IND33 2V US EU 125x440x260 125 2 212 175 500 2187 AK TI0S RE US EU 299x264x181 30 6 6 36 525 300 250 Ah LI6RE A US EU 450x295x178 52 6 6 36 525 300 360 AH LI6RE B US EU 450x295x178 54 6 6 36 525 300 410 AK LIGRE 2V US EU 450x295x178 54 2 212 175 300 1235 AH J150 US EU 283x351x181 38 12 1272 10 50 300 166 AH J185P AC US Flooded lead acid EU 371x281x178 52 12 12 72 10 50 300 226 AH JI85H AC US EU 371x381x178 s 12 1272 105 300 249 AH T105 US EU 276x264x181 28 6 6 36 525 300 250 Ah 7 125 US EU 276x264x181 30 6 6 36 525 300 266 Ah 7 145 US EU 295x264x181 33 6 6 36 525 300 287 AH J250P AC US EU 365x295x178 44 6 6 36 5 25 300 278 AH Trojan JBOSH AC US Trojan EU 365x295x178 45 6 6 36 5 25 300 400 AK ey LI6P AC US en EU 424x295x178 52 6 6 36 525 300 467 AK LIGH AC US EU 125x295x178 57 6 6 36 525 300 483 AH 24TMX US EU 248x286x171 21 12 1272 105 300 94 AH 271MX US EU 248x324x171 25 12 1272 10 5 300 117 271MH US EU 248x324x171 28 12 12 72 10 5 300 128 30XHS US EU 256x355x171 30 12 12 72 10 5 300 144 ULAGM US EU 174x207x132 12 12 1272 10 5 300 34 2 AGM US EU 205x229x139 18 12 1272 105 300 52 U4AGM
8. 00 Nominal battery capacity kWh 53 bys Modular 40 130 200 400 400 0 4 6 8 1 1 1 7 0 6 1 7 0 4 6 1 2 1 8 0 6 1 8 1 1 3 0 6 1 6 74 11 6 pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com Market overview batteries Storage amp Smart Grids LIFETIME CERTIFICATES AND GUARANTEES Actual battery capacity kWh Cycle life at 80 DOD and specified C rate cycles Cycle life at typical specified DOD in amp C rate cycles Self discharge month Gravimetric energy density Wh kg External safety certificate Comments on battery design battery T I S a u g g o gt v L S S gt z S E 2 Crate with given actual battery capacity Efficiency of battery Specific power W kg If yes from who Other certifications Other safety features Comments 3 000 80 3 000 80 10 year performance LUI 44 1 98 2 105 96 yes LUI 1 guarantee 3 000 80 3 000 80 10 year performance LU 44 U 98 C N on 2 112 102 yes guarantee 80 1 250 80 yes 80 1 250 80 yes 75 600 75 yes 75 600 75 yes 80 yes For technical data please contact export batterysupplies be 75 yes 80 2 000 80 yes 600 1 200 80 80 yes lt 0 1 Non flammable S 3 m 65 80 per 25 yes T V CE not prone to bi nae Taa Month explosion gy Plastic molded poles Insulated HOPPECKE system FN50272 2 connector 23 200 Norske technol
9. Storage amp Smart Grids Photo Solarpraxis AG Andreas Schlegel With so many technologies in the market is there a way to say that one battery technology is better than another Spoilt for choice Battery overview Batteries are an integral part of the total storage solution offered for renewable energy applications However in the selection process comparison of the different batteries available is not easy since chemistries and performance for applications differ This market overview shows deep cycle batteries that are on the market and the elements that can influence operation and storage 74 Batteries are a dime a dozen at the mo ment However good batteries for opti mum renewable energy storage are an other thing altogether Selecting the wrong battery can be an expensive mis take Renewable energy applications re quire deep cycle batteries those that can discharge between 50 and 80 of stor age capacity repeatedly enabling maxi mum capacity and higher cycle counts Deep cycle batteries are structurally different compared to others like starter batteries for cars Within the deep cycle range the chemistries vary too Differen tiating one battery type from another can be difficult making it tricky to say which is better Alfons Westgeest executive director of the Association of European Automo tive and Industrial Battery Manufactur ers Eurobat says I would say there is no
10. This affected more than 170 locations in six countries worldwide In the middle of last year NGK released their incident re port stating that one of the 384 cells ina battery module was faulty and leaked hot molten material causing a short between battery cells in an adjoining block and thereby causing the whole battery mod ule to catch fire This fire occurred in a large energy storage application and luckily there were no casualties The example is not to scare people away from batteries but rather to show that the safety risks ought to be taken seriously Batteries of all technologies are manu factured according to internationally rec ognized design production and quality standards in order to guarantee their safety for users across all applications Po tential customers must also choose care fully with the battery selection process demanding know how Whoever is in stalling the battery needs to also know how to handle the different battery types A market overview has to therefore cover the different parameters that need to be known As important as safety questions are the batteries also differ entiate themselves in other factors such as capacity cycle life voltages and rec ommended charge and discharge depths among others These parameters are therefore also found in the market overview Eight companies participated giving details of pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com more than 50 batteries for renewa
11. Us EU 220x274x174 74 12 12 72 10 5 300 84 27 AGM Us RAAM EU 221x818x174 29 12 1272 10 5 300 99 31 AGM US RU 233x841x174 31 12 1272 105 300 ne 12 AGM US EU 278x345x173 45 12 1272 10 5 300 24 GEL US EU 236x276x171 24 12 1272 10 5 85 27 GEL US EU 234824171 79 12 12 72 10 5 100 31 GEL US EU 245x329x171 32 12 12 72 10 5 108 SSHP GEL US VRLA Gel EU 283x345x171 39 12 12 72 10 5 Br 8D GEL US EU 233x534x279 71 12 1272 10 5 2652 6V GEL US EU 276x260x181 31 6 6 36 5 25 198 TE35 GEL US EU 276x244x199 31 6 6 36 5 25 2202 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Saft battery modules are operational up to 70 output capacity Recommended 50 DOD Voltage depends on the discharge location depending on the discharge voltage under Eurc 80 pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com Market overview batteries Storage amp Smart Grids LIFETIME CERTIFICATES AND GUARANTEES 5 z 23 42 2 g T O Z z Secale eas EE aladel z S 2 z s 3 ae aa S is G z S 5 Bs p S Zo 25 35 S E S S SSI gt 28 5 Sg z ale TE 3 Z Z SSI 5 s SE Wes a ae 2 SEI s S TO Sie FEZ 2 S a RS 2 2 SS 3 gt g 3 5 a leal 2 sa S E S S o gt T ly a CT e E 5 E E a c 5 E Z gs g 5 vs v T SS D ay a o 9 ce ck E sa FA g amp 2E 2 E E O bs io oF Sa 2 52 amp iS S Ss Ss il 32 UT gt 90 fa gis a lt 65 yes es Batso Ceramic separator National Institute Anode
12. as in a discharged state the electrolyte becomes more water like and freezing tempera ture increases Ata 40 SOC the electro lyte can freeze if the temperature reaches approximately 8 C Westgeest says that lithium can be a bit more sensitive to temperature extremes adding It s more sensitive to charging and decharging in particular tempera ture curves The Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC adds to this state ment saying that even just a few degrees of temperature fluctuations can make a huge difference and this law also applies to Li ion batteries adding ten degrees Celsius cuts Li ion battery life in half Saft s lithium nickel cobalt alumi num Li NCA Synerion 24M has op erating temperatures between 20 C and 60 C while storage conditions can fall to 30 C and up to 70 C For Li ion bat teries the BMS thus becomes the regu lator Saft s Lugaro says that at too high or too low temperatures the BMS will completely stop the battery at the max imum or minimum operating tempera tures and no more current will be able to pass through Applications with this battery Apart from ensuring the temperatures the batteries are going to be stored and operated at the buyer also has to think about the application he is going to need the batteries for Within energy stor age there are power and energy applica tions power being the rate at which en ergy is consumed in Watts and energy
13. being the amount of power consumed in Watt hours Lux Research s Steve Minnihan ex plains it as an application where you need continuous energy discharge from anywhere between five minutes and an hour This application relates to the so called big watt household devices like coffee makers and vacuum cleaners This calls for a battery that can charge and dis charge very quickly Energy application needs a battery that can provide energy for a longer period of time meaning lon ger discharges Minnihan explains that Li ion batteries perform well for power applications but fall short when longer discharges are needed Saft s Lugaro sees it differently stress ing that it is not that Li ion batteries are not as good as other technologies with regards to longer discharges He says Lead based batteries are based on lead dioxide as the active material of the positive electrode metallic lead in a high surface area porous structure as the negative active material and a sulphuric acid solution They consist of other sub technologies such as flooded lead acid bat teries and valve regulated lead acid VRLA VRLA batteries also known as sealed batteries have electrolytes either immobilized by a gel or with the electrolyte immobilized in an absorp tive glass mat or AGM For VRLA batteries the use of gel or glass fibers as in the case of AGM means that they can be installed in any orientation due to the lack of liq uids
14. ble en ergy storage An important factor in the aspect of safety for lithium ion Li ion batteries is the material used Manufacturers like Leclanch indicated in the market over view that ceramic separators in their HS 3200 battery can ensure high thermal and electrical safety Such separators have the ability to provide a shut down function in situations like a short circuit by cut ting current flow Lead based batteries for example can potentially release flam mable hydrogen and oxygen gases dur ing electrolysis Accumulation of these gases in batteries can be dangerous In the event of sparks there can potentially be an explosion Nevertheless this hazard can be recti fied with technology If the batteries are not valve regulated then they need to be placed in a well ventilated space for safety Hoppecke offers optional safety measures for its two vented lead acid batteries the AquaGen recombiner that can be fitted to all lead acid and Nickel Cadmium NiCd batteries The hydrogen and oxygen gases that are emitted dur ing electrolysis are fed into the AquaGen recombiner Such situations can also be prevented with the implementation of battery management systems BMS Westgeest says that every battery ought to be integrated with a BMS Having such a BMS becomes an important safety as pect especially when conditions start get ting too hot or too cold for the battery In flooded batteries over charging means the bat
15. e cannot expect high cycle num bers In other words the real DOD limits the battery capacity At 80 DOD only 80 of the battery capacity is free for use When comparing prices it then becomes essential to look at the price for the use able battery capacity as opposed to the actual capacity How fresh is my battery A fresh battery is always better Not all retail outlets that sell deep cycle batter ies periodically and dutifully recharge them People tend to forget that batteries can self discharge when left to sit around The market overview table shows that up to 5 self discharge can occur and if a battery is already six months old and has been on the shelf it might not be at its full capacity Hence before packing the battery into the shopping cart check the date of manufacture Z Shamsiah Ali Oettinger Actual battery capacity According to how control electronics are programmed the actual battery capacity varies from nominal capacity C rate The C rate shows how quickly a battery with regards to its capacity is discharged 1C means the battery discharges completely within an hour The energy available to be drawn is also dependent on the C rate Calendar life when battery capacity falls to 80 The time an inactive battery can be stored before it reaches a critical balance capacity In our market overview we have asked for the calendar life of an inactive battery before it reaches 80 of its initial capacity
16. ems to keep their operations under safe parameters and protect against this possibility Therefore they are also safe to operate under standard conditions The important point for the buyer is to take note of the user manual and ensure he does not abuse his batteries and then expect them to function over many years What temperatures can it stand One of the fundamental aspects to look out for in a battery brochure are the op erating and storage temperatures Tem perature has an influence on cycle life an aspect we will cover later Higher am bient temperatures tend to momentarily improve performance of the battery by lowering internal resistance and increas ing the chemical metabolism However over a long period of time this can af fect cycle life and increase self discharge 75 Storage amp Smart Grids 76 At lower temperatures internal resis tance increases and decreases capacity Temperature compensation is one fea ture that can help if the battery is ex posed to such extremes That is another reason why we also asked manufacturers why temperature conditions are recom mended for their batteries and what kind of regulations are needed Trojan Battery product sheets recom mend an operating temperature between 20 C and 45 C for their lead acid batter ies At temperatures below 0 C a state of charge SOC greater than 60 is recom mended The SOC is important for lead acid batteries in cold conditions
17. hen the batteries are not in use they are left under charge typically to ensure that they re main molten and ready for use A reheating pro cess is needed if the battery is allowed to shut down and solidify Arup Energy Storage defines the advantages of this battery type as lt High energy density lt Long life cycle Quick response Efficient charge discharge cycles Tolerance to high number of charge dis charge cycles pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com Storage amp Smart Grids Lithium ion performs very well in me dium to high power applications com pared to other technologies And with lower power you still have this character istic but the other technologies improve when they use the low current or power We have an added value in medium high power applications Lugaro adds that Saft for example uses a model scenario where the client decides which power and energy needs he has and then either the model M in this case the Synerion 24M for medium power or E the Synerion 48E for energy will be proposed How heavy is it on my pocket Price is a very influential factor in the de cision making process for a buyer When looking solely at capital costs lead based batteries are seen as relatively cheaper Lux Research s Steve Minnihan states that on a cell level lead acid batteries are anywhere between US 100 and US 200 per kWh When comparing to the general costs of Li ion
18. in block design 6 V 12V Sealed lead acid battery 2V Sealed lead acid battery in block design 6V 12V Sealed AGM bat tery 6V 12V 24V system of sealed lead acid batteries in block design 228 V system of sealed lead acid batteries in block design Lithium ion Suitable for ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww m E v 2 a gt lt 6 S Volume 456x280x456 482x482x266 FB Modular 240 5 x 220 x 465 FB 200 400 579 2 x 243 8 x 600 420x105x208 815x215x580 23x1 x29 Battery controller included in Price without VAT in euros delivery Z L a v 52 7 500 yes 49 7 150 yes yes ieir Modular max 141 i Hie 200400 200 400 849 000 17 3 229 6 opt opt opt opt opt yes yes 12 no yes yes no yes yes If yes from own production Nominal voltage V 24 48 24 48 6 8 12 6 8 12 6 8 12 6 8 12 Customisable 400V AC 3p 230 50 hz 220 60 hz 120 60 hz MS 600 36 000 6 12 6 12 6 12 4 228 24 Max voltage at 100 charge 29 4 58 8 29 4 58 8 2 08 6 24 12 48 2 08 2 14 6 24 6 42 12 48 12 84 6 24 6 42 12 48 12 84 24 96 25 68 237 12 243 96 29 Voltage at recommended DOD pls provide DOD V KK HK KK HK KK Maximum continuous discharge current A 212 106 212 106 25 500 Up to 348 8 A at 10 h discharge for OPZS solar power 4700 Zelle 10 10 2
19. ion selective membrane separates the electrolytes and allows selected ions to pass and complete chemical reactions during charg ing and discharging Vanadium redox flow batteries use vanadium ions that are dissolved in the electrolytes in dif ferent oxidation states to store energy Arup Energy Storage states the advantages of flow batteries as e Less sensitive to higher DOD Tolerance to a large number of charge dis charge cycles Reduced likelihood of cell output being reduced to that of the lowest performing cell Virtually unlimited capacity However the batteries are said to have low energy densities and are not yet commercially mature Nickel based batteries can fall into two cate gories mainly nickel metal hydride NiMH and nickel cadmium NiCd NiCd has nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes NiMh batteries have positive electrodes of nickel oxy hydroxide NiOOH like in NiCd but negative electrodes are a hydrogen absorbing alloy instead of cad mium Sodium nickel chloride batteries are also used in grid applications Molten salt batteries use as the name sug gests molten salts as an electrolyte Sodium Na and sulphur S are the main components The battery casing acts as the positive electrode while the molten core is the negative electrode The battery is generally known to operate at high temperatures between 300 C and 350 C according to Arup Energy Storage W
20. ogy for max C10 0 2 3 4 US 83 3 29 6 700 Typetest approval Veritas ela contactprotection Optional AquaGen recombiner Optional elec trolyte circulation pump Plastic molded poles Insulated HOPPECKE system EN 50272 2 0 55 0 85 200 connector ae 0 3 0 85 YB Be 700 S technology for max contact protection Optional AquaGen recombiner 200 A UID 0 2 3 C5 83 700 Plastic molded poles Insulated go tne ja e a HOPPECKE system Fa connector S technology for max 7 10 heed LUS 83 Be EN50272 2 contact protection st EN 60896 21 EN 60896 22 200 IEC 61427 including battery AD 3 7 UR 83 700 backup unit 200 integrated BMS 710 5 8 C5 83 700 and including bat tery backup unit Modular system incl BMS monitor desired capacity can be il T2 ci zn 120 WEES ing and logging done can be operated as redundant system pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com 79 Storage amp Smart Grids Market overview batteries BATTERY CONTROLLER GENERAL INFORMATION DETAILS OF BATTERY UNIT s 3 E a aie Cats S E a l 5 2 oes ala soles See se JE a lal g 5 lt g 3 58 g sz 2 z 3 S eas peels SS SSI 22 32 Leclanch SA HS 3200 DE Leclanch Lithium Titanate EU 30x75x52 85 8 950 50 6 60 32 PROSOL Invest ae LiFeP04 EU yes yes 24 48 100 400 4 6 41 ewe FR US Y 13 1x44 8x29 3 18 5 yes yes 4 28 1 a l 2 Lithium Nickel SAFT SAFT Cobalt Aluminium aad FR US Y 13 1x44 8x29 3 19 yes
21. or sodium nickel or even redox flow batteries it may seem that lead acid batteries have an unbeatable price After all Lux Research s baseline sce nario for grid tied systems indicate that by as early as 2022 Li ion batteries will reach US 506 per kWh storage capacity sodium nickel chloride batteries US 473 per kWh and vanadium redox flow bat teries VRFBs US 783 per kWh Does this mean that lead based batteries have a clear advantage in terms of price Not really Minnihan for example agrees that the capital cost of lead acid batteries is low But he adds When you factor in total cost of ownership replacement labor and maintenance costs over a five or ten year time frame then the newer technologies look substantially better If I want an equivalent amount of en ergy either from a Li ion battery or a lead acid battery the lead acid battery is going to be substantially larger and ancillary costs are significantly higher than a lot of analyst firms choose to admit Min nihan adds He is right in pointing this out as capi tal cost is just one aspect Delivery costs site preparation and installation costs all come into play after the purchase of the battery When we look at the table the dimen sions and weight of batteries are all differ pv magazine 02 2013 www pv magazine com ent and not very comparable since the ca pacities largely vary But a bulkier battery can simply be interpreted with higher
22. tery will have higher water consumption and would require more maintenance Trojan Battery s senior ap plications engineer for the Renewable Energy Group Kalyan Jana adds that if this battery type is over charged over a long time in an uncontrolled temper ature environment theoretically ther mal runaway can happen It takes a lot but it can happen Basically in thermal runaway the battery generates more heat than it can dissipate and it reaches a melt down says Jana Leclanch s HS 3200 for example has a ceramic separator in place not only for thermal but also for electrical safety and to improve the battery s abuse tolerance This also includes an overcharge toler ance Saft s product and applications man ager J sus Lugaro explains that just as with temperature extremes the BMS will step in when overcharging happens to a Li ion battery He explains We measure each cell voltage in the modules This in formation is sent to the BMS and it has an algorithm to understand if the maxi mum voltage limit is reached If so there is a warning and the current breaker will be activated To Eurobat s knowledge there is no risk of thermal runaway during standard op eration of lead based batteries Thermal runaway is possible in Li based batteries because of their more volatile chemistry and higher energy density However Li ion batteries are equipped with sophisti cated battery and thermal management syst
23. which internal chemical reactions reduce the stored charge of the battery without any connection between the electrodes State of charge SOC Expressed as the present battery capacity as a percentage of the maximum capacity 77 Storage amp Smart Grids Market overview batteries BATTERY GENERAL INFORMATION CONTROLLER DETAILS OF BATTERY UNIT 78 Akasol GmbH Battery Supplies Crown Europe Cellstrom GmbH Accumulatorenwerke HOPPECKE Product Name neeoQube neeoRack Crown Solar Solar Tech nologies Solar Tech nologies Solar Tech nologies Solar Technolo gies OPzS Solar Tech nologies 0PzV Solar Tech nologies Li ion Solar Technolo gies semi traction amp monoblock Cellcube OPZS solar power OPZS bloc solar power OP2zV solar power OPZV bloc solar power solar bloc solar power pack solar power system LiOn Manufactured in DE US US CN CN EU EU CN EU S Mm DE DE DE DE DE Manufacturer Akasol GmbH Crown USA Crown USA Battery Supplies Battery Supplies Battery Supplies Battery Supplies Battery Supplies Battery Supplies Cellstrom Gmbh Accumulatoren werke HOPPECKE Battery type Li NMC Li NMC Open lead acid Open lead acid Gel AGM Open lead acid Gel LiFeP04 Open lead acid Vanadium Redox Flow Vented lead acid battery in 2V Vented lead acid battery
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