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1. lt 4 Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia Web Radio A Manuat for Streaming Audio on the Web ZAHIR KORADIA Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Zahir Koradia Gram Vaani Community Media Pvt Ltd Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia New Delhi Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web The Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia CEMCA is an international organization established by the Commonwealth of Learning COL Vancouver Canada to promote the meaningful relevant and appropriate use of ICTs to serve the educational and training needs of Commonwealth member states of Asia CEMCA receives diplomatic privileges and immunities in India under section 3 of the United Nations privileges and immunities Act 1947 Author Zahir Koradia Email zahir dot koradia at gramvaani dot org Copyright CEMCA 2013 Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3 0 License international SA http creativecommons org licenses by sa 3 0 For the avoidance of doubt by applying this license Commonwealth of Learning and Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia CEMCA do not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that they may be entitled to assert nor do COL CEMCA submit themselves to the jurisdiction courts legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction ISBN 81 88770 08 6 10 digits
2. Airtime as source client and VLC browser as streaming client Using VLC Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus for listening to Web Radio has been explained in that section and the process remains the same for both campus Web Radio as well as Internet radio Henceforth we will only focus on installing in configuring streaming server and soutce client For the purposes of the rest of this chapter we assume that you need to install the streaming server and source client on two separate machines The machine on which we install the streaming software will be referred to as server machine and the machine on which we install source client will be referred to as source client machine We also assume that you have installed Ubuntu on both these machines by following the instructions from Section 2 5 1 3 2 Installing and Configuring Streaming Server We will use Icecast as a streaming server similar to Section 2 5 2 Recall that in that Section we had installed Icecast by running the following commands on the terminal sudo apt get update sudo apt get install icecast2 Use the same instructions as those provided in Section 2 5 2 to install Icecast on your server machine with one key exception password This time set password to a password of your choice You will need to use this password in your source client You can leave the rest of the fields same as before If for some reason Ubuntu does not ask for the settings during install
3. This means that all of them can run on the same computer if one wants to simply try out the process This is exactly what we will do here This section will provide step by step instructions for setting up and running a Web Radio We will use a prerecorded source client Airtime an open source streaming software Icecast and VLC as the streaming client for our dummy Web Radio setup 2 5 1 Step 1 Install Ubuntu The first thing we need is a computer on which we can install a new Ubuntu operating system Any regular computer with 1GB RAM should suffice If you already have a computer that has Ubuntu installed on it then move to step 2 Note that we could have used any flavor of Linux or even Windows operating system for our demo setup but we explicitly avoid Windows to allow the reader to use free alternatives and we do not present installation on other Linux flavors to ensure simplicity of the manual In this manual we will install Ubuntu 12 04 as that is the latest stable version as of writing of this manual There are several guides available online on installing Ubuntu The official guide available at https help ubuntu com community Graphicallnstall is reasonably good There is also a useful installation video available on YouTube at Attp www youtube com watch v ba9Wv XU_4M Please note that installing Ubuntu requires some skills like burning a DVD or preparing a bootable USB and changing boot order in BIOS This manual assumes that you have
4. permanent you will need to edit the GRINS configuration file located at usr local grins automation conf the details of which have been provided in Section 3 3 3 In this chapter we have helped you consider the factors in choosing a streaming service provider and guided you to configure Airtime and GRINS to be used as source client for Internet radio In the next chapter we present Mobile Radio an emerging alternative technology for setting up radio over mobile phone calls 5 Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative Recall that the key limitations of FM broadcast technology were a spectrum limitations b government regulation c Limitations in Reach d Limitations in Accessibility e Limitations in Participation While Web Radio addresses issues spectrum and regulation related limitations effectively it addresses limitations of reach and accessibility in only specific demographics like university students Web Radio does not address the limitations in participation at all In this chapter we consider an emerging alternative called Mobile Radio that enables community radio like broadcast over mobile phone calls and addresses all of the above limitations effectively However it brings a few limitations of its own which we discuss later in this chapter We next discuss what mobile radio is and how it works followed by an analysis of how it addresses the limitations of FM based broadcast We also discuss some of the limitations o
5. 29 42 42 42 45 45 46 49 49 53 55 55 56 56 57 58 60 List of Figures 1 1 A schematic view of audio broadcast in a community radio station 01 2 1 Components of Web Radio broadcast 07 2 2 A schematic showing how Web Radio fits into a studio of a community radio station 08 2 3 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation 11 2 4 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation 12 2 5 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation 12 2 6 Screen shot of browser when Icecast server is installed properly 14 2 7 Screen shot of browser when Airtime is installed properly 16 2 8 Screen shots of Airtime 1 2 9 Screen shots of Airtime 18 3 1 A telephony hybrid from Sonifex 22 3 2 Hardware required for using Telephony with GRINS 22 3 3 Screen shot of Airtime admin s Settings page for changing admin password 21 3 4 Screen shot of Airtime streams configuration page to configure Airtime to act as source client for the server machine 28 3 5 A radio station setup using GRINS 29 3 6 A screen shot of GRINS GUI 30 3 7 Extracting the tar gz file during GRINS installation process 32 3 8 Output while extracting the tar gz file during GRINS installation process 32 3 9 Mysql server password selection during GRINS installation process 33 3 10 Station name choice during GRINS installation process 34 r 4 VY 3 11 Installation type choice during GRINS installation process 34 Wy ase Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Alz 31
6. 978 81 88770 08 3 13 digits Views expressed in the publication are that of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of CEMCA COL All products and services mentioned are owned by their respective copyrights holders and mere presentation in the publication does not mean endorsement by CEMCA COL For further information contact Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia 13 14 Sarv Priya Vihar New Delhi 110016 http www cemca org in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication has been possible due to the support of many people especially the team of Gram Vaani Community Media Pvt Ltd New Delhi led by Dr Aditeshwar Seth Details about Gram Vaani s activities can be found at http www gramvaani org Thanks are also due to all the participants of the workshop where the first draft of this manual was tested Printed and published by Mr R Thyagarajan Head Administration and Finance CEMCA 13 14 Sarv Priya Vihar New Delhi 110016 INDIA DY ma fe V j d j O O Foreword Introduction to the Book Glossary of Terms 1 Community Radio A Brief Introduction 1 1 Limitations of Community Radio 1 1 1 Spectrum Limitations 1 1 2 Government Regulation 1 1 3 Limitations in Reach 1 1 4 Limitations in Accessibility 1 1 5 Limitations in Participation 1 2 How Does Web Radio Help 12 2A 22 2 5 2 4 2 5 1 2 1 No Spectrum Limitations 1 2 2 No Government Regulation 1 2 3 No L
7. Linux Your computer s name softpedia linux 0 The name it uses when it talks to other computers Pick a username softpedia ff Choose a password Short password Confirm your password J Login automatically Require my password to login Encrypt my home folder Back Continue b Screen shot for name and user name specification during Ubuntu installation Figure 2 5 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation How Does Web Radio Work 10 When asked to enter your name and choose a username enter your name in the relevant field Ubuntu will automatically choose a computer s name and a username for you You can change them if you wish Choose a password that will be used for logging in or installing new software on the computer Be sure to remember this password as you will need to enter it at several places in the installation and configuration of Web Radio components 11 Finally restart the computer by pressing the restart button presented to you When the computer boots the next time remove the bootable disk so that the computer boots from the newly installed Ubuntu present on your computer All the steps after this require that the computer is connected to the Internet Since the exact method of connecting Ubuntu to the Internet depends on the specific connection setup we omit this step and assume that either you will be able to do this yourself or find someone to help you As a quick point
8. Once Airtime installation is completed you can do a quick test of whether Airtime has been setup correctly To do this open Firefox and type Attp 127 0 0 1 8000 in the address bar A screen similar to the one shown in Figure 2 7 Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web should appear If you do not see the page exactly as shown in the figure something may be wrong with your Airtime installation Kolo WA t TE Administration Server Status Version Mount Point airtime_128 msu gt xspr Stream Title Airtime Stream Description Airtime Radio Stream 1 Content Type application ogg Mount started Tue 12 Mar 2013 13 49 59 0530 Quality 0 4 Current Listeners o Peak Listeners 2 Stream Genre genre Stream URL http airtime sourcefabric org Current Song Unknown Figure 2 7 Screen shot of browser when Airtime is installed properly 2 5 4 Test Your Dummy Web Radio With all the necessary software for Web Radio installed it is time to do a test broadcast For doing a test broadcast we will need to add audio files to the media library of Airtime create a show in Airtime add the audio files to the show and schedule the show Once done we can listen to the show using VLC Follow the steps below to do a test broadcast 1 Login to Airtime Open Firefox browser and type Attp 127 0 0 1 in the address bar You will see the Airtime login screen as shown in Figure 2 8 a Type admin as the
9. Radio then you can purchase telephony hybrids which typically cost somewhere around USD 500 per line We however recommend using a high end sound card like MAudio Delta44 and one or more USB dongles like Huawei E173 combined with GRINS source client This involves spending about USD 200 for the sound card and USD 40 for each new dongle you add So for one line you spend USD 240 using dongle against USD 500 for telephony hybrid and USD 280 for two lines using dongles against USD 1000 for telephony hybrid In addition you will also need some audio cables the details of Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web which are provided later Images of telephony hybrid MAudio Delta44 sound card and Huawei E173 USB dongle are shown in Figures 3 1 3 2 a and 3 2 b respectively ot aoe 2 RSI 1 Oia or wag SONIFEX aon a FUSE IA Serial No This product must be earthed Caumon Duconec mane supp fr rence cre a Front b Rear Figure 3 1 A telephony hybrid from Sonifex a MAudio Delta44 Sound Card b Huawei E173 Dongle Figure 3 2 Hardware required for using Telephony with GRINS With all the hardware requirements explained we now move to steps for installing and configuring software components of Web Radio Recall from Chapter 2 that Web Radio consists of three main software components a Streaming server b Source client and c Streaming clients In Section 2 5 we used Icecast as streaming server
10. a specific web page before accessing your broadcast or willing to have periodic audio advertisements in your broadcasts then free streaming services are an excellent option If however none of the two options are acceptable then we recommend using a free or pay as you go option first and trying out different bit rates to decide the audio quality that is acceptable to you before Setting Up Web Radio on the Internet shifting to a monthly plan If you broadcast only a few hours a day then pay as you go option may turn out to be cheaper than the monthly plans We also recommend that when using the monthly plans start with a small number of concurrent listeners and use the statistics from the service provider to understand if the number of listeners is maxing out If so then you can move to a plan where more listeners are allowed in parallel Based on the above factors and suggestions you should be able to decide on the service provider you wish to start with We next look at the source client component of the Internet radio setup 4 3 Configuring Source Client Once you decide on the streaming service provider and purchase the service from it the service provider will give you a a server IP address b server Port c password d web address URL to access the broadcast audio and e username Sometimes the service providers do not give a username in which case the default username source is to be used for configuring the source
11. as the settings specified above are the default settings for Icecast and in cases when Ubuntu does not ask for the settings the above mention settings are used Once the installation is complete start Icecast server by typing the following command in the terminal sudo etc init d icecast2 start If you get an error as below icecast2 daemon disabled read etc default icecast2 Then it means that Ubuntu has disabled Icecast by default so that it does not get started by accident To enable Icecast you will need to open and edit a configuration file To do so type the following command in the terminal sudo gedit etc default icecast2 You may need to enter your Ubuntu password for the command to complete This will open the configuration file in a text editor Look for a line that looks like ENABLE false Icecast2 Status and change it to ENABLE true Administration Server Status Version Save the file by clicking on the Save button or pressing Eye Ware dace en Rone eae ore Ctrl S Then close the editor and start the Icecast server by typing sudo etc init d icecast2 start in the terminal You can test whether Icecast has started successfully by opening Firefox and typing Attp localhost 8000 in the address bar You should see a page similar to the Figure 2 6 Screen shot of browser when Icecast screen shot in Figure 2 6 server is installed properly ee How Does Web Radio Work 2 5 3 Step 3 Install
12. changing admin password 2 The second key configuration that needs to be done is setting up Airtime as source client for the server machine we setup earlier For this you will need the IP address of the server machine IP address is a set of 4 numbers separated by dots that is used to identify a computer on a network If you do not know the IP address of the server machine the network administrator of your campus LAN should be able to help you out From here on we assume that you know the IP address of the server machine With the IP address in hand go to System gt Streams in Airtime You will see a scteen similar to the one shown in Figure 3 4 It is the right side of the page that we are interested in Change the server field to the IP address of the server machine Then click on the Additional Options text that is present just below the Channels option This will open a section with several additional fields Change the password to the source password you had set during the Icecast configuration process Similarly change the Admin Password field to the administration password set during the Icecast installation process Finally you can change the Name and Description fields to whatever you like These fields are visible to the listener when they access the server machine over Firefox Finally click on the Save button to save the stream information Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Figure 3 4 Screen shot
13. configuration file Look for the text telephonyline In the line below this text enter the following text Dongle0 Dongle lt IMEINumberofthedongle gt Use the actual IMEI number of the dongle in the above text This configures the dongle to be used by GRINS for making and receiving calls Next look for the text smsline in the configuration file In the line below this text enter the following text Dongle0O Dongle lt IMEINumberofthedongle gt This configures the dongle to be used for sending and receiving SMS Save and close the file 2 Sound card ordering Notice that with MAudio Delta44 installed on the source client the machine now has two sound cards the inbuilt card and the newly added Delta44 Ubuntu refers to these cards as card number 0 and card number 1 Thus when GRINS wants to play out audio it tells Ubuntu to play audio from sound card number 0 or 1 But how is it decided which sound card is D rd A A G a Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus number 0 and number 1 This number is random which becomes a problem for GRINS as it needs to know which sound card number is connected to the mixer and which isn t To avoid issues of sound card order changing we can tell Ubuntu which sound card to consider as card number 0 and which to consider as catd number 1 To fix the order of the sound cards first open the Ubuntu s audio configuration file by typing the following command in
14. essentially a low cost broadcast technology which allows a station to reach a large number of people However the principles of community radio demand that the broadcast content be relevant to the target community and preferably carry their own voice The relevance of content is ensured by making sure that the staff itself belongs to the community and by building processes to collect feedback and inputs from the community about program content However putting community s voices on air in a sustained manner has turned out to be an expensive exercise Staff often go to the community and collect audio recordings for programs but the effort is significant Many stations now use telephony and increase community voices on air by either putting calls live on air or by recording the phone calls and putting them on air at a later stage Notice that our focus in this manual is on the technologies used for broadcast and participation in community radio All of the above limitations are related to these technologies In this manual we present two alternative broadcast technologies that can help address the above limitations in specific settings a Web Radio and b Mobile Radio D ofS A A igs t Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 1 2 How Does Web Radio Help As described earlier Web Radio is the method of broadcasting audio over a campus network or the Internet This method of broadcasting provides several adv
15. maximum number of stations possible in a locality is 25 For cities like Delhi and Bangalore in India this number is very small shortage of available spectrum has already constrained organizations from setting up community radio stations in these cities 1 1 2 Government Regulation Since FM spectrum frequency range 87 5 MHz to 108 MHz is limited governments typically regulate the use of this spectrum This means that to broadcast in the FM band any entity needs to obtain a license from the government The conditions on who is permitted to get a license to operate a community radio station broadcasting over FM vary across countries In the Indian context for example only societies registered for more than three years and educational institutions are allowed to obtain a community radio license This means that a group of youth wanting to enable discussion among the youth about some of the challenges their locality faces cannot obtain a community radio license without registering themselves and doing non profit work for 3 years Government regulation also constrains the type of content that a community radio station can broadcast Of most relevance are the limitations the government places on news advertisements and sponsored programs In the Indian context only locally relevant information is allowed to be broadcast on CR stations national news is not permitted Most countries also place a cap on the number of minutes of advertisements allow
16. of Airtime streams configuration page to configure Airtime to act as source client for the server machine Once the configuration is done Airtime will be acting as the source client for the server machine As a quick check you can open Firefox on any computer on the campus LAN and type Attp P Of Server Machine 8000 in the address bar and confirm that the stream is running For example if the IP address of the server machine is 192 168 10 10 then type Attp 192 168 10 10 8000 in the address bar You should see a stream by the name you supplied to Airtime running Once you have confirmed that Airtime is running properly you can use instructions from Section 2 5 4 to create a show and broadcast it using Airtime Advanced configurations Airtime is a feature rich software with lots of relevant options to use in a Web Radio station Setting up multiple user accounts for RJs DJs and assigning them time slots which they can then manage on their own rebroadcasting of another streaming from the Internet and library management are useful features However discussing the details of each feature is outside the scope of this manual Instead we recommend the reader to read the user manual of Airtime available at http www sourcefabric org en resources manuals Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus 3 3 3 Installing and Configuring GRINS GRINS has been designed as a Radio Automation System specifically for community radio stations As a r
17. target audience usually students is well connected over a campus network 2 Organizations whose target audience is well connected to the Internet Institutions running distance education programs and organizations targeting urban listeners generally fall in this category In Chapter 1 the manual first discusses the limitations of FM broadcast based community radio stations and shows how those limitations can be overcome by deployment of Web Radio In Chapter 2 the manual outlines how Web Radio works explaining the components involved and the roles they play This chapter also provides a hands on exercise of setting up a dummy Web Radio system Chapter 3 of the manual then details out step by step instructions of setting up Web Radio on a University campus network such that the station is accessible only to students on the campus The chapter lists the requirements for setting up such a radio station software options available and cost implications wherever relevant Chapter 4 outlines similar step by step instructions but this time for setting up Web Radio over the Internet so that anyone with an Internet connection can listen to the radio In Chapter 5 we then introduce an emerging technology called mobile radio that allows a station to operate radio over mobile phone calls Finally in Chapter 6 we provide a quick reference guide for installing various software referred to in the manual and then outline a list of resources relevant to the man
18. those skills or you can find someone who can do this for you For our specific case following steps need to be followed for installing Ubuntu 1 Download Ubuntu installation disk The latest version is available at Attp hvww ubuntu com download desktop Once downloaded you will have a iso file with you 2 Burn the iso file toa DVD or USB drive You can burn the iso to a DVD using any of the commonly available CD DVD burning tools If instead you want to use a USB drive for the installation then instructions for creating a bootable USB drive are available at Attps help ubuntu com community Installation From USB Stick How Does Web Radio Work 3 Boot from the newly created bootable DVD USB drive You may need to change the BIOS settings of your computer If you cannot do this yourself find someone who has installed an operating system before He she should be able to do this for you 4 Once you boot you will get options to either try Ubuntu or install Ubuntu Choose install Ubuntu 5 When asked to select language choose English A screen shot of this is shown in Figure 2 3 a 6 When asked to install third party software like Flash mp3 etc choose to install them A screen shot for the same is shown in Figure 2 3 b Install Install Welcome Preparing to install Ubuntu Bahasa Indonesia Bosanski Catala e tina Dansk Deutsch Eesti For best results please ensure that this computer You may wish t
19. time user who has come from a Windows or Mac background 2 GRINS resources This includes latest GRINS software a demo video demonstrating GRINS features and several training videos that can help start using GRINS 3 Airtime resources This includes the Airtime user manual and airtime easy setup deb package Since the rest of Airtime installation requires Internet connectivity we have not included other parts of the software in the DVD Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia 13 14 Sarv Priya Vihar New Delhi 110016 India Tel 91 11 26537146 26537148 Fax 91 11 26537147 Web www cemca org in Designed and printed by Mensa Design Pvt Ltd design mensa gmail com
20. ubuntu2 1386 deb 3 deps offline fxload 6 6 20020411 1 lubuntul 1386 deb 3 deps offline dkms 2 1 1 2 2fakesyncl all deb 3 deps offline openssh server 5 3pl 3ubuntu3 1386 deb 3 deps offline libopencore amrwb8 6 1 2 1 1386 deb 3 deps offline patch 2 6 2ubuntul 1386 deb 3 deps offline libmpeg2 4 0 4 1 3 1386 deb 3 deps offline unixodbc 2 2 11 21 1386 deb 3 deps offline libopencore amrnb 6 1 2 1 i1386 deb 3 deps offline libnet daemon perl 0 43 1 all deb 3 deps offline libdbd mysql perl 4 012 lubuntul i386 deb 3 deps common 3 deps common j re 6u32 linux 1586 bin 3 deps common libgstreamer plugins base0 10 6 6 10 36 1 lucidl i386 de lt gt 2 lt gt 2 lt gt 2 lt gt 2 lt gt Bk lt gt Bk lt gt a lt gt 2 lt gt Ba lt gt 20 lt gt Be lt gt 0 lt gt Bd lt gt O 3 deps common libgstreamer 16 6 6 10 30 1 lucidl i386 deb 3 deps common liborc 0 4 0 0 4 6 1 lucidl 1386 deb 3 deps common CVS 3 deps common CVS Root 3 deps common CVS Entries 3 deps common CVS Repository 3 deps common gstreamer 10 plugins good 0 10 24 1 lucidl 1386 deb 3 deps common asterisk gramvaani deb 3 deps common chan dongle deb 3 deps common libnet ping perl 2 36 1 all deb grins 3 installGRINS sh tis tit 3 grins 0 4 3 1 1386 deb rohit rohit cd grins 0 4 3 40 lt gt ak lt gt i lt gt 2 lt gt 2 lt gt 2k lt gt BR lt gt 2 lt gt BS lt gt Bl lt gt BE gt gt i fb bo So oS SS DS DS
21. works This is presented in the next chapter Nw iD How Does Web Radio Work For the purposes of this manual we will consider operating Web Radio in a university campus and on the Internet In both the cases a network is required to setup Web Radio in a university campus this is usually campus LAN Local Area Network while in the case of Internet it is the Internet itself While the studio and mixing setup for a Web Radio station is the same as community radio the broadcast part of Web Radio is made up of three key components a Source client b Streaming Server c Streaming clients But before we discuss the structure of a Web Radio setup we must first understand what is streaming 2 1 What is Streaming Traditionally on the Internet when a user downloads an audio video or any other file the file is downloaded to the user s computer The user can then access the file even when Internet connection is not available He she can copy the file to another computer or do whatever he she pleases However the user can correctly access the file only after the file is completely downloaded An example of such use is podcasts which need to be downloaded before they can be heard On the other hand when a user watches video on a website like YouTube the computer does not wait for the file to be downloaded completely before playing the video This method of accessing content is instantly gratifying for the user T
22. your location choose your location by clicking on the location in the map presented to you 9 When asked to choose keyboard layout choose the keyboard layout you are using If you are using a regular English keyboard choose English US in both the columns 10 When asked to enter your name and choose a username enter your name in the relevant field Choose a password that will be used for logging in or installing new software on the computer 11 Finally restart the computer by pressing the restart button presented to you Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 6 2 Install Icecast Detailed instructions for this are provided in Section 2 5 2 1 Make sure you are connected to the Internet 2 Open terminal by pressing Ctrl Alt T and then type sudo apt get update sudo apt get install icecast2 3 Once Icecast installation starts it will ask you to setup passwords for Icecast Choose yes to configure the passwords Choose local host as host name hackme as password hackme as relay password and hackme as administration password 4 After installation type sudo etc init d icecast2 start to start Icecast If you get an error icecast2 daemon disabled look at the detailed instructions to solve the problem 5 You can test whether Icecast has started successfully by opening Firefox and typing Attp local host 8000 in the address bar 6 3 Install Airtime Detailed instructions for this are provided
23. 11 Choose Full Installation You can use the up and down arrow keys on your keyboard to do the selection once Full Installation is highlighted press Enter to select A demo installation will allow you to see the user interface and play out content but you cannot use telephony or use Web Radio in demo installation Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Configuring grins Please provide the name of your Radio Station lt 0k gt Figure 3 10 Station name choice during GRINS installation process Configuring grins Demo installation has limited functionality but allows you to do basic broadcast and content management Full installation has complete functionality but requires a special soundcard Please choose installation type Demo Installation Figure 3 11 Installation type choice during GRINS installation process 7 Choose sound card Next you will be asked to choose the sound card you are using This is shown in Figure 3 12 Choose MAudio Delta44 8 Enter Mysql password Next you will be asked to enter the Mysql password that you selected earlier Enter the password and press Enter When the installation process completes the terminal should look like the screen shot shown in Figure 3 13 With the installation process completed we next move towards configuration of GRINS Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus Configuring grins Based on the choice of soundcard we will change the
24. 3 3 14 iors he 3 16 3 17 4 1 4 2 ool 32 5 3 5 3 Sound card choice during GRINS installation process Screen shot of the terminal when GRINS installation is completed GRINS Desktop Icon GRINS Upload Icon Screen shot of GRINS upload widget Screen shot of GRINS network streaming widget to configure GRINS to act as source client Screen shot of Airtime streams configuration page to configure Airtime to act as source client Screen shot of GRINS network streaming widget to configure GRINS to act as source client A depiction of the mobile radio content solicitation moderation and broadcast process Schematic of call flow when a one calls into a mobile radio platform a Screen shot of web based moderation in Goonj b Screen shot of Goony s public website www goonj net 35 35 39 39 40 41 46 47 50 51 Bo 54 Foreword Community Radio CR plays a significant role in reaching audiences in remote and disadvantaged locations unserved by other new media It also opens up opportunities for the communities to express themselves share their ideas learn from each other in their own languages thereby helping preserve cultural diversity However the potential of radio to promote learning for development has not been fully realised The low cost of setting up CR stations and the relative ease of programme development make it more suitable for people with basic technical skills rathe
25. Airtime The Airtime installation manual at Attp en flossmanuatls net airtime en 2 3 easy setup does a fantastic job of explaining the steps for installing Airtime We will take most of the installation instructions from this link Follow the below steps to install Airtime 1 Download Airtime Easy Setup package You can download the easy setup package available at Attp apt sourcefabric org misclairtime easy setup deb You can do this by copying and pasting this link in Firefox 2 Install the easy setup package After downloading the deb package open a terminal by pressing Ctrlt Alt T and then type the following commands one after another cd cd Downloads sudo apt get install gdebi sudo gdebi airtime easy setup deb This will install all the dependencies of Airtime and prepare your computer to actually do the software installation 3 Setup locale for Airtime installer Airtime requires that the computer on which it is installed should use a language system that can handle non English languages Airtime has this requirement because it supports some of the European languages To let Airtime know that your computer can handle non English languages type the following command in the terminal sudo update locale LANG en_IN UTF 8 LC_MESSAGES POSIX 4 Install Airtime To install Airtime run the following commands in the terminal sudo apt get update sudo apt get install airtime 5 Test that Airtime has been installed properly
26. D Figure 3 8 Output while extracting the tar gz file during GRINS installation process Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus 3 Run GRINS installation command The extraction process will create a directory named erins version in the Downloads directory Go to the directory and run the installation command by typing the following commands in the same terminal used to extract the tar gz file cd grins_version sudo bash installGRINS sh offline 4 Choose a Mysql root password After installation starts you will be asked for a new password for Mysql server This is shown in Figure 3 9 Choose a password of your liking type it and then press Enter Be sure to remember it as you will have to enter it again later in the installation process Configuring mysql server 5 1 While not mandatory it is highly recommended that you set a password for the MySQL administrative root user If this field is left blank the password will not be changed New password for the MySQL root user lt 0k gt Figure 3 9 Mysql server password selection during GRINS installation process 5 Choose a station name Next you will be asked to choose a radio station name This is shown in Figure 3 10 The station name is used to name all the files in the database Choose a name of your liking type it in the field and then press Enter 6 Choose installation type Next you will be asked to choose installation type This is shown in Figure 3
27. NS The first step is to download GRINS from Gram Vaani s website A link to the latest version of GRINS is available on the page Attp hvww gramvaani org page_id 34 from where you can download GRINS When the download is completed your Downloads directory should have a grins_offline_version tar z where version is a decimal number like 0 4 5 The tar gz file is a compressed file similar to zip files commonly found on Windows operating system 2 Extract GRINS Assuming that the tar gz file was downloaded in the Downloads directory default for Ubuntu go to the Downloads directory and extract the tar gz file To do this open a terminal Ctrl Alt T and type the following commands cd Downloads tar zxvf grins_ offline_version tar gz Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Write the actual version number instead of version in the command A screen shot of this command is shown in Figure 3 7 After running the command the screen should look something like the image shown in Figure 3 8 rohit rohit lJ gt i Torr nr View ierminai To run a command as administrator user root use sudo lt command gt See man sudo root for details rohitGrohit ls Deskto SABRE LES desktop Downloa grins 0 4 3 offline tgz narhi tar si grins 0 4 3 offline zi Figure 3 7 Extracting the tar gz file during GRINS installation process deps o 3 deps offline Libtonezone2 9 1 3a2 2 1
28. Radio require your listeners to first visit your station s page provided by them where they place advertisements Only then they can listen to the radio This means they cannot simply tune in using their favorite streaming client without first going to the web page Other service providers periodically insert audio advertisements in your broadcast Depending on your situation you may choose either of the two kinds of free streaming service providers In any case such providers form excellent candidates for trying out Internet streaming These factors combined with cost of the relevant plan will help you decide the service provider and the plan you wish to use Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 2A Quality of service Most service providers usually provide good quality audio However you should judge the quality of service by understanding how long it takes for the technical support team to respond in case of a problem This is hard to estimate without actually using the service One way to guess the quality of service is by asking a sales related question in the support forum or email and measuring how long the support person takes to forward the request to the sales department and how long the sales person takes to get back to you Other methods of assessing quality of service are finding out which other stations use the service and what do reviews outside the company s own website say about the service Stat
29. antages compared to FM broadcast as described below 1 2 1 No Spectrum Limitations Since Web Radio does not use limited FM spectrum the number of stations that a locality can have are not limited by it This means that communities with very specific interests of their own can setup Web Radio stations without worrying about spectrum availability However Web Radio stations do need to budget bandwidth based on number of listeners Bandwidth is generally available in abundance and is unlikely to be a limiting factor in setting up a Web Radio station 1 2 2 No Government Regulation To the best of our knowledge we have not come across any country that regulates Web Radio The lack of regulation implies that any individual or group can setup a Web Radio station without worrying about regulatory requirements We have also not come across any country that regulates the content on Web Radio Thus Web Radio stations are only required to follow the basic Internet related guidelines of the country in which they operate which are much less stringent and do not place constraints on news sponsored programs or amount of advertisements that can be broadcast on Web Radio 1 2 3 No Limitations in Reach Since Web Radio does not use FM spectrum the concept of transmit power is not applicable to it This means that Web Radio does not place any location limitations on the listeners 1 2 4 Limitations in Accessibility As discussed earlier demographics like
30. at this feed should not contain any background music going on air otherwise reusing the speech may become difficult To enable this mixer settings need to be such that only the mic feeds are available from one of its outputs which can be fed to the GRINS computer Streaming GRINS needs to receive the final broadcast audio from the mixer so that it can stream the audio on the Web Radio To enable this GRINS must have a line in that receives as its input the main output of the mixer ofS A A woe UJ Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus e Telephony GRINS allows RJs to preview phone calls and to put the calls live on air When previewing calls the conversation between the staff and the caller must not go on air To enable this the audio from the caller is fed to the preview line when the staff member is previewing calls At the same time a line in with a mic is required for the staff member to be able to speak to the caller Thus following cables and settings are required to setup GRINS properly 1 Cables going from output 0 of Delta44 recall that Delta44 has two stereo outputs to input of he toixer Headphone connected to output of the internal sound card Computer mic connected to the input of the internal sound card Cables going from an output of the mixer to input 0 of Delta44 Special settings are needed on the mixer to make sure only things spoken on the mic is present on this output of the mixer One opti
31. ation you will need to edit the configuration file manually and change the password To do this open a terminal by pressing Ctrl Alt T keys and type the following command sudo gedit etc icecast2 icecast xml You may need to enter your Ubuntu password for the command to complete The command will open a text editor with the Icecast configuration file Notice that this file is different from the configuration file we edited in Section 2 5 2 That file was used to enable disable starting of Icecast while this file controls who can access Icecast NNN Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Look for a section in the file that looks like the text below lt authentication gt lt Sourcesloginwithusername source gt lt source password gt hackme lt source password gt lt Relaysloginusername relay gt lt relay password gt hackme lt relay password gt lt Adminlogsinwiththeusernamegivenbelow gt lt admin user gt admin lt admin user gt lt admin password gt hackme lt admin password gt lt authentication gt In this section change the line lt source password gt hackme lt source password gt to enter the password of your choice For example if the password you want to choose is wr univ then the changed line should look like lt source password gt wrt univ lt source password gt Once you have changed the password save the file by either clicking on the Save button
32. bad also uses GRINS to broadcast on FM and the web The key difference compared to Gurgaon Ki Aawaz is that they have set up their own streaming server machine They use Icecast as the server software and the same server machine provides Web Radio to university students as well as the Internet listeners You can listen to Bol Hyderabad at Attp uohyd ac in 2 Community radio Web Radio and Community radio have several technical components in common For example both need to manage their audio content and both require a studio setup to do live broadcasting The UNESCO resources website has a page dedicated to Community Radio which is available at http informationliteracy asia blogspot in 2009 04 unesco resources on community radio html The page provides several useful books and manuals most relevant of which are CR A Uset s Guide to Technology How to do Community Radio and Digital Archiving of Audio Content 3 Purchasing server machine If you are scouting for server machine then we recommend buying a server grade machine from Dell We suggest you buy a Tower server from the Small and Medium Enterprise category at Attp www dell com However this is by no means the only place to buy AY el the server If you have someone with relevant knowledge who can help you buy the server we recommend you buy the server based on his her advice a Resources Purchasing MAudio Delta44 The Delta44 sound card is extremely po
33. be used in a prerecorded studio This is where GRINS comes in GRINS can allow a station to broadcast prerecorded audio allow an RJ to speak live on air as well as put calls live on air GRINS also allows stations to make and receive calls send and receive SMS and run an answering machine when no one is available to receive calls Thus GRINS enables a live studio for Web Radio and enables listener participation through phone calls and SMS Another useful feature of GRINS is the ability to record phone calls Using this feature one D prr woe ON Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web can conduct a telephonic interview record it and then edit it for broadcasting at a later stage On the down side though GRINS has limited scheduling capabilities and is not accessible over a browser Mote details and a demo video about GRINS are available at Gram Vaani s website http www gramvaani org page_id 34 To summarize if you are looking to setup a prerecorded studio and need the sophisticated scheduling features then Airtime is more suited for you If on the other hand you are looking to setup a live studio and want to have community participation or the ability to conduct telephonic interviews then GRINS is the more appropriate option Both the tools are free and open source but Airtime is slightly easier to setup as it does not involve any integration with audio mixer Based on this information
34. been used to operate Jharkhand Mobile Radio JMR in the state of Jharkhand in India Screen shots of the content moderation website used for JMR and the public website www goonj net where published content is accessible to all are shown in Figures 5 3 a and 5 3 b respectively If on the other hand you are interested in setting up mobile radio at your station then Gram Vaani can help you do the same Applications Contacts Forms My Account Current News Items Edit Selected Mar 13 9 03 PM 2013 V Published News Tithe 13 Year old escapes huma 15 Dry Bhemo reservoir bring nightmares for local Farmers 14 IRT ae T A eT 2 197091 tois z Browse 13 anA ga aR amp fay gA a APT 1 Vinay Kumar Kesri called J 13 Year old escapes human traficking racket 9334284188 from Lohardaga district to inform about a afea Rett aait sensational escape of a 11 za ara Wa 13 Year old girl from 10 SH Aaa See ASA HI Sge She orip of 9 human Lohardaga Kisko Not Known crime exploitation human 8 Burglary at Bagra high school z 12 13 Year old escapes human traficking racket A 46634 a miam X gaa Gar R ofa 6 ag SF FI AA 00 gt Neutral Information Publish C 9 req ars Fa TETA 5 Feel erate TA at aT aren TT gL aa noublish Figure 5 3 a Screen shot of web based moderation in Goon 4 UI OJ DN N a AY 1 ie Pe ll Web Radio A Ma
35. ccessible Assuming that your institution has a campus LAN there are certain additional things required to setup and run a Web Radio station which includes a high end computer to act as streaming server A server grade machine computers specially designed to be servers and run 24x7 is recommended for running the streaming server Such server grade machines come with 4 to 8 cores of CPU and more than 8GB of RAM Additionally they are designed to keep running 24x7 for long periods of time several years and have built in mechanisms to administer them remotely over a computer network Using server grade machine is important if you expect hundreds to thousands of listeners tuning into the Web Radio station We recommend getting in touch with a reputed computer vendor in the local area or visit websites of Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus companies like Dell to purchase an entry level server grade machine If the number of listeners are expected to be less than a hundred then any regular computer should do To provide a rough guideline you can use a dual core 2 GHz processor with 4GB of RAM as your server if the expected number of listeners is less than 100 There is no particular constraint on choice of graphics card or hard disk size for the server machine as all of the software should not take more than 15GB 20GB of space You may need an additional computer to run the source client which depends on your setup As shown in C
36. client With this information at hand the process of installing and configuring Airtime or GRINS is similar the process used in configuring them in Chapter 3 We repeat the configuration instructions in brief here As a quick recall the choice of soutce client depends on the type of content you wish to broadcast and the facilities needed if you need sophisticated scheduling and only need to broadcast prerecorded audio then Airtime is more appropriate but if you wish to broadcast live speech and live telephone conversations then you need to use GRINS 4 3 1 Configuring Airtime Once Airtime is installed on the source client machine by following the steps describes in Section 2 5 3 open Firefox on the source client machine and type Attp 127 0 0 1 in the address bar This will open Airtime where you can enter the administrator username and password to login The default administrator username is admin and the default password is admin If you have changed the password in Airtime then you will need to use the new password Once logged in go to System gt Streams You will see a screen similar to the one shown in Figure 4 1 It is the right side of the page that we are interested in Change the server field to the IP address provided by the service provider Similarly change the port field to the Port provided by the service provider Depending on the server software being used by the service provider choose Icecast or Shoutcast in the Service Type
37. delines to develop the skills required for setting up a Web Radio I congratulate the Director CEMCA Dr Sanjaya Mishra and his team for having brought out this Manual and hope that the availability of this publication on the CEMCA Website in both pdf and ePub formats will increase its access to the Asian Commonwealth countries and beyond CEMCA will appreciate recetving your feedback on this publication and I wish you every success as you spread your voice and your valuable message on the web to reach out across borders and boundaries to your remotest stakeholders WIA kranan Asha S Kanwar President and Chief Executive Officer Commonwealth of Learning Vancouver Canada A of viii Introduction to the Book Web Radio also often referred to as Internet Radio or web streaming is the method of broadcasting audio over the Internet so that anyone with a connection to the Internet is able to access the broadcast This manuscript provides technical guidelines for those interested in setting up a Web Radio station which includes explaining how Web Radio works different software options in setting up Web Radio and step by step instructions for setting up Web Radio The manual has been prepared for organizations that have had an exposure to community radio and have explored setting up a community radio station The manual is particularly relevant for two specific categories of organizations 1 Educational institutions where the
38. do data transfer between them A computer network is also simply referred to as a Network A network can be located in a small office or university in which case it is referred to as a Local Area Network LAN or even across the globe The network of all the networks across the world is what we refer to as the Internet Operating system An operating system OS is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resoutces and provides common services for computer programs For example programs like Firefox run on operating systems like Windows XP or Windows 7 Other examples of operating systems are Mac OS Ubuntu Linux and Red Hat Linux BIOS BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System BIOS is a small piece of software that is first run when a computer starts This software allows some basic configuration of the hardware for example it allows a user to configure which device should the computer start from CD USB or hard disk Booting Booting is the process of starting a computer When a computer is started it is often referred to as booting up the computer Community Radio A Brief Introduction Community Radio CR stations are short range FM radio stations that cater to the information needs of communities living in surrounding areas These stations are typically setup and operated by non profit organizations or the local communities themselves They usually air programs centered around discussions on local civic amenities hea
39. dropdown Then click on the Additional Options text that is present just below the Channels option This will open a section with several additional fields Change Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web the username field to the username provided by the service provider If no username was provided you can leave the field blank Similarly change the password and the Admin password fields to the password provided by the service provider Finally you can change the Name and Description fields to whatever you like These fields are visible to the listener when they access the broadcast from the streaming service provider Finally click on the Save button to save the stream information Connected to the streaming server n 4 Figure 4 1 Screen shot of Airtime streams configuration page to configure Airtime to act as source client With the configuration done you can test the setup by creating a show and broadcasting it as described in Section 2 5 4 and then listening to the stream by opening Firefox and typing the address provided by the streaming service provider 4 3 2 Configuring GRINS Once GRINS has been installed on the source client machine by following the instructions from Section 3 3 3 start GRINS by double clicking the GRINS icon on the Desktop You may be required to enter a password at which point enter the Ubuntu password you chose during installation of Ubuntu After GRINS has started clic
40. e different service providers use different pricing models For example Internet Radio provides a Pay as you go or a prepaid model where you can purchase 10GB of bandwidth for GBP5 and your bandwidth gets consumed based on the bit rate you set and the number of listeners that listen to you There is no limit on the number of users or the bit rate Such a plan is useful when you want to simply try things out and experiment with the service as well as the whole setup Postpaid monthly payment models are more common across service providers and plans vary based on the number of parallel listeners you wish to allow and the bit rate that you wish to use You need to think about the number of listeners you expect listening to your station in parallel You also need to think about the bit rate at which you want to broadcast which depends on the Internet connection at the source client expected connection quality at the listener side and audio quality of your broadcast If you are willing to accept advertisements being presented to your listeners then you can even use a setvice provider that lets you run your radio for free Such service providers then make their money from the advertisements your listeners hear Examples of such service providers are http myradiostream com and http www listen2myradio coml Even among free service providers there are different ways in which ads are presented to the listeners For example My Radio Stream and Listen 2 My
41. ed per hour and in some countries like in India sponsored programs are not permitted Community Radio A Brief Introduction 1 1 3 Limitations in Reach Yet another offshoot of FM broadcast technology and government regulation is that many countries limit the transmit power of CR stations to a meager 100 Watts which typically covers an area of 15 Kms 20 Kms While this encourages discussion of locally relevant issues which is in line with the principle of community radio the limited reach limits the number of people that can benefit from access to a CR station This is a source of significant bias against those outside the reach of a CR station especially when the penetration of CR stations in a region is low 1 1 4 Limitations in Accessibility The FM broadcast technology requires that listeners use radio sets car radios or phones with FM receivers to access the broadcast This limits accessibility of the broadcast to some extent With penetration of modern technologies demographics like university students and urban middle upper class are more likely to have access to smartphones and computers than FM receivers Many smartphones today do not come with FM receivers While this limitation does not apply to vast populations it seems to apply to specific segments of the society Thus if the target listeners of a station belong to those segments then FM may not be the best way to reach them 1 1 5 Limitations in Participation FM is
42. epicted in Figure 5 2 A oh Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative Welcome e At any point of time to hear the next item press number 1 e To give your comment or any item press number 2 e To record a new message press number 3 Which key pressed No Key pressed Voice Message 1 Please record Please record Voice Comment 1 your message after the beep your comment after the beep Voice Comment 2 Voice Message 2 Figure 5 2 Schematic of call flow when a one calls into a mobile radio platform 5 2 Comparison of Mobile Radio Web Radio and FM Broadcast Mobile radio addresses many of the limitations of FM Broadcast effectively as described below e No spectrum limitations Since mobile radio is an IVR system and operates completely on telephone calls there is no need for the limited FM spectrum Thus similar to Web Radio there is no limitation on the number of mobile radio stations that can be setup in a location aN D e UI Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web e No Government regulation No government regulates phone calls and IVR systems Thus there is no constraint on who can setup a mobile radio station Similarly there is no constraint on the content that can be broadcast e No limitations in reach Because mobile radio operates on phone calls the broadcast is accessible to any listener where a phone line or cellular signal is availab
43. er you need to work with the Network Manager which can be accessed from the top right corner of your screen 2 5 2 Step 2 Install Icecast Streaming Server Ubuntu provides a standard repository on the Internet where it stores large number of software packages to make the installation process simple We will install Icecast from this repository To install Icecast you first need to start terminal One way to start it is by pressing the Ctrl Alt T keys together on your keyboard Then enter the following commands one after another sudo apt get update sudo apt get install icecast2 You may be asked to enter a password at which point enter the password you chose during the Ubuntu installation process Sometimes you are also asked to confirm whether you want to install the packages at which point you can press y to proceed with the installation These commands download all the software packages required by Icecast and install them They then download Icecast and start the installation process Once Icecast installation starts it will ask you to setup passwords for Icecast Choose yes to configure the passwords Choose localhost as hostname hackme as password hackme as relay password and hackme as administration password After that installation will be completed Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Sometimes Ubuntu does not ask for the hostname and passwords during installation Do not worry if that happens
44. esult of this GRINS provides features that are particularly relevant to community radio stations It provides a single console to perform a large variety of operations including e Play out programs on air e Preview programs while another program is playing e Speak live on air and record the live speech e Receive and make phone calls record conversations and put calls on air e Record voice messages from callers when telephony is not in active use e Send and receive SMS e Conduct polls over SMS e Library for adding metadata to programs and searching them using the metadata e Stream broadcast content over the Internet Like Airtime GRINS can be used to broadcast prerecorded content on Web D l os Streaming Digital Audio Radio In addition GRINS can also be Sener used to broadcast live speech and live telephone conversations on the Web Radio A useful demonstration video of GRINS capabilities is available at Attp www gramvaani ore page_id 34 Broadcast Feed USB Dongle Figure 3 5 shows the schematic view of how GRINS typically plugs into a radio station The GRINS playout sound card and an external microphone connect to the inputs Playout Preview SA e Ly YY of an audio mixer for broadcast and the Figure 3 5 A radio station setup using GRINS N O Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web combined mixer output goes gets fed back into the GRINS computer which is sent to the s
45. f mobile radio and finally present options and resources for setting up mobile radio 5 1 What is Mobile Radio Mobile Radio is essentially an Interactive Voice Response IVR system that brings the principles of community radio on the phone Anyone with a phone can call on the Mobile Radio phone number and can contribute content listen to content recorded by others as well as comment on the content left by others Mobile Radio just like community radio can be used by the community members to share their day to day experiences voice their opinions on governance and other developmental issues provide interactive programs for children based on their curricular needs as well as educational programs for adults on a range of issues like health agriculture etc Requiring no literacy and allowing access to anyone who can operate a phone Mobile Radio provides a large population of semi literate illiterate people with a platform for accessing information and communicating with others Figure 5 1 describes the high level operation of Mobile Radio When a caller calls in the Mobile Radio platform and records a message the message is verified by a moderator that can be a station staff to make sure that it is of adequate quality The item is then published which makes the audio available on the Mobile Radio phone number for others to call in and listen The content is also available on the Internet for those with Internet connections to access The modera
46. hapter 2 it is possible to run the streaming server and the source client on the same computer However keeping the source client on another computer may be practically convenient for example when the server machine needs to be kept in a server room and the source client machine needs to be kept in the studio There are no specific hardware requirements for this computer Any computer with 4GB of RAM should suffice The hard disk size required depends on the amount of audio you wish to keep on the computer A 500GB hard disk would be a good start Additional hardware requirements for setting up Web Radio on the campus depend on the type of content to be broadcast We discuss the same below e Prerecorded content only If you want to broadcast prerecorded content only then you do not need any additional hardware A server machine and the campus LAN will be good enough e Live speech by radio jockey If you want the RJ to be able to speak live in addition to the prerecorded audio being broadcast then you will need additional hardware like an audio mixer one or more microphones that can be connected to the mixer and necessary audio cables to feed audio from the mixer to the server machine We recommend referring to UNESCO s CR A users guide to Technology available at http unesdoc unesco org images 0015 001561 156197e pdf for setting up a broadcast studio for live speech e Telephony If you want to make receive calls and put them live on Web
47. he content in the case is made available as a stream of audio video and no file is made available on the computer for use after the user has accessed the content Because the audio video is made available as a stream to the user this method of delivering content to the user is referred to as streaming The server that provides the audio video is called the streaming server and the user s computer that is receiving the stream is called streaming client One of the main advantages of streaming is that the streaming server need not stream a pre existing file only it can capture audio video and stream that to the users Such method of streaming is referred to as live streaming How Does Web Radio Work 2 2 Components of Web Radio Broadcast In the case of Web Radio in addition to the streaming server and one or more streaming clients we also have an entity called the source client The key difference between the description of streaming provided above and Web Radio is that the audio that streaming server sends to streaming clients is obtained by the server from the source client Figure 2 1 shows the arrangement of source client streaming server and streaming clients and the audio flow between them Source __ gt ar amin Client Server S T R E A M N G C L E N T S Figure 2 1 Components of Web Radio broadcast Arrows show audio flow between the components The key advantage of separating out the source client fro
48. ible to limited Accessible to many Accessibility Limitations aop demographics demographics oes Sane i eee me ed Participation is Participation Limitations Participation is hard Participation is hard P very easy Cost per listener Very low Low High Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative 5 3 Setting up Mobile Radio Options and Resources Contrary to Web Radio setting up mobile radio currently remains a non trivial task and the subject matter for yet another manual In this section we quickly outline the components involved and relevant pointers if you wish to explore mobile radio in greater detail There are three key components in setting up mobile radio a Telephony hardware b Telephony software and c Web software The telephony hardware is the hardware on which the call lands when a community member calls into the mobile radio station The hardware connects the call to a computer the telephony software takes over and decides what to do with the calls In the case of mobile radio the telephony software runs the IVR structure as shown in Figure 5 2 Finally the task of moderation and publishing is done via a website which is run by web software If you do not wish to setup mobile radio on your own Gram Vaani hitp www gramvaani ore page_ id 15 provides the platform called Goonj as a service This way you can have access to mobile radio technology without making heavy up front investments The Goonj platform has already
49. imitations in Reach 1 2 4 Limitations in Accessibility Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative How Does Web Radio Work What is Streaming Components of Web Radio Broadcast But How Does All this Fit into a Radio Station Setup Help Me Decide What Kind of Web Radio Setup I Want Hands On A Dummy Web Radio 2 5 1 Step 1 Install Ubuntu 2 5 2 Step 2 Install Icecast Streaming Server 2 5 3 Step 3 Install Airtime 2 5 4 Test Your Dummy Web Radio vil ix ANAND Aan AARAA A WW WN NH N e K 10 13 15 16 Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 3 Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus 3 1 Requirements 3 2 Installing and Configuring Streaming Server 3 3 Installing and Configuring Source Client 3 3 1 Comparison of Airtime and GRINS 3 3 2 Installing and Configuring Airtime 3 3 3 Installing and Configuring GRINS 3 3 4 Trying Out Campus Web Radio with GRINS 4 Setting Up Web Radio on the Internet 4 1 Requirements 4 2 Choosing Streaming Service Provider 4 3 Configuring Source Client 4 3 1 Configuring Airtime 4 3 2 Configuring GRINS 5 Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative 5 1 What is Mobile Radio 5 2 Comparison of Mobile Radio Web Radio and FM Broadcast 5 3 Setting up Mobile Radio Options and Resources 6 Installation Guide Quick Reference 6 1 Install Ubuntu 6 2 Install Icecast 6 3 Install Airtime 6 4 Install GRINS 7 Resources 7 1 Resources on the DVD 20 20 23 25 25 26
50. in Section 2 5 3 1 Download Airtime Easy Setup package You can download the easy setup package available at http apt sourcefabric org misclairtime easy setup deb 2 Install the package by typing the following commands in the terminal cd cd Downloads sudo apt get install gdebi sudo gdebi install airtime easy setup deb 3 Setup locale for Airtime installer by typing the following command in the terminal sudo update locale LANG en_IN UTF 8 LC_MESSAGES POSIX a AY fp Installation Guide Quick Reference 4 Test that Airtime was installed properly by opening Firefox and typing Attp 127 0 0 1 8000 in the address bar 6 4 Install GRINS Detailed steps for this are outlined in Section 3 3 3 1 Download the latest version of GRINS from itp www gramvaani ore page _id 34 The downloaded file is a file called grins_offline_version tat gz 2 Decompress the GRINS installer by typing the following commands in the terminal cd cd Downloads tar zxvf grins_offline_version tar gz 3 Run the GRINS installation command by typing the following commands in the terminal cd grins_version sudo bash installGRINS sh offline 4 Choose MySQL root password This is will be needed later in the installation 5 When asked to enter station name specify one of your liking 6 When asked to choose installation type select Full Installation 7 When asked to choose sound card select MAudio Delta44 8 When asked to enter MySQL
51. into FM signal Mixer and broadcasts it which is then available to listeners through their mobile phones and radio sets Because FM transmission technology is the most commonly used method in community radio stations we use the terms community radio and FM radio Monitor Speakers Transmitter Figure 1 1 A schematic view of audio broadcast in interchangeably throughout this manual a community radio station Nw iD a Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 1 1 Limitations of Community Radio The FM broadcasting technology brings with itself a baggage of constraints for community radio stations These limitations relate to the spectrum limitations government regulation limitations in reach limitations in accessibility and limitations in participation We detail each of these limitations below 1 1 1 Spectrum Limitations The FM spectrum band is limited to about 20 MHz in most countries ranging from 87 5 MHz to 108 MHz While technically one can broadcast on a frequency outside this range but most FM receivers will be not be able to receive the signal defeating the purpose of broadcast itself The limited spectrum availability implies that at a given location there can be only a limited number of stations broadcasting The exact number of stations depends on minimum frequency gap mandated by the government between two stations In the Indian context the minimum frequency gap is 800 KHz meaning the
52. irtime login page b Screen shot of Airtime when creating a new show Figure 2 8 Screen shots of Airtime ee Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 4 Add programs to the show On clicking the Add this show button an entry for the show is created in the calendar Click on the entry which will open a small pop up with several options Then click on the option Add Remove Content in the pop up A large window similar to Figure 2 9 a will open up where the left side of the window is the library and right side of the window is the show in which you are adding content Select one or more of the items in the library and click on the Add to selected show button This will add the selected content to the show Then click on Ok 5 Wait for broadcast to begin When it is time for the show to start Airtime will start the show automatically When the broadcast is on the ONAIR indicator goes red in colour Show name and individual file playing is also shown in the top bar of the page Figure 2 9b Advanced Search Options eel Show hide columns Select Add to selected show s Ginans Sami ne sacho _ Kari ne Srevie SSS O AudioTrack 01 a Screen shot of Airtime when adding content to a show Group and Individual recitation AudioTrack 09 10 14 00 Test show i 1 9 41 1 6 CALENDAR b Screen shot of Airtime when broadcast is on Figure 2 9 Screen shots of Airtime Ho
53. istics Statistics can help a station understand the usage pattern of its listeners and may help guide on off times and understand popularity of different programs However not all service providers provide statistics Sometime service providers charge extra for providing statistics Audio Unites is one such example Thus statistics is another factor to consider when deciding the streaming service provider Location Location of the service provider s server can play a role in the overall quality of your broadcast The closer it is to your listeners and to your source client the better it is Physical closeness reduces the chances of audio quality deteriorating as it has to travel a short distance on the Internet However closest server may not always be the cheapest sometimes service providers in your own country may be significantly more expensive compared to providers based outside your country Streaming software This is an important aspect to consider while choosing the service provider The streaming software being used by the service provider must be compatible with the source client you use Both Airtime and GRINS support Shoutcast and Icecast streaming softwares While Shoutcast and Icecast are pretty common there are other streaming softwares that service providers use and it is best to confirm with the service provider about the software used by them before purchasing service from them If you are willing to have your listeners to go to
54. k on the Network Streaming icon that looks like a globe to open the streaming widget The streaming widget should look like the image shown in Figure 4 2 Setting Up Web Radio on the Internet Stream Information Stream Name GRINSRadio Description Connection Information Host IP 127 0 0 1 Mount Point Port 8000 Username Protocol HTTP Password Format Sample Rate H2 MP3 Quality Ogg Vorbis lowest Stereo Ogg Speex Bitrate kbps Apply Settings Figure 4 2 Screen shot of GRINS network streaming widget to configure GRINS to act as source client Change the Host IP and Port fields to the IP address and Port provided by the streaming service provider Change the Username and Password fields to the username and password provided by the streaming service provider If the service provider did not give any username then set the Username field to source Change the Stream Name and Description fields according to your preferences These fields will be seen by the listeners when they connect to the streaming service provider A Once you have made the changes you can test the setup by creating a playlist and playing it and then f A f clicking on the start button We assume over here that all the audio cabling necessary for GRINS to Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web function properly has been done before you test the setup You should also note that to make the changes
55. le This allows mobile radio to overcome the reach limitations of FM Broadcast e No limitations in accessibility The only requirement mobile radio places on its listeners is that they have access to a phone The phone does not need to be a smartphone even a landline phone is enough Given the high spread of mobile phones mobile radio significantly removes the accessibility limitations across a wide range of demographics e Reduced limitations in participation This is by far the biggest advantage of mobile radio technology Mobile radio makes it extremely easy for making community voices reach the others in the community and thus enables community participation in setting the agenda of the content While mobile radio provides significant advantages over FM and web based broadcasts it has one significant limitation Since all broadcast happens over phone calls regular phone call costs are incurred Thus either the listener or the station needs to bear the call costs Table 5 1 shows the comparison of the three broadcast technologies Table 5 1 Comparison of FM broadcast Web Radio and Mobile Radio technologies FM Broadcast Web Radio Mobile Radio Spectrum Limitations Limitations exist No limitations No limitations Regulations in license and Government Regulation 8 No regulations No regulations content eae Limited by transmit power ee oe Reach Limitations y P No limitations No limitations regulation Accessible to some Access
56. ll make GRINS connect to the server machine and start streaming Finally click on the play button in the playlist so that the audio starts playing ee OO PLOLOLOTO a Lookin Pearis n i een aaa een 00 00 10 14 AudioTrack 09 313 CD Mehfil E Garbi wall papers with farmans_files i Aga Ali Shah Pakistan Visit 2000 vol 1 audio B 04 KHORE PANDIT O mp3 AO SD Canada 2005 visit C Pakistan Visit 2000 vol 2 audio E Jag Banda Jag re mp3 AudioTrack 07 Farman Kalam E Imam E Zaman GS Parviz Somji E saheb de aku de mp3 OJ 5 05 PIE G GinansGami ne sacho Kari ne Srevie Pir Pandyate KIM Part 1 Farman 151 to 160 C Ruhani Javahir Menfil E Chogadiya C Ruhani Roshni File Name Jag Banda Jag re mp3 saheb de aku de mp3 GIO Or Figure 3 16 Screen shot of GRINS upload widget You can test the audio being broadcast by opening Firefox and listening to the stream on any computer other than the source client Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus Stream Information Stream Name GRINSRadio Description Connection Information Host IP 127 0 0 1 Mount Point Port 8000 Username Protocol Password Format Sample Rate Hz MP3 Quality ELS Ogg Vorbis lowest highest Stereo Ogg Speex Bitrate kbps Apply Settings Figure 3 17 Screen shot of GRINS network streaming widget to configure GRINS to act as source client In this chapter we have studied the
57. lth and hygiene advice on common economic activities such as agriculture and even local folk songs and cultural events One of the most important philosophies behind the concept of Community Radio is community participation This means that community around the station participate not only in program production but also in station management station policy making marketing and other daily tasks The participatory philosophy of CR stations and the use of voice as the communication medium makes CR an attractive tool for socio economic development for rural population Community Radio is not perceived as a simple tool to reach out to rural population but as a platform for self expression for the marginalized and a tool for their empowerment It is often referred to as the voice of the voiceless and a tool to make consumers of media as producers Our focus in this manual is on the technology used by community radio stations for broadcasting content Figure 1 1 shows a schematic of how audio is typically broadcast in a community radio station A broadcast computer is connected to a mixer through an audio cable One or more a EN SY microphones are also connected to the mixer The mixer in turn is connected to an FM transmitter through another audio cable The audio played out through the broadcast computer and voice spoken through the microphone thus reaches the FM transmitter through the audio mixer The FM transmitter then converts the audio
58. m the streaming server is that although the source client must be setup by the station the streaming server need not be The server can be provided as a service to a station by a streaming service provider This is indeed the case when Web Radio is setup over the Internet where a streaming service provider provides a server to a Web Radio station in lieu of reasonable charges The advantages of such division are e Radio station does not need to worry about purchasing and maintaining a server This reduces capital expenses as well as the costs of hiring skilled human resources to maintain a server Sra Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web e Radio station only needs to have enough bandwidth to send one audio stream to the server The server can then handle large number of clients because it has the necessary bandwidth provisioned to allow many clients to access the stream This reduces bandwidth costs of the radio station e The streaming service provider can charge less to a radio station as it can use its infrastructure to provide the same service to multiple stations e Because the same server can be used to serve multiple source clients a university campus can run multiple radio channels in a campus Web Radio To add a new channel the university simply needs to add a source client in the setup For an Internet based Web Radio this involves adding a source client as well as paying the streaming service provide
59. ming service provider will be used to set up the streaming server This choice implies that there are no hardware requirements for the streaming server component of Internet radio For source client you will require a regular computer with 4GB of RAM and 500GB of hard disk size similar to the one needed in setting up source client for campus Web Radio One important requirement for the source client machine in setting up Internet radio is that the source client machine must have good quality connection of above 256 Kbps speed to the Internet This is necessary to deliver the broadcast audio stream properly to the streaming service provider With the hardware in place we next move towards arranging the software parts of the Internet radio 4 2 Choosing Streaming Service Provider Since we have chosen to use the service of a streaming service provider instead of setting up a streaming server of our own we must now choose a good streaming service provider There are several factors to Setting Up Web Radio on the Internet consider in choosing a streaming service provider which we consider below We will consider Audio Unites http www audiounites com Internet Radio http servers internet radio com and ShoutCheap hitp www shoutcheap com as candidates to give examples for this discussion 1 Cost One of the most significant factors to consider is cost The choice is not as simple as it sounds and requires some thought at your end becaus
60. n a University Campus We first begin with the hardware and infrastructure requirements for setting up campus Web Radio followed by a discussion to help you decide the type of content you wish to broadcast and its implications on hardware requirements and choice of source client We then present step by step instructions for installing and configuring Icecast streaming server and two different source clients Icecast and GRINS We also list a few alternative streaming clients that can be used to listen to the Web Radio station We will refer to terms defined in Chapter 2 repeatedly in this chapter We will also refer to step by step instructions in Section 2 5 of the same chapter Therefore we recommend that you should be familiar with Chapter 2 and in particular Section 2 5 before reading the rest of the current chapter 3 1 Requirements Campus Web Radio is a Web Radio setup for listeners within a university campus This means that anyone in the university campus can access the radio broadcast no one from outside the campus can do so The availability across the campus as well as unavailability outside the campus is an artifact of the campus LAN a computer network connecting all the computers in a university Thus one of the key requisites of setting up and running campus Web Radio in an institution is the existence of campus LAN in the institution If there is no campus LAN in an institution then a Web Radio station in the institution will not be a
61. n it may require licensing in certain conditions IVR Junction has not been officially released as of writing of this manual but is likely to be released in the second half of 2013 6 Installation Guide Quick Reference This chapter provides a quick reference for all the hands on activities outlined in the manual Use this chapter to recall the steps once you have gone through the complete manual at least once 6 1 Install Ubuntu Detailed instructions for this are provided in Section 2 5 1 You can also use the official guide available at https help ubuntu com community Graphicallnstall or follow the YouTube video available at Aitp www youtube com watch v ba9Wv XU _4M 1 Download that Ubuntu installation iso file from Attp www ubuntu com download desktop 2 Make a bootable USB or CD DVD To make a bootable USB follow instructions from https help ubuntu com community Installation From USB Stick To make a bootable CD DVD use your favorite CD DVD burning tool and make sure to select the option to make the disk bootable Start the computer using the bootable disk This may require changing BIOS settings Choose the Install Ubuntu option When asked to select language choose English When asked to install third party software like Flash mp3 etc choose to install them 2 ee When asked what type of installation should be done choose to Erase disk and install Ubuntu for the installation 8 When asked to specify
62. nfigure Selecting previously deselected package grins Reading database 125054 files and directories currently installed Unpacking grins from grins 0 4 3 1 1i1386 deb Setting up grins 0 4 3 1 update rc d warning etc init d grins missing LSB information update rc d see lt http wiki debian org LSBInitScripts gt rohit rohit grins 0 4 3 J Figure 3 13 Screen shot of the terminal when GRINS installation is completed Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Configuring GRINS There are three major activities that need to be done for configuring GRINS a USB dongle setup b Sound card order fixing and c Streaming setup We detail each of the configuration activities below 1 USB dongle setup We need to setup the dongle to work with GRINS so that GRINS can make and receive calls and send and receive SMS using the dongle The first thing we need to do is find the IMEI number of the dongle The IMEI number ts a unique 15 digit number assigned to each mobile phone and dongle Thus if you have the IMEI number then you can uniquely identify the device To find the IMEI number of the dongle look at the area where the sim card is inserted Once you have the IMEI number open the GRINS configuration file by typing the following command in the terminal sudo gedit usr local grins automation conf Enter the Ubuntu password if you are asked for it The command will open a text editor with the GRINS
63. nual for Streaming Audio on the Web Goons Jharkhand Mobile Radio HOME TOPIC CHANNELS LOCATIONS ALL STORIES REPORTS Stories afsaiet Yaa 24a St yea Dhanbad On March 11 2013 8 30 p m TER Fed eae ASAI Sears Aas art wt aan at Va sel at St aoa Aa BA aH Mente Veet amp A TSS WH od H BT A FA E SS Gell act E Ht Taw ae Ht ARTA Aa A A ary Ga sed ao after Breit aad Y afta aro ofa ata F waned Ramgarh On March 11 2013 7 55 p m Wis Sais A Ras Hage APH g TGA Gara ay aR wa GAR aaa Si Alcs Sara ot aot amp oR at acs after wear et ot E Ge ua A aR at esr P ore OT Ad OF S fre a Gear FA oe Sora HRT Saw Aa HI Teta TANT ale BARA amp GS Wel nRa at RAA a amp seat at eran Figure 5 3 b Screen shot of Goony s public website www goonj net If you are an open source enthusiast or are able to find someone to help you setup the mobile radio platform the Swara software available at hitps github com mojolab swara contains the telephony software and web software part of the mobile radio technology It also provides a link to a software phone that you can use instead of the telephony hardware to test your setup out Yet another option for setting up mobile radio on your own is the IVR Junction hitp research microsoft com en us projects ivrjunction default aspx which is a Windows based open source tool developed by Microsoft Research India While tool itself is open source the telephony software used i
64. o read the release notes Vf has at least 4 5 GB available drive space J is connected to the Internet C Download updates while installing Ubuntu uses third party software to display Flash MP3 and other media and to work with some wireless hardware Some of this software is closed source The software is subject to the license terms included with the software s documentation O install this third party software Fluendo MP3 plugin includes MPEG Layer 3 audio decoding technology licensed from Fraunhofer IIS and Thomson Espa ol Esperanto Euskara Fran ais Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Quit Back a Screen shot for language selection b Screen shot for installation of third party during Ubuntu installation packages during Ubuntu installation Figure 2 3 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation 7 When asked what type of installation should be done choose to Erase disk and install Ubuntu for the installation This will delete everything that is present on the computer and use the entire hard disk for Ubuntu installation A screen shot of this selection is shown in Figure 2 4 a 8 When asked to specify your location choose your location by clicking on the location in the map presented to you A screen shot for the same is shown in Figure 2 4 b Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Install Installation type This computer currently has no detected operating s
65. olving and also provides a forum for you to ask questions to other Ubuntu users and administrators If the official website is not enough searching for your problem on the Internet often works because Ubuntu is quite popular One YouTube video that does a great job of introducing Ubuntu to new users is available at Attp www youtube com watch v r1 VCSSKI Da8 Airtime resources The Airtime official website has a demo Airtime setup at Attp airtime demo sourcefabric org that you can try out without having to even install Airtime This should give you some idea of how Airtime operates and the look and feel of the software The Airtime user manual at http www sourcefabric org en resources manuals is a fantastic resource and provides all the details of how to use each feature of Airtime GRINS resources The GRINS demonstration video available at Attp www gramvaani org page_ id 34 provides a great introduction to the features of GRINS Additional information about GRINS is available at the Gram Vaani s official website Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 7 1 Resources on the DVD We have included software and manuals on the accompanying DVD that will be of immediate use to you These software and manuals are listed below 1 Ubuntu 12 04 resources This includes the Ubuntu 12 04 iso Use this to make your bootable USB DVD for installing Ubuntu This also includes a YouTube video that introduces Ubuntu to a first
66. on is to use the control room output of the mixer and set control room button ON for all the input channels on which microphones are connected If control room output is busy then FX Send or Alt Out may be used depending on the mixer model Cables going from main output of the mixer to the input 1 of Delta44 In addition you may connect one or more microphones to the mixer 3 3 4 Trying Out Campus Web Radio with GRINS Once this cabling is ready you are ready to test out Campus Web Radio using GRINS Start the Icecast server if it is not yet started on the server machine by typing the following command on the terminal sudo etc init d icecast2 start SA iD SWAY 7 Figure 3 14 GRINS Desktop Icon Figure 3 15 GRINS Upload Icon v f a OJ O Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Next start GRINS by double clicking on the GRINS Desktop icon Then upload audio into GRINS by clicking on the upload icon selecting files and clicking on the upload button You can then drag and drop uploaded audio to the playlist seen on the left of the screen This activity is shown in Figure 3 16 Then open the streaming widget by clicking on the streaming icon that looks like a globe You will see that all the streaming related changes you made in the GRINS configuration file are visible there A screen shot of the streaming widget is shown in Figure 3 17 Now click on the start button in the streaming widget This wi
67. or pressing Ctrl S keys on your keyboard Once the password has been changed and Icecast has been installed follow the instructions for starting Icecast as described in Section 2 5 2 As a quick reminder you will need to type sudo etc init d icecast2 start If it gives an error saying icecast2 daemon is disabled then you will need to edit the configuration file etc default icecast2 as described in Section 2 5 2 Advanced configurations There are several advanced configurations possible for Icecast One configuration that we highly recommend is changing maximum number of listeners allowed To do this open the terminal and type sudo gedit etc icecast2 icecast xml SY SI 2 Go to the line that reads lt clients gt 100 lt clients gt This line indicates the maximum number of listeners allowed which is 100 by default Change this value to whatever is appropriate for your context e Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus Additional configuration options include having authentication for listeners allowing multiple broadcasts by defining multiple mount points etc None of these are necessary for us to run a campus Web Radio station however you may wish to configure them for your specific context For detailed documentation on configuration options we recommend you to visit the Icecast documentation at Attp www icecast org docs icecast 2 3 3 3 3 Installing and Configuring Source Client The choice of so
68. password enter the root MySQL password chosen earlier 9 Configure GRINS for telephony and audio In this step you need to visit the files usr local grins automation conf and etc modprobe d alsa base conf Exact changes to be made in these two files SA YY are described in Section 3 3 3 e Ly Ol I Resources Throughout this manual we have introduced several new terms and technologies We have also provided step by step instructions for setting up a few pieces of software However it is likely that you as a reader would like to know more about the technologies or gain better control of the software we installed and used in the manual This chapter attempts to meet these needs by providing pointers to several resources that may help you answer some of your queries 1 Other stations using Web Radio There are several stations using Web Radio in India of which we present three here e The first is All India Radio s FM station FM Gold available at Attp allindiaradio gov in Profile EM Gold You can click on the icon next to the Listen Live text to listen to the radio station e Gurgaon Ki Aawaz a community radio station based in Gurgaon uses GRINS to broadcast on FM as well as on the Internet It operates Internet radio by using the services of an Internet streaming setvice provider You can listen to Gurgaon Ki Aawaz at http gurgaonkiawaaz ore e Bol Hyderabad the community radio station of University of Hydera
69. process of setting up Web Radio on a university campus and have understood the situations in which different source clients should be chosen In the next chapter we look at the process of setting up Internet radio AY vo A N Setting Up Web Radio on the Internet In the earlier chapters we have understood how Web Radio works and the process of setting up Web Radio in a University campus In this chapter we focus on setting up Web Radio over the Internet As discussed earlier setting up Internet radio is relevant in contexts where the listeners are expected to be available on the Internet as against a university or institutional campus 4 1 Requirements Similar to campus Web Radio we need to figure out the a streaming server b source client and c streaming client components for setting up Internet radio VLC or latest versions of any of the common browsers can be used as streaming clients and thus we focus only on streaming server and source client components in this chapter For the streaming server one can either setup a streaming server on one s own premises similar to the server setup in Chapter 3 or use the services of a streaming service provider An on premises setup requires significant upfront investment and high recurring costs of server maintenance and bandwidth costs and hence is not advisable when one is first setting up Internet radio For the purposes of this chapter we will assume that a strea
70. pular around the world and is available in many countries Thus sourcing it from your local market should not be hard You will need to visit a studio equipment selling shop instead of a computer shop to buy this sound card Purchasing and unlocking telephony dongles USB dongles are ubiquitous as of writing of this manual Any local computer or telecom shop should have a Huawei USB dongle One relevant website where we have purchased dongles is www v3g in You do not need to unlock the dongle as long as you use the dongle with the same service provider as the one that you purchased it with If however you wish to unlock the dongle then instructions available at Attp wiki e1550 mobi doku php id preparation should help you We however warn you that unlocking dongles maybe illegal or may make you lose warranty on the device both of which depend on your country and service provider agreements Ubuntu resources Ubuntu is one of the most user friendly flavors of Linux available as of writing of this manual The latest version of Ubuntu is usually available at bitp www ubuntu com download Remember to always use the Desktop version instead of Server version of Ubuntu even for your server machine This is because the server version comes without a graphical interface and you will need to manage the machine through terminal commands only The support page of Ubuntu http www ubuntu com support provides lots of documentation on installation and problem s
71. r for an additional channel 2 3 But How Does All this Fit into a Radio Station Setup As mentioned earlier the key difference between a community radio setup and a Web Radio setup is the broadcast method This is shown in Figure 2 2 The studio setup used for FM based community radio and Web Radio can be the same However to broadcast the audio in Web Radio the main broadcast feed from the mixer needs to be brought back into the broadcast computer which then needs to be sent PM RADIO ERAD l gen as digital audio to the streaming server Thus T x E etwor reaming the broadcast computer is doubling up as source Conmadiinn See client also The new audio flow required for Web Transmitter Radio is shown in Figure 2 2 by dotted lines Digital Audio There is a much simpler way to do Web Radio when only prerecorded audio audio already recorded and present in the form of files on a computer needs to be streamed In such cases there is no need for a mixer prerecorded audio can be sent to the streaming server as digital audio directly from the broadcast computer Such Common Studio Setup a setup can be quite cost effective but it limits a station s abilities as the station can then not allow Figure 2 2 A schematic showing how Web Radio fits an RJ to speak live or mix any additional audio into a studio of a community radio station How Does Web Radio Work For the rest of this manual we will refer to a setup
72. r than advanced expertise India has undoubtedly taken a leadership role in promoting Community Radio for development and this goes back to 2003 when policy guidelines were put in place While the number of CR stations is growing in India and elsewhere it is common knowledge that radio spectrum is a scarce commodity and should be used judiciously In addition the legal process of setting up CR stations in many countries of the Commonwealth and especially in India is complex and it takes time for the communities to obtain the license to operate Within the framework of learning for development and considering the potential of radio for learning COL s regional centre at New Delhi the Commonwealth Educational Media Centre for Asia CEMCA has been promoting the establishment of CR stations as well as exploring the possibilities of providing newer means of access to audio based learning using the World Wide Web WWW The present Manual is the outcome of CEMCA s continuous engagement with institutions to develop their internal capacities to use appropriate technologies to scale up impact Web Radio or streaming audio over the web will help those organizations that have the adequate bandwidth to provide access to audio based learning resources and expertise to the communities they serve The Manual is based on open source technologies that can help make the operations sustainable The Manual has been developed in collaboration with Gram Vaani Comm
73. s are done save and close the file This completes the GRINS configuration process However before testing the whole setup we need to connect the audio cables between the GRINS computer source client and the audio mixer Audio Cabling in GRINS Audio cabling is a rather complex exercise and requires good understanding of audio mixers and cable and connector types For this reason we recommend that the task of audio cabling be done by the same people who have setup your studio GRINS provides various audio and telephony related functions For these functions to work properly very specific type of audio cabling needs to be done between the mixer and the GRINS computer We next list the GRINS functions and highlight the various cabling needs resulting from them Note the term line is used to mean either line in or line out of a sound card e Playout GRINS must have a line out that can be used to playout broadcast audio This line needs to be connected with the input of the mixer e Preview GRINS must have a line out that can be used to preview audio The preview line must be different from the playout line so that audio can be reviewed while something else is played out on air The preview line is connected to a pair of headphones e Archiving When an RJ speaks live his her speech is recorded by GRINS for later use rebroadcast For this GRINS needs a line in that receives as its input whatever is spoken on the microphone Note th
74. sound driver settings so that GRINS can use the soundcard correctly Please choose the sound card to be used by GRINS Broadcast M Audio Fast Track Pro USB ESI Maya44 lt 0k gt Figure 3 12 Sound card choice during GRINS installation process creating inflating creating inflating creating extracting inflating creating Linking Creating jrel Creating jrel Creating jrel Creating jrel Creating jrel Creating jrel Creating jrel 32 plugin i386 ns7 32 plugin i386 ns7 libjavaplugin oji so 32 plugin i386 ns7 gcc29 32 plugin i386 ns7 gcc29 lLibjavaplugin oji so 32 plugin desktop 32 plugin desktop sun java png 32 plugin desktop sun java desktop 32 javaws 8 32 javaws javaws gt bin javaws 32 lib rt jar 32 lib jsse jar 32 lLib charsets jar 32 lib ext localedata jar 32 lib plugin jar 32 lib javaws jar 32 lib deploy jar a 0 Oaana a0onannd oan o 0 0 O o Done update alternatives using usr lib jvm jrel 6 0 32 bin java to provide usr bin java java in auto mode update alternatives using usr lib jvm jrel1 6 0 32 11b i386 lLibnpjp2 so to pr amp vide usr lib moz illa plugins libjavaplugin so mozilla javaplugin so in auto mode There is only one alternative in Link group java usr lib jvm jrel 6 0 32 bin java Nothing to configure There is only one alternative in Link group mozilla javaplugin so usr lib jvm jre1 6 0 32 lLib 1386 libnpjp2 so Nothing to co
75. tent a Web Radio station may not be the best way to reach them Mobile radio may be an appropriate solution in that case What kind of broadcast activities do you intend to have in your studio If you intend to simply broadcast prerecorded audio then a simple computer is going to be enough for your studio In this prerecorded studio setup you will need a prerecorded source client a software that can take audio files from your computer and send it to the streaming server for streaming If you would like to mix other sources of audio with prerecorded audio or you would like to allow radio jockeys to speak live then an audio mixer and additional microphones will be needed In addition to this live studio setup you will also need live source client a software that can capture audio from the mixer and send it to the streaming server We will discuss various software options for all the three components of Web Radio in later chapters But by now you should be clear on the type of Web Radio you want to setup campus or Internet and the kind of studio and source client you need prerecorded or live Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web 2 5 Hands On A Dummy Web Radio We have done a lot of talking and thinking about Web Radio so far but haven t really had a feel of what Web Radio looks like This section tries to do precisely that All the three components of Web Radio broadcast described above are softwares in reality
76. the terminal sudo gedit etc modprobe d alsa base conf Enter the Ubuntu password if you are asked for one Go to the end of the file and enter the following two new lines at the end Options snd_hda_intel index 0 Options snd_ice1 12 index 1 These lines will set the internal sound card as card number 0 and the Delta44 as card number 1 Save and close the file 3 Configure streaming Similar to Airtime we need to tell GRINS where the server is located and what password to use to access the server This information is present in the GRINS configuration file and needs to be updated to point to our server machine To make these changes first open the GRINS configuration file by typing the following command sudo gedit usr local grins automation conf Enter the Ubuntu password if you are asked for it A text editor will open with the configuration file in it Look for the text streaming in the file The relevant part of the configuration file will be looking like the text below streaming STREAMING _NAME GRINSRadio STREAMING _PORT 8000 STREAMING _HOST 127 0 0 1 STREAMING _USER admin STREAMING PASSWORD password ee aN YY ye Y Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web In this text change the IP address 127 0 0 1 to the IP address of the server machine Similarly change the username admin to source and change the password to the source password you set in the Icecast configuration file Once the change
77. tors can choose to publish any prerecorded content also which is analogous to the way FM broadcast and Web Radio usually operates iD Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web P The submitted messages are Validated messages validated and moderated by are published online station staff Community members call into y i a phone number to leave A i ss f D Validated messages are also accessible on the same phone number Other community members can call into the phone number to listen to the messages left by others Figure 5 1 A depiction of the mobile radio content solicitation moderation and broadcast process The community interacts with Mobile Radio by dialing a phone number that is advertised to the community The exact details of what happens when a community member calls the mobile radio number depend on the specific mobile radio technology used However for the sake of illustration we present here the details of Gram Vaani s mobile radio platform When a community member calls the mobile radio phone number he she first hears a prerecorded welcome prompt followed by three voice instructions that ask user to press appropriate buttons to a listen to already published messages b comment on them and c record their own messages If the user presses 1 or does not press anything the published voice messages are played out to the user one after another This structure of the IVR described above is d
78. treaming server A duplicate of the mic feed is also brought into GRINS for recording archiving live speech A pair of headphones is used to preview audio when something else is being broadcast The GRINS computer sends prerecorded audio to the mixer where mic feed is also mixed and the final broadcast audio is sent back to GRINS computer The GRINS computer sends this feed to the streaming server The USB dongle allows GRINS to make and receive calls A USB dongle is used by GRINS to make and receive calls The operator can pick up the call through the GRINS console itself and talk to the caller using the same set of headphones as those used for preview The call is automatically recorded and can also be put live on air by redirecting the call to the playout sound card in GRINS A screen shot of GRINS user interface is shown in Figure 3 6 00 00 00 03 i f incoming Calls Active Calls mohollassblia Playlist Name 7 Location listenreplies Go live rem Ooo OS 4 a Tags counsellor a Telephony Feature of GRINS 4a Recent Calls eatrisa input on Vi WOT Go live nirnay 3 D Internet Streaming Feature Figure 3 6 A screen shot of GRINS GUI Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus Hardware Requitements The added functionality of GRINS comes at the cost of specific hardware dependencies In order to run GRINS correctly one needs to use an MAudio Delta44 sound card Delta44 is a
79. two stereo input and two stereo output sound card that provides GRINS the ability to do different types of audio routing While GRINS can be configured to work with other sound cards the configuration process is significantly complicated in such cases which is why we omit those details and focus on using Delta44 sound card only GRINS also needs a Huawei E173 USB dongle for making recetving calls and SMS GRINS can also work with other dongle models the complete list of supported models is available at Attp wiki e1550 mobi doku php id requirements but we assume that you have Huawei E173 for simplicity Before you install GRINS on the source client computer you must install the MAudio Delta44 sound card on the computer This requires opening the CPU cabinet and installing the card which we recommend should be done by someone comfortable with assembling a computer After the sound card is connected in the computer connect the USB dongle on the USB port Both these activities can be done before or after installation of Ubuntu We recommend connecting the USB dongle after the installation so that the dongle does not interfere with your bootable pen drive if you install Ubuntu using one Installing GRINS Once Ubuntu is installed and the hardware is connected you are ready to install GRINS The installation and configuration process for GRINS is slightly involved and we recommend that you follow the steps as closely as possible 1 Download GRI
80. ual and Web Radio in Chapter 7 a gt lt ye ym Glossary of Terms Community radio Community radio stations are FM broadcast based radio stations that are commonly licensed by national governments to non profit organizations and educational institutions While not entirely accurate we use the terms Community Radio and FM radio interchangeably in this manual We will also refer to them as CR stations for brevity Campus Web Radio When Web Radio is setup on a university campus network such that the radio is accessible only on the campus we refer to such a setup as campus Web Radio Note that Campus Radio is sometimes used to refer to community radio stations setup on a university campus This is very different from our definition of campus Web Radio and thus to avoid confusion we specifically use the term web in our naming convention Internet Web Radio When Web Radio is setup such that anyone around the world with an Internet connection is able to access the radio we refer to such a setup as Internet Web Radio This is also commonly termed as Internet streaming or Internet radio Hertz Hertz is a measure of frequency like gram is a measure of weight Kilohertz KHz stands for 1000 Hertz and Megahertz MHz stands for 1000 KHz Computer network A group of computers and other devices connected to each other through network cables such that they are able to network with one another Computers in the same network can
81. unity Media Pvt Ltd a start up at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi known for developing innovative systems for community radio operations It has been designed as a do it yourself kit with step by step guidance for setting up Web Radio using free and open source software Besides expanding reach for existing CRS setting up a Web Radio will also help current applicants to begin the process of content development and community engagement while waiting for their license Educational institutions especially those in urban areas with good connectivity can run a web based radio to effectively reach their geographically dispersed communities and ease up the demands on spectrum in their areas in favour of civil society organisations NNS ID LD Web Radio A Manual for Streaming Audio on the Web Making a significant contribution to the growth of CR sector over the last seven years CEMCA has initiated a wide range of activities such as i holding public consultation workshops to increase awareness about CR ii setting up a help desk to support applicants to negotiate the multi stage licensing process and i building the capacities of CRS staff to engage meaningfully with the communities they seek to serve This Manual on Web Radio is yet another initiative that uses technology to expand the scope and reach of CR I am happy to note that the Manual has been tested in a workshop where a group of 20 people followed the gui
82. university students and urban middle upper class populations are mote likely to have access to computers and smartphones This is further increasing with higher penetration of smartphones and Internet access over phones Such demographics may be better reached with Web Radio compared to FM radio Community Radio A Brief Introduction 1 3 Mobile Radio An Emerging Alternative Mobile radio enables an organization to broadcast content over phone calls e A listener can call into a phone number to listen to broadcast content e He she can record feedback or suggestions or any other message on the same call e The station can listen to the recorded messages and make them available for public consumption through a web interface This is an emerging technology designed specifically to overcome the current limitations of community radio Because mobile radio operates over phone calls it obviates the need for spectrum and escapes government regulation This results in advantages similar to Web Radio Additionally mobile radio makes the process of community participation extremely easy by allowing listeners to record their messages over phone calls and allowing stations to broadcast the message by a single click of a button We will look at mobile radio in greater detail in Chapter 5 With the limitations of FM based community radio well understood and comparative advantages of Web Radio outlined we now move towards understanding how Web Radio really
83. urce client to use depends on the type of content to be broadcast and the features needed In this manual we will compare software as candidate for source client Airtime and GRINS 3 3 1 Comparison of Airtime and GRINS Airtime has been designed from the ground up to be a source client for Web Radio stations As a result it focuses on features like web based access and scheduling Airtime can be accessed by anyone with username and password by simply logging into Airtime through Firefox The user need not physically go to the machine where Airtime is installed This is particularly convenient when a small number of staff members are expected to broadcast mainly prerecorded audio Another great feature of Airtime is that it allows you to schedule multiple shows far in advance A user can simply create a show add audio to the show and let Airtime know when he she wants the show to be broadcast The user can even specify if the show is to be repeated daily weekly monthly Airtime presents the shows on a calendar so that it becomes easy to see at what times broadcast will happen and also if any two shows are overlapping each other There are several other interesting features like the ability to define multiple users and assign shows to them or rebroadcast another station s stream For a detailed feature list we recommend you to visit www sourcefabric org en airtime features Having said that one of the key limitations of Airtime is that it can only
84. username and admin as the password and login to Airtime How Does Web Radio Work 2 Add audio files Once logged in click on the Add Media link A page with an Add Files button will open Click on the the button to browse your computer for audio files and add them to the list You can click on Add Files multiple times to add more files Once you have added all the files in the list click on Start Upload Once uploaded the files are available in the Library and can be viewed by clicking on the Library link 3 Create a show In Airtime terminology all radio broadcast happens in the form of radio shows Each show can contain one or more audio programs or even a playlist To create a show first click on the Calendar link The calendar shows you all the scheduled shows You can switch to day view week view and month view by clicking on appropriate buttons present on the right side of the screen Create a show by clicking on the Show button This will create a small window on the left side of the screen for you to fill all the details about the show Enter any name and description in the provided fields and then click on the When link Enter the start and end dates and times for the show and then click on the Add this show button A screen shot of this step is shown in Figure 2 8 b Login 2013 03 12 2013 03 12 E 19 40 of 2013 03 12 f 2013 03 12 20 00 of Tank Dne l LUM lt un a Screen shot of A
85. w Does Web Radio Work 6 Listen to broadcast using VLC Once the broadcast starts open another tab in Firefox and type http 127 0 0 1 8000 in the address bar to open the Icecast server page Right click on the M3U link on the right side of the page and download the file Then install VLC by typing the following command in the terminal sudo apt get install vic Once VLC is installed you need to play the downloaded M3U file using VLC to start streaming Type the following commands in terminal to start streaming cd Downloads vic name of m3u file Replace the name of m3u file with the name of the m3u file you downloaded without the square brackets Another option is to start the file browser press the window key and then type files go to the Downloads directory and then right click on the m3u file there and choose open with gt VLC 7 Celebrate Yay You have setup and run your very own dummy Web Radio By the end of this chapter the reader should have a fairly good idea of how Web Radio works along with an understanding of different components of Web Radio and how they fit into a radio station s studio In the next chapter we will look at the step by step instructions for setting up a Campus Web Radio Station N 42 jax AY el N O Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus In this chapter we will discuss the requirements and step by step instructions for setting up Web Radio i
86. where only prerecorded audio is to be provided by the source client as prerecorded studio for Web Radio Similarly we will refer to a setup where live RJ speech ot other audio mixing is done as a live studio for Web Radio 2 4 Help Me Decide What Kind of Web Radio Setup I Want With many terms and definitions being thrown around in this manual things can get confusing making it hard for the reader to focus on the final goal To help the reader refocus this section outlines some key questions that you must answer to help you identify the type of Web Radio you should setup Where are your listeners located What kind of access do they have to the Internet If your listeners are located in a university campus it is much more cost effective to setup a campus Web Radio This does involve an initial investment of a computer to operate as a streaming server and a recurring cost of human resource to maintain a server but there is no bandwidth cost associated with all the university residents accessing the stream over the Internet Additionally universities are likely to have a spare computer and necessary personnel for maintaining the server On the other hand if your listeners are located in a spread out area with no common network like a campus LAN between them then an Internet based Web Radio makes more sense An important question to ask in this case is what kind of access to the Internet do your users have If the connection is poor to non exis
87. you should be able to decide which source client you wish to install Depending on the software you have chosen to install read the appropriate section below 3 3 2 Installing and Configuring Airtime The steps for installing Airtime have already been outlined in Section 2 5 3 in Chapter 2 Follow those steps to install Airtime on the source client machine that is the machine in addition to the server machine we kept aside for setting up Web Radio Once you have followed the instructions to install Airtime open Firefox on the source client machine and type Attp 127 0 0 1 in the address bar This will open the Airtime login screen Use admin as the username and admin as the password to login Then follow the configuration steps below to setup Airtime to work as source client for the server machine we setup earlier 1 The first thing you should do after logging in is change the admin password This is critical otherwise anyone with a browser can connect to your source client and manipulate the station To change the password click on the admin link on the top right of the page This will open the admin s Settings page as shown in Figure 3 3 Change the password by entering a new password in the Password and Verify Password fields and then clicking on the Save button Setting Up Web Radio on a University Campus l a ee a p a Le fie Figure 3 3 Screen shot of Airtime admin s Settings page for
88. ystems What would you like to do Erase disk and install Ubuntu Warning This will delete any files on the disk Something else You can create or resize partitions yourself or choose multiple partitions For Ubuntu Quit Back Continue a Screen shot for installation type selection during Ubuntu installation Install Where are you Kolkata m Continue b Screen shot for location selection during Ubuntu installation Figure 2 4 Screen shots of Ubuntu installation 9 When asked to choose keyboard layout choose the keyboard layout you are using If you are using a regular Enelish keyboard choose English US in both the columns The selection is shown in Figure 2 5 a Install Keyboard layout Choose your keyboard layout English Ghana English Nigeria English South Africa English UK English US Cherokee English US English Colemak English US English Dvorak alternative internatio English US English Dvorak international with deac English US English Dvorak English US English Macintosh English US English US alternative international Enalish US Enalish US international with dead kes Esperanto Estonian Faroese Filipino Type here to test your keyboard Detect Keyboard Layout Back Continue a Screen shot for selecting keyboard during Ubuntu installation Install Who are you Your name Softpedia

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