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Process-Pascal Version 4 Users Manual - Proces-Data

1. ste TASK 5 ldent fier 5 Task type Neu Task type 50203580 C Task status Fm TIMEDINTERRUPT J Unsigned number SOFTWIRE INTERRUPT 5 Unsigned integer CYELTE 502035BA Process Pascal 4 0 Manual Task status 502 052 02 E RUNT I ME Unsigned number J SUSPENDED Type Ordinal type 50203588 O A ______s pacoro J gt Field Type Ordinal type DEO N nee Interface inform Field list m Bit map types BUFFER 0 Constant 0 O Type STRING Constont Ordinal type Interface inform gt 1 Constant lt Constant J X Type identifier dentifier 7 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 50203598 129 141 502 052 02 Interface inform po zi DBvICHTYPH Unsigned integer 1 OLDTYPB gt ADA4BYTA J NOOFFSHT 3 sUzU25H amp Bitmap tupe SMRLLBITMRP f a LARCHBITMAP B VIDBOBITMRP Constant gt gt 502035AV 130 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Block LABEL Unsigne
2. 502035BF 132 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Global variable VAR S Identifier List Tupe A Identifier Type gt gt Place 5 Location gt Var identifier Name conf intr Identifier Location Net oddress RDDRBSS SOFTWIRB Constant Constant Net adcdress poo 50203588 Interface inform LF Net list KOS Net list ADDRESS Constant Constant sore String ident Lf erp Constant o Place 50203586 PLRCE Constant X 502035BQ Nome conf intr Et Nome ay E Conse Ns Inte se L4 502035AH Manual Process Pascal 4 0 50203235F 502035AD 133 141 502 052 02 Nome Vor identifier re Cnharacterstrihng gt Loo Place 50203581 n ct ar ccabte Ordinal type 5020360 Indirect variable Unsigned 5020358L Intr no sortuinornranuer Constant f ie INTERNLORD INTERNSTORH EXTERNLORD EXTBRNSTORH 5020358C Variable Variable identifier DENEN Field identifier HH Expression J Field identifier
3. 50203586 134 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual Indirect variable Var identifier Name conf intr Parameter list L 502035AK Identifier Type identifier Manual Process Pascal 4 0 502 052 02 135 141 502 052 02 Field List N S 1gentifier C Type i Cem eem C be Tupe zr Constant o ae Field nz 50203581 Expression Simple expression 90090000 S Simple expression 502035BU Simple expression On le Term QOO Pa Term 502035BK 136 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Term Factor OO 502035B8L Factor Factor Unsigned constant Variable Function identifier oe Hxpression M Expression o Factor Expression Expression 2 5020358 Unsigned constant Constant identifier SO20358N Constant Character string tnb identifier Unsigned number coz Character string SO20358M Manual Process Pascal 4 0 137 141
4. errena 67 IV VI Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 PO Keyboard ceret tas a Cute a sae Seas Nal tana fiu eiu rust 72 30 Real time Clock and Calendar oo cccccccccescccccssscescceccsssccceccesssscceesesseceeeeseees 73 31 Accessing not Declared Variables ooo ccc cccccccccsccecccssccssecsseessccsccseccsuecatecsueseens 74 32 FDA EW AN dp ML tessmemnrasnte Nore rusatenesies 77 33 Modules In Process Pasbal ues eee ier e been e desees e oet ie ete e tree ed 81 34 Process Pascal Reference Lookup enne nns 84 34 1 Standard procedur6s scere te e bet eb P ee cho gite enl 84 34 2 Standard FUNCIONS ooo eee cccccccccceesccceceeecccceceeccceceeseccceceetcececenteceseceuseess 104 34 3 Standard constants ooo eee eecccccccceccccceceeeccccccecsccccececsecceceeseececectseceeeestaeess 109 35 Comparing Process Pascal ver 4 0 to ISO 7185 Standard Pascal 110 35 1 Exceptions to ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL 110 35 2 Extensions to ISO 7185 Standard Pascal ereenn 111 35 3 Standard Procedures and Functions ueeeessssss 112 35 4 Reserved words in Process Pascal eeees 113 35 5 Compiler CCS Sask a cero edente eese ne esiti ia fehler dox ad etre Oed 114 36 Restrictions in Using Process Pascal sssss nes 116 37 Error Messages and Codes ooo ccccccccsesccesscssecssecssessecssccsuccauecauesecuccsectecsues 117 38 Syntax DANAUS casos te pecore coto rna Les
5. The function returns the largest value in an array and it is called in a statement by its identifier 50 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 22 Scope In Pascal all identifiers needs to be declared before they can be used or accessed This means that an identifier is accessible in the block in which is has been declared and in the following blocks Program name VAR a b c global variable Procedure proc 1 VAR x y global procedure Task namel VAR i m n local variable Procedure proc 2 VAR i local procedure Begin End Task name2 VAR Ln local variable Procedure proc_3 VARi local procedure Procedure proc_4 VARK local procedure Begin End End Manual Only the variables a b c x and y are available for proc 1 The variables a b c i m and n are available for task name1 The variables a b c i m and n are available for proc 2 where the variable i is the local variable for the procedure The variable i for the task is not available for proc 2 The variables a b c and n are available for task name2 n is not the same as n in task namet1 The variables a b c I n and i are available for proc 3 The variables a b c I n i and k are available for proc 4 Process Pascal 4 0 51 141 502 052 02 23 Task Declaration Process Pascal handles 3 different types of TASKs CYCLIC
6. 502 052 02 Identifier al Letter d Letter Digit CTI r3 Underscore 5020358N Unsigned integer Comments 138 141 Unsigned number E AO TO Unsigned integer Los Anu string Anu string On KORI 502035A0 Process Pascal 4 0 50203580 Manual 39 Index ActError 59 60 ActReport 61 Address 13 14 Adr2Byte 35 Adr4Byte 35 Alarm 84 AlarmHornOnOff 84 AlarmPulseOn 84 And 23 ArithmicError 59 60 Array 31 Array constant 44 Assignment 26 Begin 27 Bitmap 39 Bittest 60 BitTest 60 104 Boolean 8 Box 84 85 96 BoxTo 85 Buffer 37 BufferEmpty 104 BufferFull 37 105 buffersize 37 InitBuffer 37 BufferError 59 60 Byte 9 Calendar 73 Capabilities 75 Case 28 Changetask 4 46 49 85 Channel 35 109 Char 8 Clear 60 85 ClearWindow 86 CloseWindow 86 Color 68 background 67 foreground 67 inverse 68 transparent 68 Comments 21 Communication 77 Compiler directive 21 114 Compound statement 27 Conditional statement 27 Config 16 Constant 20 ContinueTask 53 86 Contrastcontrol 87 Convert 9 105 107 ConvertError 59 60 CountryCode 107 Manual 502 052 02 Cursor 65 66 70 87 94 Cursor position 69 CursorHide 70 CursorInWindow 106 CursorTo 71 87 CursorToAbs 71 87 CursorWithIn 106 Cyclic task 4 CyclicTask 52 55 87 DataError 59 60 Datamode 77 DataReport 61 DateTime 73 DefaultPen 69 Devicetype 35 Disable 54 5
7. Executing a program can generate some different run time errors caused by the operator or the programmer These errors will NOT stop program execution but generates an error code The automatic error detecting system is enabled by a WHEN ERROR THEN statement This statement should be followed by a section of statements which handles the error condition i e closing valves or stopping production This section of program will only be executed if an error occurs in the succeeding part of the task The WHEN ERROR THEN statement is task dependent meaning that the automatic error detecting system is only enabled for the tasks that have executed a WHEN ERROR THEN statement The figure below illustrates the structure for a task using WHEN ERROR Task name VAR local variable Task Heading Procedure Local variable declaration local procedure Begin Local procedure declaration statements for this task ref 1 WHEN ERROR THEN Task statements Begin statements for handling errors Error handling part End statements for this task ref 2 End Task statements 58 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 If an error occurs in the first part of the task ref 1 this will not affect the program execution but erroneous data can be loaded and may cause problems i e in calculations The error handling part of the program is defined in the section after the WHEN ER ROR THEN statement If an error occurs i
8. program is doing is described in statements Statements describe algorithmic actions that can be executed Statements are either simple or structured Please refer to the STATEMENT syntax diagram in the chapter SYNTAX DIAGRAMS 11 1 Simple statements A simple statement is a statement that doesn t contain any other statements Simple statements are assignment statements procedure statements or the empty state ment The empty statement consists of no symbols and denotes no action 11 2 Assignment The most fundamental of statements is the assignment statement It specifies that a newly computed value be assigned to a variable The value is specified by an expression The variable may be a simple variable or an entire structured variable located in the computer or in a module on the P NET The assignment statement has the following form where the identifier is a variable identifier The assignment statement is a simple statement Examples of the assignment statement 11 3 Procedure statement Another simple statement is the procedure statement which activates the named procedure which is a subprogram specifying another set of actions to be performed on data Examples of procedure statements See the chapter PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS for more details about pro cedures 26 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 11 4 Structured statements Structured statements are constructs composed of other statements that are to
9. 0 8 move the pen position in DefaultPen relative to the absolute pen pos for DefaultPen The cursor is NOT used for writing at the screen it is only used to point out variables at the screen when you want to change their value from the keyboard So the cursor is used for entering and changing data via the keyboard The symbol for the cursor is a bitmap and the bitmap is selected by the standard procedure SetCursor Secondly this procedure will display the cursor on the screen Typically a cursor is only selected once in a program The size of the bitmap representing the cursor must not exceed the allocated memory space for the variable CursorHide CursorHide is declared in the system file The size of CursorHide must be at least the same size as the bitmap for the cursor 70 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 If the colour graphic screen is used CursorHide must be at least 4 times the size of the bitmap for the cursor If the size of CursorHide is insufficient an errorcode is generated Before the cursor is selected the colours for the cursor bitmap must be set The colors are set in the variable ScreenInfo at the field variables CursorForeGround and CursorBackGround The specific colours depend on the selected cursor and the used display type Furthermore the initial cursor position on the display must be selected The field variables CursorX and CursorY must be set to the absolute pixel position for the cursor T
10. Offset is used only in CALL according to the P NET standard If there was no offset in the P NET block the value 0 will be transferred in Offset If there was an offset in the P NET block FLAGS 1 will be TRUE BitNo BitNo is used only in CALL If the transmission is a bit transmission indicated in the P NET block by MSB in a 4 byte address SET BitNo will contain the bit number 0 7 and FLAGS 2 will be TRUE 78 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 DATA The Data field is used in CALL as well as ANSWER and contains data as defined in the P NET standard ErrorCode This field is used in ANSWER only If the NON P NET transmission results in an error of some kind the Process Pascal programme can return an error code in this field Refer to the chapter WHEN ERROR for information on which error codes should be used The operating system inserts 0 in this field in the CALL If the ErrorCode is not O in the ANSWER the operating system assumes there was a communication error and does NOT use any data Instead the information P NET Error is returned to the master The Flags variable has the following meaning 71 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Gateway access InUse GatewayDone Before an interrupt is made to invoke the Process Pascal program nUse is set TRUE by the operating system This is to prevent others from using the Gateway channel until this operation is Done When the Proc
11. Process Pascal 4 0 27 141 502 052 02 IF statements can be nested in as many levels as you want to You should not to use too many levels because it can be hard to avoid getting the different IF THEN and ELSE s mixed up 11 7 Conditional statement case The CASE statement consists of an expression the selector and a list of statements each prefixed with one or more constants called case constants or with the symbol ELSE The selector must be of any ordinal type boolean byte char word or integer but longinteger and the ordinal values of the upper and lower bounds of that type must be within the range 32768 to 32767 Each case constant must be associated with at most one of the statements The CASE statement executes the statement prefixed by a CASE constant equal to the value of the selector or a CASE range containing the value of the selector If no such CASE constant of the CASE range exists and an ELSE part is present the statement following the ELSE is executed If there is no ELSE part nothing is executed The ordering of the case constants has no influence on the selection for execution The statement after the CASE constant can be a simple statement or a compound statement When the statement has been executed the program continues with the statement after the entire CASE statement Examples of CASE statement CASE Number OF 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 45 3 4 5 Figure 0 6 10 Figure 100 END CASE
12. VarOffset 62 Videobitmap 39 66 VIGO 75 114 When error 58 59 While 28 Window 65 67 95 frame 95 number 95 Word 9 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 502 052 02 141 141
13. by one for each repetition If the initial value is greater than the final value the contained statement is not executed When a FOR statement uses DOWNTO the value of the control variable is decremented by one for each repetition If the initial value is less than the final value the contained statement is not executed The control variable may be altered in the contained statement without causing an error The control variable is incremented decremented when the contained statement has been executed After the FOR statement is executed the value of the control variable is undefined Examples of FOR statement 11 11 Loop statement The LOOP statement specify that the contained statements are executed repeatedly forever and the loop can only be left by a WHEN ERROR statement see the INTERRUPT chapter The LOOP statement has the ane form 30 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 12 Array For handling great amounts of data it is often convenient to store these data in a structured way An array structure is an example of a data structure where a group of data has been ordered in a certain pattern An array is stored as a contiguous sequence of variables all of the same type Arrays have a fixed number of components of one type the component type The component type follows the word of in the syntax for an array 12 1 One dimensional arrays The index type specify the number of elements Valid index types are all
14. file Intererr inc in the Process Pascal library for additional details The task generates a string containing an error message The ErrorText variable is assumed to be a global string The examples in the Process Pascal library are using a common procedure to find the error information 25 3 ERRORCODES Some of the above mentioned errors can set an error code in the controller Please refer to the manual for the controller in question to get a complete list of errors and the relating error codes Manual Process Pascal 4 0 63 141 502 052 02 26 The SoftWire List The SoftWire list is synonymous with a list containing information of the wiring of the plant It has a table like construction The compiler converts the global identifiers used in Process Pascal into a number These SoftWire numbers are used as an entry key to the softwire list which contains structured information on each individual global variable and constant used in the particular program The SoftWire list contains information of the following 1 P NET number and type of the unit possibly internal where the variable is stored 2 The data type of the variable such as integer real array record etc It is worth mentioning that a record can represent a complete channel in a P NET module 3 The address of the variable If the variable is available internally the list contains a physical address whereas the list contains a softwire number or logic ad
15. mentioned procedures are called a charactergenerator a foreground and a background colour and a pen position must be assigned to the variable of type PenlnformationType Manual Process Pascal 4 0 67 141 502 052 02 A Pen is declared as a record of the following type It is possible to define as many variables of the type PenlnformationType as you want to Typically it is advisable to define one variable for each task that is writing on the screen This is necessary to ensure that no other tasks are changing the charactergenerator color or pen position if they interrupt the task just after setting up the right parameters CharGen contains a pointer to a character generator A character generator is an array of bitmaps where each bitmap represents a character Typically the ASCII value for the character is used as an index within the character generator The CharGen pointer is set up by use of the standard procedure SET CHARACTERGENERATOR The figure below shows an example of the character A from a 6 x 8 character generator The colors on the screen are selected with the field variables ForeGround and BackGround in variables of type PenlnformationType The colors for a pen can be set by means of the standard procedure SETCOLORS ForeGround and BackGround can take the following values 16 different colors Only in PD5020 the different colors can be seen in the PD5000 manual Black and White are used in the other controllers
16. omitted the variable called DefaultPen is used The standard procedures for changing the pen position and the corresponding results are listed below MyPen is used as a pen variable STANDARD PROCEDURE RESULT Manual Process Pascal 4 0 69 141 502 052 02 STANDARD PROCEDURE RESULT PenRefTo MyPen a b MyPen RefX a MyPen RefY b MyPen AbsX a MyPen AbsY b When writing on the screen the AbsX for the pen is changed according to the current pen position Example VAR SmallChar PenInformationType BEGIN SetCharactergenerator SmallChar SmallCharGenerator select SmallCharactergenerator to be the charactergenerator when writing on the screen with the screeninformation variable called SmallChar SmallChar ForeGround Black set foreground color black SmallChar BackGround White set foreground color white PenToAbs SmallChar 0 40 assign the pen position to AbsX 0 and AbsY 40 in the variable SmallChar Display SmallChar This text is written with small characters the text is written with characters from the charactergenerator SmallCharGenerator The first character is positioned with the reference point in absolute pixel position 0 40 PenRefTo 1 1 assign the reference point to 1 1 and the absolute pen pos to 1 1 for DefaultPen PenTo MyPen 36 8 move the pen position in MyPen to position 36 8 relative to the reference point MyPenRefX MyPen RefY MovePen
17. picture to background color and passes its parameters to Screenlnfo Width and Screenlnfo Height and sets these parameters to the videocontroller Assigning values to Screenlnfo Width and Screenlnfo Height has no influence on the picture unless SETVIDEO is called The cursorposition is a pixel position calculated relatively from the picture start and is given by Screenlnfo CursorX and Screenlnfo CursorY Picture start is the pixel position 0 0 upper left corner The standard procedure SETCURSOR selects a variable of the type bitmap for the actual cursor and a pointer is generated to the variable Screenlnfo Cursor The pointer for Screenlnfo Cursor must be generated at least once in the program if a cursor is used within that program The cursor is NOT used for writing at the screen itis only used to point out variables at the screen when the user want to change their value from the keyboard The standard procedure SETWINDOW selects a section of the picture to be shown on the screen the basic window The window is defined by ScreenInfo ScreenX and Screenlnfo ScreenY as the upper left corner of the screen where Screenlnfo ScreenWidth and Screenlnfo ScreenHeight must be set to the actual number of pixels in the used hardware 66 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 28 Writing on the Screen Writing on the screen can be done with different characters and symbols in various sizes all independent of each other and at the same scree
18. pixel after the field If variable is of type TIMER REAL or LONGREAL format has the following meaning 0 Number of digits to the right of the decimal point 2 is the default value 1 The variable is represented with floating point 2 The variable is represented with exponent For the type TIMER or REAL the exponent is always 2 digits and a sign For the type LONGREAL the exponent is always 3 digits and a sign 102 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 If the variable is of type BYTE WORD INTEGER or BOOLEAN format has the following meaning 0 Decimal representation This is the default value 3 Hexadecimal representation 4 Binary representation 5 Decimal representation with leading zeros If the variable is of type char or byte format additionally has the following meaning 6 ASCII representation If the variable is of type string format is not used Update Valid is a boolean or a booelan expression If Update Valid is ON the variable can be changed from the keyboard If UpdateValid is OFF the procedure operates like the procedure Display UpdateValid can be any boolean or boolean expression defined by the user and it is independent of the cursor position Default value for Update Valid is ON Examples Manual Process Pascal 4 0 103 141 502 052 02 34 2 Standard functions 34 2 1 BITTEST Bittest is a function used for testing error bits generated by the automatic error detection syste
19. simple data types boolean byte char integer longinteger longreal real and timer Different types can be compared because of the automatic typecasting Furthermore strings can be compared according to the ordering of the extended ASCII character set The IN operator is used to test for membership of a SET type operand The result type is always a boolean i e true or false Examples of relational operators WaitTime lt TimeOut Weight gt SetPoint PassWord lt gt PassCode InputChar IN Digits Manual Process Pascal 4 0 23 141 502 052 02 10 6 String operator Process Pascal allows the operator to be used to append two string operands The result of the operation StrA StrB where StrA and StrB are of string types is the addition of the strings with the first character from StrB positioned after the last character from StrA and the length is the integer addition of the two string lengths If the resulting string is longer than the result type the string is truncated to the max string length of the result type The value of expressions can be converted to strings by adding a size specifier and a format specifier to the expressions that you want to convert The syntax is as fol lows The size specifier denotes the number of characters that is converted to characters for the expression The format specifier is a value for how to convert the expression to the string If result type for the expression is of type TIMER REA
20. structured the resulting structured type has more than one level of structuring A structured type can have unlimited levels of structuring Type Ordinal type Interface inform gt Ordinal type RECORD Field List N ee Interface inform Field list Su Bit map types BUFFER 0 Constant 0 e Type STRING Constant er 4 502035nC Each of the methods for structuring types is described in separate chapters Manual Process Pascal 4 0 11 141 502 052 02 6 Variable Declaration Every variable identifier occurring in a program must be introduced in a variable declaration This declaration must textually be introduced before any use of the variable A variable declaration introduces a variable identifier and its associated data type by listing the identifier followed by the type The type given for the variables can be a type identifier previously declared in a type declaration part in the same block in an enclosing block or it can be a new type definition The reserved word VAR heads the variable declaration part It is allowed to tyoe VAR more than one time in the same variable declaration part Variables can be declared to reside inside the controller or externally in other modules at a net address The compiler can allocate variables or they can be declared to resid
21. that can be shown on the screen A charactergenerator is defined as an array of bitmap types Process Pascal has three bitmap types smallbitmap largebitmap and videobitmap Bitmap type SMRLLBITMRP E D LRRCEBITMRP VIDBOBITMRBP The size denotes the number of elements bytes representing the symbol A formula for AMOD G the size is et a 17 1 The smallbitmap type Constant 502035AV The smallbitmap type defines a bitmap where the size of the symbol is less than or equal to 255 255 pixels width height The first byte holds the bitmap width in pixels and the second byte holds the bitmap height in pixels The smallbitmap has a reference to the pen position on the screen in the upper left corner of the bitmap Example of a smallbitmap type followed by a constant declaration Manual Process Pascal 4 0 39 141 502 052 02 The example shows a smallbitmap type with a size of 1 pixel image contained in one byte and a constant defined as a smallbitmap with width 1 and height 1 which means a single pixel and the pixel is on i e a dot 17 2 The largebitmap type The largebitmap type defines a bitmap with a size for the symbol width height and an offset to a reference point The first 2 byte holds the bitmap width in pixels and the third and fourth byte holds the bitmap height in pixels The fifth and sixth byte holds an offset to a reference point in the x directi
22. that the local variables receive the current values of the actual parameters the value of the expression at the time of the procedure activation as initial values The procedure may then change the value of these variables through assignments but without affecting the actual parameters Hence a value parameter can never represent a result of a computation Manual Process Pascal 4 0 47 141 502 052 02 If you are working with large data structures e g an array with a large number of elements you should be cautious The copying operation the value parameters are copied to local variables in the procedure is relatively expensive in computing time and the amount of data storage needed to hold the copy would be as large as the value parameter the array When the procedure terminates the data storage for the value parameters is released 21 3 Variable parameters When the symbol VAR heads the parameter section the parameters of this section are variable parameters In this case the actual parameters in the procedure statement must be variables The corresponding formal parameters in the procedure heading become synonyms for the actual variables during the entire execution Any operation involving the variable parameters is then performed directly on the actual parameters The procedure may then change the value of these actual variables through assignments Hence a variable parameter can represent a result of a computation Example
23. the screen The parameter w is an absolute value that is passed to the light register for the screen The range for the lightvalue is from 0 to 7 The procedure can only be used for PD5010 and PD5015 Example 34 1 24 LIGHTONOFF LightOnOff is used to switch the light on or off at the screen The procedure can only be used for PD5010 and PD5015 Example 34 1 25 LINE This procedure draws a line to a point that is a relative distance from the current pen position The line is drawn with FOREGROUND COLOR for the specified pen starting in the current pen position The ending point for the line is specified by OffsetX and OffsetY as a relative distance from the current pen position The thickness of the line is 1 pixel When the procedure is done the pen position is moved OffsetX pixels in the X direction and OffsetY pixels in the Y direction The point at the final pen position is not drawn Example 34 1 26 LINETO This procedure draws a line from the current pen position to position PosX PosY PosX and PosY are relative to the upper left corner of the window The line is drawn with FOREGROUND COLOR for the specified pen The thickness of the line is 1 pixel The point at position PosX PosY is not drawn The pen position is not changed Example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 93 141 502 052 02 34 1 27 MAXRUNTIME The MAXRUNTIME for a task is initially given by a real constant and is declared in seconds and the resolutio
24. to show the differences of value and variable parameters TYPE Arr7 ARRAY 1 7 OF INTEGER VAR Arr Arr7 i INTEGER Procedure ValEx a b integer proc with value parameters BEGIN a 3 p point B END Procedure VarEx VAR a b integer proc with variable parameters BEGIN a 3 pss point C END TASK Example BEGIN FOR i 1 TO 7 DO Arr7 i 2i i 10 point A ValEx i Arr7 4 VarEx i Arr7 4 END 48 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 When the program executes the data memory will be as follows a is initially a copy of i but the assignment alters it to 3 Point A Arr7 1 Arr7 7 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 Point B Arr7 1 Arr7 7 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 b a 7 3 b is initially a copy of Arr7 4 but the assignment alters it to 7 Point C Arr7 1 Arr7 7 i 1 2 3 7 5 6 7 3 b a Example of a procedure that controls a weight batching with a CHANGETASK procedure statement included PROCEDURE WeightBatching FirstSilo INTEGER LastSilo INTEGER VAR DataSilo Silos VAR DoseValve lOChannels VAR Weight WeightChannel VAR i INTEGER DelayTimer TIMER BEGIN FOR i FirstSilo TO LastSilo DO BEGIN Weight Weight1 0 0 DoseValve i FlagReg 7 2On REPEAT WeighOut Weight Weight0 ChangeTask UNTIL DataSilo i
25. 1 transparent color inverse writing mode The difference between the foreground and the background writing is shown below for the character A The foreground color corresponds to the pixels defined to be ON in the bitmap specification symbolised by 1 below and the background color corresponds to the pixels defined to be OFF symbolised by 0 below See also the previous chapter BITMAP 68 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 If the foreground colour is set to transparent only the background colour is written If the background colour is set to transparent only the foreground colour is written If both the foreground colour and the background colour are set to transparent nothing is written at all The 16 different colours are represented by 4 bit When using the inverse writing mode each of the 4 bits are inverted to give the resulting colour Only used in PD5020 Black and white can be inverted in the other controllers Writing to the screen is done with reference to a pixel position This absolute pixel position is denoted by the field variables AbsX and AbsY in variables of type PenInformationType This pixel position is not the same as cursor position and should not be interchanged with that The pen position X and Y can be assigned directly or by the standard procedures PenToAbs PenTo MovePen and PenRefTo followed by the variable concerned The variable must be of the type PenInformationType If the variable is
26. 255 The order of elements in a set is insignificant and repetition of elements is allowed The set 3 5 9 2 6 is equal to 2 3 5 9 Adding new members to a set variable is simply done by adding the ordinal values to the set as follows Removing members from a set variable is simply done by subtracting the ordinal values from the set as follows The IN operator is used to test for membership of a SET type operand It returns true when the value of the operand is a member of the set otherwise it returns false Example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 41 141 502 052 02 19 Userdefined Types Process Pascal has a number of pre declared data types all described in the previous chapters From these types its possible to declare new data types A user defined data type is declared in the type declaration part The name for the user defined data type is an identifier A user defined data type can contain a previous declared type 19 1 Subrange types A subrange type is a range of values from an ordinal type The definition of a subrange type specifies the least and the largest value in the subrange and includes all values in between these two values Subrange type gt Constant Constant SO20358X Both constants must be of the same ordinal type and the first one must be less than or equal to the last one A subrange type is mainly used to define an index range in an array st
27. 502 052 02 Process Pascal Version 4 Users Manual GB May 1999 PROCES DATA A S Navervej 8 DK 8600 Silkeborg Denmark Phone 45 87 200 300 Fax 45 87 200 301 502 052 02 Copyright 1999 by PROCES DATA A S All rights reserved PROCES DATA A S reserves the right to make any changes without prior notice P NET Soft Wiring and Process Pascal are registered trademarks of PROCES DATA A S IVI Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction to Process Pascal uoce escort ea nel Set ens Soe tee hh 1 2 Program Structure in Process Pascal site a dr p al ol nus 2 2 1 Task an HEROIC HONS iuo te er e n etus Poen ree Renee te rtu teense 3 AUNT ES quuo CURE PEERS il E 4 2 3 How to Split a Program into Manageable Tasks 5 3 Defining Data ROM RN CROCI OT OE OO TY 6 ol MalisblBS eaa oc euis MO itso ea ei reca pa M EAT Ast ah DE 6 3 2 Identifiers 6 4 Simple Data Types 4 1 Ordinal types 4 2 The type BOOLEAN 4 oce er UR E Per EE erdt eee Pee dehet n 8 4 3 io AS RENI MEM 8 4 4 The type INTEGERS hos oot rr ome e Etna cemere an 9 4 5 The type REA ner uen Un Eun LAE Un DR ee 10 4 6 The type TIMER occ vocet ree pt Ere ERE ER eene speed re e ES rore ved 10 5 Structured Types ertt pnt tnr nt e Eg eid ite x Rn Ete gt etd 11 6 Variable Declaration enne rennen nnns terea da serai daa 12 6 1 Global wallablBS eire ner nip a ER MAD UA DPA AA E 12 6 2 Variables at P NET pinioane ras t idus te pi
28. 6 60 88 Display 67 89 DisplayOnOff 90 Div 22 Downto 30 Enable 54 56 61 90 End 27 Enumerated 42 Error 60 Error detection 58 60 61 85 86 88 91 95 9 7 104 Error messages 117 Errorcode 63 ErrorCode 62 Expression 22 24 ExtendedPNET 36 External 81 Externload 56 Externstore 56 False 109 Field 33 For 30 Forward 54 Function 46 50 Gateway 77 Global variables 12 HisError 59 60 HisReport 61 Identifiers 6 If 27 Import 83 Include files 114 Index 31 IndexError 59 60 Indirect variable 16 Initbuffer 91 InitPort1 92 Integer 9 Process Pascal 4 0 139 141 502 052 02 Interface 35 109 Interfaceerror 62 InterFaceErrorBuffer 61 Internload 56 Internstore 56 Interrupt 55 56 InterruptTask 92 Keyboard 72 KeyboardBuffer 72 Keycodes 72 Largebitmap 39 LedOnOff 92 LightControl 93 LightOnOff 93 Line 93 LineTo 93 Listing OFF 114 ON 114 Local variables 12 Longinteger 9 Longreal 10 Loop 30 Maxint 109 MaxRunTime 52 94 MIB properties 115 Mod 22 Module 81 ModuleError 59 60 ModuleReport 61 MoveCursor 71 94 MovePen 69 94 MySWNo 95 MyTaskNo 106 Name 15 109 Net list 14 Nil 19 109 NoBitAddress 35 NodeAddr 74 Nodelist 75 NodeList 74 NoOffset 36 Not 23 OFF 109 Oldtype 35 ON 109 OpenWindow 95 Operator arithmetic 22 logical 23 relational 23 string 24 Or 23 Ord 7 Parameter list 47 140 141 Pen 69 Pen position 69 PenRefTo 69 70 96 PenTo 69 96 PenToAbs 69 96 PerformUpdate 97 Pixel 39 40 69 Pixel position 69 Pl
29. CONFIG clause VAR Start gt DigModule Digital_lO_1 NAME Start button for production CONFIG Digitallnput WaterTemp gt AnaModule Analog_In_1 NAME Water temperature CONFIG Standard Pt100 18 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 7 Pointer Types All the previously discussed data types have the ability to hold data A POINTER holds a different type of information the location where data are stored Process Pascal provides the use of pointers as static variables which means that the pointer variables are declared in the program and following denoted by their identifiers and they exist in the entire execution of a block program task procedure or function Pointer types can not be allocated dynamically during program execution A pointer is always specific to an other data type and it can only point to a previous declared variable of that type or it can point to NIL If a pointer is not initialised or pointing to NIL the value of the pointer is undefined and an error code is generated Error3 18 The standard function PointerOK can be used to test if a pointer is valid A pointer holds information of a variables softwire number and an offset and occupies 12 bytes of memory Examples of pointer types TYPE RealPointer POINTER TO REAL VAR Weight gt WeightModule Ch1 Flow Flow gt FlowMeter Flow MeasuredValue RealPointer BEGIN IF MeasuringModule FlowModule THEN MeasuredValue gt Flow
30. Data Types A program uses data of various formats and for various functions The formats and partly the function are determined by the data type A data type defines the set of values a variable may assume and the basic ope rations which may be applied to it Every variable occurring in a program must be associated with one and only one type Simple data types define ordered sets of values and is one of the predefined types REAL LONGREAL TIMER or an ordinal type Simple tupe Ordinal type Real tupe uw Timer tupe E Real type Real type identi fier c 502035AA 4 1 Ordinal types Ordinal types are a subset of simple types Ordinal types are set off by four characteristics 1 All possible values of a given ordinal type are an ordered set and each possible value is associated with an ordinality which is an integral value Except for type integer values the first value of every ordinal type has ordinality 0 the next has ordinality 1 and so on for each value in that ordinal type A type integer value s ordinality is the value itself In any ordinal type each value other than the first has a predecessor and each value other than the last has a successor based on the ordering of the type 2 The standard function Ord can be applied to any ordinal type value to return the ordinality of the value 3 The standard function Pred can be applied to any ordinal typ
31. Digit OF 1 BEGIN Value 0 Score 2 END 2 Value 3 3 BEGIN Value 7 Score 0 PrintOut END ELSE PrintOut END 11 8 While statement A WHILE expression DO statement contains an expression that controls the repeated execution of a statement which can be a compound statement 28 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 The expression that controls the repetition must be of type boolean The execution of the statement after WHILE expression DO is done zero or more times Before the statement is executed the expression is evaluated The statement is executed as long as the expression is true otherwise the WHILE statement terminates If the ex pression is false at the beginning the statement is not executed at all Because the expression is evaluated for each iteration you must be careful to keep the expression as simple as possible Examples of WHILE statement 11 9 Repeat statement A REPEAT statement contains an expression that controls the repeated execution of a statement sequence within that repeat statement The general form for the repeat statement is REPEAT statement s UNTIL expression Note that it is a sequence of statements that the repeat statement executes The expression that controls the repetition must be of type boolean Opposite the WHILE statement the execution of the statements after REPEAT is always done at least once After each execution of the sequence of statements the
32. ER BYTE CASE CHANNEL CHAR CONFIG CONST CYCLIC DEFINE DIV DO DOWNTO ELSE END ERROR EXTERNAL FALSE FOR FORWARD FROM FUNCTION Manual GOTO INITIALIZE INTEGER INTERCOM INTERFACE INTERNAL INTERRUPT LABEL LARGEBITMAP LONGINTEGER LONGREAL LOOP MAXINT MOD MODULE NAME NET NIL NOT PROCEDURE Process Pascal 4 0 502 052 02 PROGRAM READY REAL RECORD REPEAT RETURN RUNTIME SET SMALLBITMAP SOFTWIRE SOFTWIREINTERRUPT STRING SUSPENDED TASK THEN TIMEDINTERRUPT TIMER TO TRUE TYPE UNTIL UNUSED VAR VIDEOBITMAP WHEN WHILE WITH WORD 113 141 502 052 02 35 5 Compiler directives A compiler directive controls some of the compilers features and are introduced as comments with a special syntax Process Pascal allows compiler directives wherever comments are allowed A compiler directive starts with a as the first character after the opening delimiter The is immediately followed by a letter that designates the particular directive L LISTING OFF This directive is a switch directive that turns OFF the listing of the source file and error messages in the LST file L LISTING ON This directive is a switch directive that turns ON the listing of the source file and error messages in the LST file I filename INCLUDE FILE This directive instructs the compiler to include the named file in the compilation The file is inserted in the compiled text after th
33. ERRUPT task by means of the standard procedure INTER RUPTTASK but only if the task originally was declared as a softwireinterrupt task The interrupt connection is set to the initial softwireinterrupt number declared in the task head Changing the task type will not affect the program execution and the task will continue until it meets a ChangeTask statement The task will run again in the next statement when an interrupt with the corresponding interrupt connection is generated Manual Process Pascal 4 0 55 141 502 052 02 24 Interrupt Process Pascal offers you facilities for generating interrupts and executing interrupt tasks You can have 32 different interrupts each denoted by a number in the range from 0 to 31 An interrupt is generated on accessing a specific global variable which has been declared with a softwireinterrupt connection given by an interrupt number Interrupt can only be generated on internal variables A task can be declared as a softwireinterrupt task with an interrupt connection This means that an interrupt task with an interrupt number is executed when the variable with the same interrupt num ber is accessed The interrupt condition for accessing the variable is set to any access as default The interrupt condition could be specified to be one or several of the following INTERNLOAD the controller itself loads the variable INTERNSTORE the controller itself stores a value in the variable EXTERNLOAD t
34. Expected The standard procedure SetCursor expects a bitmap as a parameter for selecting the cursor symbol 87 Buffer Expected The standard procedure InitBuffer and standard functions BufferEmpty and BufferFull expects a buffer as a parameter 88 Enumerationtype Expected An enumeration type is expected The result of the expression may not be an enumeration type You might use the Val function to convert the type 89 Error Expected The reserved word ERROR does not appear where it should The reserved word WHEN should always be followed by ERROR 122 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 90 Error in opening file The specified file was not found in the current directory nor in the directories specified by the SET PROPAS command 91 Taskname expected A taskname was expected here A task declaration must hold the reserved word TASK followed by an identifier for the task name 92 Strings must have equal length Strings must have equal length refers to that the actual string length must not be longer than the formal parameter in a procedure or function call The length of the actual string is allowed to be less than the length of the formal parameter 95 Buffer not allowed Buffer is not allowed here You may try to assign a buffer of string type with an expression holding a number of strings 96 Recursion not allowed Recursion not allowed in Process Pascal 97 Level out of range You have nested more than 127 proced
35. IRE number for the variable in the other controller which caused the interfaceerror The fieldvariable VAROFFSET holds an offset for the variable in the interface module which caused the interfaceerror The field variable VAROffset can be used to locate a variable in a complex variable The fieldvariable ErrorCode holds the errorcode related to the interfaceerror The field is declared as a word where each bit has the following meaning 15 18 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 No answer Inform length error Sum check error Overrun frame adr data Time out error Short circut on P NET P NET not set to MASTER Trm err on other net Too many busy wait Buf in slave full empty NOT IN USE Out of sync NOT IN USE Data error in slave Other Error General error in module D Data format error SWNo error Write protection Node addr error Instruction error If ErrorCode is greater than 8000 then ErrorCode AND 7FFF denotes the index in the NodeList array that were used with PointerToNode to access the variable NOTE The error codes in a PD 5000 Controller are interpreted in a different way Please refer to the PD 5000 Manual ref No 502 077 for the exact details The PD 5000 error codes can be converted to the above format by calling the standard function ConvertErrorCode 62 141 Proc
36. Illegal identifier The used identifier is not legal here You may have used a wrong identifier in an interface declaration or in connection with disable enable ERROR 49 Block symbol expected A block symbol is expected here A statement is maybe found outside a block You might have an END to much A block symbol can be program module const type var label begin procedure function task 50 Indirect VAR not allowed to a pointer type It is not allowed to create an indirect variable that points to a pointer type 51 Standard name not allowed You are trying to re declare a standard identifier 52 Identifier is not an array The identifier is not an array You might try to use index access to a simple variable 53 z expected An assignment operator does not appear where it should 54 TO or DOWNTO expected The reserved word TO or DOWNTO does not appear where it should 55 DO expected The reserved word DO does not appear where it should 56 Statement expected A statement is expected here but a block symbol or a reserved word may be found instead 57 Label expected The identifier does not denote a label as it should 58 THEN expected The reserved word THEN does not appear where it should 120 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 59 UNTIL expected The reserved word UNTIL does not appear where it should 60 Factor expected A factor is expected in an expression 61 Boolean expression expected The
37. L or LONGREAL format has the following meaning 0 Number of digits to the right of the decimal point 1 The variable is represented with floating point 2 The variable is represented with exponent For the type TIMER or REAL the exponent is always 2 digits and a sign For the type LONGREAL the exponent is always 3 digits and a sign If the expression is a simple type different from TIMER REAL or LONGREAL format has the following meaning 0 Decimal representation with leading spaces 3 Hexadecimal representation 4 Binary representation 5 Decimal representation with leading zeros If the expression contains operators it must be enclosed in brackets Example Weight is assumed to be a variable that holds the value for a weight in kg 24 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 10 7 Operator precedence The operators are classified in 5 categories ordered by their precedence the first with the highest precedence The table below shows the rules of operator precedence and should be referred to whenever you are in doubt of the exact rules 1 Unary minus minus with only one operand 2 NOT operation boolean negation 3 Multiplying operators DIV MOD AND 4 Adding operators OR 5 Relational operators lt gt gt gt lt gt IN Manual Process Pascal 4 0 25 141 502 052 02 11 Statements A program must do something with its data and its input output What exactly the
38. Manual 502 052 02 The compiled module is inserted in a host program by means of an IMPORT statement The IMPORT statement includes the entire module in the host program at the point where it is written The IMPORT statement has the following syntax The lt filename gt must specify drive directory and the complete name for the module code file ie Manual Process Pascal 4 0 83 141 502 052 02 34 Process Pascal Reference Lookup The following list describes all the procedures and functions in Process Pascal which are extensions to ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL denotes that the enclosed parameter is optional If not used the compiler inserts a default value 34 1 Standard procedures 34 1 1 ALARMHORNONOFF This procedure can only be used on a PD5000 controller The alarm output on the PD5000 is set or reset with this procedure b is a boolean If b is true the output is set By calling this procedure any preceding pulsing with the alarm output is stopped see below Example 34 1 2 ALARMPULSEON This procedure can only be used on a PD5000 controller By calling this procedure the alarm output on the PD5000 is toggled with the specified on and off time The OnTime and OffTime are assigned as real values The resolution for the time is 1 128 second same resolution as a timer Example 34 1 3 AND This procedure performs a logical AND instruction directly on the variable with the expression parameter The va
39. ONGINTEGER BYTE and WORD and the additional real type LONGREAL Process Pascal implements the additional type TIMER which is assign compatible with the type REAL A variable of type TIMER will count down in real time when as signed a value Process Pascal implements the additional type BUFFER which like an ARRAY type has a fixed number of components of one type A BUFFER is accessed only by the buffers identifier without any indexes Process Pascal implements the additional types VIDEOBITMAP LARGEBITMAP and SMALLBITMAP Process Pascal implements string types which differ from the packed string types defined by ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL in that they include a dynamic length attribute that can vary during execution String constants are compatible with the Process Pascal string types and can contain control characters and other nonprintable characters String type variables can be indexed as arrays to access individual characters in a string The relational operators can be used to compare strings Process Pascal implements typed constants which can be used to declare initialised variables of all types Variables can be declared at absolute memory addresses using an AT ADDRESS clause Constant type variable procedure and function declarations can occur any number of times in any order in a block An identifier can contain underscore characters _ after the first character Integer constants can be written in hexadecimal
40. OOFF Display b 8 4 11111111 r 12 345678 Display r 7 2 12 34 Display r 7 1 12 3456 Display r 7 2 1 2e 01 Display Process Pascal Process Pascal Display Process Pascal 60 Process Pa each character is 6 pixels wide Display LargeChar Process Pascal Display InputString Display ValveSymbol 34 1 17 DISPLAYONOFF DisplayOnOff b The procedure can switch the screen on or off b is a boolean Example DisplayOnOff ON The screen will turn on 34 1 18 ENABLE Enable Error errorbit errorbit or Enable Timedlnterrupt or Enable Softwirelnterrupt or Enable Interrupt or Enable ChangeTask 90 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Enable Error Enable is used to Enable errors to be generated by the automatic error detection system see also WHEN ERROR CLEAR ERROR DISABLE ERROR If the bit specification is omitted all errors are enabled otherwise the specified errors are enabled The different errors to enable are Example Enable Timedlnterrupt Enable Timedlnterrupt is a standard procedure to use in cyclic task to enable timed interrupt task to interrupt All timed interrupt task are enabled by this procedure Timed interrupt task which ought to have run will execute after enabling and try to catch up with the lost time if any Timed interrupt task are enabled as default in cyclic tasks If timed inter
41. READY again from another task by means of CONTINUETASK Taskldentifier statement When a task is SUSPENDED i e stopped or has come to an END for the task the task is removed from the task chain This means that a timed interrupt task will not try to catch up with the lost interrupts when starting again after it has been stopped Example 34 1 52 TIMEDINTERRUPTTIME The time interval for running a Timedlnterrupt task can be changed during program execution by means of the standard procedure TIMEDINTERRUPTTIME time where time can be a constant or a variable denoting the interval time in seconds The time is specific for the task which calls the procedure so the procedure must be called from the timed interrupt task where the time must be changed If the procedure is called from a cyclic task or a softwire interrupt task it has no effect Example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 101 141 502 052 02 34 1 53 TIMEDTASK A CYCLIC task and a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT task can change to a TIMEDINTERRUPT task by means of the standard procedure TIMEDTASK Before changing the task type to Timedlnterrupt the interval time must be selected TimedinterruptTime time or a default value of 255 seconds is used Changing the task type will not generate a ChangeTask and the task continues in the next statement us 34 1 54 UPDATE This is a very powerful procedure used to change a variable from the keyboard It combines the possibility to show the current
42. RUE otherwise FALSE is returned Example 34 2 7 MYTASKNO This function returns the task number for the task calling the function The function is an integer type Example 34 2 8 POINTEROK This function is used to test if a pointer is set to point at a variable of the right type The function returns TRUE if Ptr is valid The function is a boolean type Example 34 2 9 POINTERTONODE 106 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 When you want to access variables which are not declared within the controller PointerToNode is used to set a pointer to point at the variable specified by the parameters in the function call Node denotes an index for a node element in the NodeList which specifies the node address for the module and the module type SWNo denotes the Softwire number for the variable you want to access in the module specified by Node Offset denotes an offset in bytes if you access a complex variable BitNo denotes a bit number calculated from the Offset See the chapter ACCESSING NOT DECLARED VARIABLES for further information Example 34 2 10 STRVAL This function converts the value of string type expression STR to its numeric representation MODE denotes the format in which the string is represented and it is an integer type The values for Mode is described below If Mode is omitted the default value is set to O If the character sequence in the string is illegal according to the specified mode an error
43. TASK TIMEDINTERERUPT TASK and SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASK All 3 types of TASK can be used within the same program The task declaration serves to define a program part and to associate it with an identifier The declaration has the same form as a program a heading and a block Task declaration dN eas sstident fier Task EO Block Es oe 502035AZ The task heading names the task s identifier and specifies the task type Tosk tupe Task status mend TIMEDINTERRUPT Unsigned number TE Unsigned integer CYCLIC A task declared without a task type attribute is given the default task type CYCLIC Task status Ls D Unsigned number E READY a SUSPENDED 50203588 The max RUNTIME is given by a real constant and is declared in seconds and the resolution is 1 128 second This can be used to force a changetask in the task to ensure that it will not prevent the other tasks from running if it enters a loop forever without a changetask statement in the loop The default RUNTIME is 300 seconds The max RUNTIME can be changed during program execution with the standard procedure MAXRUNTIME time where time must be a constant or a variable denoting the new max runtime in seconds 52 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Below is an example on a timed interrupt task that runs every second The initial task status c
44. Time 2 2 Task types Process Pascal handles 3 different types of TASKs CYCLIC TASK TIMEDINTERRUPT TASK and SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASK All 3 types of TASK can be used within the same program Cyclic TASKs are executed in sequence where CHANGETASK switches to the following one in the sequence The sequence is defined by the order of the TASKs in the program TIMEDINTERRUPT TASKSs are executed at certain time intervals as controlled by the programmer The time periods are declared in seconds and the resolution is 1 128 second SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASKs are executed each time a certain defined event occurs e g the keyboard is activated and a TASK starts running to read which key was pressed and to undertake the appropriate action When a cyclic TASK is running and a timedinterrupt or softwireinterrupt TASK is ready to run a CHANGETASK is forced in the cyclic TASK and control is given to the interrupting TASK When the interrupting TASK has finished i e reaches a CHANGETASK statement this CHANGETASK makes the earlier cyclic TASK continue where it was interrupted A timedinterrupt or softwireinterrupt TASK can not be interrupted by other TASKs The principle diagram below shows how the program execution is switching when a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASK interrupts a number of cyclic TASKs Task 1 Task 2 Int task Wu Task 3 b Time The principle diagram below shows how the program execution is switching when a 4 141 Process Pa
45. WeighOut lt DataSilo i Setpoint DataSilo i Tails DoseValve i FlagReg 7 2Off DelayTimer 5 WHILE DelayTimer gt 0 DO BEGIN ChangeTask DataSilo i W eighOut W eight W eightO END END END Manual Process Pascal 4 0 49 141 502 052 02 21 4 Functions Functions are program parts in the same sense as procedures which compute a single ordinal or real value for use in the evaluation of an expression The declaration has the same form as a program a heading and a block The function heading specifies the identifier for the function the formal parameters if any and the function result type The result data type for a function can only be a simple type The variable and value parameters are discussed in the previous section PROCEDURES A function call denotes the function s identifier and any actual parameters required by the function A function call appears as an operand in an expression When the expression is evaluated the function is executed and the value of the operand becomes the value returned by the function A function is generally used when you only need to return a single value the function value The block within the function declaration should contain at least one executed assignment statement that assigns a value to the function identifier This assignment returns the result of the function The result of the function is the last value assigned before the function terminates Example of a function
46. a declared in the Gateway controller from the Gateway controller MAP file When a LOAD transmission of PLC1Data with index 31 is initiated from the P NET controller the Gateway controller returns answer comes later to the P NET control ler Then the following data are transferred to the Info field in the GatewayRecord in the Gateway controller NodeAddress 01 Instruction 02 LOAD DataLength 02 INTEGER size Addr 00001234 Offset 0062 index 31 2 BitNo NOT DEFINED Data NOT DEFINED ErrorCode 0000 FLAGS 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 After inserting these data the task with interrupt number 5 is started This task must perform a transmission to the PLC and insert the result in the Info field in the GatewayRecord NodeAddress Don t care Instruction 82 module error in the PLC DataLength 02 Address Don t care Offset Don t care BitNo Don t care Data E023 the data from PLC integer 31 ErrorCode 0000 no transmission errors occurred FLAGS 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 After inserting these data the Process Pascal program in the Gateway controller must insert TRUE in FLAGS 7 This makes the operating system return the answer to the P NET controller with the data from the PLC Thus the variables PLC1Data and PLC2Data can be accessed from the P NET controller or from the Gateway controller just as if they were variables inside a normal P NET device 80 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 33 M
47. a constant in the CONSTANT declaration part in stead of changing the constant value in all parts of the program where it is used Examples of constant declarations The compiler determines the type for the constant depending on the syntax and range However the constant can be forced to get a specific type by using a type identifier in the declaration E g Constant iid iol Pe a ie Unsigned number Character string _4 502035AM Unsigned constant Constant identifier m 20 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual Unsigned number Character string 502035AN 502 052 02 9 Comments The readability of a Process Pascal program can be improved by inserting blanks blank lines and notes in it The notes can be inserted to remind you or someone else who reads or maintain your program what certain variables mean what certain functions or procedures do and so on These notes are known as COMMENTS A program may contain as many comments as you want and a comment may contain any sequence of characters A comment begins with a left curly brace or a left parenthesis and an asterisk and ends with a matching right curly brace or a matching asterisk and a right parenthesis A comment that contains a dollar sign immediately after the opening or is a compiler directive See chapter 35 5 You can start a comment with a left curly brace which signal
48. able is of a complex type you can use the Offset to select a simple type variable If the variable is a boolean array you can use the BitNo to select the bit number Offset and BitNo are optional and they are set to zero in the function call if omitted If Node 0 i e the index is outside the NodeList array then the pointer is set to an internal variable at the specified Softwire number PointerToNode will also create a pointer to an internal variable if the NodeAddr field in the selected nodelist element is not specified an empty string The PointerToNode is used both in the Service and Config programmes and in the example program for WHEN ERROR You can find these files in the Process Pascal library Manual Process Pascal 4 0 75 141 502 052 02 Example where PointerToNode is used 76 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 32 PD GATEWAY PD Gateway is an advanced option in Process Pascal which enables you to integrate communication protocols for control and regulation equipment PLC s etc from different manufacturers directly into the Process Pascal programme By means of the PD Gateway option a non P NET compatible device can be regarded as a P NET interface unit and can be accessed as a normal P NET device including error detection and error handling from the entire P NET system On the other hand the P NET system can be regarded as a part of the non P NET system just another unit when you access it f
49. ace 15 PnetError 59 60 PnetReport 61 Pointer 19 PointerOK 106 PointerToNode 75 107 Pred 7 Procedure 46 Procedure statement 26 Raise 61 97 Ready 53 Real 10 Real time clock 73 Record 33 Record constant 45 Register 35 Repeat 29 Reserved words 113 Restart 54 97 Restrictions 116 RetrylfLegal 98 Return 59 98 Runtime 52 Run time errors 58 Scope 51 Screenlnfo 65 Set 41 Setcharactergenerator 98 Setcolors 68 SetColors 98 Setcursor 66 98 99 SetCursor 70 SetCursorColors 99 SetCursorType 99 Setinputstring 99 Setscreen 66 100 Setvideo 66 100 Setwindow 66 100 SetWindowFrame 101 Simple statement 26 Smallbitmap 39 SMB file 114 Softwire 13 62 64 Softwirelnterrupt 4 52 55 SoftwireNo 62 Standard constants 109 Standard functions 104 112 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual Standard procedures 84 112 StopTask 53 101 String 38 89 102 107 Structured statements 27 StrVal 107 Subrange 42 Succ 7 Suspended 53 Syntax diagrams 128 Tab 107 Task declaration 52 Task status 53 TestAndSet 108 Timedinterrupt 4 52 TimedlnterruptTime 54 101 TimedTask 55 102 Timer 10 To 30 Transmission 60 True 109 Type boolean 8 byte 9 char 8 data 7 integer 9 longinteger 9 longreal 10 ordinal 7 pointer 19 real 10 timer 10 word 9 Typecasting 9 105 Until 29 Update 67 102 UpdateValid 103 Val 108 Value parameters 47 VARAddr 62 Variable declaration 12 Variable parameters 48 Variables 6 Variant part 33 Varname 108 VarName 108
50. ackground defines the foreground and background colors of the cursor The colours can be accessed directly or set by the standard procedure SetCursorColors If the colours are accessed directly the cursor will not change colours until it is moved Cursor holds a pointer to the cursor bitmap The value of this variable is for internal use only The pointer is set up by means of the standard procedure SetCursor ScreenX and ScreenY are used in controllers with more windows The standard procedure SetWindow x y will insert x in ScreenX and y in ScreenY Refer to Process Pascal manual for further details ScreenWidth ScreenHeight holds the physical width and height of the screen in pixels To access the picture a corresponding videoram is declared as a variable informing about the size and address for this videoram as shown below where picturesize is size for the actual picture in bytes adr is the address for the videoram for the actual picture uis The standard procedure SETSCREEN selects a variable of the type VIDEOBITMAP for the actual picture and a pointer is generated to the field variable Screenln fo Video A variable of type BitMapPtr is used by the operating system to locate the variable in memory All variables of type BitMapPtr should not be accessed in the program by the user because they are changed and used by the standard procedures with the name SET i e SETVIDEO The standard procedure SETVIDEO clears the
51. address does not appear where it should 111 Variable has to be internal You might have used a global variable declaration using the NAME clause then the string identifier for the name must be declared internally in the same controller Or you are using a string identifier for the net list the P NET node address this identifier must also be declared internally 112 Both variables may not be external An assignment statement has external variables on both sides of the equal sign At least one of the variables must be internal 113 Only global variables allowed Only global variables allowed as parameter for the standard function TestAndSet 114 Compare two stringsconst not allowed You are not allowed to compare to constant strings 115 DeviceType required A global variable declaration using the AT NET clause must include DEVICETYPE in the type declaration 117 Return only in WHEN ERROR The standard procedure must only be used in the WHEN ERROR part of a program 118 Set too large The set type is declared with more than 256 members 119 Only allowed in interrupt task The statement is only allowed in a softwire interrupt task You may be trying to use the standard procedure InterruptTask in a task that was not originally declared as a softwire interrupt task 120 Don t start your self The standard procedure ContinueTask was called with a task identifier within the task itself 121 TO expected The reserved word TO do
52. an be declared to be READY or SUSPENDED The default task status is READY All the tasks are grouped in a task chain system The cyclic tasks are in a cyclic ordered chain with one task pointing to the next cyclic task where CHANGETASK switches to the next one in the chain The order of the cyclic tasks in the chain is defined by the order of the TASKs in the program but this order can be changed if any of the tasks change status during the program The timed interrupt tasks are in another chain where the order of the tasks is determined by the next time they must run TimedInterrupt TASKs are executed with certain time intervals controlled by the programmer The time period is given by the real constant and is declared in seconds with a resolution of 1 128 second The softwire interrupt tasks are in a third chain determined by the corresponding interrupt connections The interrupt connections and interrupt conditions are declared in the global variable declaration When a task is found in a chain the task status is READY A SUSPENDED task has been removed from the task chain system and will not be able to run as long it is suspended A SUSPENDED task can change to READY status if another RUNNING task calls the standard procedure CONTINUETASK with the appropriate task identifier ContinueTask Taskldentifier This will insert the task in the appropriate task chain again and make the task Taskldentifier continue from where it was last stoppe
53. an be open at the same time If the window is opened already the procedure does nothing If too many windows are opened an error code is generated The upper left corner of the window is located at the current pen position when the procedure is called The size of the window is specified by WindowWidth and WindowHeight The size of the window includes the frame The window is drawn with the background colour and the frame for the window is drawn with the foreground colour all specified by peninfo The thickness of the window frame is 2 pixels for the vertical lines and 3 pixels for the horizontal lines default values The thickness of the frame can be changed by the SetWindowFrame procedure The window number is dynamically assigned by the operating system When opening the window the parent window number must be specified in the pen in the field PenInfo WindowNo When the procedure is done the new window number is stored in peninfo This window number must be found in the pen when writing in the window It is very important to keep order in the window numbers If the parent window is closed all the child windows are automatically closed as well To ensure an effective program execution it is advisable to use a status boolean indicating whether the window is open or not If the window is not open the program part for the window should not be executed The current pen position is not affected by this procedure The procedure can only b
54. and a SOFTWIRE clause If you want to declare a variable to reside on a fixed SoftWire number e g a global 14 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 database for a number of controllers you must use the PLACE clause examples of this can be found in the system files for the Controllers Place a PLRCE Dae Constant B 50203580 OM on a variable declaration n the PLACE clause This declaration will fix the variable at softwire no 200 You must assure that the declaration is made at a location before the compiler would have generated the softwire number automatically i e it is to late to place a variable at softwire number 200 if you alredy have declared 300 variables A variable can be declared with a Name which declares a name as a stringconstant for the variable This name can be used as a string when an error occurs for the variable See details about errors and error handling in the WHEN ERROR chapter Nome conf intr Lir Giese 502035AH Name gt name S5 Choracterstring gt 50203581 Examples of variable declarations using a name When using NAME on variables of interface type modules conforming to the section INTERFACE DECLARATION in the P NET standard each channel can get it s own name NAME for the module belongs to channel 0 the service channel When using NAME on other variables than interface modules each variable can g
55. arations in the external part are assumed to be the right identifiers and the references from these identifiers are used within the compiled code Manual Process Pascal 4 0 81 141 502 052 02 When the module is imported in a host program the references to the external declarations are substituted with the appropriate references from the global declarations in the host program If the declarations in the host program are missing or differ from the declarations in the external part a compiling error is generated Example of a procedure function module MODULE EXTERNAL BEGIN CONST constanti REAL VAR variable1 INTEGER variable2 REAL END PROCEDURE ModulProcedure VAR p1 LONGREAL BEGIN variable1 variable2 constant1 p1 variable2 END FUNCTION ModulFunction VAR p1 LONGREAL BOOLEAN BEGIN variable variable2 constant p1 variable2 ModulFunction p1 variable1 END END The procedure and function in the above module operates on various external parameters These external parameters must be declared in an EXTERNAL part exactly as they are found in the host program Example of a task module 82 141 MODULE EXTERNAL BEGIN VAR Alarm BOOLEAN PROCEDURE LedOnOff b BOOLEAN END Task FlashWithLED TIMEDINTERRUPT 0 5 VAR Led BOOLEAN BEGIN Led OFF LOOP IF Alarm THEN BEGIN LedOnOFF Led Led NOT Led END ELSE LedOnOff ON Changetask END END END Process Pascal 4 0
56. assignment statement are of incompatible types or the actual and the formal parameters in a call to a procedure or a function are of incompatible types or the operands in an expression are of incompatible types 38 Variable not declared An indirect variable declaration points to a variable which is not declared 39 Illegal constant The index specifier in an array declaration is illegal The index specifier must be a constant identifier or an ordinal value You might have used a reserved word as index specifier 40 Range error A constant index for an array is outside the specified range for the array 41 Too many index An array is accessed with too many index s 42 Identifier not declared The identifier is not declared within the scope for the current block 43 Illegal Range The specified range in an array declaration is not legal Only ordinal values must be used Manual Process Pascal 4 0 119 141 502 052 02 44 Illegal type The type of the operand in an expression is not legal or a variant part is stated in an interface declaration 45 gt PointerToNode only allowed with a POINTER The PointerToNode function can only be used with a pointer type e the left side of the assignment must be a pointer type T 46 Illegal directive The compiler directive letter is unknown 47 Variable or ARRAY expected An indirect variable declaration is not succeeded by a variable identifier or the reserved word ARRAY 48
57. at a net address If a variable is declared to reside at a softwire number or at a net address memory has already been allocated for it Location ADDRESS SOF TWIRA Constant poo 5020358H Constant Net adcdress The address clause is followed by an absolute address in memory and the identifier specifies only one identifier Example of a variable declaration to a specific memory address The softwire clause is followed by a number from the softwire table The declaration is rarely used without a net address because a global variable must be declared to generate an entry in the softwire table 6 2 Variables at P NET Variables that are physically located in a module that is connected to P NET must be declared to reside at a certain location defined by a net address When variables are declared to with a net address no memory space is allocated in the controller Net oddress gt Interfoce erem Net List ADDRESS HH Constont SOFTHIRB Constant 302033RF Manual Process Pascal 4 0 13 141 502 052 02 Net List String identifier Le Constant moe 502035806 The net address denotes a net list followed by an address which can be an absolute address or a softwire number The net list holds an ordered set of numbers which describes the path to the device i e denoting the port numbers an
58. be executed in sequence compound statements and with statements conditionally conditional statements or repeatedly repetitive statements 11 5 Compound statement begin end The compound statement specifies that its component statements are to be executed in the same sequence as they are written The symbols BEGIN and END act as statement brackets and each statement are separated by semicolons The semicolon is not a part of the statement it is only used to separate them An extra semicolon before an END does no harm because an empty statement is assumed between the semicolon and the END Example of a compound statement 11 6 Conditional statement if then else The if statement specifies that a statement be executed only if a certain condition is true The condition is the result of a boolean expression which produces TRUE or FALSE If the expression produces true then the statement following the symbol THEN is executed If the expression produces false and the ELSE part is present then the statement following the symbol ELSE is executed If the ELSE part is not present no statement is executed Examples of IF statements Please note there is never a semicolon after the boolean expression or before an ELSE because semicolon is used to separate statements not to end statements If more than one statement must be executed after the expression the compound statement is necessary see the second example above Manual
59. boolean expression is evaluated Repeated execution is continued until the expression becomes true Because the expression is evaluated after each iteration you must be careful to keep the expression as simple as possible Examples of REPEAT statement Note that the second example performs correctly for LoopControl gt 0 when entering the loop but if it is less than zero the loop will go forever Manual Process Pascal 4 0 29 141 502 052 02 11 10 For statement The FOR statement indicates that a statement which can be a compound statement to be repeatedly executed while a progression of values is assigned to the control variable of the FOR statement The FOR statement has the form The control variable must be of an integer type and declared in the same scope that the FOR statement appears The initial value and the final value must be ordinal types compatible with the control variable The initial value and the final value can be expressions The initial value is evaluated only once and the final value is evaluated each time before the statement contained by the FOR statement is executed The statement contained by the FOR statement is executed once for every value in the range initial value to final value The control variable always starts off at initial value A FOR statement can use TO or DOWNTO for assigning values to the control variable When a FOR statement uses TO the value of the control variable is incremented
60. ccesceccescesccaccecceceescesecerceceeseeaesareareeseesesarearearens 42 19 1 Subrange types erre eene s nnn 42 19 2 Enumerated types eoe ree ret e tede et ee E 42 20 ett citured OConstalis s oco aede eec eo een odi ele Nom rece te E v eid 44 20 1 ATFREDEISE AEn o coiere cactus ee ERR NE eI ene eee Ae re 44 20 2 Record constants ccccccccccceseccccccsseccccecessescceccsecsccecesecscceecseceacecesecuecess 45 21 Procedures and Functions o cccccccccoscccesscccccccssecccccessecccccsssccececesscececessesceees 46 21 1 ProGedUleS a 2 525 5s T nen A AT LES AT ALIE TS E TALI e 46 21 2 Value parahetblBs ocu oct eat van eto Vahl waist b Sette ec M Pes 47 21 3 Variable parameters sssssssseemeeenmeneeee eene 48 21 4 EK IN g equo 1n C ERREUR RR ERROREM 50 22O COPE Nec eU cL As DL M UE URL Mi DLL A E 51 23 TaskDeclatatloh ues coe rb ios Del ertet e ODE Ce 52 CMM ALEAT OEE EE ERR ORDRE EORR A RD SEAE NEL Se eaten ten A ea 56 25 WHEN ERROR eser D ede eee erect b naui E Ris 58 25 1 WHEN ERROR THEN Disable 59 25 2 ERROR MEPORL t teh E ein ne olde s Rea ce 61 25 3 E RRO RO ODE S s oS Medics eni etnies uoc divi S ce entia sr Mei Sats tne cad 63 26 HesotWIIeLlisb 56 55 0 x MA DC VA PC UA DE LU DELE 64 26 1 The aim of the SoftWire list eese 64 27 Screen Setup and Definition 2 ecccccccccsscccccccssccccccessecccccessccccccesscscccessenceees 65 28 Writing on the Screen
61. character An illegal character was found in the source text You may have forgotten the quotes around a string or a character different from a letter or a digit or an underscore has been used 1 Digit expected A digit does not appear where it should A location in a variable declaration has been mistyped or a real value holds a non digit character 2 Hex digit expected A hexadecimal digit does not appear where it should A location in a variable declaration followed by a sign has been mistyped 3 Exponent too big The exponent is too big in a constant declaration or in a constant assignment 4 Hex overflow A constant assignment for an integer type preceded by a sign is too large 5 Long overflow A constant assignment for a longinteger type is too large 6 String too long The maximum length of a string must not exceed 255 characters 7 String crossing lineend The declaration of a string must be hold within one line You might have forgotten the ending quote in string constant 8 File ended unexpected The source file ended before the final END for the program or module You might have a comment which is not closed 9 Delimiter expected A delimiter does not appear where it should An operator may be missing or a comma may be missing in a multidimensional array assignment 10 Semicolon expected A semicolon does not appear where it should 11 Colon expected A colon does not appear where it should 12 expect
62. characters When the procedure is done Penlnfo X has been moved SIZE pixels to the right or to the pixel after the last written character if SIZE is omitted If the information is a type different from string SIZE denotes the number of characters that is written for the variable The parameter FORMAT is a value for representing the information on the screen If information is an expression a variable or result of type TIMER REAL or LONGREAL format has the following meaning 0 Number of digits to the right of the decimal point Default value is 2 1 The variable is represented with floating point 2 The variable is represented with exponent For the type TIMER or REAL the exponent is always 2 digits and a sign For the type LONGREAL the exponent is always 3 digits and a sign Manual Process Pascal 4 0 89 141 502 052 02 If information is a variable or result of a type BYTE WORD INTEGER or BOOLEAN format has the following meaning 0 Decimal representation This is the default value 3 Hexadecimal representation 4 Binary representation 5 Decimal representation with leading zeros If information is a variable or result of type char or byte format additionally has the following meaning 6 ASCII representation If information is of type bitmap or string format is not used Example bis a BYTE ris a REAL gives the following representation b 255 Display b 3 0 255 Display b 4 3
63. d P NET numbers for the module containing the variable The net list can also be a string identifier This means that the net list can be a string variable and the P NET node address for the module can therefore be set or changed during the program execution Example of a variable declaration using a net list This variable declaration defines an entire interface module of the type PD3221 with all channels and registers to reside at P NET The device is connected to the Controller via P NET at port 1 and the device node address is 64 DigModule is a global identifier for the entire interface module and can be used as any other identifier throughout the program PD3221 is the type of the variable and is a pre declared type specifying the internal organisation of the channels within the module AT NET specifies that the declared variable is an external variable that is located on P NET Any access to that variable is performed via the network The following parameters 1 64 specify where the module is located as seen from the controller The first parameter indicates the communication port Port 1 in this case and the next parameter defines that the module is expected to have node address number 64 The address and softwire clause denotes a specific address or a SoftWire entry in the module defined by net list VAR of a variable declaration a net list and an address clause Examples of variable declarations using a net list
64. d integer CN ey CONST Identifiers e Constont m TYPE Identifier S Tupe Type ios Identifier O OO PROCEDURE Identifier Parameter List rens Pme Parameter list nO Type identifier Statement BEGIN 50203588 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 131 141 502 052 02 Statement Unsigned integer Var eo le Popes son J RFunct ion identifier Procedure identifier 5 m S Expression X i Statement D Statement wl Expression gt THA On casa Broressionf eor C Constant LO Constont mm Stotement Statement BND sons Expression C Statement Co Statement UNTIL Expression L DOWNTO ron Variable identifier Expression i S Expression n Statement gt Variable ey Statement COTO Unsigned integer nm ERROR THEN b Statement M BLSH H gt Statement
65. d is defined in the following way 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 Softwire addressing 0 Simple NodeAdar Physical addressing Extended Complex nodeaddr 0 Offset legal 1 Offset illegal 0 Bit addressing legal 1 Bit addressing illegal 0 IEEE Real format 1 OldReal 0 2 byte addressing 1 Bit addressing illegal 1 1 0 Use offset in Long 1 No offset in Long Please refer to the P NET standard for further details on the addressing facilities You may also refer to the VIGO Users Manual Ref No 502 086 table Capabilities to get a list of values to use for Code for various device types Code is the same as Capabilities in VIGO When you have defined an element in the nodelist Code DeviceType and NodeAddr you can get access to the module specified within the list You get access to the module by means of a pointer see chapter POINTER TYPES how to declare and use a pointer which is set to point to the variable you want to access The pointer you are using is set to point to the variable by means of the function POINTERTONODE which is a standard function in Process Pascal PointerToNode operates on an element from the NodeList a Softwire number an offset and a bit number and it returns a pointer The m for PointerToNode is the ae Node is an index to an element from the NodeList and SWNo specifies the actual Softwire number you want to access If the vari
66. d or interrupted A READY task can change to SUSPENDED status if another RUNNING task calls the standard procedure STOPTASK with the appropriate task identifier StopTask Taskldentifier Manual Process Pascal 4 0 53 141 502 052 02 This will remove the task from the task chain system and prevent the task Taskldentifier from running any more until it is changed to READY again from another task by means of CONTINUETASK Taskldentifier statement If a task comes to an END for the task block its status is automatically changed to SUSPENDED and the task is removed from the chain and the task program counter is set to the beginning of the task Consequently the task will RESTART if another task calls the CONTINUETASK taskidentifier statement A RUNNING task can force itself to RESTART from the beginning of the task To perform a restart for a task the standard procedure RESTARTTASK is called After calling RESTARTTASK the program execution will continue with the first statement within the task To allow starting and stopping task within a program it is required that the task identifiers are declared before they are used This can in some cases be impossible To solve this problem a FORWARD declaration of task identifiers can be included A FORWARD declaration can be placed anywhere in the program where it is allowed to declare task ee of a forward declaration The time interval for a timed interrupt task can be changed during
67. dress if the variable is external 4 Name of alarm In case an error occurs concerning a variable for instance an analog measuring channel the name of the alarm will be included in the automatic error report application program written in Process Pascal The SoftWire list is generated by the Process Pascal compiler based on the global variables declared in the Process Pascal program The contents of the SoftWire List can be seen in the MAP file During compilation the compiler also generates a list of SoftWire numbers which denotes all the devices and channels that are declared within the program This list is stored in a global constant called PDBoxDefinition During starting up of the program or during configuration of the plant it is possible to check that all the connected units are available and are equivalent to the types specified in the softwire list optional program to include in the application program 26 1 The aim of the SoftWire list The SoftWire list makes the global variables declared in the individual controllers applicable all over the network thus enabling several controllers to co operate If data are to be sent from one controller to another no identifiers are known in the other controller and consequently data and identifiers must be related to some numbers in a list the SoftWire List The number of the P NET interface modules and the addresses of the variables can be changed within the SoftWire li
68. e 71 Illegal interrupt number An illegal interrupt number is used The number must be within the range of 0 31 72 unexpected symbol An unexpected symbol is found where it should not appear Manual Process Pascal 4 0 121 141 502 052 02 73 String expected A string is expected You might have variable declaration with a NAME clause and the string denoting the NAME must be a constant string or a string type identifier 74 Interface not assignable You cannot assign an entire interface Only one softwire number can be assigned at a time in an interface 76 AT only at global level The reserved word AT must only be used at global level 78 Interupt already in use A task declaration denotes a softwire interrupt connection with an interrupt number which has already been used 79 Illegal case type The case variable in a case statement is illegal Only ordinal type are allowed as case variables 80 Case label declared twice The case label has already been used 81 Assignment not allowed Assignment not allowed for constants 83 Index error Too high The size of an array or record declaration is too large 84 Too many INCLUDE files You have too many nested include files The Process Pascal compiler allows no more than 5 nested include files 85 SimpleTypeExpected A simple type is expected You might have called a standard function with a complex type or declared a function to return a complex type 86 Bitmap
69. e at specific memory addresses for special applications Variables declared before tasks and outside procedures and functions are called global variables and reside in a global data section Variables declared within a task but outside procedures and functions are called local variables and reside in a local data section for the specific task Variables declared within procedures and functions are also called local variables but these variables are only known within the procedure or function in which they are defined 6 1 Global variables All the global identifiers used in a Process Pascal program are converted to a num ber by the compiler These softwire numbers are used as an entry key to the softwire list which contains structured information on each individual global variable and constant used in the particular program Variables of the same type can be declared by a list of identifiers separated by a comma followed by a colon and the type of the variables Global variable VAR 7 ie Identifier list C Type C qu Identifier v jaan tier 5 Var identifier E k Name conf intr 502035AD Type Place gt Location 12 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Examples of variable declarations Variables can be defined to reside at a specific address in memory at a specific softwire number or
70. e directive If filename does not specify a directory then the current directory is searched first and if not found the default directory is searched There are no restrictions to the use of include files This means that an include file can be specified in the middle of a statement part Process Pascal allows at most five input files to be open at any given time This means that include files can be nested up to five levels deep P nn LINES per PAGE in LST FILE This directive determines how many lines per page there shall be in the LST file The default value is 60 lines per page nn is an integer value MIB property MIB PROPERTY This directive is used to set one or more default properties to be used in VIGO The Compiler can automatically generate a SMB file that holds a description of all constants and variables declared in the Process Pascal program Each constant and variable has it s own set of properties to describe visibility backup requirement simulation permission for read access permission for write access or protected write access 114 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 The following properties are available MIB Invisible MIB Visible MIB NoBackup MIB Backup MIB Simulation MIB NoSimulation MIB NoReadAccess MIB ReadAccess MIB NoWriteAccess MIB WriteAccess MIB NoProtectedWriteAccess MIB ProtectedWriteAccess The property following the MIB directive can be one or more of the above propertie
71. e previous settings If a cursor has already been selected before with SetCursor the old cursor is removed from the screen before the new cursor is displayed Example 34 1 44 SETCURSORCOLORS The procedure sets the foreground and background colours for the cursor The cursor is displayed on the screen with the new colours If a cursor is not previously selected with the SetCursor procedure an error is generated Example 34 1 45 SETCURSORTYPE The procedure selects a cursor type The cursor can be a cursor of bitmap type CursorType 0 or the cursor can be a of reticule type CursorType 1 A cursor of the bitmap type is selected as default The procedure can only be used for PD5020 Example 34 1 46 SETINPUTSTRING Manual Process Pascal 4 0 99 141 502 052 02 The procedure selects the string str to be the actual inputstring All the following Update procedures will use the inputstring str Example 34 1 47 SETSCREEN The procedure selects the variable VideoScreen of type VIDEOBITMAP to be the screen Example 34 1 48 SETVIDEO The procedure clears the screen by setting the entire videoram to background colour Furthermore it passes the width and height for the screen to ScreenInfo Width and Screenlnfo Height in the video controller The cursor is automatically displayed on the screen again after clearing It is recommended to use this procedure to clear the screen when selecting between various scre
72. e used for PD5020 nd Manual Process Pascal 4 0 95 141 502 052 02 e A e N OR This procedure performs a logical OR instruction directly on the variable with the expression parameter The variable can be declared as internal or external Example 34 1 33 PENREFTO The procedure sets the reference point and the absolute pen position for peninfo to position x y If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used Example 34 1 34 PENTO The procedure moves the absolute pen position for peninfo to position x y relative to the reference point If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used Example 34 1 35 PENTOABS The procedure sets the absolute pen position for peninfo to position x y If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used The reference point is not changed Example 96 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 34 1 36 PERFORMUPDATE The procedure is used to pass a value from the inputstring to a variable The procedure converts the digits in the inputstring and stores these data in the variable in the right format The procedure will only pass the value to the variable if the cursor is pointing at the field for the variable and if the variable is displayed at the screen with the procedure UPDATE If the cursor is not pointing at a field for a variable the procedure d
73. e value to return the predecessor of the value The predecessor is defined by Pred x x and Ord Pred x Ord x 1 4 The standard function Succ can be applied to any ordinal type value to return the successor of the value The successor is defined by Succ x gt x and Ord Succ x Ord x 1 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 7 141 502 052 02 Ordinal type Type identifier Ni eese tent T Constant EE Process Pascal has 6 predefined ordinal types Integer Byte Word Longinteger Boolean and Char In addition there are two other classes of user defined ordinal types enumerated types and sub range types These types are described in the USERDEFINED TYPES chapter 4 2 The type BOOLEAN A boolean value is one of the logical truth values denoted by the predefined constant identifiers false and true In Process Pascal the predefined constant identifier Off equals false and the predefined constant identifier On equals true Relational operators lt gt lt lt gt gt can be used on a boolean and the following relationships holds False lt True Ord False 0 Ord On 1 False Off True On Pre declared BOOLEAN functions i e pre declared functions which yield a BOOLEAN result are BufferEmpty buf true if the buffer is empty BufferFull buf true if the buffer is full Odd i true if the integer i is odd The buffer functions are de
74. ed A left bracket does not appear where it should 13 expected A right bracket does not appear where it should 14 expected An opening parenthesis does not appear where it should 15 expected Manual Process Pascal 4 0 117 141 502 052 02 A closing parenthesis does not appear where it should 16 Identifier expected An identifier was expected here You may have forgotten the identifier in a declaration or in an assignment 17 OF expected The reserved word OF does not appear where it should 18 Subrange expected A subrange does not appear where it should You might have forgotten to denote the subrange in an array declaration 19 expected An equal sign does not appear where it should 20 Integer expected An integer does not appear where it should May be you have declared a softwire interrupt task connection with an identifier or a letter 21 PROGRAM expected The reserved word PROGRAM does not appear where it should 22 expected A period does not appear where it should 23 BEGIN expected The reserved word BEGIN was expected here You may have forgotten the word BEGIN or there is an error in the block structure i e an END is missing 24 END expected The reserved word END was expected here You may have forgotten the word END or there is an error in the block structure i e a BEGIN is missing 25 error in type This symbol can not start a type definition 26 error in consta
75. eeeeeeeess 27 11 7 Conditional statement case eene nens 28 11 8 While statement o s uu Rode e ene de er how bes 28 11 9 epsskstatelmehi ce e voe v rese etre prona esee tbc ER IRE dede 29 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 INVI 502 052 02 T140 Forstatement 6 ecce OS a meee ne ree Late Lead 30 11 11 Loop statement oooo oo ccccccccccsscscccccssccccecessccccecessecccecesssscceevesecscecessesceeeeseees 30 EE cr PRESE ND ER RE NIRE RR EN Tc 31 12 1 One dimensional arrays uesesssessssseeeeneeer rennes 31 12 2 Multidimensional arrays o cccccccccccesscsccccseseccceccssecceeceseccceeesecsscecesesess 32 TO WR CCON Ce o ads Aa sedit t Laer d Seas t aa 33 TEE NS 1 100710 02 Ye ae ce recente a a ato pe ha cand RR te eh 33 13 2 ACCESSING fields essem nennen nen neris 34 IAE nare RENDERE TN CK 35 14 1 ACCESSING fields eese nnne nnn nnne 36 s ME TUI ORE rag 6 al ta hte Be A sa aN sot tee a DNE 37 TE SUING re a rA ELE In aL EOD AUAM oh ee EU bs Sad 38 1 ET lori o 2 Ge as es INO ete RO hated ka eg last ae a aa aa 39 17 1 The smallbitmap type Use ere e ee ee te edit cde uda 39 17 2 The largebitmap type o cccccccccesctccecesscscceecesecceccessssceceessersceeesecssceeeeesees 40 17 3 The videobitmap type o ccccccccssecccecessccccecceseeccecesseccceecesecccecesseseaeeeessees 40 AU aches AS a etcetera aac Ant ins NE ar a LIU EM UM 41 19 Userdefined Types oooo ccccccccccccces
76. en layouts because this procedure will clear information in the operating system on valid cursor positions within an update field on the previous display This will prevent that you can update data belonging to a previous display after selecting a new display In the PD5020 controller all windows are automatically closed Example 34 1 49 SETWINDOW The procedure passes ScreenX and ScreenY to Screenlnfo ScreenX and Screenlnfo ScreenY in the video controller as an offset to the startaddress for the videoram to select a window The parameters ScreenX and ScreenY is the position for the pixel at the top left corner on the screen SetWindow can be used to scroll through the videoram Example 100 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 34 1 50 SETWINDOWFRAME The procedure selects the thickness of the frame for a window The window number must be found in Penlnfo The thickness of the frame can be specified for all 4 borders starting with the top border and the following in clockwise order The default values for the thickness of the border is set to 2 pixels for the vertical and 3 pixels for the horizontal The procedure can only be used for PD5020 Example 34 1 51 STOPTASK A READY task can change to SUSPENDED status if another RUNNING task calls the standard procedure STOPTASK with the appropriate task identifier StopTask Taskldentifier This will prevent the task Taskldentifier from running any more until it is changed to
77. erators Xy 51 8 2 arc number 10 2 45 Furthermore are two operators which only operates on integer operands These are DIV and MOD The DIV operator performs an integer division i e value is not rounded Examples of the DIV operator expression result 15 DIV 6 2 15 DIV 7 2 15 DIV 5 3 The MOD operator returns the remainder obtained by dividing its two operands Examples of the MOD operator expression result 15 MOD 6 3 15 MOD 7 1 15 MOD 5 0 22 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 10 4 Logical operators The logical operators are NOT AND and OR The logical operators can operate on all integer types and on BOOLEAN types The NOT operator performs a bitwise negation on one operand Examples of the NOT operator operand type expression result byte NOT 00 FF word NOT 0101 FEFE boolean NOT TRUE FALSE boolean NOT FALSE TRUE The AND operator performs a bitwise and on the operands Examples of the AND operator operand types expression result byte 55 AND 11 11 word 0202 AND 0101 0000 boolean TRUE AND TRUE TRUE boolean TRUE AND FALSE FALSE The OR operator performs a bitwise or on the one operands Examples of the OR operator operand types expression result byte 55 OR 11 55 word 0202 OR 0101 0303 boolean FALSE OR TRUE TRUE 10 5 Relational operators The relational operators are lt gt gt lt gt and IN The relational operators can be used on all
78. es not appear where it should 122 ROM Need for this TASK too large The code size for the task is too large The maximum code size for a task is 64 Kbytes 123 RAM Need for this TASK too large The stack need for this task exceeds 32 768 bytes The stack need consists of local variables for the task and stack for procedure and function calls You have to split the task in more tasks or declare some of the variables as global variables 124 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 124 INTERRUPT not allowed Interrupt connection is not allowed on external variables nor on local variables 125 Illegal assignment The assignment is illegal Assignments can only be made to variables and pointers 126 TASK Expected The reserved word TASK does not appear where it should 127 JUMP too long Maybe you have declared a CASE structure where the code size is too large hence the jump is too long 128 More than one NAME for this variable A global variable has been declared with NAME already 129 Only allowed in string assignment You might try to assign a non string variable to the standard function VarName VarName returns a string 130 Field identifier declared twice In a record declaration you have used the same field identifier twice 131 Memory type expected A memory type is expected here 132 CHAR expected The standard function Tab expects a character as an optional parameter 133 Timer not allowed In a procedure or
79. ess Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 A characteristic structure of the error handling section is show in the example below WHEN ERROR THEN Disable BEGIN The error detection is automatically disabled when the WHEN ERROR part is entered This prevents the error program to enter a loop forever if new errors occurs during the error handling procedure Procede your error handling procedure ie closing valves or stop pro duction The error handling procedure should bring your process back to a well defined state from which it can continue You may use RETURN or RETRYIFLEGAL to return to the program section where the error was detected END End of the error handling procedure The error detection is automatically enabled again and will call this error handling section when the next error occurs The program will continue with the statement followed by this END Below is an example of the WHEN ERROR statement using RETURN The example above will call e common error handling routine that returns the error information in a global error string Please refer to the files When_Error inc in the Process Pascal library for additional details It is also possible to connect an interrupt to the InterFaceErrroBuffer and the call a common task which is activated on an interfaceerror by a softwireinterrupt The interrupt is connected to the variable INTERFACEERRORBUFFER as mentioned on the previous pages Please refer to the
80. ess Pascal program has returned the response to GatewayRecord it must set GatewayDone to True The Process Pascal program should NEVER write to InUse The operating system routines that are activated by the GatewayDone bit will clear InUse when the operation is completed Example Port 3 pp5000 Por 2 Port2 Pp5000 Porti P NET _ GateWay a zz PLC RS232 controller No5 Controller nome PC or Printer The PLC system consists of 2 PLC s with node numbers 1 and 2 The set up for the Gateway controller should be as follows Port 1 ActualMode Protocol is set to DatamodelnOut Gateway Gatewaylnterrupt is set to 5 Port 1 ActualMode BaudHRate must be selected to match the PLC In the controller the PLC data are declared this uae Manual Process Pascal 4 0 79 141 502 052 02 AT NET 5 1 SOFTWIRE 1234 PLC2Data ARRAY 1 100 of INTEGER DeviceType 5000 AT NET 5 2 SOFTWIRE 1234 In the P NET controller the PLC data can be declared in 2 different ways This way PLC1Data ARRAY 1 100 of INTEGER DeviceType 5000 AT NET 2 5 5 1 SOFTWIRE 1234 PLC2Data ARRAY 1 100 of INTEGER DeviceType 5000 AT NET 2 5 5 2 SOFTWIRE 1234 Or this way PLC1Data ARRAY 1 100 of INTEGER DeviceType 5000 AT NET 2 5 SOFTWIRE aaaa PLC2Data ARRAY 1 100 of INTEGER DeviceType 5000 AT NET 2 5 SOFTWIRE bbbb where aaaa and bbbb are the softwire numbers for PLC1Data and PLC2Dat
81. et only one name Manual Process Pascal 4 0 15 141 502 052 02 6 3 Config A CONFIG clause can be used to assign a value to the variable when calling a CONFIG statement in the program This is done by typing the following CONFIG Procedureidentifier after the type and name for the variable The procedure will be executed when a CONFIG statement is executed See also the examples for the Service and Config programmes in the examples directories in the Process Pascal library Examples of variable declarations using CONFIG The procedure call passes the variable itself as a default parameter When the variable is of complex type a part of the variable can be selected as the first parameter When the variable is an entire module a channel or even a register can be selected to be the parameter see the example above The resulting procedure calls for the above Config clause will be These procedure calls can be seen in the LIST file placed instead of the CONFIG statement The Config procedures are declared in the files called Config4 inc for PD 4000 and in Config5 inc for PD 5000 6 4 Indirect variables The previous declarations shows how to declare an entire interface module But when writing a program it is often more convenient with a more detailed specification of inputs and outputs Variables can be declared indirectly which means that a variable is declared to reside at the same location the same memory address as a
82. face module with the channel number as offset Default value is 0 Example 34 3 Standard constants OFF has the same meaning as FALSE ON has the same meaning as TRUE MAXINT 32767 the maximum integer value NIL is a constant for a pointer A pointer value set to NIL does not point to anything Manual Process Pascal 4 0 109 141 502 052 02 35 Comparing Process Pascal ver 4 0 to ISO 7185 Standard Pascal This list compares Process Pascal to ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL as defined in the book PASCAL USER MANUAL AND REPORT THIRD EDITION by Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth published by Springer Verlag 35 1 Exceptions to ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL an identifier can be of any length and all characters are significant In Process Pascal an identifier can be of any length but only the first 100 characters are significant In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL a comment can begin with and end with or begin with and end with In Process Pascal comments must begin and end with the same set of symbols In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL it is an error if the value of the selector in a CASE statement is not equal to any of the case constants In Process Pascal this is not an error instead the CASE statement is ignored unless it contains an ELSE clause In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL statements that threaten the control variable of a FOR statement are not allowed In Process Pascal this requirement
83. fied by a name This name is used in the entire program When you declare a variable you must state its type A variable s type circumscribes the set of values which it can possess and the operations that can be performed on it The value of variables may change during program execution When a variable has been declared but before a value has been assigned to it the variable is said to be undefined 3 2 Identifiers Any names denoting constants types variables bounds procedures functions etc are called identifiers They must begin with a letter which may be followed by any combination and number of letters and digits Corresponding upper case and lower case letters are considered equivalent Letters can be in the range from a to z an underscore and the Danish letters ae and a Examples of identifiers Temperature MultiFunc ProcessTime FirstKey ModePort1 This Is A Very Long Identifier Certain identifiers are reserved word symbols or reserved words A reserved word must not be used as an identifier Process Pascal provides a number of pre declared identifiers These pre declared identifiers are not reserved words but names for standard procedures functions and so on These names should not be used either to avoid any mistakes A complete list of all reserved words and pre declared identifiers in Process Pascal is given in chapter 35 3 6 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 4 Simple
84. fore the operation The common type for a byte and a word is word which means that a binary operation on a byte and a word converts the byte to a word and then the operation is performed 3 The expression on the right side of an assignment statement is evaluated dependently from the type of the variable in the expression and the type on the left side A type integer is converted to another integer type through typecasting Typecasting is automatically performed during compilation A special typecasting can be performed for integer types to boolean array types and visa versa through a CONVERT function The CONVERT function performs the typecasting according to the following table INTEGER TYPE BOOLEAN ARRAY SIZE byte 8 integer 16 word 16 longinteger 32 Examples of using the CONVERT function Manual Process Pascal 4 0 9 141 502 052 02 This CONVERT function is very useful when you want to mask out some bits or to read a combination of bits as data in conjunction with digital input and output NOTE the boolean array must start with index 0 4 5 The type REAL A real type has a set of values that is a subset of real numbers which can be represented in floating point notation with a fixed number of digits There are two kinds of real types real and longreal The type real occupies 4 bytes of memory with a format according to the IEEE 754 standard for short real format same format used in the 80x87 math processor for sin
85. function declaration a TIMER is not allowed as a value parameter 134 SYS file is empty The fixed part of the system file was not found The fixed part begins with the type declarations for the system variables and ends with declaration of the system variable PDBoxDefinition 135 Identifier not a routine The identifier is not a routine 136 Variable too large gt 32KB The maximum size of one variable is 32 Kbytes 137 Interrupt not connected A softwire interrupt task is declared with an interrupt connection which is not found at the variable declaration 138 Retry only in WHEN ERROR The Retry statement is only allowed within a WHEN ERROR block 139 IMPORT only at global level You are only allowed to IMPORT compiled modules at global level 140 Filename expected A filename was expected here You might try to use an include directive without Manual Process Pascal 4 0 125 141 502 052 02 denoting a filename or have forgotten the filename after IMPORT 141 Memory used by another module An IMPORT statement has already reserved the memory locations 142 This file is not a compiled module The file specified in an import statement is not a compiled module You might have given in a wrong file name maybe the source file name 143 This file is not a symbol file The specified file does not have the expected format 144 Version error incompatible version of module and compiler The imported module has been compiled
86. gle type real providing a range of 3 4 10E 38 to 3 4 10E38 with 7 significant digits The type longreal occupies 8 bytes of memory with a format according to the IEEE 754 standard for long real format same format used in the 80x87 math processor for double type real providing a range of 1 7 10E 308 to 1 7 10E308 with 15 significant digits 4 6 The type TIMER The type timer occupies 4 bytes of memory and is assigned as a real The value for a variable of timer type is in seconds A variable of type timer counts down with a resolution of 1 128 second The countdown continues through negative values The timer stops counting down when the power is off A timer type variable can be used anywhere in the program It is commonly used by assigning a value to it and afterwards testing if the value of the variable is lt 0 0 The number of defined variables of timer type has no affect on the program execution time TIMERS can not be set to values higher than 1 6777 10E7 corresponding to 4660 hours or 194 days 10 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 5 Structured Types Process Pascal provides facilities for creating collections of data types in the form of structured types Although data types can be quite sophisticated each must be ultimately built from unstructured simple types A structured type characterised by it s structuring method and by its component type s holds more than one value If a component type is
87. he buffer is full If a variable is assigned to a buffer and the buffer is already full an error is produced and the value will not be stored into the buffer Example 34 2 4 CONVERT or A special typecasting can be performed for integer types to boolean array types and visa versa through a CONVERT function The CONVERT function is called with a variable of the type that must be converted and then the function transforms it to the result type If the function is called with an integer type then the result type must be a boolean array type with a size in byte corresponding to the integer type If the function is called with a boolean array type then the result type must be an in teger type with a size in byte corresponding to the boolean array type NOTE the boolean array must start with index O Example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 105 141 502 052 02 34 2 5 CURSORINWINDOW CursorlnWindow checks if the cursor is found within a certain window The window number is specified in the pen denoted by peninfo If the cursor is found within the window the function returns TRUE otherwise FALSE is returned The procedure can only be used for PD5020 Example 34 2 6 CURSORWITHIN CursorWithIn checks if the cursor is found within a certain field The upper left corner of the field is specified by peninfo The size of the field width and height is defined in pixels If the cursor is found within the field the function returns T
88. he variable is loaded via the P NET from another controller or PC or EXTERNSTORE a value is stored in the variable via the P NET If more interrupts occur at the same time the corresponding interrupt tasks will be executed in priority according to the interrupt number i e the highest number will have the highest priority Example of a variable declaration with interrupt The above declaration of the keyboardbuffer connects the variable to interrupt number 0 The interrupt condition is set to any internal or external store in the variable The priority of this interrupt is set to the lowest priority Softwire interrupts can be ENABLED i e allowed to interrupt or DISABLED not allowed to interrupt in cyclic tasks ENABLE Softwirelnterrupt is a standard pro cedure to be used in cyclic tasks that allow softwire interrupt tasks to interrupt the cyclic task In all cyclic tasks SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASKs are ENABLED as default after a reset If interrupt is disabled or enabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automatically set back to the state it was before the call when the procedure or function is exited Intr no gt sor winarntannuer J Constant LAs INTHRNLORD INTERNSTORH EXTHRNLORD EXTERNSTORE 5020358C T 56 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 DISABLE Softwirelnterrupt is a standard procedure that closes for any softwire interrupt in a task The var
89. hree different standard procedures can be used to set or move the cursor to a specific position CursorToAbs MoveCursor and CursorTo The standard procedures for changing the cursor position and the corresponding results are listed below MyPen is used as a pen variable STANDARD PROCEDURE RESULT Manual Process Pascal 4 0 71 141 502 052 02 29 Keyboard The keyboards in the different Controllers are designed with a number of user defined keys The key functions depend upon the type of application and may be defined by the Process Pascal program Each key has its own keycode starting with code 1 up to number of keys for that Controller The KeyBoardBuffer variable is a buffer of byte where the operating system stores a key code when a key is pressed It is also possible to achieve remote control by storing key codes in the KeyboardBuffer via P NET an example of this can be found in VIGO for the PD 4000 Controller by selecting the program called Show PD4000 Controller from the right mouse menu The standard keyboard task is declared as a softwire interrupt task connected to KeyboardBuffer with interrupt condition InternStore and ExternStore The task will run each time a key is pressed or a key code is stored in the KeyboardBuffer via P NET If one key is pressed the number of that key is stored in KeyboardBuffer by the operating system If the key is held down for more than 0 5 seconds the operat
90. iables with an interrupt connection are not affected by DISABLE but if a variable has been accessed with an interrupt condition while the interrupt is disabled the corresponding interrupt task will be activated if interrupt is enabled again It is possible to relate a variable of type BUFFER to another variable with an interrupt connection Each time an interrupt related to the variable is generated an element is stored in the buffer variable The buffer element holds information on the SWNo which caused the interrupt there might be more variables with the same interrupt and an offset in bytes to the part of the variable which was accessed The buffer element is of the following type Example for connecting the buffer to an interrupt variable Manual Process Pascal 4 0 57 141 502 052 02 25 WHEN ERROR Some build in facilities in Process Pascal gives you the possibility for using data distributed on the P NET fieldbus system To secure your program against any erroneous data as well internal as external in the system Process Pascal offers an automatic error detecting system When using a network to communicate with interface modules or other controllers here P NET errors can occur The possible errors that can appear are called INTERFACE ERRORS and can be transmission errors relating to the network or data errors relating to the interface modules An error in a module can be related to the whole module or a single channel
91. icError division by zero over underflow IndexError array index out of bounds ConvertError error in converting ASCII to numeric These last four errors also generate an error code in the controller errorcode BITTEST Bittest is a function used for testing error bits generated by the automatic error detection s or the P NET Pe des The function returns a boolean Using Bittest on ERROR allows you to test error bits generated by the automatic error detection system If the bit specification is omitted bittest is true if one of the errors are true otherwise the specified errors are tested NOTE to ensure testing of the right error bits the error bits must be cleared after the WHEN ERROR part since the operating system will not clear these bits Using Bittest on TRANSMISSION allows you to test error bits generated by the PNET operating system Bittest is true if the corresponding error bit is true The error bit corresponds to the bits in the fieldvariable ErrorCode from the InterFaceErrorBuffer see the following pages CLEAR Clear is used to clear error bits generated by the automatic error detection system If the bit specification is omitted all error bits are cleared otherwise the specified error bits are cleared DISABLE Disable is used to disable all errors or specific errors generated by the automatic error detection system Disabling error bits will prevent the WHEN ERROR part to be executed when the e eis error
92. ically set back to the state it was before the call when the procedure or function is exited Disable Interrupt Disable ChangeTask Disable Interrupt and Disable ChangeTask will disable both Timedlnterrupt and Softwirelnterrupt task see description above 34 1 16 DISPLAY Display is used to show a bitmap writing text or displaying the value of a variable an expression or a function on the screen The bitmap text or variable is shown with the reference point for the first character in peninfo x peninfo y When the pro cedure is done peninfo x has been moved to the right size width of one digit for numerals and after the last character or the number of pixels specified by FORMAT for strings i e peninfo x is pointing at the first pixel after the field If peninfo is omit ted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used INFORMATION must be of simple type or string or bitmap The Information can be declared as internal in the controller or it can be declared to be located on the P NET network If the information is a string type the parameter SIZE is optional and denotes the maximum field width in pixels for representing the string on the screen If the field width is larger than the actual string the remaining field is filled with blank pixels background colour otherwise the string is written until the maximum field width is exceeded If omitted the string is written with the actual number of
93. ield directly in the buffer Instead you must assign the whole element to a variable of the same type and then access the particular field in that variable Buffers have a fixed number of elements of one type the element type The element type can be of any type except a BUFFER type and a TIMER type The syntax for a buffer type is Buffer type 502035nT The constant denotes the buffer size the max number of elements in the buffer When an element is read out from a buffer it is deleted from the buffer and cannot be read out again Buffers must always be initiated before they are used the first time This is done with the standard procedure InitBuffer buffername Before a variable is assigned to a buffer the program must check if the buffer is full This is done with BufferFull buffername which is a standard function The function returns a boolean TRUE if the buffer is full If a variable is assigned to a buffer and the buffer is already full an error is produced and the value will not be stored into the buffer until an element has been removed from the buffer Before a buffer is assigned to a variable the program must check if the buffer is empty This is done with BufferEmpty buffername which is also a standard function The function returns a boolean TRUE if the buffer is empty If an empty buffer is assigned to a variable an error is produced and the variable will not be assigned until an ele
94. ilation This makes programmes more safe and easier to develop The Process Pascal program suite provides a debugger which is a very powerful tool that significantly speeds up the entire process of an application development Process Pascal programmes are compiled with a cross compiler running on a PC under Windows 95 or Windows NT The compiler generates code P code that is stored in the controller in FLASH or RAM memory The operating system in the con troller interprets the P codes and executes a piece of machine code for each P code Process Pascal programmes can not be executed on a PC The compiler is entirely developed by PROCES DATA A S This manual is written for programmers who are familiar with Pascal programmes and know about the basic structures for data and programmes Manual Process Pascal 4 0 1 141 502 052 02 2 Program Structure in Process Pascal Every Process Pascal program consists of a heading and a block The structure is illustrated below name Program capabilities VAR global variable Procedure global procedure Function global function objecttype Task name1 VAR local variable Begin End Task name2 VAR local variable Begin End Task name3 VAR local variable Begin End End 2 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Program Heading Program heading consists of the word Program and a name Furthermore it contains an objectty
95. ing system starts to send REPEAT codes with a frequency of 8 Hz A repeat code consists of the key number 128 80 If when one key is held down another key is also pressed the code for the second key 64 40 is stored in KeyboardBuffer Example Key number 4 is pressed The code 4 is stored in KeyboardBuffer Now the key is held down After 0 5 seconds the code 132 84 is stored in KeyboardBuffer every 1 8 second Now with key number 4 still held down key number 7 is pressed The code 71 47 is sent to the KeyBoarabuffer If both keys are held down for 0 5 seconds the code 199 C7 is stored every 1 8 second No release code is stored when the keys are released Please refer to the specific Controller manuals for details about the number of keys available and the keycodes 72 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 30 Real time Clock and Calendar The CONTROLLER provides a real time clock and calendar The real time clock and calendar is accessed through a system variable called DateTime which is defined as SOFTWIRE 6 in PD 5000 the real time clock is found on Service DataTime For PD 4000 DateTime is defined as an array of bytes in the system file For PD 5000 DateTime is defined as Record with eight fields each defined as a byte in the system file Each byte or field in DateTime is defined below PD 5000 PD 4000 Description Second DateTime 0 this byte holds the Seconds The decimal range for seconds i
96. insert an element in the InterFaceErrorBuffer DataReport can be used instead of ActReport The declaration of the InterFaceErrorBuffer is shown below Since the variable InterFaceErrorBuffer is of type buffer it is not possible to read a field in an element You must declare a new variable of the same type as the elements in the buffer When doing so you can read the entire element and then access each field in the new variable Manual Process Pascal 4 0 61 141 502 052 02 See also the example in the procedure WhenErrorRoutine or the task Error_In_InterFace how to use InterFaceErrorBuffer NOTE When activating the automatic error detecting system and a report element is stored in the buffer relevant program must be written to read this report element from the InterFaceErrorBuffer to prevent the buffer in running full The fieldvariable SWNo holds a SOFTWIRE number for the interfacemodule variable which caused the interfaceerror The standard function VARNAME SOFTWIRENo returns the stringconstant after NAME for the module variable if it is declared See also the chapter VARIABLE DECLARATION how to assign a name string to a variable The fieldvariable VARAddr holds a logic address in the interfacemodule for the vari able For simple interfacemodules I O modules the contents of VARAddr is a number which combines the channel number and the register number for the variable If the module is a controller VARAddr holds the SOFTW
97. is FALSE set the boolean to TRUE If the boolean value is TRUE already the function returns TRUE and the boolean is not affected The function returns the value of the boolean as a result of the TEST part of the function This function can be used to test a variable to see if it is FALSE free and if so then set it to TRUE reserve it all in one instruction This facility is very useful in multitasking systems when more tasks have access to the same variables BOOL must be a global variable The function is a boolean type 34 2 13 VAL This function is used to change the value of the expression x to another type The expression x must be an ordinal type The function type is the same type as the left side of the statement or the same type as the other operands in the expression Example 34 2 14 VARNAME This standard function is used in connection with the automatic error detecting system and it returns the stringconstant which is declared after NAME in the global variable declaration part The function is called with a number the softwire number for the variable The fields ModuleSWNo and VarSWNo in an element from the InterFaceErrorBuffer holds the softwire numbers for the variables which caused the error If the variable at the softwire number has been declared without a NAME the function returns an empty string 108 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 OFFSET is used to get NAME defined for a channel in an inter
98. is generated ConvertError and the result is stored as 0 zero If the string represents a real value including decimal point the character for decimal point must correspond to the selected CountryCode please refer to the manual for the controller in question for further details on CountryCode Otherwise an error is generated The function type is the same type as the left side of the statement or the same type as the other operands in the expression If the result type for the function is of type TIMER REAL or LONGREAL mode is not used If the result type for the function is a simple type different from TIMER REAL or LONGREAL mode has the following meaning 0 The string is in decimal representation with leading spaces 3 The string is in hexadecimal representation 4 The string is in binary representation 5 The string is in decimal representation with leading zeros 34 2 11 TAB This function is used to fill a specified character into a string to a selected position in the string If the string length is less than POSITION the string will be appended the character CHAR until the string length is equal to POSITION otherwise the function does nothing If CHAR is omitted a space character is taken as default Example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 107 141 502 052 02 If SetPoint is dum to 135 2 3 Str will be as follows 34 2 12 TESTANDSET This function is used to test a boolean value bool and if the boolean value
99. is not enforced ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL can operate on files It is not possible to operate on files in Process Pascal and in that reason the following procedures are not implemented Pack Unpack Read Readin Write Writeln Eof f Eoln f Get f Put f Reset f Rewrite f Page f ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL can operate with pointers It is not possible to use dynamic pointers in Process Pascal and in that reason the following procedures are not implemented Dispose q New p ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL can operate with recursive procedures and func tions It is not possible to use recursivity in Process Pascal In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL some arithmetic functions are available The following functions are not available in Process Pascal Arctan x Exp x Ln x Sin x Sqr x Sqrt x These functions can be written in Process Pascal by using series A number of these functions can be found in the Application folder in a file called MATH INC 110 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 In ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL the WITH statement can be used This state ment is not implemented in Process Pascal Conformant array schemes are not supported by Process Pascal 35 2 Extensions to ISO 7185 Standard Pascal Process Pascal is integrated with P NET a local area network which allows use of distributed data Process Pascal is specially designed for multitasking Process Pascal implements the additional integer tyoes L
100. ithin the block called Default Pen is used The cursor is automatically removed from the old position and displayed at the new position If a cursor not is selected with the SetCursor procedure an error is generated Example 34 1 13 CURSORTOABS The procedure sets the absolute cursor position to x y The cursor is automatically removed from the old position and displayed at the new position If a cursor not is selected with the SetCursor procedure an error is generated Example 34 1 14 CYCLICTASK A TIMEDINTERRUPT task and a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT task can change to a CYCLIC task by means of the standard procedure CYCLICTASK Changing the task type will insert the task in the cyclic sequence and the program execution for the task will continue until it meets a ChangeTask statement Manual Process Pascal 4 0 87 141 502 052 02 Example Task FlowControl Timedinterrupt 1 0 the task is declared as a timed interrupt task BEGIN CyclicTask change the task type to a cyclic task END 34 1 15 DISABLE Disable Error errorbit errorbit or Disable Timedinterrupt or Disable Softwirelnterrupt Or Disable Interrupt Or Disable ChangeTask Disable Error Disable is used to disable errors generated by the automatic error detection system see also WHEN ERROR CLEAR ERROR ENABLE ERROR If the bit specification is omitted all errors are disabled otherwise the specified errors are disab
101. l THEN AlarmProc Indirect arrays can be used to assemble particular variables or part of variables ina structured manner This can be used to make easier and more understandable programmes The next example demonstrates this powerful feature VAR DigModule1 PD3221 AT NET 2 51 DigModule2 PD3221 AT NET 2 52 Valves gt ARRAY 1 MaxNumberOfValves OF DigitalCh 1 gt DigModule1 Digital IO 1 2 gt DigModule1 Digital IO 2 3 gt DigModule1 Digital IO 3 4 gt DigModule1 Digital IO 4 5 gt DigModule2 Digital IO 1 6 gt DigModule2 Digital IO 2 7 gt DigModule2 Digital IO 3 8 gt DigModule2 Digital IO 4 To access an IO channel in either of the two digital modules i e a valve an indirect element in the variable VALVES is accessed Valves ValveNumber FlagReg 7 2 ON IF Valves 3 Counter lt 20 THEN Examples of indirect variable declarations using the NAME clause VAR Start DigModule Digital lO 1 NAME Start button for production WaterTemp gt AnaModule Analog_In_1 Analogin NAME Water temperature The name Start button for production is connected to the variable Start which means that the name can be used as a string when an error occurs in accessing channel 1 in DigModule See the WHEN ERROR chapter how to use and retrieve the declared NAME The CONFIG clause can also be used on indirect variables Examples of indirect variable declarations using the NAME and
102. led The different errors to disable are PnetError HisError ModuleError ActError DataError BufferError ArithmicError IndexError ConvertError PnetReport ModuleReport DataReport Example Disable Error disable all errors i e disable the entire automatic error detection system Disable Error ModuleError DataError disable module and data errors detected during P NET transmission Disable Timedlnterrupt Disable Timedinterrupt is used in cyclic task to prevent timed interrupt task to interrupt All timed interrupt task are disabled by this procedure Disabling the timed interrupt tasks will not change the status of these tasks This means that they are not removed from the task chain and when the timed interrupt tasks are enabled again the timed interrupt tasks will try to catch up with the lost time if any If timed interrupt is disabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automatically set back to the state it was before the call when the procedure or function is exited 88 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Disable Softwirelnterrupt Disable Softwirelnterrupt is used in cyclic task to prevent softwire interrupt task to interrupt All softwire interrupt task are disabled by this procedure Disabling the softwire interrupt tasks will not change the status of these tasks If softwire interrupt is disabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automat
103. m see also WHEN ERROR CLEAR ERROR DISABLE ERROR ENABLE ERROR and RAISE ERROR in the P NET operating system The function returns a boolean BitTest Error errorbit errorbit Using Bittest on ERROR allows you to test error bits generated by the automatic error detection system If the bit specification is omitted Bittest is true if one of the errors are true otherwise the specified errors are tested The different error bits to test are Example BitTest Transmission TransmissionErrorBit Using Bittest on TRANSMISSION allows you to test error bits generated by the P NET operating system Bittest is true if the corresponding error bits are true TransmissionErrorBit is a mask 16 bits where the error bits corresponds to the bits in the fieldvariable ErrorCode from the InterFaceErrorBuffer see the WHEN ERROR chapter Example 34 2 2 BUFFEREMPTY Before a buffer is assigned to a variable the program must check if the buffer is empty This is done with BufferEmpty buffername The function returns a boolean TRUE if the buffer is empty If an empty buffer is assigned to a variable an error is produced and the value of the variable will be undefined 104 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Example 34 2 3 BUFFERFULL Before a variable is assigned to a buffer the program must check if the buffer is full This is done with BufferFull buffername The function returns a boolean TRUE if t
104. ment has been inserted in the buffer If a variable of the type BUFFER is a component of a complex variable the buffer component variable is only to be used internally in the controller P NET restriction Manual Process Pascal 4 0 37 141 502 052 02 Examples of statements using buffers 16 String A string is a sequence of characters with a dynamic length attribute depending of the actual character count during program execution and a constant size attribute from 1 to 255 The syntax of a string type String type C SPESE 0 5020350U A A Ma can be classified to an anat with the ae declaration Characters in a string can be accessed as components of an array The length attribute s current value is found in str 0 MaxsStringLength is a constant in the range 0 to 255 38 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 17 Bitmap A bitmap defines a pixel image as a rectangle with a width and a height The width and height in pixels for the symbol is contained as the first elements in a bitmap type and the following elements represents a pixel image where each bit is related to a pixel starting with the most significant bit bit7 This means that a writing of the bytes in the bitmap in binary will present the pixel image A bitmap type is a structured type characterised by its component type which is an array of booleans and a size A bitmap type is used to create symbols and characters
105. monlO CommonlO8Ch Analog In 1 AnaloglnCh Analog In 2 AnalogInCh Current Out CurrentOutCh PID PIDCh Calculator CalculatorCh PulseProcessor PulseProcCh END 14 1 Accessing fields To access a field in an interface type the variable identifier for the interface type is given first followed by the field identifier The field identifier and the interface variable identifier are separated by a point It should be noted that for variables of interface type is it only possible to access one register at a time and not an entire channel or module Example of accessing a field in a variable of interface type VAR TempModule PD3221 AT NET 1 64 BEGIN IF TempModule Analog In 1 Analogln gt 45 0 THEN OverHeat TRUE DigModule Ch21 Flagreg 7 2 OFF While TempModule Analog In 1 Analogln gt 35 0 DO ChangeTask See also the examples in the Variable Declaration chapter for how to access variables in external devices 36 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 15 Buffer A buffer is considered as a FIFO First In First Out where elements are placed in the end of a queue when a variable is assigned to the buffer and the elements are removed from the front of the queue when the buffer is assigned to a variable When operating with buffers the inserting and removing of elements considers the entire element This means that if the element type is a structured type you can not access a specific f
106. mplex P NET addressing addressing with offset and so on Please refer to the chapter INTERFACE for further information All the above information for a variable can be gathered in a pointer by means of a NODELIST and a pointer function The system variable NodeList is declared as an ud of NodeListElement as shown in the Venen where each element is a record of the following t e The user can change the number of elements in the NodeList The size is declared to be 10 elements as default The size of the NodeList can be changed to match the actual application StdChannel must be set to TRUE if the device provides channels that follows the structure for general purpose channel types as defined with the P NET Standard DeviceType is an integer type denoting the device type for the module you want to access NodeAddr denotes the P NET node address for the module you want to access NodeAddr is declared as a string where NodeAddr 0 holds the number of bytes that is needed to specify the entire node address including port numbers and node numbers 74 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 The total length of the string denoting the node address must not exceed 25 characters The port numbers and node numbers in the node address are NOT ASCII characters but hexadecimal numbers in the range 0 7F corresponding exactly to port numbers and node addresses The Code field indicates the capabilities for the node to access an
107. n This means that it is simple to combine text and graphics because all text is written in graphic mode All texts and symbols can be placed on the screen in any pixel position so text can be written in proportional writing and with any line spacing All what is written on the screen is written in windows First the basic window is selected the window is automatically opened by the selection and following a number of windows can be opened from that basic window only used in PD5020 The following description is only concerning writing in the basic window 0 ScreenInfo Width Screen Y screen ScreenX EORR basic window Screen Pen AbsY Height Height Pen AbsX ABCDEFGH ScreenInfo ScreenWidth Pen ForeGround Pen BackGround Pen CharGen When you want to write at the screen two standard procedures are available Display and Update When these procedures are called different parameters must be passed to the procedures One of these parameters the first one holds information of the charactergenerator writing mode and penposition Writing on the display always requires a pen If no pen is mentioned in the statement for writing e g Display DefaultPen is used as default If a local DefaultPen is declared it will be used otherwise the globally declared DefaultPen will be used The pen holds information on charactergenerator colours window number pen position etc Before the above
108. n is 1 128 second The default MAXRUNTIME is 300 seconds The Max Runtime can be changed during program execution with the standard procedure MAXRUNTIME time where time must be a constant or a variable denoting the new max runtime in seconds Examples 34 1 28 MOVECURSOR The procedure moves the cursor position x y relative to the absolute cursor position The cursor is automatically removed from the old position and displayed at the new position If a cursor is not previously selected with the SetCursor procedure an error is generated Example 34 1 29 MOVEPEN The procedure moves the absolute pen position for peninfo to position x y relative to the absolute pen position If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used Example 34 1 30 MYSWNO 94 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 This procedure finds the SoftWire number for a global constant or variable and returns this number in SoftWireNo If the identifier denotes a field in a complex variable the actual offset for this field in bytes is returned in VarOffset SoftWireNo and VarOffset must both be integer type variables Examples 34 1 31 OPENWINDOW OpenWindow is used to define and open a new window The window can be opened anywhere on the screen with any size within the screen There is no limit in the numbers of windows which can be defined but a maximum of 16 windows ranging from O0 to 15 c
109. n only be specified for global constants and variables 154 MIBProperties can not be changed on this variable constant type Some MIB properties are not allowed for certain constants and variables e g you can not specify MIB Backup for a constant 126 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 155 Compiler Error please contact PROCES DATA A S A compiler error has occurred The compiler has come to an undefined state and compilation has stopped Please contact PROCES DATA A S FATAL compiler error A fatal error has occurred within the compiler The compiler program is terminated immediately Compilation aborted at line Compilation aborted at line xxxxx This error is always written in connection with one of the two errors above Symbol table overflow or Fatal compiler error The line number refers to a line number within the compiler This might lead PROCES DATA A S to a hint on where to find the error Manual Process Pascal 4 0 127 141 502 052 02 38 Syntax Diagrams 128 141 Program PROGRAM Identifier LABEL CONST Unsigned integer o Identifier E Constant Em TYPB Er Identifier s 2 Global variable PROCEDURE TH Block Ident i f i er Parameter list g Q ERE loent f ier gt Parameter list Type identifier
110. n the last part of the task ref 2 this will interrupt the program execution in the statement which caused the error and move the program execution to the error handling part after WHEN ERROR The error handling part after WHEN ERROR THEN can end in three ways 1 the program continues with the statements after the error handling part 2 the program execution can RETURN to the statement where the error occurred and continue from there i e proceed with the next P code 3 the program execution can return to the statement where the error occurred and retry the P code To make the program execution return a standard procedure RETURN must be called WARNING When using RETURN the program execution continues in the P code AFTER the one in which the error occurred and there is a risk of erroneous data in the succeeding calculations To make the program retry the P code that caused the error a standard procedure RetrylfLegal must be called WARNING When using RetrylfLegal the program execution retries the P code in which the error occurred and there is a risk of an infinite loop or a very slow system in case of many errors If using th RetrylfLegal procedure you should always implement a counter and a maximum value for the counter to avoid that your program locks The RetrylfLegal procedure can only be executed if the WHEN ERROR program was invoked by a transmission error To enable disable clear and test various error states co
111. nd it is that the changetask statement must be used in any part of the task where relatively long processor usage can be expected for example loops Differences between interrupt tasks and event handling procedures It is very important to understand a difference between multi tasking programming and event driven programming It is fact that event driven programming plays a key role in MS Windows application development In this case a relevant procedure function is called when a certain event occurs It is performed and then the control is given back to the main application Multi tasking programming is based on another concept When a cyclic task is running and a timed interrupt or softwire interrupt task is ready to run a changetask is forced in the cyclic task and control is given to the interrupting task When the interrupting task has finished i e reaches a changetask statement this changetask makes the earlier cyclic task continue where it was interrupted It means that timed interrupt or softwire interrupt tasks should always contain a LOOP statement and at least one changetask Otherwise the task will get a SUSPENDED status after the first run if the LOOP is absent or other tasks will never get back the control if the changetask is absent Manual Process Pascal 4 0 5 141 502 052 02 3 Defining Data 3 1 Variables A variable is set off by three characteristics 1 aname 2 atype 3 a current value The variable is identi
112. nd so on 44 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 20 2 Record constants The declaration of a record constant specifies enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas the values of the components Examples of a record constant A constant can also be a combination of a record type and an array as shown in the following example Manual Process Pascal 4 0 45 141 502 052 02 21 Procedures and Functions When you are solving a problem and the program increases it is often convenient to break it into a number of partial problems and solve each partial problem The concept of PROCEDURES and FUNCTIONS allow you to display each part of your problem in subprograms Procedures and functions are useful to use in many situations and as a guide the following should be considered 1 When a certain sequence of statements are used more than once in the program This conserves not only your typing time but also the code size in memory 2 You should not hesitate from formulating an action as a procedure or a function even when called only once if doing so enhances the readability of the program In general shorter blocks are easier to understand than long ones 3 General problems as sorting print out weight batching and so on should be solved in a procedure or a function The CHANGETASK procedure can be called anywhere in a procedure or function so a single procedure or function can remain active for hours or days witho
113. notation such constants are prefixed by a The type of an expression can be changed to another type through a value typecast The CASE statement allows constant ranges in CASE label lists and provides an optional ELSE part Manual Process Pascal 4 0 111 141 502 052 02 35 3 Standard Procedures and Functions Process Pascal implements the following standard procedures and functions which are not found in ISO 7185 STANDARD PASCAL AlarmHornOnOff AlarmPulseOn And BitTest Box BoxTo BufferEmpty BufferFull ChangeTask Clear ClearWindow CloseWindow ContinueTask ContrastControl Convert ConvertErrorCode CursorInWindow CursorTo CursorToAbs CursorWithin CyclicTask Disable Display DisplayOnOff Enable InitBuffer 112 141 InitPort InitPort1 InterruptTask LedOnOff LightControl LightOnOff Line LineTo MaxRunTime MoveCursor MovePen MySWNo MyTaskNo OpenWindow Or PCodeCall PenRefTo PenTo PenToAbs PerformUpdate PointerOk PointerToNode Raise RestartTask RetrylfLegal Return Process Pascal 4 0 SetCharacterGenerator SetColors SetCursor SetCursorColors SetCursorType SetlnputString SetScreen SetVideo SetWindow SetWindowFrame StopTask Str Val SystemCall Tab TestAndSet TimedinterruptTime TimedTask Update Val Varname Zoomin ZoomlnHor ZoomOut ZoomOutHor ZoomOutVer Manual 35 4 Reserved words in Process Pascal ADDRESS AFTER AND ARRAY AT BEGIN BITMAP BOOLEAN BUFF
114. nt A constant does not appear where it should 27 Identifier declared twice The identifier has already been declared once within the current block 28 or gt expected In the global variable declaration a or a gt an indirect variable was expected after the identifier 29 Address expected A global variable was declared at a fixed address but no absolute address appears where it should 30 ObjectType for program expected The program header must specify an object type The object type must be in square brackets 118 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 31 Identifier not a constant A subrange or size specifier in array or buffer declarations is not a constant 32 Identifier not a type The identifier does not denote a type as it should 33 Field identifier expected A record variable is used and the identifier does not denote a field within that record You might have forgotten the field identifier or spelled it wrongly 34 Comma expected A comma does not appear where it should 35 Error in label May be you have declared a label with a negative value or a GOTO label statement denotes a label which is not declared A label declaration must be a positive integer value 36 Record field expected A record structure is accessed but the field identifier is not found in the record definition May be you have misspelled the field identifier 37 Different types A variable and the expression in an
115. nt type is also an array you can treat the result as an array of arrays or as a single multidimensional array The following examples are interpreted the same way in the compiler An element in a multidimensional array is referred with a number of indexes corresponding to the number of dimensions in the array where each index can be an expression Examples of indexing a multidimensional array Data 2 4 denotes the fourth element in the second array element Data 2 4 denotes the same element as above Multidimensional arrays are stored with the right most dimension increasing first In the above example this means that the values are stored in the following order 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 1 8 2 8 3 and so on 32 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 13 Record A record is a structured data type and as the array type it comprises a set of components A component in a record is called a field A field can hold values of a certain type and unlike array types each field can be of a different type The type for a field can be a simple type or a structured type i e an array type or a record type The record type declaration specifies the type of each field and the identifier that names the field The declaration for a record begins with the symbol RECORD and terminates with the symbol END A field list may contain a fixed part and a variant pa
116. ntrol Status This field is used to transfer data in CALL as well as ANSWER First it is used to transfer the instruction as it is defined in the P NET standard in the CALL In the ANSWER it is used to transfer instruction status to the operating system again according to the P NET standard thus enabling the Process Pascal programme to return Data Error etc to the operating system InfoLength This field is also used both directions It is used to tell how many databytes the transmission is concerning For example if the transmission is a LOAD 8 BYTE datalength will be 8 in CALL as well as ANSWER If the transmission is a STORE 4 BYTE datalength will be 4 in CALL and 0 in ANSWER So the datalength is used to tell the Process Pascal programme how many databytes are to be loaded stored etc and it is used to tell the operating system the number of databytes in the answer The datalength must not exceed 56 Info holds the entire info field which consist of the internal address Softwire no offset bit number data and error code as described below Addr Addr is used only in CALL Addr contains the internal address as it is known from the P NET standard According to the P NET standard the address can be 2 or 4 bytes long and it can be a Softwire number or a physical address However the address in Addr will allways be sign extended to 4 bytes If the address in the P NET block was 4 bytes FLAGS 0 will be TRUE Offset
117. ocedures If the procedure must operate on different parameters these parameters must be introduced in the procedure heading in the procedure declaration The parameters are listed after the procedure identifier in a formal parameter list The parameter list gives the name of each formal parameter followed by its type A procedure statement which states the procedure s identifier activates a procedure and any parameters required These parameters are called actual parameters and are substituted for the corresponding formal parameters that are defined in the procedure declaration The correspondence between the formal parameters in the procedure heading and the actual parameters in the procedure statement is established by the positioning of the parameters in the list of actual and formal parameters Parameters provide a substitution mechanism that allows a process to be repeated with a variation of its arguments There are two kinds of parameters value parameters and variable parameters The kind of parameters is determined from the formal parameter list in the procedure heading 21 2 Value parameters When no symbol heads the parameter section the parameters of this section are said to be value parameters In this case the actual parameters in the procedure statement must be an expression of which a variable is a simple case The corresponding formal parameters represent local variables in the activated procedure This means
118. odules In Process Pascal Modules are precompiled parts of a larger program with a precise external declaration part related to the host program The external declaration part declares the constants types variables procedures and functions that must be known by the module The idea about modules has certain advantages e The compiling time for a program is reduced because you must not compile the entire source code e You can include modules from a library without having the source code available e You can develop modules to hand over to a third part without handing over the source code e You can divide large programs into smaller logically related modules Modules can consist of e Global constants Global types Global variables Global procedures Global functions A complete task A collection of the above The standard procedures RestartTask StopTask ContinueTask and Raise must not be used in modules It is not allowed to declare external variables located at a net address in a module It is not allowed to declare variables with interrupt in a module Example of a constant module The above module is very simple and no external information is required by the module Compiling a module is done exactly like compiling a program The compiler is called and the source file is stated Then the compiler generates a LST file and a COD file No MAP file or SMB file is generated for modules When compiling the module the decl
119. oes nothing Example keyboard task 34 1 37 RAISE Raise is used to force an error state ignoring the automatic error detection system see also WHEN ERROR CLEAR ERROR DISABLE ERROR and ENABLE ERROR If the bit specification is omitted all errors are raised otherwise the specified errors are raised An error can be raised in a specific task denoted by Taskldentifier or the error is raised within the task which called the procedure The different errors to raise are Examples 34 1 38 RESTARTTASK A RUNNING task can force itself to RESTART from the beginning of the task To perform a restart for a task the standard procedure RESTARTTASK is called After calling RESTARTTASK the program execution will continue with the first statement within the task Example 34 1 39 RETRYIFLEGAL Manual Process Pascal 4 0 97 141 502 052 02 In a situation where the program has detected a transmission error and the program execution has been moved to the WHEN ERROR part the program can retry the P code that caused the error To do so a standard procedure RetrylfLegal must be called WARNING When using RetrylfLegal the program execution retries the P code in which the error occurred and there is a risk of an infinite loop or a very slow system in case of many errors If using the RetrylfLegal procedure you should always implement a counter and a maximum value for the counter to avoid that your program locks The RetrylfLegal
120. on The seventh an eighth byte holds an offset to a reference point in the y direction The lowest byte is the MSB for the above mentioned height width and reference The bitmap will be shown with the reference point at the pen position on the screen Pen X Pen Y Example of a largebitmap type followed by a constant declaration The diagram shows the reference point corresponding to the pen position for a largebitmap lt Width gt IReference Y Pen AbsX Pen AbxY Reference X Height 17 3 The videobitmap type The videobitmap type is specially used for defining the video ram where the size denotes the capacity for the video ram See section SCREEN DEFINITION how to use videobitmap types 40 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 18 Set A set type provides a compact structure for recording information about the existence or combination of a collection of values having the same ordinal type A set type is a bit array where each bit indicates whether an element is in the set or not The maximum number of elements in a set is 256 and a set occupies always 32 bytes of RAM A set is also a random access structure whose elements all have the same base type A variable of a set type can hold from none to all values of the set The base type must not have more than 256 possible values and the ordinal values of the upper and lower bounds of the base type must be within the range of 0 to
121. ordinal types except longinteger and subranges of longinteger The index type must be a constant identifier or a constant The index must not be a negative value E of aA declarations An element in an array is referred with an index where the index can be an expression The result of the expression must be an ordinal type and the value should be within the specified index range If the index value is less than the first index then the first index is referred If the index value is greater than the last index then the last index is referred If the index value is out of range an error is generated Examples of indexing an array Data 4 denotes the fourth element in Data Data MaxNumber denotes the last element in Data The component with the lowest index is stored at the lowest memory address as shown below First East Lowaddress Highaddres The values of all elements in an array can be copied to a corresponding array by only one assignment Manual Process Pascal 4 0 31 141 502 052 02 Example 12 2 Multidimensional arrays Each element in an array can be an array and the index types specify the number of elements one for each dimension of the array The array can be indexed in each dimension by all values of the corresponding index type which means that the number of elements is the number of values in each index type The number of dimensions is unlimited If an array type s compone
122. pe and a list of capabilities for the controller Global variable declaration External variables in other modules accessed via the P NET are declared with an identifier which is used within the program Internal variables used to exchange data between tasks as well internal as external in other controllers Global procedure and function declaration Global procedures and functions can be called from all internal tasks A global procedure function can be called simultaneously from several tasks with different sets of parameters Task declaration Program declaration for task Tasks are executed simultaneously Tasks are used to monitor and control different jobs that occur simultaneously Defining each job independently in a separate task does this Data are exchanged with other tasks and the world outside via global variables Unlike procedure tasks are not called since they are always present in a task queue and Manual 502 052 02 A Process Pascal program is divided into a heading and a body The body is called a block The heading gives the program name object type to be used in VIGO and the capabilities for the Controller also used in VIGO The block consists of seven sections LABEL CONST TYPE VAR PROCEDURES and FUNCTIONS and TASK declaration where any except the last may be empty All that is defined before tasks is called the global section and you can have as many declaration section
123. preceding expression must be of boolean type 62 Type conflict There is a type conflict in the statement Maybe you are trying to assign a string to a real or assign a record variable to another record variable of another type 63 Variable or function expected Variable or function expected in an assignment statement 64 Procedure expected An identifier is found as a statement A procedure was expected 65 Types incompatible You might have incompatible types of the variable and the expression in an assignment statement 66 Constant not allowed A constant is not allowed here Maybe you are calling a procedure or function with a constant as a parameter and the procedure function declaration specifies a VAR parameter 67 Error in parameterlist There is an error in the parameter list in a procedure function call Maybe you have too many parameters or there is an error in the types 68 Different size An assignment statement between to array s of different size or a bitmap has been declared with a certain size and you are trying to insert more bytes than specified 69 gt Expected An indirect array declaration is made and gt is expected to point out each of the elements in the array 70 Variable expected A variable is expected here It might be a pointer statement or a standard procedure with a parameter like TestAndSet or InitBuffer or it could be a FOR loop where the identifier for the loop counter is not a variabl
124. previous declared variable but is accessed with a different identifier An indirect variable can be a sub variable of a previous declared variable Indirect variables are declared by an identifier followed by gt and followed by an identifier for a previously declared variable This previously declared variable can be of any type When using this way for variable declaration a new identifier is declared with the same type and the same address as the variable on the right side of the gt sign 16 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Indirect variable Var identifier J Name conf intr 502035RK Var identifier Place Indirect variable o 0 Unsigned OnO variable M uf 502035AL This way of declaring variables is not a part of standard Pascal The indirect variable is a variable reference and can be a whole structured variable a specific component of a structured variable or a variable of simple type The following example demonstrates how the indirect variable declaration is done in ractise Then these variables can be handled as ordinary variables For example the following statements will all start the agitator Manual Process Pascal 4 0 17 141 502 052 02 And the following statement will call the AlarmProc procedure in the case of the level detector activation IF Overfil
125. procedure can only be executed if the WHEN ERROR program was invoked by a transmission error 34 1 40 RETURN The procedure is used to return program execution from a WHEN ERROR part The program execution returns to the statement which caused the error and continues in the P code right after The procedure can only be called in a WHEN ERROR THEN program part WARNING When using RETURN there is a risk of erroneous data in the succeeding calculations Example 34 1 41 SETCHARACTERGENERATOR The procedure inserts the charactergenerator CharGen in the chosen peninfo All the following Display and Update procedures with this peninfo will use the charac tergenerator CharGen Example 34 1 42 SETCOLORS The procedure sets the foreground and background colors in the specified pen Example 98 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 34 1 43 SETCURSOR The procedure selects CursorRef to be the actual cursor CursorRef can be defined as a LARGEBITMAP where ReferenceX and ReferenceY denotes an offset from the upper left corner of the cursor to a referencepoint which is the point that must be inside the field on the screen where a variable is to be updated If CursorRef is defined as a SMALLBITMAP the upper left corner of the cursor is used as referencepoint 0 0 Before SetCursor is called the colours and the position on the screen must be selected Calling SetCursor will automatically display the cursor according to th
126. procedure or function is exited SOFTWIREINTERRUPT TASKs are executed each time a certain global defined variable is accessed The conditions for activating the interrupt when accessing the variable are set by the variable declaration 54 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 See the chapter INTERRUPT for connecting an interrupt to a variable A number in the range 0 to 31 gives the interrupt connection Several global variables may be connected to the same interrupt number eee of a task at for a softwi ae task The different tasks can change task type during program execution A CYCLIC task and a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT task can change to a TIMEDINTERRUPT task by means of the standard procedure TIMEDTASK Before changing the task type to Timedlnterrupt the interval time must be selected TimedlnterruptTime time or a default value of 255 seconds is used Changing the task type will not affect the program execution and the task will continue until it meets a ChangeTask statement A TIMEDINTERRUPT task and a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT task can change to a CYCLIC task by means of the standard procedure CYCLICTASK Changing the task type will insert the task in the cyclic sequence and the program execution for the task will continue until it meets a ChangeTask statement When the task runs again it is within the cyclic sequence and continues in the statement after ChangeTask A CYCLIC task and a TIMEDINTERRUPT task can change to a SOFTWIREINT
127. program execution by means of the standard procedure TIMEDINTERRUPTTIME time where time can be a constant or a variable denoting the interval time in seconds The time is specific for the task which calls the procedure so the procedure must be called from the task where the time must be changed i e a task can only change it s own time When a task is declared to be a timed interrupt task the time interval must be declared in the task heading Sone of a task an fora SEDES task For cyclic tasks TIMEDINTERRUPT TASKs can be ENABLED i e allowed to interrupt or DISABLED not allowed to interrupt in cyclic tasks ENABLE Timedinterrupt is a standard procedure to be used in cyclic tasks that allow timed tasks to interrupt the cyclic task In all cyclic tasks TIMEDINTERRUPT TASKs are ENABLED as default after a reset DISABLE Timedlnterrupt is a standard procedure to be used in cyclic tasks that disables all TIMEDINTERRUPT TASKS i e denotes that no timed interrupt task are allowed to interrupt this cyclic task Disabling the timed interrupt tasks will not change the status of these tasks This means that they are not removed from the task chain and when the timed interrupt tasks are enabled again the timed interrupt tasks will try to catch up with the lost time if any If timed interrupt is disabled or enabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automatically set back to the state it was before the call when the
128. riable can be declared as internal or external Example 84 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 34 1 4 BOX This procedure draws a box figure as a rectangle The box is drawn with FOREGROUND COLOR for the specified pen starting in the current pen position The size of the box is specified in SizeX and SizeY When the procedure is done the pen position is moved SizeX pixels in the X direction and SizeY pixels in the Y direction Example 34 1 5 BOXTO This procedure draws a box figure as a rectangle from the current pen position to PosX PosY PosX and Posy are relative to the upper left corner of the window The box is drawn with FOREGROUND COLOR for the specified pen The size of the box is determined by the current pen position and PosX and PosY The pen position is not changed Example 34 1 6 CHANGETASK ChangeTask is a procedure without parameters and it is used to change the program execution to an other task ChangeTask can be used in all types of task Example 34 1 7 CLEAR Clear is used to clear error bits generated by the automatic error detection system see also WHEN ERROR DISABLE ERROR ENABLE ERROR If the bit specification is omitted all error bits are cleared otherwise the specified error bits are cleared Manual Process Pascal 4 0 85 141 502 052 02 The different error bits are 34 1 8 CLEARWINDOW ClearWindow is used to clear the window specified by peninfo The en
129. rom system variable See the manual for the controller in question to get a list of available ports and the possible settings Please note that the procedure is called nitPort1 and is without any parameters when using a PD 4000 controller Example PD 5000 Port 2 ActualMode PnetNo NewNodeNo InitPort 2 change the P NET number for port2 and initialise the port PD 4000 ModePort1 NoOfMaster 7 InitPort1 change number of masters to 7 and initialise port1 34 1 21 INTERRUPTTASK InterruptT ask A CYCLIC task and a TIMEDINTERRUPT task can change to a SOFTWIREINTERRUPT task if it was originally declared as a softwireinterrupt task by means of the standard procedure INTERRUPTTASK The interrupt connection is set to the initial softwireinterrupt number declared in the task head The task continues in the next statement Example Task CalculateTotals Softwirelnterrupt 12 the task is declared as a softwire interrupt task BEGIN CyclicTask change task type and perform the calculations calculate totals InterruptTask change the task back to a softwire interrupt task END 34 1 02 LEDONOFF LedOnOff b The procedure can switch the LED on the display unit on or off b is a boolean If b is true the LED is on The procedure can only be used for PD5010 and PD5015 Example 92 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 34 1 23 LIGHTCONTROL LightControl is used to set or change the light on
130. rom the non P NET side The non P NET system is connected to the P NET via a PD 5000 P NET Controller using either an RS 232 or RS 485 communication port The PD 5000 P NET Controller is connected to the non P NET system via one of the physical ports Port1 to Port3 The principle is that instead of accessing the device directly following the P NET standard a Process Pascal task is started from the operating system This programme uses a virtual port the Gateway port and a physical port to which the device is connected The task is converting to and from the appropriate protocol for the actual device When the answer from the device is ready the Process Pascal programme returns the answer to the operating system The Process Pascal task must be declared in as a SoftwirelnterruptTask When the answer from the device is ready the Process Pascal programme returns the answer to the operating system in exactly the same manner as if the answer was received in a normal P NET transmission The variables which are to be accessed in the non P NET device are declared in the master units where the access is required by the application exactly as a normal variable declaration The variables are declared as global variables with a NET address including a net list and depending on the communication protocol an address specification The net list for these variables must involve Port5 in the Gateway Controller to activate the Process Pascal comm
131. rresponding to a number of error bits some standard procedures functions are available in Process Pascal 25 1 WHEN ERROR THEN Disable The WHEN ERROR THEN statement activates the automatic error detecting system and enables for all error conditions i e enables all error bits When an error occurs program execution is interrupted and moved to the WHEN ERROR part The Disable parameter is optional and makes it possible to disable for changetask interrupt from other tasks to protect the program execution in the WHEN ERROR section If Disable for ChangeTask is used in the WHEN ERROR program ChangeTask is automatically enabled on exit of the WHEN ERROR program either by Return RetrylfLegal or End A bit specification can be used to specify the error bits to be cleared disabled enabled raised or tested The different errors to clear disable enable raise and test are Manual Process Pascal 4 0 59 141 502 052 02 The first three errors are caused by external events PnetError corresponds to transmission error on the P NET HisError ModuleError corresponds to a historical error or a module error in the accessed module i e the ChError His register is not 0 ActError DataError corresponds to an actual error on the data a data error in the accessed module i e the ChError Act register is not 0 The next four errors are caused by internal events BufferError a buffer is accessed when it is full empty Arithm
132. rt Record recono ce Field List md END 502035AP Field list BE Fixed part Variant port The fixed part of a record type sets out the list of fixed fields giving an identifier and a type for each Each field contains information that is always retrieved in the same way Example of a record type 13 1 Variant part The variant part of a record type declaration distributes memory space for more than one list of fields so the information can be accessed in more ways than one Each list of fields is a variant The variants overlay the same space in memory and all fields of all variants can be accessed at all times Each variant is identified by at least one constant All constants must be distinct and of an ordinal type compatible with the tag field type Variant and fixed fields are accessed the same way Manual Process Pascal 4 0 33 141 502 052 02 Example of a record type with a variant part The record is shown below with the different values for the tag field X y Figure Height Width rectangle X y Figure Side1 Side2 Angle triangle X y Figure Radius circle circle 13 2 Accessing fields To access a field in a record the variable identifier for the record type is given first followed by the field identifier A point separates the field identifier and the record identifier Example of acce
133. ructure n of ME There is no index check on subrange types 19 2 Enumerated types Enumerated types define ordered sets of values by enumerating the identifiers that denote these values Their ordering follows the sequence in which the identifiers are enumerated Each identifier in the list is declared as a constant for the block in which the enumerated type is declared This constant s type is the enumerated type being declared Enumera ted tupe 502035AY An enumerated constant s ordinality is determined by its position in the identifier list in which it is declared The first enumerated constant in a list has an ordinality of 0 the next has ordinality 1 and so on 42 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 sou of an enumerated ee Given these declarations Left is a constant of type Status When the Ord function is applied to an enumerated type s value Ord returns an integer that shows where the value falls with respect to the other values of that enumerated type In the example above Ord Go returns 1 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 43 141 502 052 02 20 Structured Constants A constant can be a structured type The declaration of a constant of a structured type specifies the value of each of the elements in the structure The structure for a constant can be an array a record a set or a string type Structured constants which contain the types buffer or timer are not allowed 20 1 Array cons
134. rupt is enabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automatically set back to the state it was before the call when the procedure or function is exited Enable Softwirelnterrupt Enable Softwirelnterrupt is a standard procedure to use in cyclic task to enable softwire interrupt task to interrupt All softwire interrupt task are enabled by this procedure Softwire interrupt task which ought to have run will execute in the priority order Softwire interrupt task are enabled as default in cyclic tasks If softwire interrupt is enabled in a procedure or in a function the interrupt status is automatically set back to the state it was before the call when the procedure or function is exited Enable Interrupt Enable ChangeTask Enable Interrupt and Enable ChangeTask will enable both Timed and Softwirelnterrupt task see description above 34 1 19 INITBUFFER Buffers must always be initiated before they are used the first time This is done with the standard procedure InitBuffer buffername Manual Process Pascal 4 0 91 141 502 052 02 Example InitBuffer KeyboardBuffer 34 1 20 INITPORT n InitPort n The parameter settings for a communication port port number n in a controller are assigned to a system variable When any of the parameters for a communication port are changed the corresponding procedure InitPort n must be called to reconfigure and initialise the communication port with the new data f
135. s as you want in any order you want including procedures and functions declarations But as in standard Pascal things must be defined before they are used otherwise a compile time error will occur Task procedure and function declaration has a structure similar to a program i e consists of a heading and a block The symbols in the heading are different TASK PROCEDURE FUNCTION instead of PROGRAM and they end with a semicolon instead of a period They can have their own constants data types and variables even their own procedures and functions Tasks are different from procedures and functions at various points 1 TASKs have their own memory area allocated for variables defined in a VAR section in the block Termination of a task does NOT release this allocated storage 2 TASKs have their own program counter and stack pointer and operate entirely autonomously from other tasks 3 TASKscan not be nested 4 TASKs are not called from a statement to execute The next chapters should be read in order to understand the proper use of task 2 1 Task an Introduction Multitasking is a facility in Process Pascal which makes it possible to execute se veral sub programmes simultaneously in the very same computer These sub programmes are called TASKs and are fundamental to Process Pascal They make it very easy to split up a program into manageable proportions where each TASK performs a distinct function Multitasking is very
136. s from 0 to 59 Minute DateTime 1 this byte holds the Minutes The decimal range for minutes is from 0 to 59 Hour DateTime 2 this byte holds the Hours The decimal range for hours is from 0 to 23 in 24 hour mode or from 1 to 12 in 12 hour mode Day DateTime 3 this byte holds the Day of the Week The range for day of the week is from 1 to 7 where Sunday 1 Date DateTime 4 this byte holds the Date The range for date is from 1 to 28 29 30 31 depending on the month The real time clock provides automatic leap year Month DateTime 5 this byte holds the Month The range for month is from 1 to 12 where Jan 1 and Dec 12 Year DateTime 6 this byte holds the Years The range for years is from 0 to 99 Code DateTime 7 this byte holds a code for 12 24 hour operation and an indicator for AM PM is available in 12 hour mode The following values are used to select hour mode DateTime 7 00 24 hour mode DateTime 7 80 12 hour mode AM DateTime 7 A0 12 hour mode PM The 12 24 hour mode indicated by Code is not supported in PD 5000 In 12 hour mode DateTime 7 can be read to indicate if the time is AM or PM It is recommended that DateTime 7 is set to one of the shown values in the program to ensure appropriate operation for the real time clock and calendar The operating system in the Controller synchronises the DateTime with the real time clock chip each time the Seconds change to 0 This can ca
137. s in any combination EE This will set the default values for MIB properties for the succeeding declarations to be Visible and with the Backup property set Manual Process Pascal 4 0 115 141 502 052 02 36 Restrictions in Using Process Pascal When programming a controller the following restrictions must be considered When using a controller with a display unit a cursor must always be defined in the program to avoid unexpected flicker on the screen If a variable of the type BUFFER or TIMER is a component of a complex variable this component variable is only to be used internally in the controller P NET restriction When one variable is assigned to another variable at least one of the variables must be declared internally in the controller P NET restriction It is not allowed to use recursive procedures functions Using UPDATE on a variable declared in a procedure local in a procedure is not allowed but it can be detected either by the compiler or by the operating system If itis detected by the operating system an error is generated Update not allowed If a local variable declared in a global procedure is passed to another global procedure as a VAR parameter and the variable is UPDATE ed then either the compiler nor the operating system can detect the failure and the result of the performed update is unpredictable If you access an external variable via P NET and a softwire number this softwire number m
138. s occur 60 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 ENABLE Enable is used to Enable all errors or specific errors to be generated by the automatic error detection inem RAISE Raise is used to force an error state ignoring the automatic error detection system An error can be raised in a specific task denoted by Taskldentifier or the error is raised within the task which called the Raise sous 25 2 ERROR REPORT When an error is detected by the operating system the operating system can assign a number of parameters collected in a report to the global variable called Inter FaceErrorBuffer This variable is declared in the system file for the controller in question as a buffer with 10 elements Each element is defined as a record of 4 fields containing information of the variable which caused the interface error Three different errors can cause the operating system to produce this report denoted by the iun identifiers These report bits can be disabled or enabled independently by means of Disable Error reportbit or Enable Error reportbit The WHEN ERROR statement enables all three report bits and all error bits PnetReport only communication errors on the P NET will insert an element in the InterFaceErrorBuffer HisReport only historical errors in the accessed module will insert an element in the InterFaceErrorBuffer ModuleReport can be used instead of HisReport ActReport only data errors in the accessed module will
139. s to the compiler to ignore everything until after it sees the right curly brace This allows for a limited form of comment nesting because a comment beginning with a ignores all and visa versa Example of a comment Comments Any string Any string O3 50203580 It is suggested to use one type of comment markers for program comments and compiler directives and an other type for temporary program parts This is very useful during program development and makes it easy to use comment nesting Manual Process Pascal 4 0 21 141 502 052 02 10 Expressions and Assignments 10 1 Expressions An expression is a rule for calculating a value based on the observation of conventional rules of algebra for left to right evaluation of operators and operands The value that is calculated depends on the value of the constants and variables which are included in the expression and on the operators and functions that are used in the expression 10 2 Operators Expressions apply the normal arithmetic operators logical operators and relational operators 10 3 Arithmetic operators The arithmetic operators are and where is multiplication and is division These operators can be used on integer types real types and timer types The result type for these operations depends on the value type that is calculated This is caused by the automatic typecasting during compilation Examples of expressions with arithmetic op
140. scal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 TIMEDINTERRUPT TASK is interrupting a number of cyclic TASKs The TIMEDINTERRUPT TASK is timed to t seconds Task 1 punpa Task 2 tet EE E Timed task RN SENE Task 3 ES tsec tsec Time gt gt 2 3 How to Split a Program into Manageable Tasks Several separate TASKs may be monitoring and controlling various devices simultaneously A single TASK can be written to monitor the keyboard for user input another TASK is responsible for what is displayed on the screen yet another TASK may be monitoring a flow meter waiting for a flow start One TASK may be affected by another one i e the keyboard TASK notes a key press which indicates the beginning of a process so the TASK monitoring a flow meter indicates a start to take notice of a flow rate which in turn causes the flow rate to be displayed on the screen by the display TASK Splitting up a program in TASKs is done by considering what tasks need to be performed simultaneously Each of these tasks may then be implemented as a TASK itself Taking similar examples as above it can be seen that the tree task mentioned monitoring the keyboard monitoring a flow meter and displaying the data on the screen all need to be done simultaneously and are therefore candidates of separate TASKs Proper changetask usage A proper switching between tasks is an inherit part of the correct and adequate PROCESS PASCAL application The main concept behi
141. scribed in details in the BUFFER chapter 4 3 The type CHAR This type s set of values is characters ordered according to the ASCII character set The function call Ord ch where ch is a char value returns ch s ordinality which means the ASCII value for the character Any value of the type char can be generated with the standard function Chr value 8 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 A character enclosed in apostrophes single quotes or double quotes denotes a value of the char type To represent a single quote enclose it in double quotes To represent a double quote enclose it in single quotes Examples of the char type a H g e n we 4 4 The type INTEGER There are four predefined integer types in Process Pascal integer byte word and longinteger Each type denotes a specific subset of the whole numbers according to the following table TYPE RANGE FORMAT byte 0 255 unsigned 8 bit word 0 65535 unsigned 16 bit integer 32768 32767 signed 16 bit longinteger 2147483648 2147483647 signed 32 bit Arithmetic operation with type integer operand use 8 bit 16 bit and 32 bit precision according to the following rules 1 The type of an integer constant is the predefined integer type with the smallest range that includes the values of the integer constant 2 Binary operations can be performed with all integer types For a binary operator both operands are converted to their common type be
142. set pointer to Flow register in flowmeter ELSE MeasuredValue gt Weight set pointer to Flow register in weight module Display MeasuredValue 6 1 display flow from either flowmeter or weight module as measured value IF MeasuredValue gt MaxFlow THEN ReduceFlow compare MaxFlow to the value that MeasuredValue is pointing to The pointer itself must be declared to reside internally but it is allowed to point to as well internal as external variables A pointer type may be a part of another type e g as a field in a record MyRecordType Record ASimpleVariable Integer PointerVaraible POINTER TO REAL END Manual Process Pascal 4 0 19 141 502 052 02 8 Constants The values 5 1 25 357 and TRUE in a program are called constants A 5 in the program can only take the value 5 so 5 is a constant value A constant can not change value during program execution A constant definition introduces an identifier as a synonym for a constant The reserved word CONST heads the constant definition part Constant values can be a number a constant identifier a character a string or a structured constant see the STRUCTURED CONSTANT chapter The use of constant identifiers generally makes a program more readable and acts as a convenient documentation aid It also allows you to group machine dependent quantities at the beginning of the program where they can be easily changed You only have to change the value of
143. ssing a field in a record type Let FORM be a record of the previous declared type SYMBOL The fields are accessed in the following way 34 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 14 Interface An interface type is used to define an interface module or a channel in an interface module as a whole structured variable An interface module is constructed with a number of channels where each channel has 16 accessible registers The channels can be of the same type or of different types depending on the specific interface module An interface type has a fixed number of components that can be of different types An interface type defines a channel if all the components in the type declaration is of simple type An interface type defines an interface module if all the components in the type declaration are of interface type or the type Unused The first component in the definition of a channel defines register 0 the second component defines reg ister 1 and so on The first component in the definition of an interface module defines channel 0 the second component defines channel 1 and so on Interface type gt INTERFACE gt Interface inform Field list ao 502035AR Interface inform H DEVICETYPE Hens rare integer OLDTYPE RDRABYTE NOBITRDDRESS NOOFFSET EXTENDED P NET 502035AS The interface inform DEVICETYPE is followed by a constant that denotes
144. st without re compiling the programs of the other controllers 64 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 27 Screen Setup and Definition A picture can be defined to a certain size ScreenInfo Width Screenlnfo Height in pixels The screen shows a section of the picture defined by the upper left corner by Screenlnfo ScreenX and Screenlnfo ScreenY This section the basic window is set by the standard procedure SetWindow 0 Width ScreenY ScreenX STER CursorY Height Height CursorX E Cursor ScreenWidth The system files for the various controller types declare a variable called Screenlnfo which is a record that holds information of the picture and the screen and is of the following type Video holds a pointer the screen the video RAM It is not possible to access the display directly via this pointer The pointer is set up by the standard procedure SetScreen Width and Height defines the width and height of the screen in pixels The values are set up by the standard procedure SetVideo x y CursorX CursorY defines the actual position of the cursor It is used for reading only the cursor cannot be moved by writing to these values The cursor position is changed by means of the standard procedures CursorToAbs x y MoveCursor x y or CursorTo x y Refer to Process Pascal manual for further details Manual Process Pascal 4 0 65 141 502 052 02 CursorForeground CursorB
145. tants The declaration of an array constant specifies enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas the values of the components Example of an array constant TYPE MonthsType ARRAY 1 12 OF STRING 3 CONST Months MonthsT ype 1 Jan 2 Feb 3 Mar 4 Apr 5 May 6 Jun 7 Jul 8 Aug 9 Sep 10 Oct 1 1 Nov 12 Dec This example defines an array constant MONTHS which can be used to print out a 3 character string with the text corresponding to the month number If HEADLINE is defined as a string the following statement HeadLine Months 4 will produce the same result as HeadLine Apr Another example of an array constant is a charactergenerator The standard charactergenerator named CH6X8 CHR is an array of bitmaps where each char acter is defined as a smallbitmap The ASCII value for the character is used as an index in the array constant TYPE Character6x8 SMALLBITMAPT S CG6x8 ARRAY 20 9F OF Character6x8 CONST Ch6x8 CG6x8 20 06 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 sp 21 06 08 20 20 20 20 00 00 20 00 22 06 08 50 50 50 00 00 00 00 00 23 06 08 50 50 F8 50 F8 50 50 00 24 06 08 20 78 A0 70 28 F0 20 00 25 06 08 C0 C8 10 20 40 98 18 00 26 06 08 60 90 A0 40 A8 90 68 00 amp fed ce prp e pM xe a
146. te e Ponte euangelia 13 SIC ETa TAITO ONE ERE PRICE a RE ee aD RCE Sn ny Sette REE ROE BARR ere 16 6 4 Indirect Variables coercere cere EE RE Ries etna dee et Pene bed 16 js IGI Ny Pes Gncciitt tine tise tt tne et trie ntt teehee iur 19 ES 1112 2 9 5 RR Pe IC NY PIE Oe OE R nnana nnna 20 S SOV STIS E fic det eat daa fona MEAT au LL REL dais 21 10 Expressions and Assignments oooo e cccccesccccceeccceceecsceceeeecsecceseetseeeeceetseeeeeenaes 22 10 1 E XDIOSSIDHS Leere et Ane E iu Aoi rA o E ay Doi At OG aE 22 10 2 OGRA OS ote dst Recta die Mar n pk d ed Miu dn i Lo 22 10 3 Arithmetic oDetatore ico eu si eene ien ead ea tasted eus 22 10 4 Logical operators ses 2 ct cee Ee PEDE P EIE wee Naty eee ee eae 23 10 5 Relational operators ou ot oe a pila Mi ate oe tee qoe oe 23 10 6 String OpSralotr c 6 ge cedaac cde etait dence ie sesh doa Menton n ankar AAE AREARE REA ease od 24 10 7 Operator prec edelfice uoc ict el kekanan ekak karkara arana nanka EEan anaana 25 TU Statemenis zoo cu es dtes E E E 26 11 1 Simple statements eessssseeeemeeeeeeer eene 26 TA22 AASSIRITIGEE s cC oh Mel o Pe DU s RUP MA BR PLU dE 26 11 3 Brocedurestatemelb 2s s chop i dee et ipae es te e es o Pear eua 26 11 4 Structured statements osse eeetetei ei e cr se eei haee 27 11 5 Compound statement begin end eeesseeseeeeencene eee 27 11 6 Conditional statement if then else ooo ccccccccccceeeccceeeeneceeeeet
147. te e nes eed eie frac Lee meme BURNS Gm ON aans 128 39 Index 139 Manual Process Pascal 4 0 V VI 502 052 02 VI VI Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 1 Introduction to Process Pascal Process Pascal is a high level programming language based on Standard Pascal Process Pascal is extended from Standard Pascal with a number of facilities which make it possible to execute several programmes simultaneously in one computer This is called multi tasking Process Pascal is specially developed for use in connection with P NET which is a local area network for transmission of data in distributed data acquisition and process control plants Data which are distributed in modules on the P NET can be defined as variables in Process Pascal Process Pascal permits automatic reports of alarms in case of error in the controller or in the interface modules Furthermore it is possible to automatically test all components of the plant during the starting phase Process Pascal includes standard routines for interactive screen dialogue Thus it is possible to define that a variable must be shown on the screen and be continuously updated Data can be keyed into a variable by pointing at it using the screen cursor Process Pascal programmes can be written using any general purpose editor wor king with ASCII or ANSI files Process Pascal programmes operate with several types of variables The compiler automatically performs typecasting during comp
148. the module type DEVICETYPE must be declared The interface inform OLDTYPE denotes that the module is of an old type which means that the variables of real type are stored in a different format Conversion to the IEEE format is done by the operating system in the controller during program execution and the user will not need to take any action for it The interface inform ADR4BYTE denotes the length of the SoftWire No abs address when accessing the module The length of the address can be 4 byte or 2 byte denoted by Adr4Byte or Adr2Byte where Adr2Byte is default The interface inform NOBITADDRESS denotes that the module is not able to understand bit addressing Manual Process Pascal 4 0 35 141 502 052 02 The interface inform NOOFFSET denotes that the module is accessed with an address without any offset The interface inform EXTENDEDPNET denotes that the module understands complex extended P NET address e g a controller The interface inform NOOFFSETINLONG denotes that the module will not make use of the offset value in a longload or longstore command i e the module calculates the offset value by itself Example of an interface type PD3221 INTERFACE DeviceType 3221 ObjectType 1000 Capabilities NoBitAddress NoOffsetInLong Service ServiceCh Digital lO 1 DigitalCh Digital lO 2 DigitalCh Digital IO 3 DigitalCh Digital IO 4 DigitalCh Digital lO 5 DigitalCh Digital lO 6 DigitalCh Com
149. tire window is cleared to background color specified by peninfo The pen position is not affected by calling the ClearWindow procedure Example 34 1 9 CLOSEWINDOW The procedure can only be used for PD5020 CloseWindow is used to close a window where the window number is specified by peninfo If the window is closed already the procedure does nothing If any other windows are opened within the specific window all these windows are closed first The window is closed by drawing the corresponding background colours for the other windows within the field that this window is covering Example 34 1 10 CONTINUETASK A SUSPENDED task can change to READY status if another RUNNING task calls the standard procedure CONTINUETASK with the appropriate task identifier ContinueTask Taskldentifier This will insert the task in the right task chain and make the task Taskldentifier continue from where it was last stopped or interrupted Example 34 1 11 CONTRASTCONTROL 86 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 The procedure can only be used for PD5010 and PD5015 ContrastControl is used to set or change the contrast on the screen The parameter w is an absolute value that is passed to the screens contrast register The range for the contrast is from 0 to F Example 34 1 12 CURSORTO The procedure moves the cursor position x y relative to the reference point for peninfo If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable w
150. unication programme A GatewayRecord is declared in the system file for PD 5000 which is used to transfer data from the operating system to the Process Pascal programme which interfaces to the NON P NET DEVICE CALL After the Process Pascal programme has performed the NON P NET transmission the same RECORD is used to transfer data from the Process Pascal programme to the operating system ANSWER The GatewayRecord is declared in the following way Manual Process Pascal 4 0 77 141 502 052 02 The fields NodeAdaress Control Status InfoLength and Info correspond to the same fields that are described in the P NET standard The operating system handles all NodeAddress conversion The task of the Process Pascal program is to return Control Status InfoLength and Info according to the results of the NON P NET transmission or time consuming calculation After this the program must set the GatewayDone bit in the Flags field to True Flags 7 True to activate the operating system which then returns the answer to the P NET master NodeAddress This field is used only to transfer data from the operating system to the Process Pascal programme CALL The length of the string indicates how many numbers the string contains If for example a variable is declared AT NET 01 04 02 33 the length of the string will be 3 and the contents will be 04 02 33 The first 01 indicates Port1 and is not transferred in the CALL Co
151. ures functions A procedure or function is said to be nested when it is declared within another procedure or function 98 Version error incompatible version of SYS file and compiler The Process Pascal compiler and the SYSTEM file for the program must have the same version number 99 Not implemented yet 100 Not allowed on this level An Update procedure is called with a parameter which is locally declared in a procedure or function Only global variables and variables declared in a task may be used as parameters in Update 101 Index error An index error has occurred You might have declared a complex constant and are trying to assign the same index more than once 102 Index missing An indirect array declaration is missing an index declaration All index s in an indirect array must point to a previous declared variable or a part of a previous declared variable with the right type 105 Interrupt not declared A variable has been declared with an interrupt connection but there is no task declared with the corresponding interrupt connection 106 Softwire table overflow The number of softwire numbers exceeds the allocated table size Manual Process Pascal 4 0 123 141 502 052 02 107 Local variable table overflow The number of local variables exceeds 65 535 Maybe you should reduce the number of local variables in your program 110 P NET address expected A global variable declaration denotes a net specification but the P NET
152. use a problem when the time is set to just before midnight 23 59 SS the time does not reset to 00 00 00 but change to the previous time setting When setting the time to 23 58 SS the time will reset to 00 00 00 correctly Manual Process Pascal 4 0 73 141 502 052 02 31 Accessing not Declared Variables In larger systems with more controllers involved you can have a need for accessing variables via P NET which are not declared within the controller The variables could be found in another controller or in a newly installed interface module connected to another part of the plant and therefore it may be unknown to a number of controllers In general it s not possible to access variables e g to display a measured value without having declared the variable first However the system variable called NodeList enables you to access not declared variables Please refer to the SYS file for the controller in question if you want to see the SoftWire number for the variable Before you can access a variable there are some basic elements which must be known The elements needed to access a variable are e P NET node address e SoftWire number or absolute address e Offset e Bit number and of course the type of the variable Besides the above a variable can not be accessed correctly unless the type of the module which holds the variable is known According to the P NET standard you must specify if the module understands extended or co
153. useful for process control where the process can be controlled in real time A TASK is a section of code which controls a part of the process e g monitoring the keyboard for user input or controlling the valves on a blending unit etc Each TASK will run and perform as much of its function as it wants to before it relin quishes control of the processor and lets another TASK run While in reality the TASKs are not performed in parallel the switching between them is done fast enough to make this a useful aid in visualising a system in real time Switching from one TASK to another can be done in all parts of the program including procedures It can advantageously be used each time a delay appears or the TASK is waiting for some actions to take place e g a certain level on an input signal or a TIMER to run out Manual Process Pascal 4 0 3 141 502 052 02 Switching to another TASK in such situations makes the program more efficient and waiting wastes no time The statement CHANGETASK does switching from one TASK to another which is a standard procedure in Process Pascal The actual TASK calling CHANGETASK stops program execution in the TASK and relinquishes control of the processor to the following TASK in which the program execution continues from where it was last interrupted e g by CHANGETASK The principle diagram below shows how the program execution is switching between a number of cyclic TASKs Task 1 Task 2 Task 3
154. ust not be declared as an indirect array variable If a Net address is declared to be a string the string must not be declared as an indirect variable pointing to another string Interrupt on indirect variables is not allowed There is a 32 Kb limit for one variable A STRING can t be appended to another string and stored to itself example Str str2 Str text Str then Str texttext but it really should be textstr2 If you compare two BOOLEANSs and one is a part of a variant record which shares the memory location with e g a BYTE a COMPARE will only result in TRUE if the BYTE values are equal Please note that the error codes in PD 5000 are not the same as in PD 4000 and the use of the Bittest function is therefore not compatible between the two controllers When you use a TIMEDINTERRUPT task with an interrupt time set to less than 2 sec to access data on another network through a gateway controller this may cause the controller to behave slow in case of transmission errors in the reply request issued by the gateway controller Instead you should use a cyclic task It is not possible to declare Constant strings that include a null character If you need a string like e g UnderOff 1B 2D 00 esc 0 you must declare UnderOff as a variable and then assign each character to the string by means of the Char function 116 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 37 Error Messages and Codes 0 Illegal
155. ut affecting the other tasks Procedures and functions can be global or local A global procedure or function can be called from more TASKS independently of each other This means that the same procedure or function can solve a problem for more tasks simultaneously without affecting the other tasks unless they are using the same global variables Before calling a procedure or function within a program it is required that the procedure or function identifier is declared before it is used This can in some cases be impossible To solve this problem procedures and functions can be FORWARD declared This Forward declaration is an information to the compiler that the identifier needs to be used now but the declaration will be found later in the program A FORWARD declaration can be placed anywhere in the program where it is allowed to declare procedures and functions mim of a forward declaration 21 1 Procedures The procedure declaration serves to define a program part and to associate it with an identifier so that it can be activated by a procedure statement The declaration has the same form as a program a heading and a block Variables declared in a procedure are said to be local variables and these variables are undefined at the beginning of the statement part each time the procedure is activated Local variables do not exist any more when the procedure is terminated 46 141 Process Pascal 4 0 Manual 502 052 02 Examples of pr
156. value for a variable on the screen and to assign a new value to this variable from the keyboard The variable can be declared as an internal variable in the controller or it can be declared to be located on the P NET network It is only possible to change update a variable if the cursor is inside the field on the screen where the variable is shown If the cursor is not inside the field the variable can not be changed from the keyboard and Update operates like the standard procedure Display Update can be used on simple types and string types The variable is shown with the reference point for the first character in peninfo x peninfo y If peninfo is omitted then the pen variable within the block called DefaultPen is used If the variable is a string type the parameter SIZE denotes the maximum field width in pixels for representing the string on the screen If the field width is larger than the actual string the remaining field is filled with blank pixels otherwise the string is written until the maximum field width is exceeded When the procedure is done Penlnfo X has been moved SIZE pixels to the right If the variable is a type different from string SIZE denotes the number of characters that is written for the variable The parameter FORMAT is a value for representing the information on the screen When the procedure is done peninfo x has been moved size width of one digit to the right peninfo x is pointing at the first
157. with a different version of the compiler Re compile the module source code with this version of the compiler 145 Task modules only When using the import statement after the global part it s only allowed to import task modules 146 Identifier list not allowed Identifier list not allowed at this place You might try to use the AT NET or AT SOFTWIRE or an indirect declaration on a number of identifiers in a list 147 Not allowed in Modules You may be declaring an indirect variable within a module This is not allowed in modules 148 Real overflow A constant assignment for a real type is too large Maybe you try to set a value for timed interrupt task with a value which is too large 149 Softwire number already used The Softwire number specified by a PLACE clause in the global variable declaration has already been used Increase the Softwire number or move the declaration to an earlier part of the variable declaration 150 File Error A file error has occurred The disk may be full or write access has been denied 151 ProcVar NOT finally declared A procedure variable has not been declared before it has been used 152 MIB interface error Please check version SMB generating disabled An error occurred during the SMB file generation Check that the versions for VIGO and Process Pascal match No SMB file is generated 153 MIBProperties not allowed here The specification of MIB properties is not allowed here MIB properties ca

Process-Pascal Version 4 Users Manual - Proces-Data

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