Building and operating a mini-hatchery: Sand method
Contents
1. W International Fund for Agricultural Development Via Paolo di Dono 44 00142 Rome Italy Tel 39 06 54591 Fax 39 06 5043463 E mail ifad ifad org www ifad org www ruralpovertyportal org Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation PKSF Bhaban Plot E 4 B Agargaon Administrative Area Sher e Bangla Nagar Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh l 9 78 92 9072 29072274 Building and operating a mini hatchery Sand method JLIFAD Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty PE kab nha KLANG Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries The designations developed and developing countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process Cover IFAD G M B Akash Photos in the text are from the video Mini hatchery by Sayeed Kazol ISBN 978 92 9072 274 8 2011 by the International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD Septemb2. and a black cloth Hatchery room Ideally the incubator should be kept in a room set aside for the hatchery The room should be built using low cost local materials such as bamboo stra w hardboard polythene etc It should have a door and windows that can be closed to help control the temperature in the room and hence in the incubator Hatching trays lined with jute sacking and black cloth Operating the mini hatchery Hatchery sanitation Good sanitation must be maintained to prevent disease in the hatchery A good sanitation programme consists of 90 per cent good management and 10 per cent disinfection and fumigation e Wash and disinfect the floor of the hatchery room every day e Remove broken infertile and spoiled eggs as soon as you see them e When chicks and ducklings start to hatch remove eggshells and weak or dead chicks immediately e After all the eggs have hatched remove the trays and cloth liners and wash and disinfect them thoroughly The incubation process Chicken eggs hatch after 21 days while duck eggs hatch after 28 days DAY 1 Collect fertile eggs from breeding flocks where roosters and hens and drakes and ducks are kept together with a ratio of at least one rooster or drake for every 10 hens or ducks Select well shaped standard sized eggs Clean the eggs and wash them with a mild antiseptic solution in hot water Locally available household antiseptics such as Dettol and Savlon
3. can be used for this Place the clean eggs in egg trays put them in a sunny place and warm them to 100 F 37 5 C Alternatively warm them carefully over a kerosene stove Warming eggs in the sun Eggs can be stored for up to 7 days at 59 F to 64 4 F 15 C to 18 C and 75 80 per cent relative humidity before being placed in the incubator Purchase eggs from nearby breeding flocks to minimize the distance the eggs must be transported Take care to avoid damaging the eggs in transit and protect them from large changes in temperature Maintain the humidity in the incubation box at 70 80 per cent Ideally you should measure the humidity using a hygrometer If the air in the incubation box is dry the eggs will take longer to hatch Place two or three lit kerosene lamps in the incubator and allow the temperature in the incubator to rise to 98 F to 100 F 36 5 C to 37 5 C This should take 2 to 3 hours The lit kerosene lamps must be clean and the operator should be careful to regulate the flame to avoid producing smoke which would poison the embryos in the eggs Once the incubator has reached the desired temperature carefully arrange the warm eggs on the hatching trays The eggs should be set at a 45 angle with the narrower end pointing down Arrange the eggs on the hatching trays with the narrower end pointing down Place a bowl of water on the floor of the incubator to main
4. dler Egg Light Box or tin can Torch 17 Additional reading Card L E and M C Nesheim 1972 Poultry production 11th ed reprinted Philadelphia USA Lea amp Febiger Khan M A 1983 Dim Prashfutaner Katha A book on the principles of duck hatchery operation Friends in Village Development of Bangladesh Khadim Nagar Sylhet Bangladesh Khan M S R and K S Farid 2011 Study on the technical and financial aspects of mini hatcheries for chicken and duck and poultry model breeders including diseases associated with the production in the two systems Research report submitted to the Microfinance and Technical Support Project Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation PKSF Dhaka Bangladesh PKSE Nahar J K A Fattah S M Rajiur Rahman Y Ali A Sarwar E Mallorie and F Dolberg 2006 The rice husk hatchery in the microfinance and technical support project in Bangladesh INFPD Newsletter 16 2 27 29 Rajiur Rahman S M 2008 Family poultry development through micro credit and technical support World s Poultry Science Journal 64 2 Rota A N Brett J Nahar S M Rajiur Rahman Y Ali A Sarwar and K A Fattah 2006 The experience with mini hatcheries technology in Bangladesh Available at http www enrap org events ifad events ifad fao study tour on microfinance for marginal and small farmers reaching the target gr
5. e International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD for financial support and other services without which this manual could not have been prepared The author is grateful to Antonio Rota IFAD Senior Technical Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems PTA for his cooperation and important suggestions in developing the manual The author gratefully acknowledges the following for their assistance in preparing the manual and producing the video e Nigel Brett IFAD Country Programme Manager e Fazlul Kader Deputy Managing Director Operation Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation Bangladesh e Sarah Jesmin Project Coordinator Microfinance and Technical Support Project Bangladesh e Kazi Abdul Fattah Livestock Coordinator Microfinance and Technical Support Project Bangladesh e Beneficiaries of the IFAD supported Microfinance and Technical Support Project who have established mini hatcheries in the Districts of Kishoreganj of Bangladesh Special thanks go to the following technical peer reviewers e Shabbir Ahmed Chowdhury Director Microfinance Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee International Bangladesh e Mohammad A Saleque Senior Adviser Agriculture and Livestock Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee International Bangladesh e Olaf Thieme Livestock Development Officer Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome e Emmanuel B Sonaiya Department of Animal Science Obafemi Aw
6. er 2011 For more information to comment or to share your experience and knowledge of simple mini hatcheries please contact Antonio Rota Senior Technical Adviser Livestock and Farming Systems Policy and Technical Advisory Division IFAD E mail a rota ifad org or S M Rajiur Rahman Training Officer MFTS Project PKSF Bangladesh E mail smrajiurrahman yahoo com Table of contents About this manual Acknowledgements Introduction Equipment and facilities needed for a sand based mini hatchery Operating the mini hatchery Annex A business plan of sand type mini hatchery Annex Il Candling eggs Additional reading N oO WDM N 17 19 About this manual Backyard poultry production is an important source of income and nutrition for the rural poor in the developing world The foundation of this system is a regular supply of chicks and ducklings This manual describes e How to make a sand type mini hatchery e How to collect and select fertile eggs e How to place the eggs in the incubator The day to day operation of the hatchery and How to handle chicks or ducklings as they hatch The manual is aimed at both extension agents and backyard poultry rearers Acknowledgements This manual was prepared by S M Rajiur Rahman Training Officer Microfinance and Technical Support Project Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation Bangladesh The author is grateful to the Policy and Technical Advisory Division PTA of th
7. gladesh taka BDT Operational costs for incubating 600 eggs Description Measurement quantity Approximate cost United States BDT dollars Chicken eggs Fertile eggs 600 eggs x 8 50 BDT per egg 5 100 Kerosene Lump sum 600 disinfectant antiseptic solution etc Total 5 700 80 Duck eggs Fertile eggs 600 eggs x 7 50 BDT per egg 4 500 Kerosene Lump sum 800 disinfectant antiseptic solution etc Total 5 300 75 1 US 71 BDT 15 16 Income per batch of 600 eggs Chick production Chicks hatched 510 hatchability of 85 per cent Chick sales 510 x 21 BDT per chick 10 710 BDT US 151 Sale of edible eggs after first candling 70 infertile edible eggs x 5 5 BDT per egg 385 BDT US 5 Total sales 11 095 BDT US 156 Net income 11 095 BDT 5 700 BDT 5 395 BDT US 76 1 US 71 BDT Duckling production Ducklings hatched 432 hatchability of 72 per cent Duckling sales 432 x 18 BDT per duckling 7 776 BDT US 110 Sale of edible eggs after first candling 70 infertile edible eggs x 5 5 BDT per egg 385 BDT US 5 Total sales 8 161 BDT US 115 Net income 8 161 BDT 5 300 BDT 2 861 BDT US 40 1 US 71 BDT Note Depreciation of 150 BDT to 160 BDT US 2 may be deducted from each batch income This is based on total fixed cost for the incubator of 12 080 BDT wi
8. ing gently from the egg taking care not to tear the umbilical cord 13 14 Ducklings dry within 30 to 45 minutes after emerging from their shells Once dry they rapidly overheat in the incubator Remove the ducklings as soon as they are dry and place them in a holding basket equipped with a heat lamp to keep them warm Day old ducklings from the hatchery are now ready for the next production phase brooding Remove eggshells dead ducklings and spoiled eggs from the hatching trays Dispose of them hygienically for example by burying them in the soil 5 Eggshells dead ducklings and spoiled eggs should be buried Once all the ducklings have hatched remove the cloth linings from the hatching trays and clean the incubator thoroughly so that it is ready for the next batch of eggs Remove cloth lining from the hatching trays before cleaning the incubator Annex A business plan of sand type mini hatchery Incubator establishment costs Fixed costs Description Measurement quantity Approximate cost United States BDT dollars Incubator Height 135 cm x width 230 cm 8 000 x depth 105 cm Open weave tray 2 80 Kerosene lamp bulb 3 500 Thermometer 3 50 Black cloth 5m 300 Cotton 10 kg 1 500 Jute sacks 4 estimate 120 Candler 1 150 Water pot 1 100 Marker 1 30 Egg tray 20 500 Chick box 5 750 Total 12 080 170 1 US 71 Ban
9. nd 75 80 per cent and 60 62 per cent for rice husk and quilt incubators As a result sand based incubators are gaining popularity The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of incubators are shown in the Table below This manual aims to provide people with the skills and knowledge needed both to construct sand based incubators and to operate them efficiently Advantages and disadvantages of different types of small scale incubators for hatching chicken and duck eggs Parameter Electric incubator Sand method Rice husk method Rice husk and quilt method Electricity Required Not required Not required Not required Equipment Sophisticated Local traditional Local traditional Local traditional modern equipment materials materials materials Installation in Cannot be installed Can be installed Can be installed in remote Can be installed in remote remote areas in areas without in remote areas areas where electricity is areas where electricity is electricity where electricity not available not available is not available Installation cost Highest Lowest Higher than sand method Higher than sand and but much lower than rice husk methods but electric incubator much lower than electric incubator Maintenance Highest Lowest Higher than Higher than sand and rice cost sand method husk methods but lower than electric incubator Temperature Automatic Easier than rice More difficult than sand Easier than rice husk regulati
10. olowo University Ile Ife Nigeria The author wishes to thank Paul Neate for editing the manual Introduction Mini hatcheries or incubators have been used to hatch chicken and duck eggs in Egypt and China for some 3 000 years Mini hatcheries have been in use in Bangladesh since the 1970s In 1992 BRAC a Bangladesh based non governmental organization started a programme to promote the use of an incubator based on heated rice husk However the system was not widely adopted largely because of poor management of fertile eggs in the supply chain With financial support from the International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD the Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation PKSF expanded the conventional incubation process producing a more efficient and functional system building on an adapted comprehensive training programme that covered all aspects of the rural poultry production chain In particular a four week practical training programme for rural women was developed and carried out by a livestock agent at the village level Mini hatcheries can be constructed from cheap materials available locally such as rice husk quilts and sand to retain heat The incubators can be easily made using readily available skills and tools Sand based mini hatcheries give the highest hatching percentages for both chicken and duck eggs 80 85 per cent and 70 72 per cent respectively compared with 70 75 per cent and 65 68 per cent for rice husk incubators a
11. on husk and quilt and rice husk and quilt method method method Humidity Automatic Manual Manual Manual regulation Hatching 80 85 80 85 70 75 75 80 percentage chicken eggs Fuel cost Highest Lowest Higher than sand method Higher than sand and rice husk method Users Only wealthy All including All including landless and All including landless and people can afford landless and resource poor households resource poor households this system resource poor in marginal areas in marginal areas households in marginal areas Equipment and facilities needed for a sand based mini hatchery To operate a sand based mini hatchery you need e An incubator including e Kerosene lamps to heat the incubator e Thermometers to monitor temperature in the incubator e A water bowl to maintain humidity inside the incubator e Fertile eggs e Egg trays e Chick boxes e A candling box see Annex II e Antiseptic solution for washing the eggs and disinfecting the incubator e Somewhere to keep the incubator Building a sand based incubator The incubator consists of a wooden cabinet lined with insulating material and equipped with trays to hold the sand heat retention and eggs There should be a hatch in the top of the cabinet to allow hot air to be released to regulate the temperature inside the incubator The size of the cabinet depends on the number of eggs to be incubated An incubator of 135 cm tall 230 cm wide and 105 cm deep can accommodate three ha
12. ord Remove chick gently from the egg taking care not to tear the umbilical cord 11 12 Chicks are dry within 30 to 45 minutes after emerging from their shells Once dry they rapidly overheat in the incubator Remove chicks as soon as they are dry and place them in a holding basket equipped with a heat lamp to keep them warm Day old chicks are now ready for the brooding phase Day old chicks from the hatchery are now ready for the next production phase brooding Remove eggshells dead chicks and spoiled eggs from the hatching trays Dispose of them hygienically for example by burying them in the soil Once all the chicks have hatched remove the cloth linings from the hatching trays and clean and disinfect the incubator thoroughly so that it is ready for the next batch of eggs Once all the chicks have hatched clean the incubator thoroughly DAY 24 DUCK EGGS Stop turning the eggs DAY 26 DUCK EGGS Cracks are seen on the duck eggshells Gently moisten the eggs using the wet cotton cloth to soften the shell and help the ducklings to emerge DAY 27 DUCK EGGS Ducklings start to hatch from the eggs DAY 28 DUCK EGGS Most of the ducklings will have hatched from the eggs Hatched ducklings If a duckling is having difficulty getting out of the egg wash your hands and gently break the shell taking care not to tear the umbilical cord of the duckling Remove duckl
13. oup 2 Paper Mini hatcheries poultry doc Sumy M M C and M M Islam 2010 Study on the viability and profitability of improved backyard poultry enterprises in the poultry model chain in Bangladesh Research report submitted to the Microfinance and Technical Support Project Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation PKSF Dhaka Bangladesh PKSF 19
14. tain humidity at 70 80 per cent Place a laboratory thermometer on each hatching tray and check the temperature every time you turn the eggs 6 to 8 hours If the temperature falls below 98 F 36 5 C increase the size of the flame of the kerosene lamps If it rises above 100 F 37 5 C open the hatch in the top of the incubator to release some hot air and reduce the flames in the lamps or remove one or more of the lamps Ideally monitor the humidity in the incubation box using a hygrometer DAYS 2 TO 18 CHICKEN EGGS AND DAYS 2 TO 24 DUCK EGGS Turn the eggs every 6 to 8 hours Carefully turn the eggs every 6 to 8 hours Continue turning the eggs until Day 18 for chicken eggs and until Day 24 for duck eggs Check the temperature inside the incubator every time you turn the eggs to ensure that it is consistently between 98 F and 100 F 36 5 C to 37 5 C If the temperature falls below 98 F 36 5 C increase the size of the flame of the kerosene lamps If it rises too high open the hatch in the top of the incubator to release some hot air and reduce the flames in the lamps or remove one or more of the lamps Remove and throw away any broken eggs Add water to the water bowl in the incubator whenever it runs low This is important to maintain the humidity in the incubator CANDLING THE EGGS DAYS 7 AND 14 CHICKEN EGGS AND DAYS 7 AND 21 DUCK EGGS Candling Place a candle or elec
15. tching trays and incubate 1 200 to 1 500 eggs at a time The cabinet should be made of wood The walls roof and doors should be lined with a layer of cotton wool in rolls 8 12 cm thick The trays may be made of wood or metal The trays rest on a rack made of wood or metal The sand tray should be set 50 cm above the floor of the cabinet The first hatching tray should be 15 20 cm above the sand tray with each additional hatching tray set 15 20 cm above the previous tray see diagram below There should be a gap of 8 cm between the edges of the trays and the walls and doors of the cabinet to allow air to circulate Width 230 cm Aa a ippo FS Fe Nee oson 8 12 cm thick RICCI III IIIA IIIA IIIA IAA layer of cotton k ORR Egg tray PORR Width of trays OOK A NONONO RAYA rye yar AAAS A 56 61 cm EERE RERERER ERR ERANO NINA NONONO NOO YOO OOOO ORK OOOO OY SOQOOOO OOOO OOS 15 20 cm XM YY YY KKK XXXK between trays RRR II III IRI III I III IIR Height y VOOOV OOOO NINA SSI 9292 9292999991019 1 3 5 cm YOO YYYYYYYYYYWY Y NAA 1 5 3 0 cm sand layer 8 cm between tray and wall Kerosene of the box lamps Diagram of the sand based incubator and its internal arrangement A sand based incubator with three hatching trays The sand tray should be lined with black cloth to retain the sand and filled with a layer of sand between 1 5 3 cm thick The hatching trays should be lined with a layer of jute sacking
16. th an operational life of 10 years and utilization for 8 months per year i e depreciation spread over 80 months Annex II Candling eggs Candling is the process of shining light through an egg to determine whether the egg is fertile infertile or spoiled The manual recommends candling on Day 7 and Day 14 for chicken eggs and Day 7 and 21 for duck eggs The principle is simple In a dark room a source of light is placed against the eggshell and the light passes through illuminating its contents If the egg is fertile a tiny network of blood vessels emerging from a dark red spot similar to a spider will be seen see photo below If the egg is infertile the yolk will appear as a floating shadow with no sign of blood vessels And if the egg is spoiled it will appear opaque A candler can be easily made by using a 25 to 60 Watt light bulb if electricity is available or a candle placed in a container small box or empty tin can with a hole 3 4 cm to let the light pass through Figure 1 A battery torch can also be used with a box or tin can placed on top and the egg positioned over a hole to allow the light to shine through Figure 2 Remember e Always handle the eggs with care and do not keep them out of the incubator for more than 10 to 15 minutes e Infertile chicken eggs at Day 7 can be consumed while infertile chicken eggs at Day 14 must be disposed of hygienically Figure 1 Figure 2 Candler using a light bulb A torch can
17. tric light bulb inside a box with an egg sized hole in the side Place each egg in turn into the hole and observe the pattern of light shining through the shell See Annex Il Fertile egg You will see a faint pattern of blood vessels Infertile egg These are transparent with no sign of blood vessels Spoiled egg These are opaque 10 Candle the eggs on Day 7 and Day 14 to identify infertile and spoiled eggs Remove all the infertile and spoiled eggs from the incubation chamber After 7 days infertile eggs are still safe to eat but spoiled eggs should be discarded After 14 days spoiled eggs need to be discarded Some 75 90 per cent of eggs from a good breeding flock should be fertile Candling an egg to check whether it is fertile Check the temperature inside the incubator every time you turn the eggs 6 to 8 hours It should be kept at 98 F to 100 F 36 5 C to 37 5 DAY 19 CHICKEN EGGS Stop turning the eggs Cracks are seen on the chicken eggshells Once a day gently moisten the eggs using a wet cotton cloth to soften the shell and help the chicks emerge Initial hatching phase DAY 20 CHICKEN EGGS Chicks will start to come out from the eggs DAY 21 CHICKEN EGGS Most of the chicks will have hatched If a chick is having difficulty getting out of the egg wash your hands and then gently break the shell taking care not to tear the chick s umbilical c
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