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1. The approximation used assumes that the significant difference between the PWR and the APWR design in terms of natural deposition is that the wall cooling enhances the phoretic deposition Therefore the difference in decontamination coefficient at 1800 MWt represents this phoretic deposition and is then scaled by the power ratio Equation 4 21 represents the final approximation used Pen 1800 Aaep AP_Ptn Aaep PWR_Ptn Adep AP_1800 Agep PWR_1800 4 21 where 4 27 Aaep AP_Pin the decontamination coefficient from the APWR at the power level indicated Pa 1800 or design power Aaep PWR_Pin the decontamination coefficient from the PWR DBA calculation for the power level indicated 1800 or design power 4 5 3 Deposition in Piping Models At the discretion of the user piping can be modeled as a transfer pathway where deposition can occur A model is available for the removal of fission products during transport through pipes Alternatively the user may specify DFs and volumetric flow rates as a function of time Noble gases are assumed not to interact with the piping and are transmitted without any depletion The models chosen do not have documented limitations however the assumption is made that only primary deposition phenomena are being modeled Scenarios in which supersaturated conditions occur or in which very high or very low velocities are found may give unrealistic results The
2. Figure 3 43 Zoom and size features When the Zoom tab is activated the zoom level can be set to any desired value by either using the slider or entering a number in the percent value in the text box Note that clicking on the red arrow 2 displays a dropdown list of preset values from which the user may make a suitable selection When the Canvas Size tab is active the width and height of the canvas can be set The canvas is the portion of the View Dock window surrounded by a red border on two sides and the scaling ruler on the remaining two sides of a model as illustrated in Figure 3 44 All component icons are rendered on the canvas and for larger models sometimes the canvas borders cannot be seen The Zoom lt icon can be used to shrink the model and bring the red borders into view Also if the canvas is larger than the model clicking on the Trim Excess button will shrink the canvas area to fit the model In some SNAP models the scale of icons is of interest to get a sense of perspective particularly for models where plant components are represented Generally SNAP RADTRAD models are represented in a manner similar to a block diagram however a plant representation can be drawn using the Component Insertion 7 icon on Figure 3 41 3 44 ee See ae eee Meee ee ee ee ee ee ee Ye A Canvas Borders gt Figure 3 44 View Dock window model canvas SNAP RADTRAD provides the feature of scaling meshes with some of
3. 0 0522 1 exp 2 458 P MWt 1000 Renee TA an Aep 50 0 0417 1 exp 1 258 P MWt 1000 ae Aaep 10 0 0326 1 exp 0 910 P MWt 1000 E Aaep 90 0 421 1 exp 2 530 P MWt 1000 Savossa Aa aan 4e 50 0 196 1 exp 1 040 P MWt 1000 ae Aaep 10 0 094 I exp 0 869 P MWt 1000 Gap Early 13 680 49 680 4 20 0 1920 1 35 06 P MWt OTa i38 13 8 hr 2 50 0 1382 6 85E 06 P MWVt NQ Aaep 10 0 0811 10 15E 06 P MWt Gap Early 49 680 80 000 4 o z eet In Vessel 13 8 22 22 hr dep BeA Aaep 10 0 0860 1 exp 2 384 P MWt 1000 4 25 Table 4 12 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for BWRs DBAs Release Phase Time Interval s Correlations hr 1 bn Wang Aaep 90 2 903 exp 1060 P MWt Gap 00 5 hr Aaep 50 2 252 exp 1977 P MW Adep 10 1 285 exp 2199 P MW 3 Aaep 90 1 809 exp 777 P MWt Gap oe ae aep 50 1 722 exp 1777 P MW1 aes Aaep 10 1 161 exp 2274 P MW1 E Aaep 90 0 746 exp 626 P MWt E Ta fae Aa 50 0 752 exp 1565 P MW1 ie Adep 10 0 520 exp 2173 P MW1 E Aaep 90 1 959 exp 548 P MWt Pare es cat Adep 50 1 811 exp 1107 P MWt Poy Adep 10 1 551 exp 1507 P MWt Aaep 90 1 533 exp 573 P MW aoe pone 33 bri Adep 50 1 317 exp 1225 P MW1 ost Adep 10 0 836 exp 1051 P MWt E Aaep 90 1 524
4. USNRC ee United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Protecting People and the Environment SNAP RADTRAD Description of Models and Methods Manuscript Completed February 2015 Date Published Prepared by W C Arcieri D L Mlynarczyk L Larsen Information Systems Laboratory Inc 11140 Rockville Pike STE 650 Rockville MD 20852 3116 Mark Blumberg NRC Technical Monitor John Tomon NRC Contracting Officer s Representative Prepared for Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington D C 20555 ABSTRACT This report documents the use of the RADTRAD plugin to the SNAP Graphical User Interface GUI and the RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation analytical code RADTRAD AC developed for the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC Office of Nuclear Reactor Research to estimate transport and removal of radionuclides and dose at selected receptors The SNAP RADTRAD along with the RADTRAD AC code is used to estimate the radionuclide release from the containment using either the NRC TID 14844 or NUREG 1465 source terms and assumptions or a user specified table In addition the code can account for a reduction in the quantity of radioactive material released due to containment sprays natural deposition filters and other engineered safety features The code uses a combination of tables and numerical models of source term reduction phenomena to determine the time depend
5. 1 341 2 3 arcsin e1 3 4 23 where LUg and L the horizontal pipe length As r D As the user provided total pipe surface area in m D the pipe diameter 4 Vol A Uz the gravitational deposition velocity in m s U the linear velocity Q As Q the user provided gas flow in m s The laminar and turbulent settling efficiencies are equivalent for Reynolds Number between 500 and 2300 If the flow is turbulent then turbulence in the central core can propel a particle into the laminar sublayer If the particle inertia is high then it will penetrate the sublayer and be collected on the wall There have been experiments reference 23 on inertial deposition velocity and Brockmann has modeled the turbulent deposition efficiency Mure as shown in Equation 4 24 Nturp 1 exp U A Q 4 24 where U 0 1988 Uzir Re 1 8 Re Pair Vairdy u and 4 29 Ut the turbulent inertial deposition velocity in m s Ue the air velocity in m s dy the hydraulic diameter in m 4 Vol As Pair the density of air in kg m When the flow in the pipe is slower as described in Equation 4 25 then the turbulent velocity is calculated using Equation 4 26 TUair Re3 4 lt 326 3 4 25 H TUair 5 U 1 861E 07 a Uair Re 11 8 4 26 H Small particles undergoing Brownian diffusion will diffuse from areas of high concentration to those of low concentration Since the wall acts like a sink for these
6. In anew installation the root folder is not set When the root folder is not set the message No Root Folders Available appears in red as shown in Figure 3 8 3 8 Test23 B _Y General Show Disabled Name Test23 a Description lt none gt ED Stream Type Basic Job Stream EH File Groups 0 Groups ED Platform Local _ D Root Folder No Root Folders Available ED Relative Location RADTRAD D Log Level Information View in Job Status Yes No BH Linear Execution Yes No BH Figure 3 8 Job stream Property window with an unset root folder box to open the Edit Calculation Server Root Folders window Click on the New B icon and navigate to the desired location in the Select Folder Location window The root folder name will change to the last folder name in the directory path The relative location can be reset and should be reset to a name more mnemonic so that the SNAP RADTRAD cases can be tracked For example to change the name highlight the Relative Location Name and type in a new name Sample to Test23 Note that the file location is automatically appended Note that multiple root folders are allowed which is handy for organizing SNAP RADTRAD case files To add a root folder navigate to Too s gt Job Status or click on the Job Status icon and expand Local Right click on Local and select Root Folders Click on the New B icon left on Toolbar and navigate to where you want the root folder ex NPP Dose Ana
7. SNAP is used to support a wide variety of analysis programs that pass data from one program to another This feature is less of an issue with SNAP RADTRAD because in most cases output from SNAP RADTRAD RADTRAD AC is passed to AptPlot for plotting For the convenience of the user a default job stream is predefined for all SNAP RADTRAD cases Figure 3 5 presents a typical SNAP RADTRAD job stream The default job stream for SNAP RADTRAD shows three steps 1 input preparation shown in the RADTRAD Model Base_Model node 2 the analytical code execution in the RADTRAD RADTRAD node and 3 3 6 the passing of plot data from SNAP RADTRAD to AptPlot PlotStep node Input is passed from the Model Editor Base_Model to the RADTRAD analytical code RADTRAD The plot file data generated by the RADTRAD AC is passed to the AptPlot PlotStep node Sample RADTRAD Stream AptPlot RADTRAD model amp 1 Base_Model input model SNAP plugin to RADTRAD analytical code RADTRAD analytical code to AptPlot Figure 3 5 Typical job stream in SNAP RADTRAD As in the case of model input job streams specification can also be checked In the case of the Test23 problem expand the Job Stream node in the Navigator window select Test23 and right click then select Check Stream An error report window will appear in the Message window and in this case no errors were found Part of the job stream input specification is to determine w
8. This option Linear Execution should only be used in situations where the stream must execute one task at a time and each task must complete before another can be executed In most cases including SNAP RADTRAD this value should be left at its default value No The SNAP user defined Numerics feature is designed to allow properties of a model to be modified and or calculated outside the normal input for the model Typically the Numerics node is not used in SNAP RADTRAD To this end a user may create real integer boolean string and table variables as well and functions The user can specify multiple views so that various model icons can be seen Usually one view Default View is sufficient for SNAP RADTRAD models The Property window for the Default View node values can be modified by the user as needed but typically the default values for the text boxes will be sufficient for most models Section 3 3 4 describes some of the options associated with the Default View node Property window text boxes The user can select the Help h icon for each Default View node Property window text box to obtain more information on each one 3 70 4 0 MODELS USED IN RADTRAD The radiological consequences of an accident in a nuclear reactor depend upon the quantity of the radioactive material that escapes to the environment or enters into the control room SNAP RADTRAD is designed to calculate doses at offsite locations such as t
9. gt Export Exports a set of SNAP RADTRAD XML input files psx nix srx icx and dfx to a directory selected by the user see Section 3 2 3 File gt Exit Exits the Model Editor Edit Commands EdasUndo Reverses previous user inputs to a model similar to any Windows program Edit gt Redo Redoes a previous undo command similar to any Windows program Edit gt Preferences Edit gt Plugin Manager Allows the user to set various preferences related to fonts colors and other Model Editor features Allows enabling and disabling of various plugins Generally not used for SNAP RADTRAD Tools Commands Tools gt Check Model Tools gt Submit Job Tools gt Steam Tables Provides a check of the SNAP RADTRAD input model This feature is very useful for model development in SNAP RADTRAD Submits a job through the job stream and starts the SNAP Job Status Tool see Section 3 2 2 Not used in SNAP RADTRAD Tools gt Configuration Tool Starts the SNAP RADTRAD Configuration Tool see Section 3 1 Tools gt Job Status Starts the SNAP RADTRAD SNAP Job Status window see Section 3 2 2 Tools gt Model Note Viewer Displays model notes The user can set up and edit notes as part of the model documentation 3 26 Menu Command Description Exports a model to the jEdit editing program This feature requires the Tools gt Export to jEdit installation of jEdit Wi
10. see Equation 4 24 L the path length in m A md A the user provided total pipe surface area in m dy the hydraulic diameter in m see Equation 4 24 When the direction of gas flow is diverted in a bend an aerosol particle may deviate from the gas flow due to its inertia and deposit on the wall The efficiency of an aerosol particle in a bend is modeled as shown in Equation 4 32 TUair p Nbend d 4 32 H where T the particle relaxation time in s see Equation 4 22 nin the air velocity in m s p the user provided sum of the angles the flow has been diverted in radians dy the hydraulic diameter in m see Equation 4 24 4 31 When the flow is turbulent the efficiency of an aerosol particle in a bend from reference 26 is modeled as shown in Equation 4 33 7 2 83 T Uair Nbena 1 0 ex 4 33 dy where T the particle relaxation time in s see Equation 4 22 Uair the air velocity in m s dy the hydraulic diameter in m see Equation 4 24 In cases of laminar flow the efficiency of an aerosol particle in a bend is modeled as shown in Equation 4 34 P TUar VYN Nbena 10 n Goe 4 34 where P 0 452 Yair 11 dy 2242 P ah Ze Therefore the total aerosol deposition efficiency is modeled as model as shown in Equation 4 35 Nr 1 0 1 0 Ng 1 0 Nturp 1 0 naiss 1 0 a Nbena 4 35 4 5 3 2 Bixler Model for Elemental lodine Remov
11. 36 Edit Total Inventories window Release Fractions and Timings tab e Finally clicking on the Source Term tab shows the calculated source term associated with the particular nuclide as shown in Figure 3 37 Further discussion of source term modeling in SNAP RADTRAD is presented in Sections 3 4 Edit Inventory Scenarios vio Active Scenario Scenario Name PWR Source PWR Source z Accident Adjusted Release Fractions parameters inventory 8 and Timings Source Term ee Nuclide Gap Ci Early Ci ExVessel Ci Late Ci Ahm av ruts j vaj os va voj a oo 585 00 ooj PWR Source 0 0 20 4375 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 525 0 0 00 o o 110 4 0 0 0 0 o o 391 0 0 0 00 0 0 106 6 o o 00 o o 14 115 0 0 00 0 0 367 05 0 0 0 0 oo 96 75 oo o0 o o 185 35 0 0 ooj o o 1845 0 0 0 ooj N 1270 0 8890 0 0 0 ooj 18715 _1 31005 4 0 0 00 2685 0 1 87954 oo ooj 2946 5 206255E4 0 0 oo 2531 5 1 77205E4 0 0 0 0 __2686 0 5 1034E4 0 0 0 0 _ 504 0 9576 0 o o 0 0 171 25 856 25 0 0 0 0 52 1 260 5 0 0 0 0 95 75 478 75 oof 00 0 0 995 2 oo o o oo 9848 o o 0 0 nal anneal anl nalz Heip OK Cancel E Figure 3 37 Edit Total Inventories window Source Term tab The final step for the source term specification is to set the source term fraction and the iodine chemical forms to the RG 1 183 NUREG 146
12. APT Installer 2 7 4 Copyright 2001 2014 Appled Programming Technology Inc Al rights reserved F T L Plugin Manager gt om New Updates 5 RADTRAD I A Staas As The RADTRAD code can be used to Ji ave 323 estimate the containment release r J OTe 229 using either the TID 14844 or l Installation Directory mea J EXTOATA 20 6 NU ource terms and j f __ _ ________ assumptions or a user specified Please speofy the locaton to instal SNAP J Uncertainty 126 table In addition the code can z C Users homedr snap Browse fi J i ocx crea _ i and engineered safety features The RADTRAD code uses 4 combination of tables and or 1 Select Avalabie Deselect Al Continue Figure 2 2 SNAP installation screens Finally the RADTRAD AC should be installed in the radtrad subdirectory under the snap directory in the users homedir The RADTRAD AC distribution consists of a group of Java jar files that are distributed as a zip file from the RAMP website These files are castor codegen jar castor core jar castor xml jar castor xml schema jar commons logging jar and radtrad jar To install these file create a subdirectory named radtrad in the installation directory for SNAP RADTRAD unzip the files and copy them to that directory The path to the radtrad jar file needs to be set in the configuration tool Note that the SNAP RADTRAD installer automatically defines the path to the RADTRAD analytical code
13. Appearance button on Figure 3 47 will become active Note that the co incident spike model is not applicable to BWRs 2 The user can also have SNAP RADTRAD calculate the activity and add the effect of a pre incident or co incident spike to the total RCS activity 4 RCS Activity Calculator 2s Defaults Type BWR PWR Plant Power 3000 0 MW t Activity Parameters RCS Activity RCS Mass 3 0E8 gm Nuclide Activity Equilibrium RCS Spike RCS Total RCS Symbol uCi gm Inventory Ci Inventory Ci Inventory Ci T S Eq Act 1 0 uCi gm DE 1 131 2 Kr 83m 0 0 00 0 0 00 TIS Eq Act 280 0 uCiigm DE Xe 133 K 85 0 3 9118 14 0 0 9118 14 Kr 85m 2 0E 5 0 607876 0 0 0 607876 Kr 87 0 02 607 876 0 0 607 876 Use RCS equilibrium activity k s 0 03 911 814 0 0 911 814 Xe 131m 4 0E 3 121 5752 0 0 121 5752 r k aa ee Pence spia fiken 0 25 7598 45 0 0 7598 45 1 0 0 TIS spike act 60 0 uCigmDEI 131 i a 2o oo oa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Use co incident spike 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0E 6 0 86808153 52 084892 52 952974 3 0E 5 13 021223 781 27338 794 2946 4 0E 3 1736 1631 1 041698E5 _1 059059E5 7 0E 5 30 382854 18229712 1853 3541 ur 8 0E 4 347 23261 2 083396E4 2 118119E4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calculate Activity Reset OK Cancel Figure 3 47 RCS activity calculator window 3 52 In Figure 3 47 the user will note the Activity column is editable so that the user can inp
14. Data ceeeeeereeees 3 56 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs SOUICES cccceeeeeeeeeeeeetteeeeeees 3 57 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Compartments 60 cccceeeeeeees 3 58 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Pathways ccceecceeeeeeeeneeeeees 3 59 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Natural Deposition 0068 3 62 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Filters cccseeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeetteeeeeeees 3 63 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Sprays cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeees 3 64 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Dose Locations ccceeeeees 3 67 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs X Q Tables ccceceeeeeeeetteeeeeees 3 68 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Remaining Nodes cccceeee 3 69 Local error solutions for I 131 and 1 132 0 ccccceccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaes 4 8 Chemical element grouping for SNAP RADTRAD cccceeeceeeeeeeettteeeeeees 4 10 Release phase durations for PWRs and BWRS cccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 12 Gap release fractions used in SNAP RADTRAD sesseeseeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 12 SNAP RADTRAD release fractions for an REA CRDA accident 06 4 13 Formulations used to determine RCS water radionuclide concentrations in PWRs with U tube steam generators ccceceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 4 15 RCS radionuclide concentr
15. Model Editor screen cccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeedeceeeeeeeeeaaeaaeeeeeeseeeeeaaeaneees 3 4 Illustration of the expand icon cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaeueeceeeeteceeaaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 3 5 Illustration of the various icons used to represent a SNAP RADTRAD model 3 6 Typical job stream in SNAP RADTRAD 2 cceeteeeeeseeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaees 3 7 Job stream Property window 5 i AMM eee RI eee 3 7 Typical root folder settings in SNAP RADTRAD ceeeeeeeeeeeteeettteeteeees 3 8 Job stream Property window with an unset root folder eeeeeeetteereeeees 3 9 RADTRAD AC code setting in the SNAP configuration tool 3 10 SNAP RADTRAD job stream and status WINdOWS c ecceeeeeeeeeetteeeeeeees 3 11 Relationship between job stream steps and code execution cc 3 12 Dropdown menus for SNAP RADTRAD output cccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 13 Expanded Output Parameters tab in the Property window cccccccee 3 16 Expanded NRC Output Flags tab in the Property window ccccccceee 3 17 SNAP RADTRAD Job Status window with AptPlot icon highlighted 3 17 AptPlot startup VieW SF E ER eere 3 18 Select EXTDATA Channels window for multiple plots eeseeeeeeeeee 3 19 Control room dose plots for TeSt23 ccceeeeeeeeeeseseeeeseeseseeeee
16. Model Optons i cckiessis testes cesvie dative Wasik EAEE EES 3 48 3 4 2 Adaptive Time Step veces selicosctisarnstelditecstusasavsinissncutsiasnttahaiensusabdnssendias 3 49 3 4 2 Nuclear Data and Source SCeNariOS ccceececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 51 3 4 3 Compartments Pathways Natural Deposition Filters and Sprays 3 57 3 4 4 Dose Locations Breathing Rates and X Q Tables cccceeeees 3 66 4 0 MODELS USED IN RADTRAD ecseecccceeeeeeeeeeeeees fees eeapeeeeceeeeenetenseeneneeeeee 4 1 4 1 Governing Equations in RADTRAD eee este ee ee etree tere eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 1 4 2 Adaptive Time Step Algorithm AIR oc cees E NE 4 6 4 3 Radionuclide Release Mechanisms cccceeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetteeeeeeeeaeenees 4 10 4 4 Reactor Coolant System Activity Calculations 0 cccccceceeeeeeetteeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 13 4 5 Removal Models ssciecerasientesasetereranenaliane aus awne tt acienens 4 OEDI o Case wae ga cctebelessasacee 4 19 4 5 1 Spray Removal Model QR eee eeen 4 20 4 5 2 Natural Deposition Model c ccccccccceeeeeeeceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeenseeeeeeees 4 22 4 5 2 1 Henry s Correlation 4agy SMMIIT eee eee eeceeeteeeeeeteeeees 4 22 4 5 2 2 PowgkgModel AMI 2 I cece cece eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 4 23 4 5 3 Deposition in Piping Models cccccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeaaenseeeeeeees
17. Release Melt Release Noble Gas 1 0 1 0 lodine 0 1 0 5 Alkali Metals 0 0 0 0 It should be noted that the release assumptions used in SNAP RADTRAD can be confirmed through the SNAP Model Editor by defining a source then reviewing the nuclide definitions for that source This approach is better because the user can confirm the values actually used in the SNAP RADTRAD calculations 4 4 Reactor Coolant System Activity Calculations The ability to calculate the RCS activity consider equilibrium activities based on DE l 131 and DE Xe 133 and iodine spiking has been incorporated into SNAP RADTRAD The RCS concentrations are determined using formulations based on the NUREG 0017 Revision 1 Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Pressurized Water Reactors PWR GALE Code 16 NUREG 0016 Revision 1 Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Boiling Water Reactors BWR GALE Code 17 and the ANSI ANS 18 1 1999 Radioactive Source Term for Normal Operation of Light Water Reactors 18 The formulations used are basically correlations correcting for plant to plant variations in power system fluid and steam mass and 4 13 flow rates and other plant specific parameters applied to a reference PWR or BWR plant The calculations performed are similar to but basically a subset of those performed the PWR and BWR Gale co
18. Show Disabled Name Containment QP Component Number 2 Description lt none gt es 2 Type Normal oi baal Output Detail Level No Additional Detail Zal baa Volume 2 5E6 Wea Deposition lt none gt ia Filter Y lt none gt S a Spray lt none gt a E g ha i Figure 3 30 Property window with volume entry for the Compartment 2 Containment 3 34 Input for the flow pathway involves a data entry table to capture the time dependence of the assumed containment leakage rate of 0 1 percent per day day The first step is to change the Pathway Type text box in the Property window from Piping default to Air leakage typically used for containments Next specify a leakage rate by clicking on the Custom Editors icon adjacent to the Leakage Rate text box to open the Editing Leakage Rate window Figure 3 31 A data entry table window will open which is one of the most common ways to specify input entries in SNAP RADTRAD A gt Pathway 1 Leakage D General _ Show Disabled Name Leakage Component Number 1 2 Description lt none gt mIa From Compartment Compartment 2 Containment ia To Compartment Compartment 1 Environment ia Q Pathway Type Air Leakage zj D Printout detail Ilevel None Ia Leakage Rate Rows 2 0 0 0 1 720 0 0 1 EID Editing Leakage Rate x Editing Leakage Rate oo Time Sask Rate ee grag h day 00 07
19. The aerosol removal coefficient is dependent on the fraction of the aerosol suspended in the atmosphere ms which is defined as the aerosol mass in the atmosphere of a compartment at a given time divided by the total aerosol mass released into the compartment atmosphere until this time The model includes the effect of the unsprayed portions of the containment by incorporating the assumption that the circulation in the compartment is rapid compared with the removal rate Equation 4 14 specifies the aerosol removal coefficient A at any time 4 20 MT m y A s d a b log w E 3600A a 0 9 0 9 k 4 14 exp d BInW CH DW H EWH FW GW H The definitions for the constants A B C D E F G a b and cin Table 4 10 are from Section 7 of NUREG CR 5966 The parameter ais the ratio of the compartment volume not exposed to sprays to the compartment volume exposed to sprays unsprayed volume sprayed volume If the assumption that the circulation is rapid compared with the removal rate is not valid then the user can split the compartment into two separate compartments and model the flow from the unsprayed portions to the sprayed portions as a convective flow In this case a would be zero for the compartment containing the sprays This expression was originally developed for a puff release of aerosols into asystem In those cases where there is a continuing release the size distribution will cont
20. The organization of the tables follows the group node organization in the Navigator window Summary explanations of the input requirements are provided In addition screenshots are provided to help orient the user and to provide context with the input Comments are also provided to aid the user in specifying input 3 47 SNAP RADTRAD input is largely self explanatory given that the user has some dose analysis background However the user should be aware of the relationships among some of the group nodes from an input specification perspective These relationships are as follows e general model options Table 3 5 e nuclide data and sources for specifying source terms Tables 3 6 and 3 7 e compartments pathways natural deposition filters and sprays Tables 3 8 through 3 12 and e dose locations breathing rates and X Q tables Tables 3 13 and 3 14 The relationships will become obvious as the user works with the SNAP Model Editor Sometimes the relationship is one way As an example the user can tell which X Q table is linked to a particular dose location by clicking on one of the Dose Location nodes However if the user clicks on a particular X Q Table node the associated dose location is not readily identified Hence it is important to name the various model components to keep track of associations 3 4 1 Model Options Model options are applied to the overall problem Some general comments on model options are listed
21. This string can be shortened to C R th as a further example of the application of wildcards To select multiple data channels requires the use of shift click or control click feature as described below e Shift click used to select a range of datasets In this case click on ControlRoom thyroid 1131 Then hold down the shift key and select ControlRoom thyroid 1135 e Control click used to select multiple datasets one at a time Hold down the control key and click on each dataset selecting that dataset Each dataset is highlighted after selection 3 19 With either approach all of the dose datasets will be highlighted as shown in Figure 3 17 Once the datasets are highlighted click on the Plot button and the plot will be generated The resulting plot is shown on Figure 3 18 To AptPict Untitled mode Son File Edit Data Plot View Window Tools Help m RO JB FT SOOM AIAIPLIA A lt via gt B A 5 sai w 0 GO X Y 2 99608e 06 2 62185 ControlRoom thyroid J131 ControlRoom thyroid 1132 ControlRoom thyroid 1133 ControlRoom thyroid 1134 ControlRoom thyroid 1135 Dose rem 0 Se 05 1e 06 1 5e 06 2e 06 2 5e 06 3e 06 Time s Tramp Untitled Figure 3 18 Control room dose plots for Test23 Adjustments can be made to the plot by using the plot editing features in AptPlot These features are accessed by selecting Plot in the top menu A number of features are available but g
22. and Dose Estimation U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC June 1999 NUREG CR 6604 Supplement 2 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC October 2002 SNAP Manual Version 2 2 1 Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package SNAP User s Manual Applied Programming Technology Inc Bloomsburg PA October 2012 ICRP Publication 38 Radionuclide Transformations Energy and Intensity of Emissions International Commission on Radiological Protection Ann ICRP 11 13 September 1983 EPA 520 1 88 020 Limiting Values of Radionuclide Intake and Air Concentration and Dose Conversion Factors for Inhalation Submersion and Ingestion Federal Guidance Report No 11 U S Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC September 1988 EPA 402 R 93 081 External Exposure to Radionuclides in Air Water and Soil Federal Guidance Report No 12 U S Environmental Protection Agency Washington DC September 1993 Regulatory Guide 1 183 Alternative Radiological Source Terms for Evaluating Design Basis Accidents at Nuclear Power Reactors U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC July 2000 TID 14844 Calculation of Distance Factors for Power and Test Reactor Sites U S Atomic Energy Commission Washington DC March 1962 NUREG 1465 Accident Source Terms for Light Water Nuclear Power Pla
23. and the NUREG 1465 model The TID 14844 model which is generally applied to LOCA analysis is based on the assumption that 100 percent of the noble gas radionuclides and 50 percent of the iodine radionuclides are available for release to the containment The iodine release is reduced by a factor of 2 to account for deposition within the containment so that 25 percent of the iodine remains airborne in the containment based on the assumptions in Regulatory Guide 1 3 RG 1 3 Assumptions used for Evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Coolant Accidents for Boiling Water Reactors 13 and Regulatory Guide 1 4 RG 1 4 Assumptions used for evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Coolant Accidents for Pressurized Water Reactors 14 No adjustment is made for the noble gases since radionuclides in this group are inert The release is assumed to be instantaneous a puff release and is assumed to occur at the beginning of the accident t 0 The fractions for the physical form of iodine used in the TID 14844 model are elemental 0 91 organic 0 04 and aerosol 0 05 An alternative release model was developed in NUREG 1465 for LOCA analysis that considered the results of severe accident research conducted by the NRC In this model the 4 11 release from the fuel is subdivided into the Gap release and the Early In vessel release Radionuclides that have accumulated in the gap between th
24. basically gives a rate at which dose would have to increase over the whole simulation to get the current dose magnitude 3 The scaling factor is calculated by dividing the local rate of change by the maximum of the two global rate estimates from step 2 If the local dose is changing at a very slow rate compared to the global measure then the error is of less concern since the error is 4 9 small in comparison to time when dose is increasing rapidly If the scaling factor exceeds 1 it is set to 1 4 The scaled error is calculated by multiplying the error by the scaling factor The scaled error can then be used to decide if the time step size needs to be cut held constant or increased In some cases it may be desirable to directly control the time step size even if the adaptive time step algorithm is used This can be done by specifying a time step table with the minimum and maximum time step size to the same value This will override the adaptive time step algorithm In test cases it was found that the reported error was always large over the first few time steps To stabilize the simulation a few time steps are taken at the minimum time step size The adaptive time step logic is interrupted occasionally over the first 1 10 of the simulation to take a step of the default size in order to calculate a scaling factor In some cases the error may increase as the time step size is decreased due to round off error or due to instability of the
25. below e Plant Power Level needs to be specified as it is used to determine the overall inventory in the source term calculation e Either Decay or Decay with daughter production should be used for most problems e The Onset of Gap Release and the Start of Accident should be set to 0 0 Otherwise the simulation time is advanced which means that the lookup time for X Q breathing rate occupancy factor and other time dependent parameters is advanced which is incorrect e An Adaptive Time Step algorithm and a Default with Error Calculation options have been added to SNAP RADTRAD e Options are provided to reduce the volume of output in the Output Parameters and NRC Output Flags Property window if the user desires to reduce the volume of output data Otherwise the use of the default values should be acceptable for most problems but should be checked by the user It is easy to gloss over pre defined inputs with programs like SNAP RADTRAD Note that the values of the Onset of Gap Release and the Start of the Accident should remain at 0 0 If values greater than 0 0 are used the problem time is advanced by the specified value which causes the lookup values for time dependent data such as X Q to be later than it should be This issue will be addressed in future versions of the RADTRAD AC Table 3 5 lists the available input for the Model Options node in SNAP RADTRAD 3 48 3 4 2 Adaptive Time Step Generally the default time step algorithm is
26. by changing the Start and Stop values to 0 0001 and 10 0 Click on the Main tab if it is not already selected Then enter 0 0007 in the Start text box and 10 0 in the Stop text box Then click the Apply button to apply the change e Use scientific notation for the y axis The format for the y axis labels is set by changing the Edit dropdown menu setting in the General section of Figure 3 19 Then set the number format in the Format dropdown menu in the Tick properties section to Scientific from General Also set the precision to 0 in the Precision dropdown menu and click the Apply button to reset the format 6j Axes General Edit X axis i v Active Start 0 0 Stop 3000000 0 Scale Normal v Invert axis Main Axis label amp bar Tick labels I Tick marks Special Axis Label Label string Time s Tick properties Major spacing 500000 0 Minor ticks i Format General nA Precision 5 z Display options v Display tick labels v Display axis bar v Display tick marks Axis placement Zero axis Offsets Normal 0 0000 Opposite 0 0000 Tick label properties Font 0 Lucida Bright v Color B biack ji L Apply to Current axis Apply Close Figure 3 19 AptPlot Axes window 3 21 e Line colors The line colors selected by AptPlot can be hard to see Each line color can be individually adjusted by the user To adjust a line color navigate to Plot gt Set appearance and highlight the dataset to be changed i
27. for each icon in the Navigator window Basically these tools aid the user in navigating component nodes in the Navigator window and multiple models in the SNAP GUI Previous Next Select Selection Previous Next J Model 4 gt av B NN Select from list of Open Models Pick from list of Selection Actions Figure 3 24 Navigator window tool bar icon description 3 3 2 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Component Specification The first step is to start the SNAP Model Editor and click on Create a New Model in the Welcome screen Figure 3 1 Select RADTRAD model in the Select Model Type screen that subsequently appears similar to Figure 3 2 except there are no icons in the View Dock window The basic model nodes are shown in the Navigator window Expand the Compartment 1 node using the Expand icon in the Navigator window Highlight click on the Compartment 1 Environment node so that data fields for this compartment will appear in the Property window Note that an environment compartment is defined by default The basic approach to building a SNAP RADTRAD model is to set up an array of compartments flow pathways and specify key parameters in the various components of the model For sources compartments and pathways that ultimately appear in the View Dock window the basic pattern is to highlight select the component category i e Source Compartments and Pathways right click on the component category and select New
28. jar file as SNAPINSTALL radtrad radtrad jar so if the aforementioned jar files are copied to a radtrad subdirectory in the SNAP RADTRAD installation directory the code should be ready for use The location of this link within the SNAP framework is discussed in Section 2 2 2 4 Sample Problems A set of sample problems for SNAP RADTRAD are provided on the RAMP website These problems provide a starting point for the user In addition there is a Test23 sample problem provided with the SNAP installation files from APT This problem is used to illustrate the use of SNAP RADTRAD in Section 3 0 The user will also find the information on the QuickStart pdf file on the RAMP website to be useful 2 5 Contact Information Any questions suggestions corrections or comments concerning this the code or its documentation should be submitted to RADTRAD_Help nrc gov or RAMP Resource nrc gov 2 6 Code Error and Problem Reporting While every effort has been made to minimize errors in SNAP RADTRAD there may be unanticipated circumstances that lead to errors and problems bugs To report errors and bugs with the program first collect as much information as possible about the error or bug This information should include answers to the following questions What version of the SNAP RADTRAD program are you running The information for SNAP can be found on the screen displayed at startup or by using the Help About menu item Click the Plugins
29. link is activated from the environment compartment as shown in Figure 3 52 The user opens the Property window for the environment compartment and selects the Custom Editors icon to the right of the Onsite X Q Tables text box The Onsite X Q Table Map window will appear and the user can link the X Q table and dose location The remaining nodes under the Navigator window are listed and described in Table 3 15 d Close Compartment 4 Environment Properties View 0 Onsite WQ Table Map p E Compartment 4 Environment l a v General L Show Disabled Intake from Environment Name Environment W z ae E ae Pathways 8 Filter 2 Environmentto CR 9 Unfitered Environmentto CR Desaipion PETE Ela 3 Sprayed to Environment XQ Table 3 Control Room Ko Table 3 Control Room Type Environment _ e 6 Unsprayed to Environment XQ Table 3 Control Room XQ Table 3 Control Room Output Detail Level Fun Edit at Time Steps x e z T Annulus to Environment XQ Table 3 Control Room WA Table 3 Control Room Dose Locations 2 Dose Location connections J E a E 10 Exhaust from CR to Environment Onsite XQ Tables 3 XQ Tables ex D A j E e W g v H 8 t t i 1 m i L ie z Help OK Cancel i Figure 3 52 Linkage of a dose location and X Q table for a compartment 3 68 T
30. models that are available in SNAP RADTRAD for piping deposition include the Brockmann model for aerosol removal the Bixler model for elemental iodine removal and the Bixler model for organic iodine removal 4 5 3 1 Brockmann Model for Aerosol Removal The Brockmann model described in reference 21 is used to determine the amount of aerosol deposition that occurs in pipe bends and due to settling turbulent inertia and diffusion The mean particle diameter d used in the Brockmann model is assumed to be 1 with an average particle density pp of 1000 kg m The temperature pressure open volume and other parameters are provided by the user Particles will settle due to gravitational force and deposit on the horizontally projecting lower surface of the flow path during transport This turbulent flow deposition efficiency 7 2 is modeled in Equation 4 22 Ng 1 exp U A Q Ug tg t slip d pp 18u 4 22 m slip 1 0 2 07 1 287 0 4e70 554p mfp where Ug the gravitational deposition velocity in m s 4 28 T the particle relaxation time in s Q the user provided gas flow in m s A the user provided total pipe surface area in m 4 the viscosity of air 1 93E 05 Pa s mfp the particle mean free path in cm g the gravitational acceleration in m s For instances of laminar flow described in reference 22 the deposition efficiency is described by Equation 4 23 Ng 1 aeV 1 62 3
31. not referred to by the user Job Status Window PlotStep Files PDF Documents time_pdf time paf Time step results usually not referred to by the user Screen output from AptPlot usually not referred to by Text Files gt screen aptplot screen the user Output from SNAP job steam showing AptPlot job Text Files gt Task Log PlotStep tasklog step execution information usually not referred to by the user a SNAP RADTRAD specific output b Input file to the RADTRAD AC analytical code generated by SNAP RADTRAD plugin c Output file from the RADTRAD AC analytical code The files produced by the RADTRAD AC code which are raatrad out radtradNRC out radtrad plt and radtrad screen are the most relevant to the user The radtrad out file is basically the original Version 3 03 3 10 output file Major sections of this output file are e Input listing provides a listing of the input in XML format that is used by the RADTRAD AC e Input echo provides an edited input summary of plant description model scenario radionuclide source term DCF information compartment pathway data X Q DCF and decay data and other relevant input e Breakdown of dose results and nuclide inventory in various compartments at various time points generally selected by changes in events i e time at which flow rate changes and time at which X Q changes Activity balance information is also given e
32. numerical algorithm which can happen if the time step size is too large The adaptive time step algorithm tracks the error vs time step size If it detects a region where the error increases as the time step size decreases the algorithm just uses a default time step for a few steps and returns control to the adaptive time step logic In some cases the adaptive time step algorithm cuts the time step until the minimum time step size is reached The adaptive time stepper will count how many steps it remains at the minimum time step size If more than a few time steps are taken at the minimum time step a time step of the default size is requested This approach is used to keep the adaptive time algorithm from performing calculations for long periods at the minimum time step size 4 3 Radionuclide Release Mechanisms A large number of radionuclides in various chemical forms are generated in the fuel as the reactor operates The nuclides which are generated are categorized into chemical groups in order to make the problem more tractable Table 4 2 lists the chemical grouping used in SNAP RADTRAD Note that the chemical grouping was revised from RADTRAD version 3 03 because of the addition of the ICRP 38 5 nuclide set by combining strontium and barium into a single group and adding the other chemical elements as Group 9 Since SNAP RADTRAD treats all nuclides that are in Groups 3 and above as aerosols there was no internal coding changes needed A repres
33. particles there is net diffusion from the bulk to the wall This phenomenon has been analyzed in reference 24 and the diffusional deposition efficiency is modeled as shown in Equation 4 27 Nais 1 exp UaiffAs Q 4 27 where Uaiff the diffusion velocity in m s As the user provided total pipe surface area in m Q the user provided gas flow in m s In cases of laminar flow this efficiency is modeled as shown in Equation 4 28 Naist 2 567 1 2 0 1777 4 3 4 28 where 4 the dimensionless diffusion parameter A Dai Qdi and A the user provided total pipe surface area in m Daiff the particle diffusion coefficient in m s Q the user provided gas flow in m s dy the hydraulic diameter in m see Equation 4 24 4 30 The particle diffusion coefficient is computed as shown in Equation 4 29 D 1 38E 16 T x op 4 29 diff i I 3 udp where Tg the gas temperature in K When the flow is slow or the pipe length is large such that gt 0 02 then the diffusional deposition efficiency is modeled as shown in Equation 4 30 Naiff 0 819exp 3 6577 0 097exp 22 3 0 032exp 57 4 30 In cases of turbulent flow the diffusional efficiency from reference 25 is modeled as shown in Equation 4 31 L 1 3 Naif 1 exp 30 0187Re13 24 4 31 H where r4 the dimensionless diffusion parameter see Equation 4 28 Re Pair Uairdy u
34. responsible for the initial conversion and code programming of RADTRAD into JAVA Another individual who is acknowledged is Stephen LaVie from the Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response whose development of the RNEditor code is a key element of the source term modeling approach used in SNAP RADTRAD Finally the support of John Tomon of the Office of Research who is the current Contracting Officer s Representative and whose patience and guidance is greatly appreciated In the contractor organizations the contributions of Ken Jones of Applied Programming Technology who along with his programming staff develop and maintain the SNAP code are greatly appreciated xi APT AptPlot APWR Bq BWR Ci CRDA DCF DE DE l 131 DE Xe 133 DF DBA TID DBA AST EAB FGR FHA GUI HEPA LOCA LPZ MWth NRC ODE PWR RCS RADTRAD RAMP REA RG SI SNAP Sv TEDE T S XML ABBREVIATIONS Applied Programming Technology Applied Programming Technology plotting package advanced pressurized water reactor Becquerels boiling water reactor curie control rod drop accident dose conversion factor dose equivalent dose equivalent iodine 131 dose equivalent xenon 133 decontamination factor design basis accident based on TID 14844 design basis accident using NUREG 1465 Regulatory Guide 1 183 models exclusion area boundary Federal Guidance Report fuel handling accident graphical user interface high efficiency particula
35. the drawing features available using the Component Insertion 1 icon The Component Insertion 7 icon allows the insertion of various components and basic drawing shapes into a model representation Figure 3 45 displays the Component Insertion 1 icon menus illustrating the available features These menus are accessed by clicking on the dropdown arrow The features that would be most used in developing a SNAP RADTRAD model would be the Compartments Sources and Pathways Insertions These three features make it easy to build a model by navigating the menus to the component of interest clicking on that component then moving the cursor to the View Dock window and clicking again This approach provides an alternative and is quicker than the approach involving right clicking on the desired nodes in the Navigator window described earlier 3 45 E gt eT Annotation gt Ellipse yee Annotation La ee Tino fade a a pcg jonek Compartments Image Compartments i Job Stream gt Line F Job Stream gt F Stream Steps 8 Job Streams IF Polygon 82 Job Streams Model Nodes 4b Numerics gt O Rectangle 4b Numerics gt D External Files Pathways T Text Annotation Pathways M File Sets Sources Views Sources D Input Switches r e Eai Annotation gt eed ee ed Compartments F Job Stream gt 23 Job Streams lt b Numerics gt amp gt Pathways sources Z inte
36. the error The ranges from 0 if there is no error to a maximum error of 1 The error is scaled in order to reduce the number of time steps taken in regions where the solution is not changing significantly The scaled error is also limited to the range 0 to 1 4 6 2 The scaled error is compared to the user specified maximum error and the following steps are taken depending on the magnitude of the error a If the error value is above the maximum error value 0 001 by default but can be set by the user then the time step size is cut in half and the calculation is repeated b If the error value is between the maximum error and 1 10 the maximum error the time step size is kept c If the error is below 1 10 the maximum error the time step size is doubled starting with the next time step This algorithm works as long as error decreases as the time step size decreases and the time step size stay above the minimum time step size Modifications to this logic to address special cases are discussed later in this section The governing equations for the RADTRAD AC are defined and solved in terms of the radionuclide inventory atoms in each compartment The key results however are the dose to hypothetical individuals located at specified locations The dose values were used in calculating an error estimate because the dose quantities are the primary values of interest and because the dose values are included in the plot file which makes it easier
37. to understand the adaptive time step controller behavior and diagnose problems The ODE solves for N i tm which is the number or atoms of nuclide n in compartment at time tm the time at time step m The dose calculations are represented by Dyn tn which is the dose in compartment of category k for nuclide n at time tm The different categories k of dose that are calculated include cloudshine inhalation skin thyroid and TEDE To estimate the error at each time step m two solutions are calculated for time tm 1 tm At starting from the base solution point N tm with associated dose represented as Dz dose at the base point 1 The first solution at time tn is calculated by advancing the ODE solver by a full time step of size At The associated dose is represented as Ds dose for solution 1 2 The second solution for time tn 7is calculated by advancing the ODE solver by two half time steps i e time steps of size 4t 2 The associated dose is represented as Ds2 dose for solution 2 Note that Dz Dsz and Dsz can be considered vectors where the elements of the vector are in units of dose In order to estimate the error it is useful to define a measure of magnitude for the dose vector The most obvious choice is the Euclidean length which gives an overall measure of the magnitude of the dose vector The magnitude or norm of the dose vector will be represented as D To estimate the local error the magnitude of the
38. unsprayed to sprayed volume in the compartment This is typically zero as the unsprayed volume is often modeled as a separate compartment Good mixing is assumed for any ratio above zero if good mixing is not available the sprayed and unsprayed compartments should be modeled separately Powers Model Percentile if Aerosol Removal Model is the Powers Model The percentile model used in the calculation Select the percent using the dropdown menu e 10 e 50 e 90 Elemental lodine Removal Model Determines the method by which the spray removes aerosol particulate radionuclides from the compartment The user can select from the following options e None aerosols are not removed from the comp e User Defined Coefficient Table aerosols are removed as an aerosol removal coefficient over time When this option is selected the Aerosol Removal Coefficients Aerosol DF Limit Enabled Aerosol DF Limit Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit Enabled and the Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit text boxes appear below this option Elemental lodine Removal Coefficients if Elemental lodine Removal Model is the User Defined Coefficients Defines the elemental iodine radionuclide removal as a function of time Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Elemental lodine Removal Coefficients window The user enters time dependent elemental iodine removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table Ele
39. 1 Local error solutions for I 131 and I 132 1 131 Dose 1 132 Dose Magnitude 2 Solution Step rem rem 1 1314 1 132 rem D 20 hrs 0 75 0 00130 Ds 24 hrs 0 92 0 00153 Dg 24 hrs 0 90 0 00150 Ds1 Dg 0 17 0 00023 0 17000016 Ds2 Dg 0 15 0 0002 0 15000013 Ds Ds2 0 02 0 00003 0 020000002 Note that the change in the dose value over the time step of 0 17 for l 131 is much larger than the change in the dose value of 0 00023 for l 132 This is reflected in the magnitude of the dose vector since the value is very close to the l 131 value of 0 17 rem In the error calculation below the small tail value is dropped In general it is the dose channels with the largest change in 4 8 dose over a time step that dominates the error calculation Over this time step the local error is calculated by Equation 4 7 local vee 0 0625 4 7 oca eet a 04s i 4 7 The default threshold for error is 0 001 so the local error exceeds the default threshold by an order of magnitude In the RADTRAD AC there are several different arrays that store different sets of dose information There are arrays for cloudshine inhalation which includes whole body and thyroid and skin which include the different nuclide dose totals Another set of dose arrays include the accumulated dose for skin thyroid whole body and TEDE A separate error is calculated for each of these arrays and the largest of these is recorded as the error
40. 131 inventory in various compartments as a function of time e Cumulative dose results at various dose locations as a function of time e Worst two hour doses at the EAB and the final doses and final doses for the LPZ and other dose locations The output contents can be controlled from Model Options node by expanding the Output Parameters tab in the Property window Figure 3 130 The main difference in the output is 3 15 generally the editing of results for supplemental time steps when they are used and the model removal decontamination factors M Output Parameters Echo Model Definition True False J Show Event True O False Show Model o True O False ao 0 Show Step True False 19 a ak lodine Units only Curies edited version 3 10 v Figure 3 13 Expanded Output Parameters tab in the Property window The radtradNRC out output file provides a time dependent summary of activity and dose calculations by nuclide The contents of the radtradNRC out file are controlled by expanding the NRC Output Flags tab under Model Options node inthe Property window See Figure 3 14 for the output parameters available Major sections of this output are e Input echo provides an edited input summary of plant description model scenario radionuclide source term DCF information compartment pathway data X Q DCF and decay data and other relevant input e Output activity distribution cumulative and dose diffe
41. 2 39E 05 8 24 1 29E 05 24 96 5 49E 06 96 720 1 61E 06 Ay AY C X00 Table 4 Exclusion Area Boundary a C X00 Table 2 Low Population Zone Y General _ Show Disabled Y General Show Disabled Name Exclusion Area Boundary DI Name Low Population Zone 09 Component Number 1 9 Component Number Aak Description lt none gt ENB Description lt none gt EO XQ Table Rows 2 0 0 1 46 4 2 0 1 46 4 EVO warable Rows 6 0 04 5 5 20 2 396 5 8 0 1 296 5 E10 9 fo Editing X Q Table b See fo Editing X Q Table Time XQ i h sim 0 0 1 4E 4 2 0 1 4E 4 Add hes Remove jJ Add Remove j ok cance 0K cance L si Figure 3 32 X Q input tables for EAB left and LPZ right 3 36 The final item to be completed is the source term specification The source term specification consists of two parts The first part is to specify the radionuclide inventory in the fuel or reactor coolant and the second is the source or release fraction scenario specific to the accident type Both combine to generate the radionuclide inventory to determine an overall source term Additionally there is also the setting for core power in the Model Options node that is used to determine the radionuclide inventory There are two default core inventory libraries PWR and BWR which are not editable by the user which are used to determine the core inventory e PWR normalized Methods for Estimation of Leakages and Conseque
42. 4 28 4 5 3 1 Brockmann Model for Aerosol Removal ccceeeeceee 4 28 4 5 3 2 Bixler Model for Elemental lodine Removal 4 32 4 5 3 3 Bixler Model for Organic lodine Removal eee 4 33 ADA CIEE E ee seecat beceeeda censauae Apcansecdaeeevevls caeneceteeesevla vauneeetcc 4 33 4 6 DOSS Arial y SIS lt 6 E EE EEEE OEE 4 33 4 6 1 Offsite Dose Analysis cccccccceeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeesaaeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeas 4 33 4 6 2 Control Room Dose AnallySis ccccccccccececceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 4 34 5 0 REFER E We MME oc r5i cl Ayia stutia Maa eat ageweae deen amine adage eae 5 1 vi Figure Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 5 Figure 3 6 Figure 3 7 Figure 3 8 Figure 3 9 Figure 3 10 Figure 3 11 Figure 3 12 Figure 3 13 Figure 3 14 Figure 3 15 Figure 3 16 Figure 3 17 Figure 3 18 Figure 3 19 Figure 3 20 Figure 3 21 Figure 3 22 Figure 3 23 Figure 3 24 Figure 3 25 Figure 3 26 Figure 3 27 Figure 3 28 Figure 3 29 Figure 3 30 Figure 3 31 Figure 3 32 Figure 3 33 Figure 3 34 LIST OF FIGURES Page AptPlot installation screens cccccceee cece eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaseeeeeeeeeeeaaas 2 2 SNAP installation SCrE NS cccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaeeeeeeeeeesaaaneeeeees 2 4 SNAP Model Editor welcome SCIreeN ccccccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaaeneees 3 3 SNAP
43. 4 33 DER An q DCFen 4 39 where DEW the air immersion cloudshine dose due to nuclide n in the environment compartment in Sv An the integrated release of nuclide 7 in Bq o the user provided atmospheric dilution factor in s m DCF the FGR 11 amp 12 air immersion cloudshine DCF for nuclide n in Sv m Bq s The activity is related to the number of atoms of nuclide n as shown in Equation 4 40 An AnNn 4 40 where An the radiological decay constant for nuclide n in 1 s The inhalation dose from each nuclide n is calculated using Equation 4 41 DER An X Q BR DCFen 4 41 where Ding the inhalation dose commitment due to nuclide n in the environment compartment in Sv An the integrated release of nuclide 7 in Bq o the user provided atmospheric dilution factor in s m BR the user provided breathing rate in m s DCF n the FGR 11 amp 12 inhalation DCF for nuclide n in Sv Bq Note that the conversion factor of 100 Rem 1 Sv is applied to all the dose equations to obtain the dose in units of Rem The total dose over the entire problem time is computed as the sum of the contributions over each time interval and each nuclide 4 6 2 Control Room Dose Analysis The dose to an individual in a control room is calculated from the time integrated concentration of radionuclides in the control room compartment The dose to the individual due to air immersion in the control room calculated u
44. 4 56254 1 3686E8 ND 95 4 138E4 1 2414E8 Mo 399 4 8354 1 449E8 Te 39m 4 169E4 1 2507E8 Ru 103 3 59864 10794E8 7 b7 Display zero values Close L 4 File Editing Icons Delete Existing file AddNewFile gt O BM De open RCS Acivty Calculator Copy Existing File Figure 3 33 SNAP RADTRAD Edit Total Inventories window editing features 3 38 Edit Inventory Scenarios Active Scenario PWR Source Scenarios DAE av PWR Source Help ScenarioName PWR Source Accident Adjusted Parameters amp Inventory Total Inventory PWR Accident Type DBAAST Defaults Type BWR PWR 8 Release Fractions and Timings Source Term s OK L Cancel Figure 3 34 Edit Total Inventories window Accident Parameters tab Clicking on the Adjusted Inventory tab will list the core inventory based on the generic PWR file Note in Figure 3 35 that there are two columns The column labeled Amount lists the activity in curies Ci MWth and the column labeled nventory lists the total activity in Ci Note that the inventory is calculated from the amount using the Plant Power Level set previously in the Model Options node Edit Inventory Scenarios Active Scenario PWR Source X Scenarios Bae PWR Source Help Scenario Name PWR Source Accident Parameters Plant Power 3637 MWt Nuclide Display zero values Adjusted amp Inventory and Timings Units Amount
45. 42 5 meters and a width of 55 meters Note that the ruler at the edge of the canvas shows these dimensions Actually units are immaterial in this context as the dimensions can be expressed in yards feet or any other units The scaling factor is actually the number of pixels per some unit of length Once a suitable scaling is set scaled drawings representing plant components can be made using the annotation features discussed above A sample is shown in Figure 3 46 in which a cylinder is scaled to be 100 feet in diameter and 100 feet high 3 46 Figure 3 46 Cylinder drawn using the Annotation features of SNAP It is noted that in general the icons used to represent various components in a SNAP RADTRAD model are adequate for model presentation These features are illustrated for those users who may want to explore and use these features for additional model annotation 3 4 SNAP RADTRAD Input Summary Up to this point the user has seen the various approaches to specifying input in SNAP RADTRAD The first step is to define a component compartment flow pathway dose location etc using the right click and left click sequences shown earlier and then specifying the actual input parameters using drop menus text boxes and input tables However up to this point many of the available input parameters have not been discussed Tables 3 5 through 3 15 present a summary of all of the inputs that can be specified in a SNAP RADTRAD model
46. 5 values These values are set by using the 3 40 dropdown menu associated with the lodine Physical Form text box in the Property window as shown in Figure 3 38 The aerosol elemental and organic iodine fractions are listed but are not editable grayed out Source 1 Fuel Release F General C Show Disabled Name Fuel Release a Component Number 10 Description lt none gt Ex D Source Scenarios 1 active PWR Source ey hii Q Source Term Fraction 1 0 gt lodine Physical Form NUREG 1465 v B Aerosol Fraction FP Elemental Fraction D Organic Fraction a Compartments 1 compartment connection Aa A Figure 3 38 Property window for source term iodine chemical form settings The user can now run a model check by navigating to Tools gt Check Model and looking for the notes in the Message window in the lower part of the Model Editor indicating that no errors were found as shown in Figure 3 39 There are three icons to the right of the message window used to copy or delete messages Copy messages to clipboard AY Messages Note Model check complete No errors found a ite Delete messages v in messages to text file Figure 3 39 Model Editor Message window with icons If an error is detected an Error Report window appears listing the errors as shown in figure 3 40 The error messages which are generally self explanatory provide a guide of what needs to be fixed Note that there are ot
47. 720 0 0 1 Add Remove Add Remove OK Cancel OK Cancel i Figure 3 31 Pathway input windows for sample problem The user can click on the Add button and add a leakage rate of 0 1 day for 0 to 720 hrs Two rows will be needed Some users prefer to set up the number of rows needed for the data while others add a new row after each set of data entries are completed To delete a row highlight the row to be deleted and click on the Remove button The next step is to specify the X Q tables The X Q values used for this illustration are listed in Table 3 4 The approach is basically the same as that used for the flow pathway input The first step is to click on the Expand icon next to the X Q Tables node in the Navigator window 3 35 then click on X Q Table 1 Exclusion Area Boundary node In the Property window for the X Q Table 1 Exclusion Area Boundary click on the Custom Editors icon adjacent to the X Q Table text box to open the Editing X Q Table window Figure 3 32 As in the case of the leakage rate above the user can enter data in a new table by clicking on the Add button and adding the values shown in Table 3 4 Using the Add and Remove buttons the X Q values for the EAB and LPZ can be completed by the user Figure 3 32 shows the completed X Q tables Table 3 4 Sample problem X Q values X Q Value by Location Time Interval sec m 0 2 1 4E 04 4 5E 05 2 8
48. Ci MWt 1 62164 2208 0 7820 0 2132 0 282 3 7341 0 1935 0 3707 0 3 6964 2 54E4 3 743E4 5 3764 5 89364 5 06364 5 37264 1 008E4 3425 0 1042 0 1915 0 4 976E4 8 Release Fractions Source Term Inventory Ci 5 895577E7 8 030496E6 2 844134E7 7 754084E6 1 02672566 2 669922E7 7 037595E6 1 348236E7 1 34205368 9 23798E7 136132968 1 953069E8 2 14328468 1 841413E8 1 953796E8 3 666096E7 1 245672E7 3 789754E6 6 964855E6 1 809771E8 OK Cancel Figure 3 35 Edit Total Inventories window Adjusted Inventory tab Clicking on the Release Fractions and Timings tab lists the release fractions from Table 2 of RG 1 183 see Section 4 3 The Release Durations hrs are also listed and are 3 39 from Table 4 of RG 1 183 Note that the Ex Vesse and Late release values for each are not used in SNAP RADTRAD and are always set to 0 0 see Figure 3 36 r Edit Inventory Scenarios n e Active Scenario Scenario Name PWR Source PWR Source iz Accident Adjusted Release Fractions _ T parameters inventory Band Timings O Source Tom Scenarios v Use accident release fractions and timings DAs av PWR Source RFT File Header Lines DBA AST release fractions Duration h Release Durations hrs Gap 05 ExVessel 0 0 Early 1 3 Late 0 0 Release Fractions Group Gap Early Ex Vessel Late Non radioactiv Help OK Cancel ir e d Figure 3
49. D plugin and the AptPlot program is available from the APT website The RADTRAD AC analytical code is available from the RAMP website This code is designed to be compatible with the SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin 2 2 Hardware and Software Requirements The SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin SNAP RADTRAD and the RADTRAD AC code can be executed on any computer that supports Java applications Any of the current generation of personal computers that can run the Java runtime environment is capable of running SNAP RADTRAD and the RADTRAD analytical code For a Windows computer the Windows versions that can be used are Vista Windows 7 and Windows 8 It should be noted that the following software is required Java Standard Edition SE 6 0 or later This package is currently available on http www oracle com technetwork java javase downloads index html SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin code maintained by APT e RADTRAD AC packaged separately and distributed by RAMP e APTPlot plotting package maintained by APT For further details see https www appliedprog com 2 1 Although not required the jedit text editing program adds some user conveniences in SNAP RADTRAD This package is available from www jedit org 2 3 Installation Installation of SNAP is very similar to installation of any software package on a Windows system Basically directory locations on the hard drive to install SNAP are selected If not already accepted ea
50. F text box appears below this option Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Elemental lodine DF window The user enters time dependent decontamination factors and flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table e Enter Deposition Velocity If the user selects this option the Elemental lodine Deposition Velocity text box appears below this option The user enters iodine the deposition velocity ft min or m s 3 60 Input Description Organic lodine Removal Model if pathway type is Piping Filter if pathway type is Filter Pathway Determines how organic iodine is deposited in the pipe The user can select from the following options e No aerosol removal the pipe does not decontaminate organic iodine transport e Enter DFs and Flow Rates if the user selects this option the transport is defined as a function of flow rate and DFs over time When this option is selected the Organic lodine DF text box appears below this option Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Organic lodine DF window The user enters time dependent decontamination factors and flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table e Enter Deposition Velocity If the user selects this option the Organic lodine Deposition Velocity text box appears below this option The user enters iodine the deposition velocity ft min or m s Specifies the air filter removing ra
51. In test simulations it was found that the RADTRAD AC required very small time steps to limit error despite the fact that the rate of dose increase was very small over the first few seconds in these cases In order to avoid taking an excessive number of time steps over a time period when the changes in dose were small the error is scaled in proportion to how quickly the dose is increasing compared to a more global measure of the rate of change in dose An error scaling factor is calculated using the following steps 1 The local rate of change for the dose is characterized by taking the change in dose rem over the time step i e Dsz Dz and dividing this by the time step size 4t This gives a local rate of change d D dt 2 Two more global rate of change values are then calculated a One global estimate of d D dt is calculated by taking a time step of the default time step size The error may be large for this time step but the rate of change in dose provides a general estimate of how rapidly the dose is expected to increase over time steps of the default size The calculation is only performed over the first 1 10 of the simulation because early on this is the best estimate that can be obtained of the rate of change in dose Later in the simulation the calculated dose provides a reasonable estimate b The value d D Dsz Da is integrated i e summed over the time steps and divided by the total simulation time D7 This
52. L format Text Files gt nix radtrad nix Includes the atomic mass half life s and branching ratios for radionuclide daughters DCF file in XML format based on FGR 11 and 12 see Section 4 6 Includes the organ specific DCFs Note that only the cloudshine immersion and the inhaled chronic total effective dose equivalent TEDE and skin DCFs are used to determine dose Organ specific factors as well as those factors for groundshine inhaled acute and ingestion are not used Text Files gt dfx radtrad dfx Text Files gt icx_1 radtrad_1 icx Text Files gt icx_2 radtrad_2 icx Initial radionuclide inventory file in XML format etc Text Files gt srx_1 radtrad_1 srx P Release fraction information file for each radionuclide Text Files gt srx_2 radtrad_2 srx p group etc Output file from the RADTRAD AC in the original Text Files gt output radtrad out format Output file from the RADTRAD AC in the revised NRC Text Files gt NRC out radtradNRC out format Text Files gt log radtrad log Debug output usually not referred to by the user 3 14 File Name Description Problem time output to show progress of a given Text Files gt screen radtrad screen case Output from SNAP job steam showing RADTRAD job Text Files gt Task Log RADTRAD_tasklog step execution information usually
53. NAP RADTRAD The two models which are available are based on RG 1 183 and Regulatory Guide 1 25 RG 1 25 Assumptions Used for Evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Fuel Handling Accident in the Fuel Handling and Storage Facility for Boiling and Pressurized Water Reactors 15 The release fractions used are listed in Table 4 4 Table 4 4 Gap release fractions used in SNAP RADTRAD Radionuclide RG 1 25 RG 1 183 1 131 0 12 0 08 4 12 Kr 85 0 3 0 1 Other Noble Gases 0 1 0 05 Other lodines 0 1 0 05 Alkali Metals 0 0 0 12 Models for specifying the release during a FHA a REA and CRDA have also been incorporated into SNAP RADTRAD The models follow those specified in RG 1 183 For the FHA the user selectable Gap release fractions are based on either RG 1 25 or RG 1 183 as listed in Table 4 4 In addition relevant plant parameters number of rods in the core number of rods damaged radial peaking factor pool iodine decontamination factor and decay period for modeling a FHA can be specified by the user Similarly for the REA CRDA a release model based on RG 1 183 is available in SNAP RADTRAD The release fractions used are listed in Table 4 5 Also the relevant plant parameters for cladding breach fuel melt fraction and radial peaking factor can be set by the user in SNAP RADTRAD Table 4 5 SNAP RADTRAD release fractions for an REA CRDA accident Radionuclide Gap
54. P Ty A Lock Cut Paste Find Selection Pan Connection Component Tool Tool Figure 3 41 View Dock window tool bar icons The Paste Special icon allows the user to paste multiple copies or to control component renumbering The features of the Paste Special icon are shown in Figure 3 42 The utility 3 42 of this tool is to maintain unique component numbers in the copy and paste process To duplicate a component using the Copy icon and Paste Special icon confirm the Selection Tool icon is activated Figure 3 41 and then click on the component to be duplicated Click on Paste Special icon and confirm that the numbering offset is selected a value of 1 for the offset is fine Then click on the OK button and the component will be duplicated r Paste Special Maintain Component Numbering Offset Component Numbers By Offset 1 Renumber Components Paste Multiple Copies Figure 3 42 Features of the Paste Special Tool window The Selection Tool l l icon as the name implies allow the selection of icons for copying This tool needs to be activated as shown in Figure 3 41 to allow components to be selected or moved A component is moved by clicking on the component and dragging it to the desired location by holding the left mouse button down The Find Component icon is used to find a component and it is usually used for large models with tens or hundreds of components and is typically not n
55. Plot for Test Problem 23 and follow the discussion below AptPlot Untitied Caniad file Edit Data Plot View Window Tools Help Ro lala lolole s plalplela lt lv a gt wiglals sa xo GO X Y 1 49869 0 349673 i T r a Select EXTDATA Channels File 0 radtrad pit CWork Currenf0 RADTRADA Task 4_d Y 8 796 EXTDATA data channels Data sets Time units Seconds 3 2 4 4 4 4 Autoscale XY Help Clear Sets Export Plot Close Tramp Untitled Figure 3 16 AptPlot startup view Basically to make a plot the user scrolls to the result of interest highlights that result clicks on the Plot button and the plot will appear Note that the default time units are in seconds but that can be changed to hours in the dropdown menu next to Time Units text box on the Select EXTDATA Channels window Figure 3 17 prior to actually generating the plot AptPlot has many features for generating and formatting plots and the discussion presented here is not meant to be exhaustive A comprehensive help manual can be obtained by selecting Help gt Help Contents from the top menu However some of the more commonly used features are illustrated here As the user gains familiarity with the naming convention the filter feature can be used to locate specific results of interest by entering the dose location dose category and nuclide of interest in 3 18 the Filter text box If the user wants to plot the
56. RADTRAD user should use the default value File Groups Typically the File Groups text box is not used in SNAP RADTRAD Defines groups of input sources and forces files inside file sets to be associated one to one with other file sets or parametric model node outputs The platform that this stream will be submitted to by default Rieten The default value for SNAP RADTRAD is Local The calculation server folder that this job stream will be o Root Folder executed in see Section 3 2 2 Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Edit Calculation Server Root Folders window Relative Location The relative location of this stream in relation to the selected staging location see Section 3 2 2 Log Level Typically the Log Level text box is not changed from the default value Information in SNAP RADTRAD Defines the current log level for messages produced by this stream 3 69 Input Description This property determines whether the SNAP Job Status window View in Job Status will be opened to view the status of this stream after submission The default value for SNAP RADTRAD is Yes Job Streams using Linear Execution are executed one task at a time prioritized by their Step Number In a normal non linear Job Stream tasks will be executed as soon as their dependencies are available i e up stream tasks are complete up to the maximum number allowed by the platform
57. S the release rate of species jin compartment 2 in atoms s Ix the removal rate of species within compartment 2 in 1 s Ni the inventory of species jin compartment 1 in atoms 21 the transfer rate of species from compartment 1 to compartment 2 in 1 s N the inventory of species jin compartment 2 in atoms oa the transfer rate of species from compartment 3 to compartment 2 in 1 s Ni the inventory of species jin compartment 3 in atoms Equations 4 1 and 4 2 can be generalized to any compartment Equation 4 3 demonstrates the equation for compartment j dN i i yi i yi sj AN gt i Ni 4 3 k 1 k j where si the release rate of species jin compartment j in atoms s Ki the removal rate of species j within compartment jin 1 s Nj the inventory of species jin compartment jin atoms ir the transfer rate of species from compartment j to compartment kin 1 s Ni the inventory of species jin compartment kin atoms A matrix formulation can be used to represent the above equations for n compartments as shown in Equation 4 4 i i i i i i Ni Aiai Aiz Ais Ain Ni Si yi i i i i i i N2 2 1 A22 A23 2n N3 S3 zi i i x i i oi 4 4 Ni AA apo a MF Ni Si 4 4 yi i i i i i i Nn n 1 n 2 n 3 Ann Nn Sn Note that the time derivative is represented by Nj The A coefficient matrix is a transfer matrix where the diagonal terms are the removal coefficients applicable to a given compartment he
58. TEDE dose results for the control room enter the text string ControlRoom tede in the Filter text box Note that the total TEDE dose ends with tede i e no nuclide is listed Also note that the asterisks wildcard symbol is used to control the list of all items Wildcards can be embedded in the string i e ControlRoom 1 to list the control room dose categories for all iodine nuclides It is very important to note that the case of a character counts in applying filters in AptPlot otherwise the wildcard search feature will not work properly The spelling of the dataset name in the data channel window provides a guide for spelling a channel name ii Select EXTDATA Channels Fae 0 radtrad pit CWorkiCerrentO RADTRAD4iTask 4 dw bed 796 EXTDATA data channels Channels Controioom myroid 1131 ControiRoom tryroid 1132 ControiRoom Byroid 1133 ControtRoom Pryroid 1134 ControfRoom iyroid 1135 Data sets Units s Time units Seconds BERIK Heip Clear Sets Export Piot Close Figure 3 17 Select EXTDATA Channels window for multiple plots Multiple data results can be plotted by highlighting the data of interest and clicking the Plot button As an example suppose the user wants to plot the thyroid dose for I 131 through I 135 for Test Problem 23 The user would enter Contro Room thyroid in the Filter text box then select the resulting data channels in the Select EXTDATA Channels window and click on the Plot button to make the plot
59. Time Step Table Specified by user This option allows the user to specify time steps for finer time step resolution for the default time step algorithm and also used to control the generation of output Normally SNAP RADTRAD generates time dependent output at each time point where there is a change in the time dependent input data such as X Q filtration efficiency etc Model Options Output Parameters The following output param eter flags only affect the casename out output file Echo Model Definition The flag options are either True or False and specified by the user If set to false the edited summary of the input is suppressed The flag options are either True or False and specified by the user event User should set this flag to true to get the output for all time steps Show Step The flag options are either True or False and specified by the user Show Model The flag options are either True or False and specified by the user lodine Units User selects from the following options e switch to compare with original results version 1 0 3 03 behavior default only Curies edited version 3 10 The default 3 03 behavior generates output similar to RADTRAD 3 03 In general the version 3 10 output is more useful to the dose analyst 3 50 Input Description Model Options NRC Output Flags The available flags that control the generation of output to the NRC formatted o
60. Y Stacked chart Titles Tithe Subtitle Viewport xX min 0 15 xX max 1 15 Y min l0 15 Y max 0 85 Display options 7 Display legend Flip XY NA Figure 3 21 AptPlot Graph appearance window Sometimes the legend box overwrites the dose results as in the plot shown in Figure 3 16 In order to correct this issue the plot needs to be shrunk which will require using several AptPlot features These features are listed below Edit the legend titles The title for each legend can be edited This change is made by going to the Set appearance window Figure 3 20 and highlighting the desired data set Change the title in the String text box in the Legend section as appropriate In this case the iodine nuclide name is used Click on the Apply button after each title modification is made Change the font size for the legend First the font size used in legend box will need to be reduced which entails changing the legend title font and the symbol font To change the font size of the legend title navigate to the Graph appearance window Figure 3 21 and select the Legends tab Then use the slider bar to adjust the font size to 75 for example and click on Apply button The font size will change for all datasets For the symbol size navigate to the Set appearance window Figure 3 20 and select all 3 23 datasets Then change the Size setting in the Symbol Properties section to 75 using the slider e Change the
61. able 3 15 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Remaining Nodes Input Description Connections Connections among compartments paths dose locations and source connections can be specified Usually drag and drop is used Note that connections between compartments cannot be created by the Navigator window A pathway needs to be defined and then the connection needs to be made using the Connection Tool 3 icon in the View Dock window see Section 3 3 2 Job Streams The name for this job stream This will be used to generate the relative path for the tasks that make up this stream The default Name value for the name is Simple_Stream and it is recommended that SNAP RADTRAD users change this to a unique name that is identifiable to the model see Section 3 2 2 Description Specified by user optional Stream Type Defines the type of calculation that may be implemented through this job stream The user can select from the following options e Basic Job Stream default a simple job stream e Numeric Combination builds a set of input models by modifying one or more shared numeric variables Each selected shared numeric will either iterate through a list of predefined values or increment from a start value to an end value e Tabular Parametric the parametric case takes the form of a table of shared variable values e Dakota Uncertainty uncertainty support for the Dakota toolkit SNAP
62. adequate for most RADTRAD calculations If the user wants to determine if there are time step sensitivities then two options are available 1 Default with Error Calculation and 2 Adaptive Time Step Error in the dose calculation can be determined by selecting the Default with Error Calculation option The results can be view using the AptPlot program Search for error or error scaled to see the error results To use the adaptive time step algorithm select Adaptive in the Time Step option from the drop down menu The adaptive time step algorithm is new in SNAP RADTRAD and it is considered to be experimental Use of this algorithm adds a significant amount of running time to the problem It is suggested that the user set up the problem using the Default time step algorithm option and the check for any time step sensitivities for the final runs using the Default with Error Calculation or Adaptive Time Step algorithm option For additional information on the adaptive time step algorithm see Section 4 2 Table 3 5 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Model Options Input Description Model Options General Problem title optional specified by user Typically it is a good idea to Title name the problem particularly since multiple models can be accessed in a single SNAP Model Editor session Problem description optional specified by user Good idea to provide Description a short problem description for the record Plant Power Le
63. al The equation for the Bixler model for elemental iodine removal in pipes is given by Equation 4 36 nei 1 exp gt 1009 4 36 where 2809 T 12 5 Uei 4 32 and T the gas temperature in K 4 5 3 3 Bixler Model for Organic lodine Removal The equation for the Bixler model for organic iodine removal in pipes is given by Equation 4 37 below A U Noi 1 exp S 1 909 4 37 where Uoi z e2809 T 19 30 and T the gas temperature in K 4 5 4 Filters Heating ventilation and air conditioning HVAC system filter efficiency can be input by the user for the different nuclide groups as a function of time The filter efficiency is specified as the fraction of material passing through the filter that is trapped on the filter media This efficiency expressed in terms of a decontamination coefficient as shown in Equation 4 38 Ber RK00 F 4 38 where F the volume normalized flow rate in in 1 s 4 6 Dose Analysis Doses in the environment within a control room or within a given volume due to inhalation and whole body immersion can be computed in SNAP RADTRAD The models used are presented in the following sections and the DCFs are taken from the FGR 11 amp 12 4 6 1 Offsite Dose Analysis The dose to an individual at the EAB and the LPZ in the environment compartment is calculated in SNAP RADTRAD The dose due to immersion for each nuclide n is calculated using Equation 4 39
64. ample Problems ccith esececececccdneaeeecseceeecccuangeseseeeeeeceecseeeeeeeeeseeeeaeseseeereess 2 5 2 5 Contact Information F PI eee IM eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 5 2 6 Code Error and Problem Reporting ccceccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeecneeeeeeeeeeeeeennneeeeees 2 5 3 0 MODEL DEVELOPMENT USING SNAP RADTRAD ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetteeeeeeees 3 1 3 1 Overview of emma RAD T PID oe ce cc ceeeeeeeceesneeeeeeeeeeseenseseeeeeeeeeeeseseesseeeeeseeeees 3 1 3 2 The Model Editor User Interface Model Development ccceseeeeeeeeeeees 3 2 3 2 1 Overview of Existing Model Features ccccesccceeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeees 3 2 3 2 2 Job Streams and Case Execution in SNAP RADTRAD cceceeeees 3 6 3 2 3 SNAP RADTRAD Input and Output Files cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 13 3 ZAA ptHENPOtting Program sssssssssssssesssssrssesoeeooeeseceseeesceeseeeeeeeseesee 3 17 3 3 SNAP RADTRAD Model Development and Modification 00eeeeeee 3 25 3 3 1 Mod l Editor MENUS arnan ayaa a a o adai 3 25 3 3 2 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Component Specification 3 28 3 3 3 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Input Specification 3 34 3 3 4 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Additional Features 3 42 3 4 SNAP RADTRAD Input SUMMALPY eee ceetetee etter rete eeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaees 3 47 3 4 1
65. and X Q tables Generally the default breathing rates are used for most analyses and are entered under the Dose Locations node in the Property window The values for X Q are specified through the use of data entry tables as illustrated in Section 3 3 3 Tables 3 13 and 3 14 list the available inputs for the Dose Locations and X Q Tables nodes in SNAP RADTRAD 3 66 Table 3 13 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Dose Locations Component Number Input Description Name The EAB or LPZ dose location names are set by SNAP RADTRAD D FEE The EAB or LPZ dose location descriptions are set by escription SNAP RADTRAD Multiple dose locations can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Defines the breathing rates at the dose locations as a function of time Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Breathing Rates window The user can then use the default breathing rates by selecting the Default button and choosing between either the EAB LPZ or Control Room options The default breathing rates for each are listed below Occupancy Factors Time Breathing h Rates ms 0 0 3 5E 04 Breathing Rates FARDE 8 0 1 8E 04 24 0 2 3E 04 Time Breathing h Rates e Control Room m s 0 0 3 5E 04 Additionally the user can enter time dependent breathing rates ft min or m s elemental iodine removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table Speci
66. ant system Table 4 7 Table 4 8 presents the formulae used for the reference BWR plant to calculate coolant concentration adjustment factors for the radionuclide concentration in the RCS water and steam The adjustment factors presented in Table 4 8 are multiplied by the reference BWR radionuclide concentrations given in Table 4 9 to obtain the RCS concentration uCi g for either RCS radionuclide concentrations for a reference PWR plant Radionuclide senate Radionuclide sara Kr 83m 0 0E 00 1 131 2 0E 03 Kr 85 4 3E 01 I 132 6 0E 02 Kr 85m 1 6E 02 1 133 2 6E 02 Kr 87 1 7E 02 1 134 1 0E 01 Kr 88 1 8E 02 1 135 5 5E 02 Xe 131m 7 3E 01 Cs 134 3 7E 05 Xe 133 2 9E 02 Cs 136 8 7E 04 Xe 133m 7 0E 02 Cs 137 5 3E 05 Xe 135 6 7E 02 Rb 86 0 0E 00 Xe 135m 1 3E 01 Cs 134 3 7E 05 Xe 138 6 1E 02 the RCS water or steam 4 16 Table 4 8 Formulations used to determine RCS water radionuclide concentrations in BWRs Element Class Adjustment Factor Formula Noble Gases 1 0 112 P 1 01 4 Halogens WP R A 19 Cs Rb _ e q fin WP R a where R the reactor coolant letdown flow in Ib hr A the radionuclide decay constant in 1 hr P the core power in MWth WP the mass of RCS water Ibm Formulas for the removal rate R are presented below Noble Gases 1 0 FA NA NC FS NS NB Halogens amp Cs Rb R WP where FA the water cleanup
67. ation coefficient 2 was solved over the various release time intervals and for the different types of reactors and various operating power levels using a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis The results of these analyses are tabulated in Tables 4 11 and 4 12 for PWRs and BWRes and are presented in terms of percentile DFs Ade N Pin Since the model was developed from an uncertainty study the user specifies a percentile V The best estimate value is associated with the 50 percentile or median values the lower bound is 4 23 associated with the 10 percentile and the reasonable upper bound or largest DF with the 90 percentile Equations 4 18 4 19 and 4 20 determine the current decontamination coefficient Ane from the sum of the coefficients for each phase weighted by the iodine release rate Siz for phase where E In DF t At DF t net AR DF I exp eer N Prn t I 1 4 24 4 18 4 19 4 20 Table 4 11 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for PWRs DBAs Release A Phase Time Interval s Correlations hr 1 ar Aaep 90 0 0365 3 580E 06 P MWt Gap 0 0 5 hr Adep 50 0 0268 3 475E 06 P MWt i Aaep 10 0 0182 3 260E 06 P MWt 1800 6480 4 90 0 1036 1 exp 2 239 P MWt 1000 Gap 0 52 0 hr Aer 50 0 0820 1 exp 1 159 P MWt 1000 coe Aaep 10 0 0645 1 exp 0 938 P MWt 1000 E Aap 90
68. ations for a reference PWR plant 008 4 16 Formulations used to determine RCS water radionuclide concentrations in BWRS aio eed See ta A Ra a a o A Ao 4 17 RCS radionuclide concentrations for a reference BWR plant 0068 4 18 Values for coefficients used in the Powers spray removal model 55 4 21 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for PWRs DEW MMII M 4 25 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for BWRs DBAS iccWrse astern ie cians se sueidaeeute rasan lena tdesesg E E 4 26 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for APWR DBAS r rE EEEO OA OA A UR AEO EA 4 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people both with the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission as well as at contractor organizations have contributed to the development of SNAP RADTRAD The individual who has provided unflagging support for the development of SNAP RADTRAD over the past several years is Mark Blumberg from the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Mark has been the Technical Monitor for the RADTRAD code s design computational methods and testing since 1997 He has also provided much insight into dose analysis for licensing applications throughout the code s conversion to the JAVA computer programming language and the entire SNAP RADTRAD development process The agency would like to recognize Chester Gingrich from the Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research who was
69. atmospheric dilution Since each X Q value is associated with a release point and an intake location the radionuclide inventory is not uniformly distributed in the environment compartment Removal of radionuclides within a compartment can be due to deposition spray removal decay and other processes Compartments are connected by flow pathways which transfer radionuclides among compartments due to convection forced flow leakage or other transfer processes Removal can also occur in a flow pathway due to filtration or deposition Note that there are no removal processes in the environment compartment modeled in the RADTRAD AC Referring to Figure 4 1 the radionuclide inventory in compartment 1 upper left is determined from Equation 4 1 for each species i OM sf aL Mi aL aia 4 1 where si the release rate of species jin compartment 1 in atoms s oi the removal rate of species within compartment 1 in 1 s Ni the inventory of species jin compartment 1 in atoms E the transfer rate of species 7from compartment 2 to compartment 1 in 1 s N the inventory of species jin compartment 2 in atoms ia the transfer rate of species from compartment 3 to compartment 1 in 1 s Ni the inventory of species jin compartment 3 in atoms Note that in the RADTRAD AC radioactive material is tracked by elemental group rather than by radionuclide For compartment 2 Equation 4 2 is used OMe Sh Ab aNi ALN ab 4 2 where
70. ble 3 6 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Nuclear Data Input Description Select one of the following options e ICRP 38 definitions default e User Defined It is recommended that the ICRP 38 data be used Nuclide Model Specified by user when the User Defined option chosen Note that the nuclide definitions can be reviewed by selecting Custom Editors icon This will open the Nuclide Definitions window which contains the Nuclides nuclide name atomic mass and half life on the left hand side When a user clicks on a nuclide on the left hand side the daughter nuclides and its associated branching ratios will be displayed on the right hand side of the window Used to develop radionuclide inventories in the fuel or in the RCS This input works in conjunction with the Sources node to develop a Total Inventories source term The two default core inventories fora PWR and BWR from RADTRAD 3 03 are included in the SNAP Model Editor Core inventories can also be specified by the user 3 56 Table 3 7 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Sources Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple sources can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Description Specified by user optional Source Scenarios Source Term Fractions Various source release scenarios are available to the users which are linked to the Nucli
71. button at the bottom of the popup screen to get the information about the SNAP RADTRAD Plugin e What computer operating system is SNAP RADTRAD being executed on Is the error or bug reproducible e What are the steps leading up to the problem e What are the exact symptoms e g program crash error message etc Save the case files and attach them to an issue report To report a problem send a zip file with the case files and answers to the above questions to RADTRAD Help nrc gov 2 5 3 0 MODEL DEVELOPMENT USING SNAP RADTRAD To run SNAP RADTRAD will require some familiarity with the overall SNAP approach to developing and running models In this section the approach to using SNAP to develop modify and execute RADTRAD problems will be discussed However SNAP includes many features which will not be discussed here However for the interested user the Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package User s Manual 4 provides more detailed information on the use of SNAP 3 1 Overview of SNAP RADTRAD SNAP is actually a suite of computer applications used to develop modify and execute computer models principally for thermal hydraulic codes such as the TRAC RELAP Advanced Computational Engine TRACE and Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program RELAPS5 Of these tools the Configuration Tool Model Editor and the Job Status tools are most relevant to RADTRAD analysis The Configuration Tool is used to configure global properties for r
72. de Data definition Source scenarios include LOCA DBAs and non LOCA DBAs such as FHA CRDA or REA and Gap releases Additionally scenarios involving RCS activity such as steam generator tube ruptures and main steam line breaks can also be defined User defined value which is the fraction of the inventory being released by the source Multiple sources referencing the same inventory can divide the source term between them through this value lodine Physical Form Specified the fraction of iodine that is in elemental organic or particulate chemical form Predefined fractions are listed below and are user selectable from the dropdown menu e TID 14844 0 05 aerosol particulate 0 91 elemental and 0 04 organic e NUREG 1465 0 95 aerosol particulate 0 0485 elemental and 1 5E 3 organic e User Defined Note that if one of the predefined fraction options is selected the above fractions appear in the Aerosol Fraction Elemental Fraction or Organic Fraction text boxes These fields are greyed out and are not editable Selecting the user defined option from the iodine physical form dropdown menu allows the user to specify the aerosol elemental and organic fractions Compartments Links the release scenario to a given compartment Works in conjunction with the compartment specification 3 4 3 Compartments Pathways Natural Deposition Filters and Sprays Section 3 3 2 presented the approach for defin
73. demineralizer flow rate in lb hr NA the reactor water cleanup demineralizer DFs NC the ratio of condensate demineralizer flow rate to steam flow rate FS the steam flow rate in lb hr NS the ratio of radionuclide concentration in reactor steam to the concentration in reactor water NB the condensate demineralizer DF Table 4 9 RCS radionuclide concentrations for a reference BWR plant Liquid Steam Liquid Steam Radionuclide Concentration Concentration Radionuclide Concentration Concentration uCi g uCi g uCi g uCi g Kr 83m 0 0E 00 5 9E 04 I 131 2 2E 03 4 4E 05 Kr 85 0 0E 00 4 0E 06 I 132 2 2E 02 4 4E 04 Kr 85m 0 0E 00 1 0E 03 I 133 1 5E 02 3 0E 04 Kr 87 0 0E 00 3 3E 03 I 134 4 3E 02 8 6E 04 Kr 88 0 0E 00 3 3E 03 I 135 2 2E 02 4 4E 04 Xe 131m 0 0E 00 3 3E 06 Cs 134 3 0E 05 3 0E 08 Xe 133 0 0E 00 1 4E 03 Cs 136 2 0E 05 2 0E 08 Xe 133m 0 0E 00 4 9E 05 Cs 137 8 0E 05 8 0E 08 Xe 135 0 0E 00 3 8E 03 Rb 86 0 0E 00 0 0E 00 Xe 135m 0 0E 00 4 4E 03 Xe 138 0 0E 00 1 5E 02 T S equilibrium activity based on DE I 131 and DE Xe 133 are determined from the DCFs and the RCS concentration Equations 4 8 and 4 9 show the formulation used where DCF Ci o OR C DCF i131 4 8 Di C S DCF DE Xe 133 ici 1 4 9 DCFye 133 the DCF for each iodine or xenon nuclide The thyroid DCF Sieverts Sv Becquerels Bq is used for iodine nuclides and the whol
74. des Table 4 6 presents the formulae used for the reference PWR plant to calculate coolant concentration adjustment factors for the radionuclide concentration in the RCS Note that these formulations are applicable to plants with U tube steam generators The adjustment factors presented in Table 4 6 are multiplied by the reference PWR radionuclide concentrations given in Table 4 7 to obtain the RCS concentration uCi g 4 14 Table 4 6 Formulations used to determine RCS water radionuclide concentrations in PWRs with U tube steam generators Element Class Adjustment Factor Formula 162 P 0 009 A Noble Gases Co WP R a 162 P 0 067 A Halogens 2 Z WP R a 162 P 0 041 A ca Set Ce WP R a where R the reactor coolant letdown flow in Ib hr A the radionuclide decay constant in 1 hr P the core power in MWth WP the mass of reactor coolant system water Ibm Formulas for the removal rate R are presented below Be Fagg FB Y Noble Gases WP Halogens amp Cs Rb pe ere Oe ea WP where FD the removal rate in the reactor coolant in 1 hr NB the purification demineralizer DFs FB the reactor coolant letdown flow in 1 hr FA the flow through the purification system cation demineralizer NA the cation demineralizer DF Y the ratio of the total amount of noble gases routed to gaseous radwaste from the purification system to the total amount routed from the primary cool
75. difference between the two solutions Dsz Ds1 is compared to the magnitude of the change in the solution over the time step The magnitude of the change in the dose over the current time step for solution 1 and 2 is Ds Ds and Dsz Dz respectively To characterize the change in the magnitude the two values are averaged Ds1 Dej Dsz Ds 2 A slightly modified version of the following formula is used in Equation 4 5 to calculate the error _ 2 Ds E Dsl error TD Dall D Dall If we consider than the points Ds Dsz and Dsz form a triangle and that the local error above is just the magnitude or length of one side of the triangle compared to the average magnitude of the two remaining sides it can be shown that the range of values for the local error is 0 to 2 A value of 0 occurs if the solutions Ds and Dsz are identical in which case the numerator is 0 The range 0 to 1 seems to be a more natural choice for specifying an allowable error fraction so the local error equation was modified slightly by dropping the factor of 2 resulting in Equation 4 6 for local error IDs Deal local error ma rrr 4 6 lD Dall M1Ds gt Dell oe To provide an example of how Equation 4 6 works error will be calculated for a set of two nuclides I 131 and I 132 Table 4 1 represents the values for I 131 and I 32 at the base step and after solution 1 and solution 2 are calculated Table 4
76. dionuclides from transport in the pathway Use the Select S icon to open the Select from Filters window to link to one of the available filter models or creates a filter component Aerosol DF if pathway type is Generic or Generic w non lodine Aerosols Elemental lodine DF if pathway type is Generic or Generic w non lodine Aerosols Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Aerosol DF window Enter the time dependent DFs and flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Elemental lodine DF window Enter the time dependent DFs and flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table Organic lodine DF if pathway type is Generic or Generic w non lodine Aerosols Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Organic lodine DF window Enter the time dependent DFs and flow rates f min or m s in the data entry table Noble Gas Flow Rates if pathway type is Generic or Generic w non lodine Aerosols Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Noble Gas Flow Rates window Enter the time dependent flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table Leakage Rate if pathway type is Air leakage Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Leakage Rate window Enter the time dependent flow leakage rates day
77. dit Total Inventories window Accident Parameters tab 3 39 vii Figure 3 35 Figure 3 36 Figure 3 37 Figure 3 38 Figure 3 39 Figure 3 40 Figure 3 41 Figure 3 42 Figure 3 43 Figure 3 44 Figure 3 45 Figure 3 46 Figure 3 47 Figure 3 48 Figure 3 49 Figure 3 50 Figure 3 51 Figure 3 52 Figure 4 1 Edit Total Inventories window Adjusted Inventory tab ccccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 39 Edit Total Inventories window Release Fractions and Timings tab 3 40 Edit Total Inventories window Source Term tab ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 40 Property window for source term iodine chemical form settings 08 3 41 Model Editor Message window with ICONS eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 3 41 Model Editor Error Report Window 00 ccceccccceeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 3 42 View Dock window tool bar iCONS ccccccccccecceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 42 Features of the Paste Special Tool WiINdOW cccccsceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 43 ZOOM and size FEATULES ccccccceee cece e cece eee ples ARO 3 44 View Dock window model canvas cccccceccceccceeeeeeeeeeeeeneceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 45 Component Insertion icon feature MENUS cceeseeeeeseeeeeestneeeseeeseeeeeeeeees 3 46 Cylinder drawn using the Annotation features of SNAP cccceeeeeeeeeeees 3 47 RCS activity calculator Windo
78. e Radionuclide Transport and Remova E as Arguments EV 3 A Options E 2 v Application Locations Addition zj Local Location S SNAPINSTALLyradtradiradtradjar S P ee Figure 3 9 RADTRAD AC code setting in the SNAP configuration tool To run the Test23 or any other case click on Tools gt Submit Job A Submit Job Stream window will appear as shown in Figure 3 10 Click on OK and a confirmatory Submit Stream window will appear Finally click OK and the run will start The SNAP Job Status window will appear which is also shown in Figure 3 10 The SNAP Job Status window in Figure 3 10 displays a completed job stream run 3 10 SNAP Job Status 2 2 9 2o Z File View Tools Help Job List calcserv LocalSamples Test23 Test23 Job a Priority Job Type Status Submitted Started Completed Calc Time Loaded Evaluation PlotStep 15 AptPiot Complete 15 03 02 15 03 02 15 03 06 No Data No RADTRAD 5 RADTRAD Complete 15 02 50 15 02 50 15 03 02 No DatalNo Test23 4 Steam Complete 15 02 49 15 02 49 15 03 06 No Data No Submit Job Stream Submit Job Steam 3 Test23 Submit To Platform Local A Figure 3 10 SNAP RADTRAD job stream and status windows The relationship between the SNAP RADTRAD job stream and the actual case execution is shown in Figure 3 11 In the upper left hand corner the graphical job stream representation is shown As noted earlier this represen
79. e body DCF Sv m Bq s is used for xenon nuclides the th radionuclide concentration in uCi g The actual equilibrium factor is calculated from the user specified value of DE l 131 typically 1 uCi g divided by DE I 131 This factor is multiplied by the RCS activity to obtain the equilibrium activity based on DE I 131 The approach is the same for Xe 133 except that Xe 133 factors are applied The calculation is performed separately for liquid and steam in BWRs The pre incident spike activity is computed from the user specified spike activity typically 60 UCi g divided by DE I 131 and then multiplied by the RCS activity The calculation is performed separately for liquid and steam in BWRs Co incident spiking is somewhat more complicated as the iodine appearance rate must be determined The appearance factor in units of Ci h is computed as shown in Equation 4 10 1 1 DF LRCS 3600 where MLD the normal letdown flow rate in gpm converted to g s in above equation DF the mixed bed demineralizer DF WP the mass of RCS T S leakage rate in gom converted to g s in above equation A the decay constant in 1 s SpM the iodine spike multiplier EFI the equilibrium factor for iodine in uCi g The total iodine appearance for co incident spiking is computed by multiplying the appearance rate by the spike duration in hours to obtain the total iodine appearance The iodine appearance is added to the equilibrium activity to obtain the t
80. e environment compartment will appear in the View Dock window Note that two dose locations EAB and LPZ are automatically specified with the environment compartment The next step is to define a flow pathway which is done by right clicking on the pathway group node Pathways 0 and selecting New in the menu that appears Pathway 1 appears Add Pathway 1 to the View Dock window by right clicking on Pathway 1 and then selecting Add to View Default View as was done above The flow pathway should be named by entering a suitable name in the Name text box in the Property window i e Leakage Similarly a source can be added by right clicking on the Sources node in the Navigator window Sources 0 and selecting New After naming the component i e Fuel Release the component can be added to the View Dock window in the same manner as used above for compartments and flow pathways At this point the user can see that a pattern is emerging Each input group has an associated group node where components within that group can be defined and added to the Navigator window Figure 3 25 displays the Navigator window for the components added in the previous steps above The component nodes that can be added as part of a model are Sources Compartments and Pathways The nodes for Dose Locations Natural Deposition Filters Sprays and X Q Tables are not drawn but are defined in the same manner as compartments pathways and sources by right clicking o
81. e fuel pellet and the cladding that is released when cladding failure commences is the Gap release The Early In vessel release occurs as fuel rod temperatures increase driving the volatile nuclides such as iodine from the fuel pellet into the vessel through the failed cladding The release fractions for the Gap and Early In vessel releases are summarized below e Noble gases 0 05 for the Gap release and 0 95 for the Early In vessel releases e lodine 0 05 for the Gap release for both PWR and BWR For Early In vessel the iodine release fraction is 0 35 for PWR and 0 25 for BWR e Cesium 0 05 for the Gap release for both PWR and BWR For Early In vessel the cesium release fraction is 0 25 for PWR and 0 2 for BWR e Remaining groups 0 02 and less The fractions for the physical form of iodine used in the NUREG 1465 model are elemental 0 0485 organic 0 0015 and aerosol 0 95 Release phase duration is considered in NUREG 1465 in contrast to the instantaneous release model used in TID 14844 The release phase durations from Table 3 6 of NUREG 1465 are listed in Table 4 3 Additionally the radionuclides for each phase are assumed to be uniformly released over the time period corresponding to that phase Table 4 3 Release phase durations for PWRs and BWRs Duration hours Release Phase PWR BWR Gap 0 5 0 5 Early In Vessel 1 3 1 5 Note that Gap release fraction models are available in S
82. e size of the linear system as well as the computational load to solve the system and the separation of these calculations was used to overcome the limitations of personal computers available at the time the original version of the RADTRAD AC was developed and has been retained to the present time The decay and transport calculations are performed alternately That is the code begins its integration over a time step by analyzing the effect of radioactive decay and daughter in growth on the inventory of all compartments After updating the inventory the code calculates the effect of radionuclide transport between compartments during that same time step This process of alternating between radioactive decay and daughter in growth and radionuclide transport continues until the specified end time is reached In calculations where radioactive decay is not modeled the solution algorithm is simplified to the single step of calculating radionuclide transport During the course of its numerical integration the code keeps track of the quantity of each nuclide at each location Locations include not only compartment volumes but surfaces and filters as well By tracking the radionuclides in this manner conservation of mass can be verified The analytical solution of a matrix equation in the form N AN Sis N t N 0 e t A t e4t DS from Equation 3 7 and 3 8 of reference 11 can be confirmed by substituting the solution into the matrix equation Nu
83. e the button The procedure is the same for the source to compartment connections except the connection points denoted by squares are used Figure 3 27 shows the model with the connections made 3 32 T Defaut 4 Cy Containment 2 4 Leakage v 1 Figure 3 27 View Dock window for 4 node model connected The expanded node view of the Navigator window corresponding to the model in Figure 3 27 is shown in Figure 3 28 Figure 3 28 shows all of the connections for all of the components shown in the model Basically it is an expanded node view of the schematic representation shown in Figure 3 25 Users should get into the habit of naming the various components of their models This practice will help avoid errors particularly as models get more complicated Modei Editor 22 10 Lo o aS fite Ec Toots YViindow Help Bea 95c v B as o e gt 4v amp 4No Figure 3 28 Navigator window with all nodes expanded 3 33 3 3 3 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Input Specification Input specification is the next step in developing a SNAP RADTRAD model The Model Editor design basically guides the user through the various input parameters required Clicking on any of the defined compartments presents a list of input data that needs to be specified in the Property window Also an important feature in SNAP RADTRAD is the ability to check the model using the Check Model feature which is found by ei
84. eeded for SNAP RADTRAD models Another very useful feature of SNAP RADTRAD is the ability to group components rubber band selection and move them as a unit The Group and Ungroup icons appear inactive grayed out until a group of components are defined To define a component group click the mouse button in an empty area of the View Dock window then drag the cursor around the group of components to be grouped rubber banded together The Group icon in Figure 3 41 will now become active Click the Group icon to group the components together and note that the Ungroup icon the View Dock window tool bar will become active Clicking on the Ungroup icon ungroups the components in the previously defined group The Zoom amp icon is used to zoom in on sections of a model Clicking on the Zoom S icon and then clicking on the background of the View Dock window will magnify the components 3 43 Additionally some useful features are available by right clicking on the View Dock window background while the Zoom icon is active which opens the Zoom and Size window shown in Figure 3 43 Zoom and Size x Zoom and Size x Zoom Canvas Size Scaling Zoom Canvas Size Scaling 100 A Width 1100 pixels A e Height 850 pixels 1 10 100 1000 l Trim Excess J Zoom and Size x Zoom Canvas Size i Scaling Pixels Per Meter _ 20 Width Scale Factor 1 0
85. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 20 AptPlot Axes WiINGOW 0h cccceccccccceceeeeeeeeeeceeaaeeaaeeeeeeeaaeeaaeeeeeeeeeeeeaannsteeeeeees 3 21 AptPlot Set appearance WiINdOW cccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeceaeaeeeeeeeeesaaaneteeeeeees 3 22 AptPlot Graph appearance WiINdOW ccccseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeesessaenneeeeeeees 3 23 Reformatted control room dose plots for Test23 cccccccccccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 24 Model Editor tool bar icon description cccceeeeececeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaaeneeteeeeees 3 27 Navigator window tool bar icon description cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 28 Navigator window with newly added model components 3 30 View Dock window for 4 node model unconnected eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 3 31 View Dock window for 4 node model connected eeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeees 3 33 Navigator window with all nodes expanded seeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 3 33 Navigator window with the black bar menu for the engineering units Selection irn eira a clei e ines Ted ae a a A a senha bared see sees 3 34 Property window with volume entry for the Compartment 2 Containment 3 34 Pathway input windows for sample problem ssesesseeeseeseeseesseeeeees 3 35 X Q input tables for EAB left and LPZ right cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 3 36 SNAP RADTRAD Edit Total Inventories window editing features 3 38 E
86. enerally Plot gt Graph appearance Plot gt Set appearance and Plot gt Axis properties provide the features needed to edit the plot Screenshots of each of these windows are shown in Figures 3 19 through 3 21 Clicking on the tabs in each window shows various properties and features available to the user A subset of these features is used to edit the plot Some typical AptPlot adjustments are illustrated below 3 20 e Change the x axis scale from seconds to hours Navigate to the Select EXTDATA Channel window shown in Figure 3 17 and click on Clear Sets in the lower left hand portion of the screen Then change the units in the Time Units dropdown menu from Seconds to Hours Confirm that the dose components are highlighted as shown in Figure 3 17 using shift click or control click Then click on Plot and Time hours will appear on the x axis e Reset y axis to logarithmic scale Given that the I 131 dose is so dominant it is hard to read the dose contributions from the other iodine nuclides The y axis scale can be changed to logarithmic by navigating to Plot gt Axis properties Change the axis setting in Edit text box from X axis to Y axis and click on the Main tab if it is not already selected in the Axes window Figure 3 19 Then change the Scale text box from Normal to Logarithmic and click the Apply button to change the y axis to logarithmic e Expand y axis to cover dose range The dose range can be expanded from the Axes window
87. ent appears which the user must agree to in order for the installation process to proceed forward Once this step is completed a second license agreement for AptPlot the GNU General Public license will appear which again the user must agree to in order to continue The user will then be required to select plugins In the case of AptPlot the user will select the analysis code support ACS Plug in and then click on Continue The installation will proceed to completion and the user clicks on Close in the AptPlot Installation Too window to exit the AptPlot installation The installation steps for the SNAP RADTRAD plugin are essentially the same as for AptPlot although the windows are somewhat different The SNAP Installation Tool is the user interface for SNAP installation which shows the progress of the installation The location of the installation directory is shown in the nstallation Directory window The user can change the location although the default location is usually adequate After selecting the installation directory the Java Runtime Environment License Agreement appears which the user must agree to in order to continue the installation Once this step is completed a second license agreement for the APT binary code license agreement appears which again the user must agree to in order to continue The user will then be required to select plugins In the case of SNAP the user will select the AVF ENGTMPL EXTDATA RADTRAD and Uncertai
88. ent dose at user specified locations for a given accident scenario The code system also provides the inventory decay chain and dose conversion factor tables needed for the dose calculation The SNAP RADTRAD code can be used to assess occupational radiation exposures typically in the control room to estimate site boundary doses and to estimate dose attenuation due to modification of a facility or accident sequence TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Tale Sof Mav O lieiee teen erie errr iCter re See eee tr ERP a CPL ere Teeter eran meee Serer Preece iii TABLE OF CONTENDS wy jacsivesetsrendacncradages camel a aa e ear edes daend a S dann ledatanadesdaeusaet v LIS FOP FIGURES etaa e aeee oaa E E e TE Sa ceeven e AAE EE e EA PEE CENO E EEES vii LIST OF TABLES noansnneeeneooooennrenrrererernnrennnnreeeerennnnnnnen nenene ai e e WR D ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ccccceeeeseeseecerceeeeeeeeeeecees esse Ml eee D aaea xi ABBREVIATIONS eecsesececeeeee teense eeeeenrtee renee eee i MR oe Nt eteeteeeees xiii 1 0 INTRODUCTION cccccceeeeeeteeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeceee eneee e lhe oo T 1 1 2 0 INSTALLATION GUIDE eccecccceeeeeeeeeeeeere cece teeter eres O Laan onenen rererere rane 2 1 2 1 DistriDUtion 0 ccc E ings oeae eee ea eeeaae 2 1 2 2 Hardware and Software Requirements ccccccccccccccccececceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 2 1 2 3 Installation fee ee O a eeaeee terase nanena sanane 2 2 2 4 S
89. entative nuclide is used to identify each chemical group The tenth group for non radioactive aerosols is retained in SNAP RADTRAD Table 4 2 Chemical element grouping for SNAP RADTRAD Group Group Name RG 1 183 Additional Nuclides Number Chemical 4 10 Grouping 1 Noble Gases Kr Xe H H 3 Ne Ar Rn N O 2 Halogens Br 3 Alkali Metals Cs Rb 4 Tellurium Group Te Sb Se Barium Strontium 5 Alkaline Earth Sr Ba Sr Ba Metals Ru Rh Mo Noble Metals Tc Co Pd 7 Cerium Group Ce Pu Np La Zr Nd 8 Lanthanides Nb Pr Y Cm Eu Pm Sm Am Ac Ag Al As At Au Be Bi Bk C Ca Cd Cf Cl Cr Cu Dy Er Es F Fe Fm Fr Ga 9 Others Gd Ge Hf Hg Ho In Ir K Lu Md Mg Mn Na Ni Os P Pa Pb Po Pt Ra Re S Sc Si Sn Ta Tb Th Ti TI Tm U V W Yb Zn Non Radioactive 10 Aerosols No change F Cl a F and CI halogens are included in the group 10 since they likely do not behave like iodine The iodine group is further subdivided into three physical forms which are elemental organic and aerosols The fraction of each form depends on the source term model used The radionuclide inventory for the fuel for all radionuclides of interest in dose analysis on a per MWth basis for PWR and BWR plants is included in SNAP RADTRAD Two models available in SNAP RADTRAD in which to model the release from the fuel are the TID 14844 model
90. exp 647 P MWt d y e En Aap 50 1 339 exp 1474 P MWt gt Adep 10 0 780 exp 1316 P MW1 E Aaep 90 1 564 exp 717 P MWt eel y TA HA y Aae 50 1 373 exp 1634 P MWt l j Aaep 10 0 778 exp 1548 P MW1 F Aaep 90 1 562 exp 719 P MWt cap FY oa N Aaep 50 1 441 exp 1785 P MW1 i Aaep 10 0 780 exp 1686 P MWt Table 4 13 also provides the decontamination coefficients for a DBA in an advanced pressurized water reactor APWR design These values are based upon work by Powers which found that the CONTAIN related calculation results were correlated with values in the table These correlations do not vary with reactor thermal power hence an approximation is used when the user selects a PWR design with a different power level 4 26 Table 4 13 Correlations of natural deposition decontamination coefficients for APWR DBAs Release s i Phase Time Interval s Correlations hr 1 E Adep 90 0 466 Gap O 05m ar 0 0 233 i Adep 10 0 029 E Adep 90 0 872 Gap noe Ae 1 ae i Aden 10 0 160 Early 1800 6480 7 fe 7 rer g dep gee In Vessel 0 5 1 8 hr Adep 10 0 100 Gap Early 6480 13 680 FO z tae In Vessel 1 8 3 8 hr ME D i Adep 10 0 731 Gap Early 13 680 49 680 we as pee a id 7 In Vessel Nen rien 10 0 245 Gap Eary 49620 a6 400 2 90 0598 i igs gt i In Vessel 13 8 24 0 hr Adep 10 0 107
91. fies the X Q table to be used with this dose location Use X Q Table the Select S icon to open the Select from X Q Tables window to link to one of the available X Q tables Specifies the occupancy factors table to be used with the control room or the technical support center dose location Use the Custom Editors icon to open the Editing Occupancy Factors window The user can then use the provide time dependent occupancy factors for the dose location Compartment Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Select from Compartments window EAB and LPZ dose locations set to the Environment compartment by default 3 67 Table 3 14 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs X Q Tables Input Description X Q nodes are specified for the EAB and LPZ dose locations by Name default in SNAP RADTRAD Users must specify X Q data for the EAB and LPZ X Q data for additional dose locations can be specified by the user optional Component Number The EAB is set to component 1 and LPZ is set to component 2 by SNAP RADTRAD User specified X Q tables are automatically numbered by SNAP RADTRAD Description Specified by user optional Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the X Q Table Editing X Q Tables window The user enters time dependent X Q values s m in the data entry table One item of note is the link between the dose location and X Q table The
92. from the menu to add a numbered component to that component category These steps result in a new model component being created A new compartment is added by right clicking on the Compartment node in the Navigator window and selecting New in the menu that appears A new compartment component Compartment 2 is created Components are not automatically added to the View Dock window but must be added by the user The new component Compartment 2 is added to the 3 28 View Dock window by right clicking on the Compartment 2 and selecting Add to View gt Default View Compartment 2 now appears in the View Dock window The new component Compartment 2 is unnamed To add a name to the component type a name i e Containment in the Name text box in the Property window The name will simultaneously appear in both the Navigator and View Dock windows Compartment 2 Containment Alternately newly defined components can also be dragged from the Navigator window to the View Dock window by clicking on the component of interest and dragging it by holding the left mouse button down and moving the cursor to the View Dock window The pre defined Environment compartment is added to the View Dock window in a manner similar to Compartment 2 Containment above Right click on Compartment 1 Environment and select Add to View gt Default View or drag the component by clicking on the new component node and dragging it into the View Dock window Th
93. gers IR Reals amp Booleans T Strings EQ Tables lt I gt Functions Figure 3 45 Component Insertion icon feature menus The other feature that is useful is the ability to annotate a model using the Annotation feature This Annotation feature allows the user to draw basic shapes and to add descriptive text The basic approach is to navigate to the annotation feature of interest select that feature and then click on the View Dock window which will draw the selected icon As an example to draw an ellipse navigate to Annotation gt Ellipse click on Ellipse in the menu then move the cursor to the View Dock window and click in that window to draw the selected shape Right clicking on the shape activates a menu that allows various drawing rendering features to be set These features are typical of Windows based drawing programs and are not discussed in detail The drawing features combined with scaling may be of interest to some users with an artistic tendency When a new model is initiated default values are set for the dimensions of the canvas which are a height of 850 pixels and a width of 1100 pixels These values can be checked in the Canvas Size tab in the Zoom and Size window The default scaling is 20 pixels per meter with a width scale factor of 1 0 which can be checked by clicking on the Scaling tab in the Zoom and Size window which is shown in Figure 3 43 Dividing the pixel values by the scaling factor yields a height of
94. gulatory Commission Washington DC April 1985 NUREG 0016 Revision 1 Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Boiling Water Reactors BWR GALE Code U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC January 1979 ANSI ANS 18 1 1999 Radioactive Source Term for Normal Operation of Light Water Reactors American Nuclear Society La Grange Park IL September 1999 NUREG CR 5966 A Simplified Model of Aerosol Removal by Containment Sprays U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC June 1993 Fauske amp Associates Inc FAl Aerosol Correlation An Industry Degraded Core Rulemaking IDCOR Program Report Fauske amp Associates Inc Bethesda MD 1984 Brockmann J E Sampling and Transport of Aerosols Aerosol Measurement Principles Techniques and Applications Third Edition John Wiley amp Sons Hoboken NJ September 2011 Fuchs N A The Mechanics of Aerosols Macmillan Company New York NY 1964 Liu B Y H and Agarwal J K Experimental Observation of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow Journal of Aerosol Science Vol 5 2 March 1974 p 145 148 Gormley P G and Kennedy M Diffusion from a Stream Flowing Through a Cylindrical Tube Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Vol 52 A 1948 1950 p 163 169 5 2 25 26 27 Friendlander S K Smoke Dust and Haze Fundamentals of Aerosol Be
95. h icon can be determined by hovering the mouse pointer above the icon of interest This action should cause a text pop up to appear with a short statement of the function of that icon The tools and features most commonly used in SNAP RADTRAD are illustrated in Section 3 3 4 3 30 3 Tl Defaut rR Q s Th 5 eee ceed Bette a a ceed Eek See Gece r See Geek Seed Geet Seed Geet cee ee a s ccd Rec cee Ret eee EEGs A Containment 2 y Figure 3 26 View Dock window for 4 node model unconnected Table 3 3 shows all of the icons which are available in the View Dock window with a description of each icon All of the icons for the compartments sources and pathways have connection points for connecting flow pathways and source components to compartment components as illustrated in Figure 3 26 The number in the different icons in Figure 3 26 are the component number which are generally consecutive in SNAP RADTRAD models One feature that the user should be aware of is the orientation feature for flow pathway icons In Figure 3 26 the orientation is pointing right however the orientation can be changed to pointing up pointing down or pointing left by right clicking on the flow pathway icon and selecting Drawn Orientation from the menu that appears and then pick the desired orientation 3 31 Table 3 3 Icons used in the View Dock window View Dock Window Icons Description Containmen
96. havior Wiley New York NY 1977 Pui D Y H Romay Novas F and Liu B Y H Experimental Study of Particle Deposition in Bends of Circular Cross Section Aerosol Science and Technology Vol 7 3 February 1987 p 301 315 Murphy K G and Campe K M Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Ventilation System Design for Meeting General Criterion 19 13th AEC Air Cleaning Conference U S Atomic Energy Commission Washington DC August 1974 5 3
97. he EAB LPZ and in the control room Source term models from TID 14844 9 or from NUREG 1465 10 are incorporated into SNAP RADTRAD to describe fission product release from the fuel to the containment Models for natural deposition within a compartment and engineered removal mechanisms such as sprays and filters are available in the code Flow between compartments is modeled and HEPA filters can be included in the flow paths for radionuclide removal due to filtration Leakage to the environment can also be modeled and doses calculated to various points in the environment such as the EAB and LPZ After transporting the nuclides to different locations SNAP RADTRAD calculates the dose at user specified locations Note that much of the discussion in this section is based on the original RADTRAD documentation in NUREG CR 6604 and its two supplements 1 2 and 3 4 1 Governing Equations in RADTRAD The basic RADTRAD AC model is a multi compartment model where each compartment represents a portion of the plant being analyzed Generally the containment volume s environment and control room s are modeled as compartments Figure 4 1 presents a diagram illustrating a typical RADTRAD AC model Figure 4 1 shows a two volume containment connected to the environment A two volume containment compartment may be used to represent the sprayed and unsprayed portions of the containment A control room is shown which contains ventilation intakes from the environme
98. he model rendering is shown in the Default View The tabs can be clicked on to show either the modeling rendering or the job stream similar to Microsoft Excel Job streams will be discussed later in this section There is also a Message window underneath the View Dock window which lists messages from SNAP RADTRAD The user should note that each of the windows shown in Figure 3 2 can be resized either horizontally or vertically Resizing is done by hovering the mouse cursor over the border between the windows until a double headed arrow appears Then the user clicks and drags the border to the desired location The user will need to unlock the model by clicking on the Lock icon shown in Figure 3 2 Notice that other icons adjacent to the Lock icon will change to unlocked amp on the toolbar O Model Editor 23 1 Coto es file Edit Toots Window Help Bea Ce v Elm oO Rm ales T Navigator Window View Dock Window Model Options alr Decay Decay no daughtering Onset Gap Release Start of Accident Duration of Accident Dose Conversion Type FGR 11 amp 12 Dose Conversions View FGR 11 amp 12 Defaults Time Step Algorithm Default bay Time Step Table Rows 00 gt Output Parameters gt NRC Output Flags gt Diagnostic Flags Message Window Property Window Figure 3 2 SNAP Model Editor screen One powerful feature in SNAP RADTRAD is the ability to check the model for in
99. her classifications of messages Notes Alerts Warnings and Errors Generally SNAP displays messages in these different classifications automatically The goal for model development is to have no errors or warnings generated by SNAP RADTRAD Once error checking is complete and no errors or warnings exist in the model the user can run the case as described in Section 3 2 2 3 41 f O Error Report Notes 2 II Q Alerts 0 J A Warnings Q Errors 2 8 Validation Test Basic Structure Tests 2 Errors Source 1 Fuel Release No active connections fi Connection check failed g 8 Compartment 2 Containment Volume must be a positive value fi Compartment check failed Export Close gt Figure 3 40 Model Editor Error Report window 3 3 4 Building a SNAP RADTRAD Model Additional Features There are a number of features and icons in the View Dock window that the SNAP RADTRAD user should become familiar with for general model building as shown in Figure 3 41 These features include the Cut Copy and Paste icons which are used by selecting the icon Compartment Pathway etc in the View Dock window to be cut or copied then clicking on the Cut 8 or Copy icon and pasting it in the View Dock window Layering Component Component Manager Copy Paste Grouping and TE Tool Special UNgrouping Zoom Tool D oefaun 96 S e a a GS Q S8 TI f PP o
100. here the RADTRAD AC output will be written When the job stream node is expanded as above the job stream properties appear in the Property window as illustrated in Figure 3 6 Test23 2 x General __ Show Disabled Name Test23 QB Description lt none gt EA Stream Type Basic Job Stream fl D File Groups 0 Groups fal Qe Platform Local Iv D Root Folder Samples l ha e B Relative Location RADTRAD Qe Log Level Information E o x D View in Job Status Yes No ka Linear Execution O Yes No D Figure 3 6 Job stream Property window 3 7 The two job stream properties which determine where the output is written are the Root Folder text box and the Relative Location text box The SNAP RADTRAD output is then the Relative Folder location appended to the Root Folder location To review the root folder settings click on the Custom Editors icon and a window similar to that shown in Figure 3 7 appears In this example three root folders along with the path location are shown O Edit Cakulation Server Root Folders e D E aA Name Location Samples C Work Currenti0 RADTRAD4 Training Samples Problems C Work Currenti0 RADTRAD4 Problems Adaptive_Time_Step C Work Currenti0 RADTRAD4 Adaptive Time Step Figure 3 7 Typical root folder settings in SNAP RADTRAD Assuming that the root folder is set to Samples the path to the output will be Samples RADTRAD or C Work Current O RADTRAD Training Samples RADTRAD
101. ill open as illustrated in Figure 3 15 r SNAP Job Status 229 i File View Tools Help Local B Adaptive_Time_Step B 10 a ManualProbs caleserviiLocalManualProbs Test23 Test23 B Documentation NUREG_6604 BB Screenshots Job Priority Jodtype Status Submit a startea _ Completed CalcTime Loaded Evaluation gt B ShowEvent Test23 4 Stream Complete Dec 22 19 21 Dec 22 19 21 Dec 22 19 21 No Data No o amp ShowModel BADR RADTRAD Complete Dec 22 1921 Dec 22 19 21 Dec 22 19 21 gt B ShowStep PlotStep 5 JAptPlot Complete Dec 22 19 21 Dec 22 19 21 Dec 22 19 21 No Data No t amp Tesey B Tesz t Prodiems gt AVF_Default gt amp AVF_FullTs 4 o amp AVF_Orig gt D FH o Meds_Default o Meds_FullTS _ Meds Halts Figure 3 15 SNAP RADTRAD Job Status window with AptPlot icon highlighted 3 17 When AptPlot opens the windows presented in Figure 3 16 will appear Dose information by dose location ExclusionAreaBoundary LowPopulationZone and Control Room spaces omitted and dose category body cloudshine skin tede and thyroid for each nuclide separated by periods will be presented in the Select EXTDATA Channels window in Figure 3 17 In AptPlot each data set is referred to as a data channel Test Problem 23 is used to illustrate the features of AptPlot and it is suggested that the user open Apt
102. in the data entry table 3 61 Table 3 10 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Natural Deposition Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple natural deposition models can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Description Specified by user optional Aerosol Deposition Model Specifies the method by which the deposition removes radionuclides from the compartment The user can select from the following options e None the deposition provides no decontamination e User Defined Coefficients decontamination is specified as a function of removal coefficients over time e Henry s Model Coefficients the Henry s correlation model for natural deposition specified as a function of height and particle density over time e Powers Deposition Model the Powers model for natural deposition calculated based on an uncertainty percentile associated with a reactor and accident type This model is reasonable only for large buildings and is not valid for deposition in passages such as pipes Aerosol Removal Coefficients if Aerosol Deposition Model is User Defined Coefficients Defines the aerosol particulate radionuclide removal as a function of time The removal coefficient is defined as the fraction of the total aerosol mass inserted into the containment removed per second Select the Custom Editors icon f
103. ing compartments and pathways and connecting these two components Once an initial model is developed completing the model is a matter of input specification Input specification is done by specifying input in text boxes selecting options in drop down menus or buttons or through data entry tables for time dependent data Tables 3 8 through 3 12 list the available inputs for the Compartments Pathways Natural Deposition Filters and Spray nodes in SNAP RADTRAD 3 57 Table 3 8 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Compartments Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple compartments can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Description Specified by user optional Type Output Level Detail The user can select from the following options Unused Control Room Dose Environment Normal Normal Dose Control Room Each model must have exactly one environment and control rooms do not exhaust to other compartments Additionally Normal may be used for any compartment that is neither the Environment nor a Control Room Note that an Environment compartment is defined by default in SNAP RADTRAD Additional compartments are specified by the user Sets the detail level used to output compartment data during model execution The user can select from the following options e No additional detail e Full edit at time steps e Full edi
104. ing plant models The Model Editor also provides tools for user input checking for submitting and monitoring calculations and for running multiple cases The RADTRAD AC generates data output files suitable for plotting with the Applied Programming Technology plotting package APTPot As part of the development of the RADTRAD plugin for SNAP the user documentation is being updated This report provides the documentation for the use of SNAP RADTRAD 1 1 2 0 INSTALLATION GUIDE This section of the report discusses how to obtain and install SNAP RADTRAD and the RADTRAD AC codes 2 1 Distribution RADTRAD is distributed in two parts the SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin and the RADTRAD AC SNAP with the RADTRAD plugin is used for model development and input preparation while the RADTRAD AC carries out the calculations and generates the results SNAP with the RADTRAD plugin is maintained by Applied Programming Technologies Inc APT and the RADTRAD AC analytical code is maintained by Information Systems Laboratory Inc Directions for obtaining the SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin and the RADTRAD AC are available at the Radiation Protection Computer Code Analysis and Maintenance Program RAMP website Current version information for SNAP with the RADTRAD plugin and RADTRAD AC are also available at the RAMP website Note that results plotting capability has been built into SNAP RADTRAD using the AptPlot program The SNAP GUI with the RADTRA
105. input that can be specified for a SNAP RADTRAD model When a SNAP RADTRAD case is executed through the RADTRAD AC the data flow is not directly from the casename med file Rather there are a number of data files that are produced by the SNAP RADTRAD plugin that are read by RADTRAD AC These files which are in extensible markup language XML format include DCFs dfx nuclide data nix plant information psx release fraction srx and nuclide inventory icx files Output files out screen and plot are produced by the RADTRAD AC Log files produced by SNAP RADTRAD are job stream related files streamlog and tas og Table 3 1 provides a brief description of these files When case execution is completed the SNAP RADTRAD output can be reviewed by clicking on the File Viewer 2 icon Note that there is a context in terms of the active job stream step and the output that is displayed If the casename step is highlighted then the job stream log will be available for viewing If the RADTRAD step is highlighted as shown in the SNAP Job Status window in Figure 3 12 then the RADTRAD AC output is available If the PlotStep is highlighted then the plot file data can be viewed using AptPlot Figure 3 12 shows a screenshot of the dropdown menu cascade from the File Viewer 2 icon for the RADTRAD job step from the SNAP Job Status window rox 10 File View Tools Help Job List BRBePreaw calcserv LocalManualPr
106. inually be renewed by the injected particulate The model has been extended for this case by setting coefficients A through Gto zero This makes the model assume that the size distribution has not changed in time and that most of the material suspended is fresh material provided by the source The aerosols removed by the sprays are collected in the sump Table 4 10 Values for coefficients used in the Powers spray removal model Constant T i th x th 10 Percentile 50 Percentile 90 Percentile 5 5750 6 83707 7 10927 0 94362 1 0074 0 92549 6 9821E 03 4 1731E 03 8 0868E 04 0 1108 0 1815 0 3751 0 00201 0 01153 0 00648 0 8945 0 5843 0 2786 7 327E 07 9 006E 08 4 21 4 5 2 Natural Deposition Model Natural deposition in SNAP RADTRAD can be modeled using either Henry s correlation or Powers model for aerosol removal due to natural deposition or through the specification of user defined removal coefficients As Henry s correlation and Powers model are only applicable to aerosols the SNAP RADTRAD user will still need to specify removal coefficients for elemental iodine 4 5 2 1 Henry s Correlation The correlation developed by Henry described in reference 20 is based upon observation of experiments concerned with aerosol decontamination The form of Equation 4 15 is based upon the consideration that sedimentation was the dominant phenomenon observed and the coefficients were determined from experimental data f
107. ism in SNAP RADTRAD can be modeled using either the Powers model as described in NUREG CR 5966 A Simplified Model of Aerosol Removal by Containment Sprays 19 for aerosol removal or through the specification of user defined removal coefficients As the Powers model is only applicable to aerosols the SNAP RADTRAD user will still need to specify removal coefficients for elemental and organic iodine The extent to which sprays will decontaminate an aerosol laden atmosphere depends on the number of spray droplets falling through the atmosphere and the distance they fall The water flux into the containment atmosphere is time dependent and the fall distance is dependent upon the containment design The Powers model is based on a correlation that determines the removal coefficient for an aerosol considering the spray water flux W m H O m s and the fall height of the spray droplets H zm and considers uncertainty in the various parameters affecting spray removal Since the model was developed from an uncertainty study the user specifies a percentile The best estimate value is associated with the 50 percentile or median values the lower bound is associated with the 10 percentile and the reasonable upper bound or largest DF with the 90 percentile The model was developed using values of 0 001 0 1 and 0 25 cm H O cm s for the spray water flux W and fall heights of 500 853 1000 1584 2000 3000 4000 and 5000 cm
108. l options are available on the Welcome to Model Editor screen which are listed below e Create A New Model e Open a Model Document e Import a New Model e Start an Empty Session 3 2 e SNAP Version Updates Under each of these items a short description of each option is provided to explain what each option does Wetcome to Modelfdcitor 229 Q AW_fetl Smet teins D Testt mes Locames AP Aabo toes med DB aac toes met Figure 3 1 SNAP Model Editor welcome screen Once the SNAP Model Editor is open the user selects Continue under Open a Model Document on the Figure 3 1 Navigate to the location of the Test23 subdirectory under the samples directory Click on the file Test23 med The Model Editor rendering of Test23 will open as shown in Figure 3 2 Alternately the user can click on the Test23 med file in the working directory to start the SNAP Model Editor Finally the model can also be opened by selecting File gt Open navigating to the input file med file of interest selecting that file and clicking on open much like any Windows program Notice that there are three separate input sections in the SNAP Model Editor window shown in Figure 3 3 3 2 which are the Navigator window the Property window and the View Dock window where the model rendering appears Also notice that there are two tabs in the View Dock window labeled Default View and Test23 View In this model the SNAP RADTRAD job stream is shown while t
109. late Appearance button the Calculate lodine Appearance input window as shown in Figure 3 50 will open The user will provide the required inputs and click the OK button which will update the iodine appearance rate values in the table in the odine Appearance Rate section of Figure 3 47 3 54 Mixed bed demin DF Spike multiplier Cancel Figure 3 50 Calculate lodine Activity window Once the RCS activity calculations are complete the user clicks on the OK button on the RCS Activity Calculator window Figure 3 47 and the total RCS activity is transferred from the RCS activity calculator to the Inventory Ci column in the Edit Total Inventories window Figure 3 33 and the specific inventory amount is back calculated from the core power Note that a new file is created each time the RCS activity calculator is invoked These files are automatically named but the user can rename them from the Name text box in the Edit Total Inventories window Figure 3 33 Finally the models used to compute the RCS activity are discussed in Section 4 4 Regardless of whether fuel or RCS activity is used it is the total inventory that is the basis for the source term calculation accessed from the Source Scenarios text box in the Property window once a new source model is initiated Recall from earlier discussions that part of the specification of a new source scenario is the appropriate nuclide inventory either from the reactor fuel RCS or other s
110. lving the transport equations defining transfer of material between compartments during a time step can be solved numerically without taking account of the radioactive decay and in growth occurring over that period will have a negligible impact on the transport solution Likewise solving the radioactive decay and in growth equations during a time step without considering the simultaneous phenomenon of transport between compartments will have a negligible impact on the decay and in growth results Reducing the time step size reduces the error that results from separately calculating transport and radioactive decay and the RADTRAD AC automatically reduces the default time step size when decay is active If the user is concerned with this approach adaptive time step control can be enabled to assure that the error introduced by this assumption is small The purpose of an adaptive time step algorithm is to actively choose the time step size in order to keep the solution error below a specified limit The exact error is not known so error must be estimated The error estimate is then used to decide if the time step is too large or too small and adjust the time step size accordingly The adaptive time step algorithm involves the following steps 1 The error is estimated at each time step by calculating two solutions for the next time step with one solution being more accurate The magnitude of the difference between the solutions is used to estimate
111. lysis The root folder path will be created Also a path of subdirectories can be specified in the Relative Location text box separated by a back slash For example the relative location can be set to RADTRAD LOCA so that the path to the output would be Samples RADTRAD LOCA assuming that the root folder is set to Samples A couple of points should be noted about root folders First the root folder directory needs to exist otherwise you ll get a warning that the directory doesn t exist and the root folder will not be defined Second overlapping paths are not allowed and will generate an error At this point the user can run Test23 However as a reminder one item should be checked before proceeding and that is the link to the RADTRAD AC This link should have been set automatically during the installation process The setting is 3 9 SNAPINSTALL radtrad radtrad jar assuming that the user placed the RADTRAD AC code in a radtrad subdirectory in the SNAP installation directory in the user s home directory as discussed in Section 2 2 The setting can be checked by navigating to Tools gt Configuration Tool and then expanding the Applications node by clicking on the Expand icon Then click on RADTRAD Figure 3 9 shows the resulting window r SNAP Configuration 2 2 9 File Edit Help a asg v General a Show Disabled le A Per erson fan Name RADTRAD G Type 48 RADTRAD Description Th
112. mental I DF Limit Enabled if Elemental lodine Removal Model is the User Defined Coefficients The user selects from either True or False to enable the DF beyond which the ability of the spray to remove elemental iodine drops in effectiveness 3 65 Input Description Elemental I DF Limit if Elemental lodine Removal Model is the User Defined Coefficients The DF beyond which the sprays effectiveness to remove elemental iodine is reduced by a factor of 10 The DF value must be 1 0 or greater and the default value is 1 0E 06 Organic lodine Removal Model Determines the method by which the spray removes organic iodine from the compartment The user can select from the following options e None organic radionuclides are not removed from the compartment e User Defined Coefficient Table organic radionuclides are removed as an organic removal coefficient over time Organic lodine Removal Coefficients if Organic lodine Removal Model is the User Defined Coefficients Defines the organic iodine radionuclide removal as a function of time Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Organic lodine Removal Coefficients window The user enters time dependent elemental iodine removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table 3 4 4 Dose Locations Breathing Rates and X Q Tables Section 3 3 3 presented the approach for defining dose locations breathing rates
113. merical solution of the transport equations is accomplished by constructing the solution as a Taylor series expansion of the analytical matric exponential solution in terms of t specifically the e4 term which is the only time dependent term and truncating the series when the estimated relative error is less than 1E 08 One advantage of this approach is its capacity to obtain good solutions over large time intervals The key assumption is that there is no change in any phenomenon during a time step i e that the coefficients in the ordinary differential equations ODEs are constant Without this assumption the method would not apply In order to accommodate this assumption the code synchronizes time steps with the user supplied phenomena in order to capture changes in the coefficients Another advantage of this approach is that it is very fast and extremely robust The algorithm is essentially identical to the one described in reference 11 A useful discussion of matrix exponential methods and how they are solved is given in reference 12 The assumption that all nuclides can be grouped according to their chemical and transport similarities is also applied in the solution Thus four transport groups were used noble gases elemental iodine organic iodine and aerosols Note that the aerosol transport group includes all radionuclides assumed to be aerosol as listed in Section 4 3 These transport groups interact with their surroundings differen
114. n the Data sets section near the top of the Set appearance window Figure 3 20 Note that the name of the data contained in a given dataset is identified by the String text box in the Legend section in the lower part of the window Also note that the current color of a particular dataset is shown in the Co or dropdown menu in the Line Properties section Using that dropdown menu select the desired color and click on the Apply button Alternately to change the color of all lines to black for example highlight all datasets using shift click or control click or alternately clicking on the All button Then select Black in the Color dropdown menu if it is not already selected and click on the Apply button e Line symbols Symbols for the lines are set from the Main tab in the Set appearance window To select a symbol for a particular data set highlight the dataset in the Data sets section then select a symbol type circle square etc under the Type dropdown menu in the Symbol Properties section Also select the desired color in the Color dropdown menu and click the Apply button A symbol will appear for each data point and since there are hundreds of data points a symbol skip will have to be set Select the Symbols tab in the Set appearance window and highlight the dataset to be changed Then set the Symbol skip to a value like 50 or 75 and click on the Apply button This setting will display a symbol for every 50th or 75th point then repeat
115. n the component group node and selecting New 3 29 Model Editor 2 3 1 File Edit Tools Window Help DeU S v mima o e gt aD amp J unsaved unnamed Model Options A Nuclide Data Sources 1 Source 1 Fuel Release D Compartments 2 o Compartment 1 Environment Compartment 2 Containment amp Pathways 1 gt Pathway 1 Leakage o 63 Dose Locations 2 6 Natural Deposition 0 Y Filters 0 Sprays 0 gt E XQ Tables 2 F Connections 4 o gt 93 Job Streams 1 qb Numerics 0 amp Views 1 Aw Figure 3 25 Navigator window with newly added model components At this point the user has developed a new model consisting of a source a compartment representing the containment a leakage pathway and an environment compartment Also this new model was added to the View Dock window by either dragging the new component node to the View Dock window or right clicking on the new component node then selecting Add To View Figure 3 26 shows the View Dock window with the new model s components Additionally once the components are added to the View Dock window they will be needed to be moved around for presentation clarity Make sure the Selection Tool icon is activated before rearranging the icons in the View Dock window Features common to most Windows based programs are available to aid the user in editing and arranging icons The function of eac
116. n was to open the SNAP GUI and start exploring the features for RADTRAD model development Therefore the discussion in the following sections assumes that the user has SNAP available and open and that the user will follow along with the discussion by using the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor There is no better way to learn how to use the SNAP GUI except to actually use it 3 2 The Model Editor User Interface Model Development This subsection describes working within the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor to develop and modify models 3 2 1 Overview of Existing Model Features As noted earlier the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor is the basic tool used to create modify and run input models To start the Model Editor navigate to Start gt All Programs gt SNAP gt Model Editor and the Model Editor should start To illustrate many of the features in SNAP the Test 23 sample problem will be used This problem is found in the Samples Test23 subdirectory in the snap directory see Section 2 3 It is recommended that a copy of the Test23 med file be placed in the user s working directory which is the directory where the input and output files will be kept It is also recommended that the user open Test23 and follow along with the presentation in this section When the Model Editor is started a splash screen appears for several seconds and then a Welcome to Model Editor screen appears as shown in Figure 3 1 with the Model Editor window in the background Severa
117. nce the sign and the off diagonal terms are transfer coefficients relating the transfer of material from various compartments to compartment Off diagonal transfer terms are calculated as f V where fis the flow rate out of a compartment volume units s and Vis the compartment volume yielding units of 1 s This ratio is multiplied by the radionuclide inventory in the upstream connecting compartment to provide a source to the connecting downstream compartment Diagonal terms or removal terms are more complex because of the various removal processes that are modeled in the RADTRAD AC However the idea is the same in that a removal coefficient expressed in units of 1 s is multiplied by the radionuclide inventory to yield a removal rate Details on the calculation of removal coefficients are provided in Section 4 5 Equation 4 4 is solved in the RADTRAD AC using a matrix exponential based on work done in reference 11 Matrix exponential methods are used to solve systems of linear differential equations of the form X AX S subject to an initial condition Xo Note that radionuclide decay is not explicitly included in Equation 4 4 Rather decay is accounted for in the RADTRAD AC by dividing the solution of the differential equations into two parts 1 radioactive decay and daughter in growth and 2 radionuclide transport Inclusion of radioactive decay and daughter in growth modeling with Equation 4 4 significantly increases 4 4 th
118. nces of Releases MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System MACCS sample 3412 megawatt thermal MWth PWR core inventory 60 nuclides e BWR normalized MACCS sample 3578 MWth BWR core inventory 60 nuclides Basic editing features for the Edit Total Inventories window are shown in Figure 3 33 These features can be used to either edit an existing file or specify a new inventory file For example the PWR inventory file can be duplicated by selecting the PWR inventory and then clicking on the Copy Existing File icon which will make a duplicate and append a number to the file that can then be renamed by the user Once a copy is made the data becomes editable Nuclides can be added deleted and rearranged using the Nuclide Editing Tools shown in Figure 3 33 In addition nuclide files can be exported and imported For this illustration the generic PWR inventory with a core power level of 3637 MWth and the alternative source term release fractions from Regulatory Guide 1 183 RG 1 183 Alternative Radiological Source Terms for Evaluating Design Basis Accidents at Nuclear Power Reactors 8 will be demonstrated The source specification steps are as follows e _Left click on Model Options node in the Navigator window locate the Plant Power Level text box in the Property window and set the plant power level to 3637 MWth e Expand the Sources 1 node and left click on Source 1 Fuel Release locate Source Scenarios text box in the Pro
119. ndows Commands Windows gt Commands Scripting commands window not used in SNAP RADTRAD Help Commands Link to the SNAP Model Editor manual which includes information Bee Conteris about the RADTRAD Plugin Checks for updates at the APT Inc website Note that computer Hels Vee tor Updates security settings may inhibit this feature Allows the user to submit Issue Reports on SNAP RADTRAD directly Help gt Report an Issue to APT Inc Note that issues related to the RADTRAD AC should be reported via email to RADTRAD_Help nrc gov Provides information on the SNAP GUI and Plugin version licensing Help gt About agreements and contact information Note that plugin version numbers can be obtained by clicking on the Plugins button Figure 3 23 shows the icon arrangement and function of each icon in the Model Editor Of particular interest is the ability to separate the Navigator Property and View Dock windows into separate windows and to also arrange the windows vertically by clicking on the Single Multiple Windows Modes icons shown in Figure 3 23 The remaining icons provide a shortcut to some of the menu commands listed in Table 3 2 New Undo Redo Help Open Job Status gi J ve D C a EJ a Open Previous Save Check Single Multiple Model Model Windows Modes Figure 3 23 Model Editor tool bar icon description 3 27 Figure 3 24 shows the icon arrangement and the function
120. ng options e No aerosol removal the pipe does not decontaminate particulate iodine transport e User Defined Decontamination Factors if the user selects this option the Aeroso DF text box appears below this option Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Aerosol DF window The user enters time dependent decontamination factors and flow rates ft min or m s in the data entry table e Brockmann Bixler Model If the user selects this option the following additional input text boxes appear below this option with user specified values to be entered pipe volume ft or m pipe surface area ftor m pipe angle degrees pipe temperature F or C pipe pressure psi or kPa pipe aerosol settling velocity ft min or m s pipe aerosol flow rates are entered by selecting the Custom Editors icon to open the Editing Pipe Aerosol Flow Rates window Enter the flow rates ft min or m s as a function of time in the data entry table Elemental lodine Removal Model if pathway type is Piping Determines how elemental iodine is deposited in the pipe The user can select from the following options e No aerosol removal the pipe does not decontaminate elemental iodine transport e Enter DFs and Flow Rates if the user selects this option the transport is defined as a function of flow rate and DFs over time When this option is selected the Elemental lodine D
121. nt 5 Control Room Pathways 10 Dose Locations 3 Natural Deposition 1 gt Filters 4 Sprays 1 o xQ Tables 3 Connections 26 gt 3 Job Streams 1 gt db Numerics 0 o Views 2 Pe CL Compartment 1 Sprayed Region a v General C Show Disabled Name Sprayed Region BHP Component Number 1 Description lt none gt LERI D Type Normal I DP Output Detail Level Fun Edit at Time Steps B P Volume 7 758816E4 m S Deposition lt none gt S BD Filter Y lt none gt os Be Spray 4 Spray 1 Sprayed Region Spray Sj DP Figure 3 3 Illustration of the expand icon Icons are used to represent the various components used in the View Dock window that comprise a typical model Figure 3 4 presents an illustration of the various icons used e Natural Deposition Indicator ii d Spray Indicator Filter Indicator Figure 3 4 Illustration of the various icons used to represent a SNAP RADTRAD model 3 2 2 Job Streams and Case Execution in SNAP RADTRAD Before continuing the discussion of existing model features and developing a new model the Test23 case will be run to illustrate how cases are run Case execution is dependent on the job stream which are a source of confusion for new SNAP RADTRAD users Simply put job streams are used to pass input and output data from one code to another for cases where multiple codes are used
122. nt accidents LOCAs and non LOCA accidents The RADTRAD code was originally developed by the Accident Analysis and Consequence Assessment Department at Sandia National Laboratories for the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC in 1997 as documented in NUREG CR 6604 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation 1 The code was revised to include a Visual Basic graphic user interface GUI for user convenience in 1999 which is described in NUREG CR 6604 Supplement 1 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation 2 Finally NUREG CR 6604 Supplement 2 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation 3 was published in 2002 discussing the testing of RADTRAD version 3 03 The NRC decided to update RADTRAD by converting the code into JAVA and develop a RADTRAD plugin to interface with the SNAP graphical user interface GUI As part of the RADTRAD update the analytical code that calculates the doses and generates the results was separated Hence SNAP with the RADTRAD plugin is used to develop models and prepare input which is then processed by the RADTRAD analytical code RADTRAD AC The RADTRAD AC then calculates the dose and generates the results The combined package is referred to as SNAP RADTRAD Use of RADTRAD in the SNAP framework allows use of the SNAP features including the Model Editor for develop
123. nt through two filtered flow pathways one recirculating and one that intakes directly from the environment Recirculating filtered flow paths are typically used to reduce the airborne radionuclide concentration in the control room The control room ventilation discharges back to the environment 4 1 S Compartment 1 Compartment 2 22 _ Compartments ee Aix Inter compartmental transfer from j to k Note there is no transfer from the environment to the containment A1 3 A2 3 0 Ajj Removal within a compartment F filtration S source Figure 4 1 Schematic of a typical SNAP RADTRAD dose assessment model The governing equations in the RADTRAD AC are basically balance equations relating the release of radionuclides typically from the reactor core to a given compartment to the removal of radionuclides within a given compartment and the transfer of radionuclides among compartments Within each compartment except the environment the radionuclides that are airborne within that compartment are assumed to be uniformly distributed or mixed The environment compartment is where the EAB and LPZ dose points are located Typically the control room draws suction from the environment Note that coupling of transfer pathways from the containment to the EAB LPZ and control room intakes is done using X Q values The X Q values relate the radionuclide concentration at a particular location to the radionuclide release rate due to
124. ntamination is specified as a function of removal coefficients over time When this option is selected the Elemental lodine Removal Coefficient text box appears below this option Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Elemental lodine Removal Coefficient window The user enters time dependent elemental iodine removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table Table 3 11 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Filters Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple filters can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Description Specified by user optional The recirculation filters definition as a function of time Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Filter Table window Each row defines time dependent filter flows ft min or m s and efficiencies for Filter Tabl e aerosol particulate e elemental iodine e organic iodine filtration There is no noble gas efficiency as it is assumed that the noble gas group cannot be captured The efficiencies will change in a stepwise fashion at each specified time 3 63 Table 3 12 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Sprays Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple spray models can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Desc
125. nts U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC February 1995 Washington K E A Reflected Kinetics Model for Nuclear Space Reactor Kinetics and Control Scoping Calculations Texas A amp M University College Station TX May 1986 5 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Birchall A and James A C A Microcomputer Algorithm for Solving First Order Compartmental Models Involving Recycling Health Physics Vol 56 6 June 1989 p 857 858 Regulatory Guide 1 3 Revision 2 Assumptions used for Evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Coolant Accidents for Boiling Water Reactors U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC June 1974 Regulatory Guide 1 4 Revision 2 Assumptions used for Evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Coolant Accidents for Pressurized Water Reactors U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC June 1974 Regulatory Guide 1 25 Assumptions Used for Evaluating the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Fuel Handling Accident in the Fuel Handling and Storage Facility for Boiling and Pressurized Water Reactors U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC March 1972 NUREG 0017 Revision 1 Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Pressurized Water Reactors PWR GALE Code U S Nuclear Re
126. nty plug ins and then click on Continue The installation will proceed to completion and the user clicks on Close in the SNAP Installation Tool window to exit the SNAP installation If the user wants to know the purpose of each plug in the user can click on each package name and a description will appear on the right hand side of the plug in manager window as illustrated in Figure 2 2 The installation files are written to the users homedir where homedir is the home directory for the login ID being used unless you specified a different location These files are included in the Snap and snap directories The code files are written to the snap directory and files needed to use SNAP on a given system are written to snap For example the location of the root folder on a given computer is written to the snap directory The installation files for AptPlot are also in users homedir in the AptPlot and aptp ot directories If the user is uncertain of the location of the home directory is a command window can be opened by going to Start and typing in command in the Search textbox Windows 7 A command prompt window should appear select Command Prompt from menu above if necessary Then type in echo USERPROFILE and your home directory will be displayed 2 3 Intaizng SNAP Instalaton Analyzing Installation Preparing Installation Performing Custom Actions Containment Structure Generating Menu Entries BB Cheding for Plugins
127. o remove aerosols drops in effectiveness The DF value must be 1 0 or greater and the default value is 1 0E 06 Aerosol DF Limit Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit Enabled if Aerosol Removal Model is User Defined Coefficient Table Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit if Aerosol Removal Model is the Powers Model The user selects from either True or False to enable the DF beyond which the sprays effectiveness is reduced by a factor of 10 The DF beyond which the sprays effectiveness is reduced by a factor of 10 The DF value must be 1 0 or greater and the default value is 1 0E 06 3 64 Input Description Powers Model Spray Table if Aerosol Removal Model is the Powers Model A function of spray flux and height of the spray above the main floor Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Powers Model Spray Table window Enter the time dependent spray flux cfm ft or m s m and spray height ft or m The spray flux is defined as the total spray flow divided by the floor area of the compartment The compartment floor area is approximately the compartment open volume divided by the compartment height The Powers model is only valid for spray flux ratios between 0 002 and 0 5 cfm ft 1 016E 05 to 2 54E 03 m s m and spray fall heights between 16 4 and 165 feet 5 to 50 29 meters Powers Model Spray Ratio if Aerosol Removal Model is the Powers Model The ratio of
128. obs Test2 d Sta o d CaicTime valuatio Plot Files p pomit _ajStarted Completed Calc T D Loadea Evaluation Ea I 8 No Data No RADTRID 6 RADTRA TextFiles input radtrad psx 11 No DatalNo i PlotStep 5 AptPiot Complete nix radtrad nix 28 No Data No dfx radtrad dtx icx_1 radtrad_1 icx Job Priority Job Typi srx_1 radtrad_1 srx output radtrad out NRC out radtradNRC out log radtrad Jog screen radtrad screen Figure 3 12 Dropdown menus for SNAP RADTRAD output 3 13 Table 3 1 Files available for viewing using the file viewer in the job status window File Name Description Job Status Window Casename Files Output from job stream manager Provides a high level summary of the execution steps for the job stream Typically not reviewed by the SNAP RADTRAD user Job Status Window RADTRAD Files Plot Files gt plot radtrad plot Data file for AptPlot from the RADTRAD AC StreamLog Casename streamlog Plant data input file in XML format Includes the plant specific data specified by the user including model parameters information for plant geometry for each compartment information for each flow path dose point information including X Q and breathing rates occupancy factors and information for various radionuclide removal models sprays natural deposition and filters Text Files gt input radtrad psx j Nuclide data information from ICRP 38 in XM
129. odified model was then compared with a series of CONTAIN computer code cases to verify the aging and aerosol size distributions due to the multiple sources To account for the uncertainties a large number of calculations were performed with the modified mechanistic model with specific values for the type of reactor containment reactor power and the source term release phase while varying the values of the uncertainty parameters Typical uncertainty parameters were the containment pressure during the various release phases the floor and wall surface areas the zirconium inventory the ratio of containment volume to thermal power and the properties of the concrete In all over 20 parameters that were related to the phenomena were varied Equation 4 17 shows the governing equation used in Powers model aDF t Fe Aaep Pen ODF 4 17 where DF t the DF for the i class of radioactive aerosol at time t where indicates the phase at which the material was released into the containment during the Gap or Early In vessel phases Aaep Ptn t the decontamination coefficient at time tand power P for phase Pin the thermal power of the reactor The decontamination coefficient should be weighted by each chemical group release rate as was done by Powers However SNAP RADTRAD does not maintain the necessary weighting factors hence a single chemical release rate based on iodine was used for the weighting coefficients The decontamin
130. of Model Editor menu commands Menu Command Description File Commands Creates a new model A Select Model Type menu appears with File gt New available models listed The SNAP RADTRAD user picks RADTRAD and clicks on the OK button Opens a previously developed model med file The user navigates File gt Open to the directory where the file is located and selects the file to be opened similar to any Windows program Allows the user to open a recently used SNAP RADTRAD model or File gt Open Recent AVF file The user selects the file of interest and it will open in a new Model Editor session 3 25 Menu Command Description File gt Save Saves the current model with the same name as in any Windows program File gt Save As Saves the file under a new filename The user navigates to the desired directory location and or updates the filename and clicks the Save button as in any Windows program File gt Close File gt Close All Closes the current model Provides a warning to the user in the case of any unsaved changes made to the model Closes multiple open models Provides a warning to the user in the case of any unsaved changes made to the model File gt Import Imports a previously exported RADTRAD model from a set of ASCII or XML input files see Section 3 2 3 Note that a psf file is an ASCII file with the same input data as the XML formatted psx files File
131. or this text box to open the Editing Aerosol Removal Coefficients window Enter the time dependent removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table Henry Deposition Table Data if Aerosol Deposition Model is Henry Model Coefficients The natural deposition as a function of compartment height and particle density over time The table is used by the code to determine an appropriate amount of decontamination Select the Custom Editors E icon for this text box to open the Editing Henry s Deposition Table Data window Enter the time dependent height ft or m and particle density Ib ft or g cm in the data entry table Powers Accident Model Type if Aerosol Deposition Model is Powers Deposition Model Sets the model of decontamination based on the type of reactor and accident Select the accident type using the dropdown menu PWR DBA PWR SA BWR DBA BWR SA APWR DBA 3 62 Input Description Power s Model Percentile if Aerosol Deposition Model is Powers Deposition Model Sets the uncertainty percentile for the Powers model of natural deposition Select the accident type using the dropdown menu e 10 e 50 e 90 Elemental Deposition Model Type Determines the method by which the deposition removes elemental iodine from the compartment The user can select from the following options e None the deposition provides no decontamination e User Defined Coefficients deco
132. otal RCS activity for iodine Note that co incident spiking only applies to PWRs One item that should be noted is that there are several formulations for the calculation of the RCS inventory including ANSI ANS 18 1 1999 the PWR GALE Code and the BWR GALE Code The current status of ANSI ANS 18 1 1999 is that it is withdrawn because there has been no update for 10 years The NRC is considering sponsoring an update to ANSI ANS 18 1 1999 to make it current at the time this manual was prepared 4 5 Removal Models Models for radionuclide removal from the compartment atmosphere including sprays natural deposition leakage and filters are included in SNAP RADTRAD The removal coefficients for the various removal mechanisms are equivalent For example filtration is expressed in terms of efficiencies and natural deposition in terms of removal coefficients These are related to each other as well as to DFs The DF is defined as the ratio of the total aerosol material subjected to a removal process to the total aerosol material that remains airborne Equation 4 11 shows the relationship between the DF and the removal coefficient A dDF ae 4 11 dt ADF 4 19 The average DF is related to the mass fraction ms remaining in the volume as shown in Equation 4 12 M _ 1 _ w 2 m a DF at 4 12 The DF is also related to the removal efficiency 7 as shown in Equation 4 13 1 4 5 1 Spray Removal Model The spray removal mechan
133. ource Once that step is completed an appropriate release model is specified from the available pre defined release models are listed under the Accident Parameters tab on the Edit Inventory Scenario window as shown in Figure 3 51 Note that the initial inventory prior to the application of release fractions appears under the Adjusted Inventory tab while the Source Term tab lists the actual releases to be used in the model after multiplication by the release fractions e For the Use Total Inventory option user defined release data are specified under the Release Fractions and Timings tab e For DBA TID and DBA AST options the release fractions are also listed under the Release Fractions and Timings tab The basis for the values for these options is presented in Section 4 2 e For the Gap Release rod ejection accidents control rod drop accidents REA CRDA and fuel handling accidents FHA options the default release fractions are set under the 3 55 Accident Parameters tab as each accident is selected The release fractions for the relevant nuclide groups are set to 1 under the Release Fractions and Timings tab Active Scenario Scenario Name aSource aSource X Accident a Adjusted g Release Fractions J amp Source Term parameters Inventory s and Timings sou Scenarios Total Inventory PWR DAE av jaSource AccidentType Use Total inventory Figure 3 51 Available pre defined SNAP RADTRAD release models Ta
134. perty window and left click on the Custom Editors icon In the Edit Total Inventories window add a new scenario by clicking on the New icon When the Select from Total Available Inventories window opens select PWR and enter the name PWR Source in the Scenario Name text box Also note that the Active Scenario name changes to PWR Source e Under the Accident Parameters tab the pick DBA AST under the Accident Type dropdown menu and select the PWR button under Defaults Type see Figure 3 34 3 37 e At this point the user should review the data comprising the source term by clicking on each tab in the Edit Total Inventories window and noting the progression of the calculations leading to the total source term definition Nuclide Editing Icons Delete Nuclide Import Nuclide File Add Nuclide 7 Diay Be Epot Nucide File Move Nuclide Up Down in List n Edit Total Inventories 7 q A eS D r s D Name PWR OUVR fdofaufts Plant Power 3000 0 MW defaults Inventory Units Nuctide Amount Cimwy Inventory Ci Co 58 ji 2553 7 659E5 lt Co 60 T 195 3 5 85955 Kr 85 196 0 5 8855 Kr 85m 9181 0 27543E7 Kr 87 1 678E4 5 03457 Kr 88 226954 6 807E7 Rb s6 14 96 4 488E4 Sr 89 2844E4 8 532E7 Sr 90 1535 0 4 605E6 S31 3 656E4 1 0968E8 Sr 92 3 805E4 1 1415E8 Y 90 1647 0 4 94166 Y 91 3 4654 1 0395E8 92 3 81954 1 1457E8 Y 93 4 3264 1 296E8 Zr 95 4 3774 1 31318 Zr 97
135. put errors To illustrate the use of this feature click on Tools gt Check Model to perform a model check Note that the message Note Model check complete No errors found in the Message window at the bottom of the screen The input groups are shown in the Navigator window Clicking on the Expand icon will expand each group and node showing the associated input data for that input group and node Figure 3 3 presents an illustration of anode expansion which is obtained by clicking on the Expand icon next to Compartments then clicking on Compartment 1 Note that the Compartment 1 input appears in the Property window lower left The user should experiment with other input groups as the approach is the same Input specification will be presented later in this section Note that the black bar where the input model name appears Test23 med contains some important features which are summarized in Section 3 4 One of these features is the ability to switch units from British to International System of Units SI Units switching is done by right clicking on the black bar selecting Engineering Units gt British to change the units from SI to British Test23 med unnamed s Model Options Jo Nuclide Data gt Sources 1 7 Compartments 5 CJ Compartment 1 Sprayed Region lt Path Connections lt Source Connections G Compartment 2 Unsprayed Region Compartment 3 Annulus O Compartment 4 Environment Compartme
136. removal NB 0 99 0 5 Figure 3 48 RCS Activity Inputs PWR window 3 53 RCS Activity Inputs BWR jem Total steam flow FS 1 32354E7 Ibmhr RX clean up flow FA 1 3E5 Ibmh Condensate demin flow 1 32354E7 Ibmhr F lodines Cesiums i Rx partitioning NS 0 02 1 0E 3 Rx CU demin fraction NA 0 09 0 5 Cnd demin fraciton NB 0 09 0 5 Return Steam activity Liquid activity OK Cancel E A Figure 3 49 RCS Activity Inputs BWR window To apply pre incident or co incident spiking to either user supplied or code calculated RCS specific activities the appropriate box is checked on the RCS Activity Calculator window Figure 3 47 and the required input supplied For the pre incident spike which is applicable to either PWRs or BWRSs the user checks the Use pre incident spike box and supplies the T S spike activity To use the co incident spike which is applicable only to PWRs the user can either fill out the table in the odine Appearance Rate section Figure 3 47 to specify the iodine appearance rate or choose the Calculate Appearance button Note that the iodine appearance rate Ci hr column is editable so that the user can enter appropriate values of the iodine appearance rate If the user chooses to have SNAP RADTRAD calculate the iodine appearance rate values then select the Calculate Appearance button on the odine Appearance Rate section Figure 3 47 When the user clicks the Calcu
137. rence delta dose for each dose component inhalation cloudshine skin thyroid and TEDE e 131 inventory in various compartments as a function of time e Cumulative dose results at various dose locations as a function of time e Worst two hour doses at the EAB and the final doses and final doses for the LPZ and other dose locations The radtrad screen file lists the time step history for a given SNAP RADTRAD case 3 16 v NRC Output Flags Input Echo True False General Input Parameters True False Source Term Parameters True False Dose Conversion Factor Data True False Compartment Data True False Flow Path Data True False Dose Location Data True False a Activity Distribution Results True False A Delta Dose Results True False Cumulative Dose Results True False D 1 131 Activity Summary Tue O False Ca Cumulative Dose Summary True False a Flow Path Summary True False A Lines Per Page 55 Ca Cut off Value l reao oA Figure 3 14 Expanded NRC Output Flags tab in the Property window 3 2 4 AptPlot Plotting Program A feature of SNAP RADTRAD is the ability to display plots of dose results To display a plot click on Plot Files and select plot radtrad pit AptPlot will open Alternately click on the AptPlot icon in the SNAP Job Status window and AptPlot w
138. ributors and make the appropriate selections for the plant being analyzed A plant power level must be defined to obtain the correct source term The iodine physical form must also be defined as the rate of removal and filtration depends on the physical form of iodine Parameters related to the dose rate are specified including X Q data for each receptor location and dose conversion factors DCFs Default DCFs based on EPA 520 1 88 020 Limiting Values of Radionuclide Intake and Air Concentration and Dose Conversion Factors for Inhalation Submersion and Ingestion Federal Guidance Report No 11 FGR 11 6 and EPA 3 1 402 R 93 081 External Exposure to Radionuclides in Air Water and Soil Federal Guidance Report No 12 FGR 12 7 see Section 4 6 are built into SNAP RADTRAD The EAB and the LPZ are defined by default in SNAP RADTRAD Other dose receptors can be added as needed For each dose receptor that is located in the environment or draws from the environment such as a control room time dependent X Q and breathing rate values must be specified For the control room occupancy factors must also be specified Note that default values for breathing rates are provided that are suitable for most analyses SNAP RADTRAD can be used to develop new models and modify existing models The key aspect of model development is the use of compartments and connecting flow pathways to model a system The approach used to prepare this sectio
139. ription Specified by user optional Aerosol Removal Model Determines the method by which the spray removes aerosol particulate radionuclides from the compartment The user can select from the following options e None aerosols are not removed from the comp e User Defined Coefficient Table aerosols are removed as an aerosol removal coefficient over time When this option is selected the Aerosol Removal Coefficients Aerosol DF Limit Enabled Aerosol DF Limit Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit Enabled and the Aerosol Lambda 10 DF Limit text boxes appear below this option e Powers Model aerosols are removed by the Powers and Burson model which takes into account sprayed and non sprayed volume deposition percentile and spray flux ratio and height over time Aerosol Removal Coefficients if Aerosol Removal Model type is User Defined Coefficient Table Select the Custom Editors icon for this text box to open the Editing Aerosol Removal Coefficients window The user enters time dependent aerosol removal coefficients 1 hour in the data entry table Aerosol DF Limit Enabled if Aerosol Removal Model is User Defined Coefficient Table Aerosol DF Limit if Aerosol Removal Model is User Defined Coefficient Table The user selects from either True or False to enable the DF beyond which the ability of the spray to remove aerosols drops in effectiveness The DF beyond which the ability of the spray t
140. rlier license agreements are then displayed which the user needs to agree to before proceeding During the installation process windows showing installation process and user selectable installation options are displayed For SNAP RADTRAD and AptPlot a Java based installer file named snapinstaller jar is provided that guides the installation process of SNAP RADTRAD Screenshots of the windows for AptPlot and SNAP RADTRAD produced by the installation process are presented in Figures 2 1 AptPlot and Figure 2 2 SNAP RADTRAD dpe Version 65 2 installation Too Insaizng apot Instalaton anwan ratalaton O Preoarng ratalaton Crecung Fie Permssons Please specify the location to install AptPiot BD Checking for Pugs C Users homed Ap Pict APT Installer 2 7 2 Copyright 2001 2014 Applied Programming Technology inc All rights reserved _ z PE rt no 2 New u e Please select the packages to be Package Suus Avadabie installed from the list on the left ACS Pugin 18 0 Figure 2 1 AptPlot installation screens For AptPlot the AptPlot Installation Tool the user interface for AptPlot shows the progress of the installation The location of the installation directory is shown in the nstallation Directory window The user can change the location although the default location is usually adequate 2 2 After selecting the installation directory the Java Runtime Environment License Agreem
141. rom liquid metal reactor tests h A C a pak 4 15 h PP ref where href 5 0 m as determined from the ABCOVE test AB5 h the user provided fall height in m Pp the user provided particle density in kg m PP ref the theoretical sodium oxide particle density of 2270 kg m as determined from the ABCOVE test AB5 Pa the aerosol mass in the volume The coefficients that best fit the data are where kg Z pa 2 6 0E 05 9 _ then C 0 0220 and k 0 60 pa lt 6 0E 05 a then C 0 0016 and k 0 33 Henry s correlation input can be modified to account for the influence of aerosol shape and moisture on the particle density by using Equation 4 16 Pp amp pr 1 py 4 16 where a the ratio of the effective aerosol particle density to theoretical density Pr the theoretical density in kg m 4 22 Pw the density of water in kg m In many cases the aerosol has only 20 percent of its theoretical density so that in a high steam environment its effective density would be closer to that of water This correlation is implemented in SNAP RADTRAD 4 5 2 2 Powers Model The Powers model for aerosol removal due to natural deposition in NUREG CR 6604 is based on the observation of a self preserving aerosol size distribution as a key component in predicting aerosol behavior Powers included the effects due to turbulence and to the multiple aerosol releases specified in NUREG 1465 The m
142. s e Piping transport in volumetric flow with a decontamination factor e Filtered pathway transport in volumetric flow through filters with a specified efficiency e Generic transport in volumetric flow with a decontamination factor replaces legacy suppression pool mechanism Allows for the user to independently specify the decontamination for aerosols particulate elemental iodine organic iodine and noble gases e Air leakage transport in volumetric percent day This is the typical path used for containment leakage e Generic w non lodine aerosols transport is the same as the Generic option above without lodine particulate Printout Level Detail Determines how additional pathway details are written to the output file The user can select from the following options e None writes no extra details e Transport Each Time Step writes information about the transport for each group noble gas elemental organic and aerosol particulate at each time step e _Nuclide and Transport Each Time Step same as the option above but includes information about each transported nuclide e Nuclide and Transport at End Only same as the option above but only written out at the end of the calculation 3 59 Input Description Aerosol Removal Model if pathway type is Piping Specifies how aerosols particulates are deposited in the pipe The user can select from the followi
143. s can be saved by navigating to Plot gt Save defaults and overwriting the Defaults agr file Note that Plot gt Reset defaults will reset the defaults to the original settings Figure 3 22 shows the resulting plot with the above modifications j AptPlot C Work Current 0 RADTRADA Task 4 documentation Screenshots AptPlotexample apr Eile Edit Data Plot View Window Tools Help RO 7 Al a 9a o h 2 2 2 8 2 lt via gt i S a S s 1_ w o GO X Y 130 411 30 3847 Control Room Dose rem 1 131 through I 135 T r T r T r SE IE TEI I I IIT an a yT ITF ETO FF IO FFF I FFT vV 1 131 yw 1 132 v7 1 133 vow 1 134 wv 71 135 i dah eh eh ti fin tm ten een ns tee fn satin fie tia PDP PT PID PPI PF I 4 4 4 4 i 4 j 4 4 4 4 4 4 q 4 4 4 4 i 4 i u a o 200 400 600 800 Time hours Tramp C Work Currenti0 RADTRAD4 Task 4_documentation Screenshots AptPiotExample apf Figure 3 22 Reformatted control room dose plots for Test23 3 24 Note that plots can be generated in a picture format such as png or jpeg by navigating to File gt Print setup At the top of the Device setup window change the device to png for example In the Output section check that the directory path and filename are suitable Then click on the Print button and the plot will be saved in png format using the filename set for the plot file For those users who wish to use a spreadsheet for data anal
144. sing Equation 4 42 4 34 DCF DER OF C t dt 4 42 F where DEn air immersion cloudshine dose due to nuclide n in the control room compartment in Sv DCF n the FGR 11 amp 12 air immersion cloudshine DCF for nuclide n in Sv m Bq s OF the user provided control room occupancy factor Cy t the instantaneous concentration of radionuclide n in the control room Gr the Murphy Campe geometric factor given in reference 27 which is relates the dose from an infinite cloud to the dose from a cloud of volume V in 1 m This factor is defined in Equation 4 43 351 6 Gp 0 338 4 43 The inhalation dose to an individual in the control room is calculated using Equation 4 44 DER BR OF DCF C t dt 4 44 where DER the inhalation dose commitment due to nuclide n in the control room in Sv BR the user provided breathing rate in m s OF the user provided control room occupancy factor al the FGR 11 amp 12 inhalation DCF for nuclide n in Sv Bq Cy t the instantaneous concentration of radionuclide n in the control room 4 35 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 REFERENCES NUREG CR 6604 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington DC December 1997 NUREG CR 6604 Supplement 1 RADTRAD A Simplified Model for RADionuclide Transport and Removal
145. size of the plot The plot overlays a white background which is basically set to allow a plot to be printed on 8 5 x 11 paper in landscape mode So it is desirable to maintain this setting although it can be changed by navigating to View gt Page setup However the approach used here is to shrink the plot by adjusting the settings in the Viewport section in the Graph appearance window Figure 3 21 by entering suitable values In this case the X max and Y max text box settings are changed to 1 0 and 0 8 respectively These settings permit the legend box to be moved to the right hand side of the plot then click on the Apply button Then to move the legend box select the Leg Box tab in the Graph appearance window Figure 3 21 and adjust the box location in the X and Y text boxes in the Location section Values of 1 05 and 0 60 will move the legend box to the right hand side of the plot Another approach is to change the X max text box setting to 7000 which will allow sufficient space for the legend box within the plot frame although it will probably need to be moved for aesthetic reasons The plot is saved by navigating to File gt Save navigating to the desired directory location entering a suitable name then click on OK similar to any Windows program To access a previously saved AptPlot plot navigate to File gt Open and navigate to the directory location where the plot file is saved and select that file Also the format and title setting
146. t F PPE ATT 2 Flow pathway connection point indicated by small circles on a each edge Small square at the upper left corner is a source connection point Compartment Icon Small square at the lower edge is a source connection point to a compartment Source Icon Leakage x S i 1 Flow pathway connection point indicated by small circles on each side Flow Pathway Icon Environment Flow pathway connection point indicated by small circles on 1 each edge Small square at the upper left corner is a source connection point Environment Icon Icon denoting that natural deposition is active in a component grayed out indicates inactive Icon denoting that a filter is defined in a component grayed out indicates no filter Icon denoting that a spray is defined in a component grayed out indicates no spray aa The next step is to connect the components using the Connection Tool icon shown in the View Dock window tool bar see Section 3 3 4 Connection points for the various icons are shown in Figure 3 26 The first step is to click on the Connection Tool amp icon in the View Dock window tool bar which activates the connection tool Then for compartment to flow pathway connections click on the connection point circle on the edge of the compartment to be connected and drag holding the left mouse button down to the desired connection point circle on the flow pathway icon and releas
147. t at end of problem only When set to Full edit at time steps the editing of nuclide activity and decontamination for the compartment are printed to the output These details may be printed at every time step or only once at the end of the problem Volume Deposition Specified by user ft or m depending on user specified units selection Works in conjunction with the Natural Deposition node summarized in Table 3 10 Used in Normal and Normal Dose compartments as appropriate Filter Works in conjunction with the Filter node summarized in Table 3 11 Used in Normal and Normal Dose compartments as appropriate Spray Works in conjunction with the Spray node summarized in Table 3 12 Used in Normal and Normal Dose compartments as appropriate 3 58 Table 3 9 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Pathways Input Description Name Specified by user optional Component Number Multiple pathways can be used in a model and the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor assigns the number Description Specified by user optional From Compartment Lists the upstream connecting compartment when connections are made between components To Compartment Lists the downstream connecting compartment when connections are made between components Pathway Type The method by which radionuclides are transported and deposited through the pathway The user can select from the following option
148. tation shows passing input from the SNAP GUI with the RADTRAD plugin to the RADTRAD AC and then to AptPlot The job stream properties are shown in the Navigator window shown in the upper right corner of Figure 3 11 The links between the various nodes are also shown In the SNAP Job Status window the status of each of the job stream steps is shown Again three steps are shown The user interaction with the SNAP Job Status window will be discussed in Section 3 2 3 Sample RADTRAD Stream RADTRAD model C 1 Base_Model input model I Test23 med unnamed Sources 1 o E Compartments 5 amp Pathways 10 Dose Locations 3 Natural Deposition 1 ba Filters 4 g Sprays 1 o E XQ Tables 3 Connections 26 3 Job Streams 1 Test23 Stream Steps 2 E AptPiot 1 PlotStep 3 Stream Links 3 Stream Link RADTRAD 2 RADTRAD 4 RADTRAD 2 RADTRAD 3 Stream Links 3 Stream Link AptPlot 1 PlotStep 3 Stream Link RADTRAD model 1 Base_Model Input Switches 0 D Files 0 amp Model Nodes 1 AA RADTRAD model 1 Base_Model o 3 Stream Links 3 Stream Link RADTRAD 2 RADTRAD 4b Numerics 0 SNAP Job Status 2 29 File View Tools Help Job List Local a amp Adaptive_Time_Step ManualProbs euor calcservJiLocalManualProds Test23 Test23 Screenshots z t amp Test27 Job Priority Jod Type Sta
149. te air loss of coolant accident low population zone megawatt thermal U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission ordinary differential equation pressurized water reactor reactor coolant system RADionuclide Transport Removal And Dose Esitmation Radiation Protection Computer Code Analysis and Maintenance Program rod ejection accident Regulatory Guide International System of Units Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package Sieverts total effective dose equivalent technical specification extensible markup language xiii 1 0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of the Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package RADionuclide Transport and Removal and Dose Estimation SNAP RADTRAD code is to determine the dose from a release of radionuclides during a design basis accident to the exclusion area boundary EAB the low population zone LPZ and the control room and other locations of interest As radioactive material is transported through the containment the user can account for sprays and natural deposition to reduce the quantity of radioactive material Material can flow between buildings from buildings to the environment or into control rooms through high efficiency particulate air HEPA filters piping or other connectors Decay and in growth of daughters can be calculated over time as the material is transported The focus of SNAP RADTRAD is licensing analysis to show compliance with nuclear plant siting and control room dose limits for various loss of coola
150. ther navigating to Tools gt Check Model This illustration will start by completing the input for Compartment 2 Containment shown in Figure 3 27 The volume of this compartment will be set to 2 5E 06 ft Note that the default units of the model are in SI To switch units to English right click on the black bar in the Navigator window select Engineering Units gt British to change the units Figure 3 29 shows the location of the black bar and the accompanying menus Once the units are switched click on the Compartment 2 Containment icon in the View Dock window or in the Navigator window and enter 2 5E6 in the Volume text box in the Property window Also check that the Compartment Type text box is set to Normal Other compartment types are discussed in Section 3 3 4 Figure 3 30 shows the Property window with the volume set to 2 5E6 Note that deposition filter and sprays models are not used 4Nodes1 med 4 Node Model s Model Options o gt Nuclide Data gt Sources 1 Compartments 2 E Compartment 1 Environment Export gt Select Left Side to Compare Close British 9 Compartment 2 Containment asec bor F Source Connections E A Sk Nath Nannartiana 1 6 Figure 3 29 Navigator window with the black bar menu for the engineering units selection eee Compartment 2 Containment hiai v General
151. these steps for each dataset F Edit Options Data sets All Main Symbols Line Ann Values Error bars Set presentation Type v Symbol Properties Line properties Type None Type None Size Style None Color white Width Symbol char Color white z Legend String Display options Annotate values Display error bars Figure 3 20 AptPlot Set appearance window e Line style Line styles solid dash dot dash etc can be set by selecting the Main tab in the Set appearance window highlighting the desired data set in the Data sets sections 3 22 and selecting the desired style using the Style dropdown menu in the Line Properties section in a manner similar to setting line colors and line symbols Each line is set individually then click the Apply button as the settings for each dataset are completed Titles and subtitles To add a title and subtitle to the plot select the Main tab in the Graph appearance window Figure 3 21 Enter a title and subtitle as appropriate then click on the Apply button The title and subtitle will appear Select the Titles tab and use the sliders to adjust the font size for the title and subtitle as desired Note the font size can be incremented by clicking on the channel to the left or right of the slider icon 9 Graph appearance 1 gt Arrange graphs k co ts secs Main Titles Frame Leg Box Legends Special Presentation Type x
152. tional output for code debugging Not Level xxx generally used for SNAP RADTRAD analyses 3 4 2 Nuclear Data and Source Scenarios The source term specification was introduced in Section 3 3 4 However a new feature that has been added to SNAP RADTRAD is the ability to consider the reactor coolant system RCS 3 51 activity for either a PWR or BWR The user can access the RCS Activity Calculator window Figure 3 47 by clicking on the Open RCS Activity Calculator icon on the Edit Total Inventories window shown in Figure 3 33 The user has the option to enter RCS activity or use the SNAP RADTRAD to calculate the activity Formulations for the calculation of RCS activity are presented in Section 4 4 Figure 3 47 displays the RCS Activity Calculator window where the user can select from either BWR or PWR Tables 3 6 and 3 7 list the available inputs for the Nuclear Data and Source nodes in SNAP RADTRAD The user will note that the RCS Activity Calculator window in Figure 3 47 is an input specification window where parameters need to be specified to determine the RCS activity There are two options are available for the user to calculate RCS activity 1 The user can input the RCS specific activity uCi g in the Activity column Figure 3 47 and then add the effect of iodine spiking by checking either the Use pre incident spike or the Use co incident spike box If the user checks the Use co incident spike box then the Calculate
153. tly but all components of any one group act the same This implies that all xenon and krypton isotopes will transport identically and that cesium 4 5 barium and all other aerosol isotopes will transport identically The user specifies the fractions for the released iodine and thus partitions the iodine within the latter three groups 4 2 Adaptive Time Step Algorithm The RADTRAD AC includes a default algorithm for selecting time step size that is fast and has proven to produce good results for typical models However the default time step algorithm does not perform error checking to verify that a solution has converged The Adaptive Time Step option increases the computational cost significantly but allows the RADTRAD AC to estimate error and adjust the time step size keeping the error within a specified limit For many models the Adaptive Time Step option will not change results significantly because the default time step algorithm is adequate to achieve convergence As discussed above a single system of coupled ODEs that simultaneously represents all of the phenomena considered by the RADTRAD AC is defined Computation time can be reduced by dividing the calculations into two parts 1 transport and 2 radioactive decay The fundamental premise behind this approach is that during a time step of small enough duration ignoring the interdependence of the two components of the calculations results in negligible error That is numerically so
154. tus Submi _ Started Completed Calc Time Loaded Evaluation Testy Test23 4 Stream Complete 11 25 56 11 25 56 11 26 28 No DataiNo Bi Problems RADTRAD 5 JRADTRAD Complete 11 25 58 11 25 58 11 26 11 No DatalNo o Samples PlotStep 5 AptPiot Complete 11 26 11 11 26 11 11 26 28 No Data No Figure 3 11 Relationship between job stream steps and code execution Note that the SNAP Job Status window can be accessed from Too s gt Job Status in the Model Editor for subsequent viewing A summary of features relevant to SNAP RADTAD available in the SNAP Job Status window are listed below e The Job Console 8 icon provides the time step history for the current job e The Job Execution icon terminates the execution of the current job This is only available when the job is running e The Job Deletion amp icon removes the current job and files e The AptPlot icon opens the selected job for plotting in AptPlot e The File Viewer icon starts the output file viewer 3 12 3 2 3 SNAP RADTRAD Input and Output Files There are a number of files produced that the user should be aware of in SNAP RADTRAD The main SNAP RADTRAD interface file is the casename med file where casename is the name of the case being analyzed The casename med file contains the data needed to render the model in the SNAP GUI the default data used by the code and the user specified input data Section 3 4 discusses the actual
155. unning RADTRAD under SNAP The Model Editor provides a GUI used to develop RADTRAD models The Job Status tool is used to obtain the job status Of these tools the Model Editor is the tool used the most as it is the primary tool for developing SNAP RADTRAD models Generally the approach for developing a new SNAP RADTRAD model is to define the compartments and connections in flow pathways that represent the plant and optionally the control room and or the technical support center being analyzed Note that flow pathways are used to connect components in SNAP RADTRAD During the specification of components and flow pathways removal models should be considered and specified for each normal compartment as appropriate For compartments these removal models include filtration sprays or natural deposition The user will need to specify each model required and specify the required data using the SNAP GUI as a guide Once the geometric flow leakage and removal information is specified for the compartments and flow pathways a source term is then specified A comprehensive list of nuclides based on International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP Report 38 5 has been included in SNAP RADTRAD The user will need to decide whether the analysis is either being done based on the occurrence of a LOCA by selecting either TID 14844 or NUREG 1465 or for non LOCA where both radionuclides from the fuel and the reactor coolant activity may be important cont
156. ut the known specific activity and the RCS mass in grams and the RCS inventory will be calculated Generally RCS specific activities are presented in Chapter 11 of the Final Safety Evaluation Report for a given plant Once the specific activity is entered the user has the option to calculate the iodine and xenon equilibrium activities from the specified equilibrium activity for the dose equivalent iodine 131 DE I 131 or the dose equivalent xenon 133 DE Xe 133 from the facility s technical specification T S equilibrium specific activity These calculations are done by checking or unchecking the appropriate boxes on the RCS Activity Calculator window Note that the calculations are completed using the user specified specific activity uCi g Additionally after selecting either the BWR or the PWR option on Figure 3 47 when the user selects the Calculate Activity button on Figure 3 47 either Figure 3 48 or 3 49 will open respectively In either instance the user fills in the required data and clicks on OK button to complete the calculation Note that for the BWR the user can apply the calculation to either steam or liquid by clicking on either the Steam activity or Liquid activity option shown in Figure 3 49 Fa RCS Activity Inputs PWR So Letdown flow 37000 Ibm hr FD 2 Cation demin flow 3700 Ibm hr FA Flow to BRS 500 Ibmihr FB NG release fraction 0 0 Ibm hr Y Q lodines Cesiums Cation Removal NA 0 0 0 9 Mixed bed
157. utput file Note that the bulk of the output is generated for the Delta Dose and Cumulative Dose results The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Input Echo True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to General Input Parameters True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Source Term Parameters True Dose Conversion Factor The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Data True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Compartment Data True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Flow Path Data True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Dose Location Data True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Activity Distribution Results True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Delta Dose Results True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Cumulative Dose Results True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to 1 131 Activity Summary True The flag options are either True or False and the default value is set to Flow Path Summary TA Model Options Diagnostic Flags Flags for generating addi
158. vel Core power level in MWt required Select one of the following options Decay e Decay and daughtering e No decay or daughtering e Decay no daughtering default Specify the time that the gap release from the fuel starts in hours Onset of Gap Release required The default is 0 0 hours which is recommended for most SNAP RADTRAD models Specify the time that the accident starts in hours required This parameter is only significant if radionuclide decay is being calculated The default is 0 0 hours which is recommended for most SNAP RADTRAD models Start of Accident 3 49 Input Description Accident Duration Specify the time the accident ends in hours required The default is 720 hours which is recommended for most SNAP RADTRAD models Dose Conversion Type Select one of the following options for DCFs User defined FGR 11 amp 12 default Generally the default FGR 11 amp 12 DCFs should be used Dose Conversions Values for FGR 11 amp 12 can be displayed If user defined is selected then user can input DCFs Time Step Algorithm Two algorithms are available for controlling the time step Default Adaptive Default with Error Calculation The default time step algorithm is the original RADTRAD version 3 10 algorithm implemented with the ASH solver The adaptive time step algorithm was introduced with the RADTRAD AC version 4 5 and is discussed in Section 4 2
159. w Ree Oe 3 52 RCS Activity Inputs PWR window ccercceeeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea 3 53 RCS Activity Inputs BWR window ccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeea 3 54 Calculate lodine Activity WINGOW cc cccccceeeeeeeceeteeeeeeeeeeenenatneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenaaees 3 55 Available pre defined SNAP RADTRAD release models cccccceeeeeeeees 3 56 Linkage of a dose location and X Q table for a compartment ee 3 68 Schematic of a typical SNAP RADTRAD dose assessment model 0 4 2 viii Table Table 3 1 Table 3 2 Table 3 3 Table 3 4 Table 3 5 Table 3 6 Table 3 7 Table 3 8 Table 3 9 Table 3 10 Table 3 11 Table 3 12 Table 3 13 Table 3 14 Table 3 15 Table 4 1 Table 4 2 Table 4 3 Table 4 4 Table 4 5 Table 4 6 Table 4 7 Table 4 8 Table 4 9 Table 4 10 Table 4 11 Table 4 12 Table 4 13 LIST OF TABLES Page Files available for viewing using the file viewer in the job status window 3 14 Summary of Model Editor menu COMMANGG cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeetnteeeeeeees 3 25 Icons used in the View Dock WiINdOW ccccccccccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess 3 32 Sample problem X Q values 00000ssseeeseeeeeeesesPheessesesesssessseessesssessseeseees 3 36 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Model OptionS 0 cccceeeeees 3 49 Summary of SNAP RADTRAD inputs Nuclear
160. ysis or for plotting the dose data can be exported The easiest way is to initiate a new plot session in a comma delimited format that can be read by Microsoft Excel This feature is accessed from the Select EXTDATA Channels window As an example set up and apply a filter for the I 131 to I 135 thyroid dose in the control room and select the resulting data channels as done previously Then highlight the data channels and click on the Export button at the bottom of the window A Save window will appear Provide a filename ending the filename with the csv suffix and select comma separated values CSV as the file type right hand side of the Save window Then click on Save to write the file Microsoft Excel will read and organize the dose data by column for subsequent use 3 3 SNAP RADTRAD Model Development and Modification Sections 3 1 and 3 2 introduced the SNAP RADTRAD Model Editor user interface using Test Problem 23 as an example In this section the details of building a new model are presented For this illustration a model consisting of a simple containment compartment leakage pathway source and an environment compartment will be developed 3 3 1 Model Editor Menus The commands available in the Model Editor are typical of Windows programs Across the top of the Model Editor the File Edit Tools Window and Help commands are presented Table 3 2 describes the commands associated with each of these menu items Table 3 2 Summary

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