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USER MANUAL The CM2 SIDESCAN SONAR SYSTEM

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1. C Printer port F Nav port H Access cover for USB connector L Keypad D Video cable G Counting pulley or optional MO drive M Power on off E Monitor power cable or auxiliary port J AC power connector N GlidePoint pad amp right amp left buttons C Case 2 Panel and Connectors Version 3 6 2008 4 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 2 System Components C Case SE The C Case SE is also an all weather data acquisition unit It takes advantage of the availability of ruggedized laptop PC s such as the Panasonic Toughbook series to eliminate the need for the under panel integral CPU as fitted to the C Case 2 Like all the later non MaxPro CM2 systems it uses MaxView or third party acquisition software running under Windows OOD W sns Bs a on 1 Q 3MOOqHD5 0O L acoc power TOWFISH ee OO e a V F Power switch push on push off G 15 8VDC supply for PC A Panasonic Toughbook PC B Sprung base below PC C Waterproof dongle port H USB link to PC D 5A slow blow fuse for AC supply J External onnector panel see E 10A slow blow fuse for DC supply Interfaces section of this Manual C Case SE Panel and Connectors Tow Cables The CM2 tow cables use a single pair of electrical conductors to carry both data and power There are two types of tow cable offered with the CM2 Soft cable is intended for shallow work
2. 5 OPERATING THE TOWFISH Pre launch Check Check that the towfish transducers are angled high or low as required as indicated by the yellow dots on the depression adjuster cam 10 deg 20 deg 20 deg 10 deg _ 10 deg depression mee normal best range yellow dots high 20 deg depression in shallow water for reduced surface reflections reduced range yellow dots low Move the cam rearward Then rotate the cam and transducers as shown by the arrows in the sequence 1 2 3 4 Finally move the cam forward to the locking position Adjusting the Transducer Depression Angle Check that the tow cable connector is firmly home and that the bail is correctly attached to the towfish Check that the tow cable is clear and free from twists and that the winch is powered and ready to run Note that the automatic gain adjustment starts as soon as the towfish is switched on Version 3 6 2008 13 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 5 Operating the Towfish Using the Wing Depressor If the optional wing depressor is used refer to Section 18 for advice and important warnings Launch Launch the towfish astern with the vessel preferably at slow speed DO NOT ALLOW ANY SLACK IN A WINCHED TOW CABLE during launch and whenever the towfish is in the water A slack cable can start to wind outside the winch drum It can also form loops that can pull tight and SERIOUSLY DAMAGE THE CABLE The soft t
3. so a smoothed altitude value is used The SRC process exaggerates any mis closure Although SRC geometry corrects for slant range distortion it does not correct the display aspect ratio i e ensure that a square area of the bottom is represented by a square on the display To do this requires replicating or suppressing ping lines and is not generally desirable Causes of Image Defects It is important that the towfish is towed on a steady track and without excessive heave motion transmitted down the tow cable Any erratic motion of the towfish will transfer to the image Roll oscillations may produce light and dark banding alternating between port and starboard sides Turning stretches the image on one side and compresses the other If the towfish is near the surface it may pick up reflections from the surface waves This can reduce the maximum range at which a good bottom image is obtained Also in calm conditions particularly in shallow water the echoes can reflect off the surface as well as returning directly This multi path effect shows up in the image as ghosting The CM2 HF towfish has a sharper surface cut off than most sidescan sonars and is inherently more resistant to both the above effects The CM2 towfish transducers are adjustable in angle In the normal position they are depressed nominally 10 from the horizontal This angle gives maximum range In the other position they are depressed approximately 20 from the horizonta
4. C A 3KT WING FITTED D B 4KT WING FITTED C 3KT NO WING u D 4KT NO WING a 0 0 T 2 50 EXTRA CABLE TENSION FROM WING 0 TOW SPEED KT 5 0 100 200 300 TOW CABLE SCOPE M Depth Performance with and without Wing Depressor Note also the increase in tow cable tension Extra tension increases the power consumption of the winch if used whilst hauling in the cable and care must be taken not to overheat the winch motor The best way to reduce winch power consumption is to reduce tow speed as soon as the towfish is high enough for safety Version 3 6 2008 40 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 19 Pulleys and Counting Pulleys 19 PULLEYS AND COUNTING PULLEYS Pulley Types There are two sizes of the pulley designed for use with CM2 tow cables These are snatch block types the pulley does not need to be disassembled to fit or remove the cable There are also two versions of the smaller sized pulley The three types are Type O the original pulley Type S small has the same diameter wheel but has a later style of frame Type L large has a wheel that is twice the diameter but also has the later style of frame Type O and S are suitable for use with soft polyamide reinforced cables up to 8mm diameter and with steel armoured cables up to 6 4mm diameter Type L is suitable for use with soft polyamide reinforced cables and with steel armoured cables up to 11 5mm diameter Al
5. C MAX for repair An external monitor can be used in the absence of the normal unit Servicing the C Case SE To gain access to the internal parts of the C Case SE remove the eighteen M3 screws securing the edge of the main panel Do not attempt to remove any of the screws visible on the outside of the case Carefully lift out the panel and examine for defective components or connections Version 3 6 2008 25 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 13 Troubleshooting eee 13 TROUBLESHOOTING STR or C Case will not power up Check the supply voltage Towfish will not start Wait 30 seconds before trying again Check all connectors Use a DC voltmeter on pins 1 and 2 of the underwater tow cable connector disconnected from the towfish to check that approximately 42V appears for a period when the towfish is commanded to start If an SK172 winch is present inspect the slip rings within the winch and if necessary clean them Towfish altimeter locks on to the surface echo This can only occur if the towfish is nearer to the surface or the wake bubbles than to the bottom while at the same time the signal gain has not yet reduced to the correct value for the bottom echo Use the towfish bottom tracking commands to force the indicated altitude to the correct value Image contrast poor at the longer ranges Check that the transducer depression angle is set high 10 Check that the transducer faces are clean and free from oil or greas
6. MaxView or third party acquisition software PC Ruggedized laptop Panasonic Toughbook recommended External interfaces Tow cable navigation counting pulley AC amp DC power either may be used Dimensions mm and weight 620W x 495D x 225H 13kg without PC Power 115 230V 50 60Hz 150W max 100W typical 24V DC option 5A max 4A typical Environment 0 to 45 C 10 to 80 RH 5G operating 10 to 55 C 2 to 90 RH 40G non op IP65 operating IP67 closed Version 3 6 2008 31 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 15 Specifications Tow Cable Specifications Tow cable types available Coaxial or twisted pair circuit resistance 200ohm max Tow cable diameter options 11 4 8 2 6 4 or 4 7mm stainless steel armoured 8mm soft polyamide reinforced PU sheathed Custom cables also available also suits some legacy cables Tow cable terminator weak link breakable washer 75kgf nominal actuation tension actuates to reverse tow the towfish SS SS 8S Seo JSYX Np pNvNrNTrr7mNNMNRN N7N 7 NSSSoO O Version 3 6 2008 32 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 16 CM2 WIN 300 Winch 16 CM2 WIN 300 WINCH Introduction The purpose of the optional CM2 WIN 300 portable winch is to handle 4 7mm diameter steel armoured tow cable This type of cable cannot be handled manually The CM2 WIN 300 portable winch was introduced in 2006 superseding the SK172 SK172E series Installing the Winch The winch should be secured to a
7. Skt D DTR D type skt 4 skt F RTS D type skt 7 PC link internal MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 4 way bulkhead connector Pin A gnd pin B 5V pin C data pin D data USB1 1 or 2 0 PC power 15 6VDC internal MIL C 5015 size 10 threaded 2 way bulkhead connector Skt A gnd skt B 15 6VDC Winch and Counting Pulley Interfaces Consult Sections 16 17 or 19 for interface information on these optional accessories ullu a Version 3 6 2008 29 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 15 Specifications 15 SPECIFICATIONS Towfish Specifications Operating depth 0 2500m Acoustic frequencies 100kHz LF 325kHz HF compatible with industry S00kHz specs 780kHz EF Ranges port and starboard 100m 150m 200m 300m 400m 500m LF 25m 50m 75m 100m 150m HF 12 5m 25m EF Operating speed 1 6 knots Maximum towing speed 12 knots Acoustic pulse rates 500 selected range limit e g 10 scans second 50m Pulse power and length 217dB re 1 micropascal 1m range dependent length e g 53microseconds 50m Array length and beamwidths 2 way 3dB points 0 41m HF amp LF 0 3m EF 0 3 horiz 40 vert asymmetric HF 1 0 horiz 50 vert LF 0 2 horiz 50 vert EF Lateral resolution 39mm EF 78mm HF 156mm LF Beam depression of maximum sensitivity axis 10 or 20 adjustable without tools Bottom tracking altitude measurement and resolution Automatic altimet
8. better than a rigid fairlead The pulley should normally be suspended above the stern or stern quarter able to move freely in any direction and positioned so that neither the towfish nor the tow cable is in danger of fouling the vessel s propeller or rudder or any other structure A central position minimises tow cable heave caused by the vessel s roll but may be too close to the propeller wash The winch should be mounted as far forward away from the pulley as practical to reduce the maximum off axis angle of the cable Also the winch should be located directly ahead of the pulley to minimize the tilting of the pulley and side force on the pulley rim The winch mounting must be able to withstand the shock of the towfish striking the bottom The mounting footprint of the CM2 WIN 300 winch is shown in Section 16 Securing a soft Tow Cable if used Make sure that enough cable is flaked out on the deck so that the towfish can reach its operating depth without the need to disconnect the inboard end of the tow cable Provide a method of securing the tow cable One method is to use a loop of 5 6mm diameter rope one end secured to the deck and the other terminated in a prusik knot with 2 or 3 turns around the tow cable The cable will slip through the hitch until the operator starts to tighten its grip To prolong the life of the cable avoid sharp bends twisted loops and shock loads Tow cable Rope secured to tow p
9. can be adjusted up or down in 1dB steps Version 3 6 2008 18 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 9 Interpreting the Sonar Image 9 INTERPRETING THE SONAR IMAGE This topic may be covered in additional detail in help text associated with MaxView or with third party acquisition software gt View EF_25m_frame_piling shoal x 4 a Typical Sonar Image 780kHz Water Column and Bottom Image At the very centre of the image is a line that corresponds to the track of the towfish On both sides of the central line the normal geometry picture is occupied by what is called the water column This represents the time before the echo first returns from the bottom directly below the towfish The water column normally shows up as a white area Occasionally if the towfish is close to the water surface faint echoes of the surface may show up in the water column Wake bubbles fish shoals and other mid water objects may appear in the water column on one or both sides depending on whether they are to one side of the towfish but still nearer to the towfish than to the bottom or are directly below the towfish Highlights and Shadows The towfish sees most of the bottom in its view at quite a low angle as little as 5 at the outer regions This means that the sonar picture normally includes both highlights and shadows Highlights shown as darker points or smudges indicate that the beam has struck a stronger echo reflector Har
10. can usually be estimated by subtracting towfish altitude from water depth measured by the ship s echo sounder However sometimes it can be useful to have a direct measurement of towfish depth for example a record of towfish depth plus altitude can provide a bathymetry trace for the survey line Towfish Heading Sensor The optional heading sensor may be already installed in the towfish when delivered or may be retrofitted in the field To fit the sensor first open the towfish to expose the towfish PCB See the section on Replacing the Towfish PCB for advice on opening the towfish Attach the Heading Sensor Extension to the towfish PCB as shown in the illustration Then attach the Heading Sensor itself to the extension The heading sensor cable connects to J7 on the towfish PCB s iy IP Os aE l a lele k A Heading sensor B Heading sensor extension C Heading sensor cable D Towfish PCB Fee O0 m B a alalk Fitting the Heading Sensor and Heading Sensor Extension to the Towfish PCB Note that towfish PCBs of V 6 onwards accept full RS232 voltage levels so they can be connected directly to the sensor Earlier PCBs require a converter built in to the cable to convert from full sensor voltage to 0 5V levels The h
11. to 6 knots Use lower tow speed for HF 325kHz operations e g 4 knots Use lowest tow speed for EF 780kHz short range operations e g 3 knots Low speed gives more pings on each target and gives greater towfish depth for any particular tow cable length High speed makes it easier to keep the towfish on a straight course Overlap survey tracks to give best target detection probability overlap by at least 2x altitude approximate rule ideally 100 Orthogonal survey tracks e g E W then N S may give more information on target shape During the survey always watch the image in NORMAL geometry to check that the bottom tracking automatic altitude measurement is locked on to the bottom echo If the bottom tracking loses lock use altimeter forcing buttons up down to restore the correct indicated altitude Check the incoming nav data and don t forget to RECORD the sonar data Version 3 6 2008 16 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 7 Notes for the Helmsman 7 NOTES FOR THE HELMSMAN Navigation Use the sonar s plotter window to show waypoints the track and the swept ground Steering The quality of the sonar images depends on the skill of the helmsman This applies especially to the HF and EF operation The helmsman is so important because the towfish can only collect good images if it flies straight Because of this steering a sidescan sonar survey is not the same as steering a conventional sounding line A t
12. transponder at an angle so that it is closer to pointing at the USBL transceiver array fitted to the towing vessel A USBL Transponder B Cable tie or worm drive clamp C USBL Bracket D Screw removed from shackle passed through both USBL bracket amp shackle then secured with nyloc nut Fitting the USBL Bracket to the Tow Cable Terminator Fitting the bracket Remove the screw holding the safety lanyard shackle to the terminator Slide the transponder bracket over the tow cable and then lower it around the terminator as shown in the illustration Replace the screw through both the bracket and terminator and secure it with the original locknut Secure the transponder to the bracket using worm drive clamps or cable ties S a Version 3 6 2008 44 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 22 TOWFISH SENSORS Heading and Depth Sensors The towfish heading may be different from the direction of the towfish track if there is a cross current Heading information if available may be used to correct the apparent location of targets by compensating for the yaw of the towfish relative to its track The heading sensor output also includes towfish pitch and roll These parameters are not relevant to processing the image but can indicate if for some reason the towfish is not towing correctly Towfish altitude measurement bottom tracking is standard in the CM2 towfish Towfish depth is generally of secondary importance and
13. where the cable can be hauled and veered manually The alternative is steel armoured cable handled by a winch Various diameters of steel armoured cable are available the smallest being 4 7mm used on the CM2 WIN 300 winch Accessories Optional accessories including winches wing depressor counting pulleys polemount bracket and USBL bracket are described in Sections 16 21 Specifications Specifications for the major components and certain accessories are listed in Section 15 Version 3 6 2008 5 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 3 Installing the System 3 INSTALLING THE SYSTEM Data Acquisition Subsystem The CM2 system uses a PC running Microsoft Windows to acquire and display the sonar records The user normally supplies this PC To install the acquisition software on this PC see the MaxView Installation Guide For third party acquisition software see the supplier s manual If the CM2 system uses a Sonar Transceiver STR or an STR housed in a C Shell link it to the acquisition PC via the USB cable supplied Prepare to apply dc power to the STR If powering from an AC supply use the 60W power brick supplied with the STR A USB cable B Winch Signal or Deck Cable C Counting Pulley Cable to Pulley Sensor D Tow Cable E Navigation Data Cable Power cables and winch control cable not shown PC GPS and nav data cable not supplied by C MAX System with Optional Winch and Counting Pulley C
14. ENSITIVE TO ELECTROSTATIC DAMAGE and must be handled accordingly Be careful not to stress cables or connectors when disassembling equipment Before removing any component or internal cable observe carefully how it is secured and replace it exactly as found Consult the local C MAX representative or the factory for advice Servicing the STR To gain access to the internal parts of the STR remove the three M3 screws at the lower rear of the unit and carefully slide the chassis out Take care when replacing the chassis not to trap the LED leads between the chassis and the top of the enclosure Servicing the C Shell To gain access to the internal parts of the C Shell release the black plastic panel STR base and then remove the two M3 nuts holding the black anodised cover from the connector panel This reveals the printed circuit board mounted on the back of the connector panel that carries the 20x5mm 10A fuse in the DC supply to the STR This PCB also includes the 12V regulator for the fan and power LED Servicing the C Case 2 To gain access to the internal parts of the C Case 2 remove the eighteen M3 screws securing the edge of the main panel Do not attempt to remove any of the screws visible on the outside of the case Carefully lift out the panel and examine for defective components or connections Note that the monitor panel is a sealed unit Do not attempt to remove the screws on its upper edge A defective monitor must be returned to
15. Plotter led 2 28 8000w 2 28 2000W 2 27 6000W 2 27 0000W 2 26 4000W 2 25 8000W 2 25 2000W 52 24 Enun E oe PA Typical Small Survey Area Sweep inside a Harbour Version 3 6 2008 11 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 4 Planning the Survey In order to identify a target or to provide extra assurance of coverage it may also be necessary to follow the along current lines with a set of perpendicular cross current lines Sometimes the major consideration in planning lines is not the direction of the current but the bathymetry It is easier to survey along lines of approximately constant depth rather than to be constantly heaving and veering tow cable to keep the towfish at a suitable altitude Finally the wind direction may be the controlling factor Waves running across rather than in the same direction as the survey line will cause a spiralling movement of the tow cable and oscillation of the towfish track This will have more of an effect on the image than the simple pitching motion if the ship is running into or directly away from the waves EspawuqiaiSEEEciSSES SESEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EIEEEiE IEEEEEEEEEEEEEEiSEEIasnaiiaaaaaaiaiaaaiaiaaiaas U7 Version 3 6 2008 12 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 5 Operating the Towfish r aaa iaia aa aa aaa a Y T HHEH I E EhNKH H HEE e e EI lt II HH I I lII H II II II IICI HHIHI bE TGEITTITTITTTTTTITII O Oaa aaa
16. RLY UNITS NOT FITTED TO EARLY UNITS CAN BE RETROFITTED 3 BROWN IS RED ON EARLY UNITS 8 TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND PIEZO SOUNDER NOT 4 GREEN YELLOW IS BRAID SCREEN ON EARLY UNITS FITTED TO EARLY UNITS CAN BE RETROFITTED MUST 5 RED IS BLACK ON EARLY UNITS BE FITTED IF WINCH IS USED WITH WING DEPRESSOR 6 BROKEN LINE SHOWS ALTERNATIVE ROUTING ON EARLY UNITS OR WINCH WARRANTY IS VOID CM2 Winch Circuit Schematic SS SS 8S Seo SSX ST SSmDB I Mm gt OoOS SSS Version 3 6 2008 36 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 17 SK172 amp SK172E Winches 17 SK172 AND SK172E WINCHES Freeing the Drum in an Emergency On the optional SK172 and SK172E portable winches an extended 5mm A F key can be used to release the winch drum for hand rotation in an emergency by unscrewing the two locking screws in the bronze drive bush When released in this way the slip rings still function normally The locking screws should normally be kept tight and their tightness checked as part of the maintenance routine Replacing the Tow Cable If a tow cable is fitted wind its full length except for a couple of turns on to another temporary reel Remove the sheet steel cover that protects the motor gearbox and slipring assembly and then remove the slipring cover Identify the two signal wires that emerge from the central conduit through the drive shaft these wires are attached to terminal blocks on the rotating end of the slipring assembly Disconnect the
17. TORS OF THIS EQUIPMENT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR OWN SAFETY THE SUPPLIER ACCEPTS NO LIABILITY FOR THE CONSEQUENCES OF EQUIPMENT USE OVER WHICH IT HAS NO CONTROL THE GROUND VOLTAGE LEVEL OF ANY EXTERNAL EQUIPMENT INCLUDING NAV DATA SOURCES OR ECHO SOUNDERS MUST BE CHECKED BEFORE CONNECTION IS MADE TO THE SERIAL PORT OF ANY ACQUISITION PC OR C CASE THE GROUND LEVELS MUST BE EQUAL OR FLOATING IF NOT THEN THE INTERNAL CPU PCB MAY BE DESTROYED AND DAMAGE SO CAUSED IS NOT COVERED BY WARRANTY DO NOT ALLOW THE TOWFISH TO STRIKE THE BOTTOM OR OBSTRUCTIONS THE TOWFISH SINKS WHEN THE BOAT TURNS OR SLOWS USE GLOVES TO HANDLE ALL STEEL ARMOURED TOW CABLES NEVER ALLOW SLACK IN THE CABLE WHILST THE TOWFISH IS DEPLOYED DO NOT EXPOSE THE TRANSDUCERS TO HEAT FROM STRONG SUNLIGHT ENSURE THAT ALL ELECTRONIC UNITS ARE DRY BEFORE STORAGE EE Version 3 6 2008 1 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 2 System Components eee E 2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS Towfish The towfish is the acoustic sensor head It transmits a very high frequency acoustic pulse ping at regular intervals and receives the series of echoes that result from each ping A Fin keel assembly B Rear bulkhead and connectors C Transducer D Launch recovery handle E Depression cam F Bail arm G Safety lanyard H Tow cable extension J Terminator assembly K Tow cable L Tube Towfish and Tow Cable Terminator Three types of CM2 towfish are
18. USER MANUAL The CM2 SIDESCAN SONAR SYSTEM All configurations except those using MaxPro software CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual k II E X EI COS EE 27 SF x Version 3 6 2008 ii CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual Contents CONTENTS also see Bookmarks if viewing PDF version 1 Summary of Warnings 1 2 System Components gt 2 Towfish Sonar Transceiver STR C Shell C Case 2 C Case SE Tow Cables Accessories Specifications oO Installing the System P PI 1 Q 6 Data Acquisition Subsystem Tow Cable Installing a Winch and Pulley if used Securing the soft Tow Cable if used Attaching the Towfish Checking System Operation Spares and Tools Planning the Survey ln eee eee 11 Survey Plan Line Spacing Line Direction 5 Operating the Towfish 13 Pre launch Check Launch Flying the Towfish Recovering the Towfish Action if the Towfish Fouls O Operating Guidelines a eee 16 7 Notes for the Helmsman gt Y 17 Navigation Steering Emergency Actions 8 Towfish Commands 18 Towfish Command Set Bottom tracking Up and Down Mute On or Off Shallow Mode On or Off Gain Hold On or Off Gain Up or Down 9 Interpreting the Sonar Image 19 Water Column and Bottom Image Highlights and Shadows Image Corr
19. anty Fault Reporting Faults must be reported to C MAX within the warranty period quoting the equipment serial number together with a full detailed description of the fault symptoms Returns The agreement of C MAX is required before items are returned to the Factory for inspection or repair The customer is responsible for adequate packing and insurance Transferability The benefits of this warranty are fully transferred to the current legal owner of the equipment
20. ap the cable connector to keep it clean DO NOT EXPOSE THE TRANSDUCERS TO HEAT FROM STRONG SUNLIGHT Action if the Towfish Fouls If the towfish hits the bottom or other obstruction the increased towing force will usually break the breakable washer The safety lanyard will then apply tension to the rear of the towfish This will normally cause it to tumble and to free itself of the obstruction In the meantime the towing vessel should of course slow down but without going astern into the cable Recover the towfish and replace the breakable washer Inspect the towfish and tow cable for any damage SLE Version 3 6 2008 15 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 6 Operating Guidelines 6 OPERATING GUIDELINES Do not allow the towfish to hit the bottom be very careful when turning Fly the towfish on as straight a course as possible to prevent distortion and smearing of the image Fly the towfish lower but safely clear of the bottom to give best image shadows e g 5m altitude fly it higher to give longest effective range e g 10m altitude or more except in shallow water Use the higher frequency for best image resolution and for small targets use the lower frequency for longest effective range and for big targets Use 10deg transducer depression in normal circumstances use 20deg depression if the bottom image is being obscured by reflections from the sea surface Higher tow speeds are ok for LF 100kHz operations e g up
21. available namely DF 325 100kHz EDF 325 780kHz and HF 325kHz only All are identical externally These are digital towfish communicating with the surface electronics via the tow cable Optional additional sensors for the towfish are described in Section 22 Sonar Transceiver STR The top end i e surface electronics unit provides power for the towfish via the tow cable receives the echo data and other information such as the towfish altitude and sends commands to the towfish The primary type of top end unit for the CM2 system is the Sonar Transceiver or STR As well as communicating with the towfish the STR communicates with the PC that acquires records and displays the sonar image Communication with the PC is via the STR s USB interface 12VDC 24V option USB to PC tow cable USB to PC tow cable Sonar Transceiver STR Versions Two versions of the STR exist differing in the type of connectors used and in the DC voltage range that they accept The version fitted with MIL C 5015 connectors accepts 10 28VDC The alternative version identified by its BNC connector accepts voltages in the range 10 18VDC with 24VDC as an ordering option Early versions also featured an analog output generated from the internal digital signal for driving legacy acquisition systems and thermal printers Version 3 6 2008 2 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 2 System Components C Shell The C Shell is an op
22. ble to an STR Start the system and check for satisfactory operation After correct operation has been checked disconnect the deck cable again Version 3 6 2008 37 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 17 SK172 amp SK172E Winches Replace the flange in the end of the drum and fit the end bearing plate Rotate the winch several times to position the cable firmly around the drum Then seal the cable exit slot using silicone rubber compound The control pendant connections are as follows Pin E White button winding out Pin H Common 24v Pin B Black button winding in Version 3 6 2008 38 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 18 Wing Depressor 18 WING DEPRESSOR Introduction The tow cable of a sidescan sonar is subjected to significant drag forces at normal survey speeds causing the towfish to rise Therefore more cable must be veered or the tow speed must be lowered in order to keep the towfish at the desired depth The purpose of the wing depressor is to tension the cable downwards without attaching additional static weight to the towfish or tow cable Because almost all of the extra tension is generated dynamically launching and recovery are far easier than if static ballast weight is used Also the load on the winch motor can be eased simply by reducing tow speed whilst heaving an option that is not available with static ballast Fitting the Wing and Tail to the Towfish Attach the wing to the towfish as s
23. d surfaces reflect more strongly so do surfaces that face the beam direction The air filled swim bladders of fish can also act as good reflectors Shadows show up as lighter areas usually lying beyond a highlight or line of highlights They can indicate the presence of an object and can also provide clues about its height and shape If there are no associated highlights the shadow may just indicate a depression in the bottom Version 3 6 2008 19 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 9 Interpreting the Sonar Image cwammsrTcC r ao arm If an object casts a shadow on a flat bottom the height of the object is given by simple geometry using the shadow length the towfish altitude and the true slant distance of the object from the centreline Some acquisition software including MaxView includes the ability to calculate the object height by running the cursor along the length of the shadow Image Corrections For safety when gathering sonar records use the uncorrected normal geometry not slant range corrected image When reviewing the records or when taking measurements corrected geometry may be useful Selecting slant range corrected geometry SRC corrects for the slant range distortion by differentially stretching the image and removing the water column Over rocky or very uneven ground the closure at the centre of the SRC image may not be perfect If the ground is uneven it cannot be assumed that the whole bottom is varying in unison
24. e Clean with mild detergent Try greater towfish altitude Check system performance in a known environment Image shows unexpected patterns on outer zones If the sea surface is rough and the bottom is smooth then suspect interference from surface echoes Try setting the transducer depression angle to low 20 Image shows spots or other interference Temporarily mute the towfish to aid diagnosis and then try switching off echo sounders pingers or other sonars Also try throttling back any outboard motors particularly those with underwater exhaust Reduce tow speed Ensure that the towfish is below the wake Try reducing the towfish altitude Image shows alternating dark and light bands If these bands are at 90 to the towfish track it indicates that the towfish is not flying steadily Try to reduce the heave motion being transmitted down the tow cable Hold a steady course and heading Try increasing towing speed so that the vessel holds a straighter course Image suddenly goes very erratic The towfish has probably struck the bottom or a mid water obstacle such as an anchor chain and broken the breakable washer Recover the towfish carefully Version 3 6 2008 26 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 13 Troubleshooting Winch does not operate Check the supply voltage and polarity Check the operation of the remote control pendant using an ohmmeter between the COMMON and IN and OUT contacts Other troubleshooting ad
25. eading sensor specification is in Section 15 Note that the output of the heading sensor is magnetic not true A suitable offset may be added to correct for local magnetic variation The sensor may be re calibrated using the command available in MaxView This procedure need only be undertaken once in a new locality After initiating the command rotate the towfish twice through 360 over a period of about 2 minutes holding it approximately horizontal Version 3 6 2008 45 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual Towfish Depth Sensor The optional depth sensor may be already installed in the towfish when delivered or may be retrofitted in the field The sensor is moulded into the rear bulkhead so retrofitting requires the bulkhead to be replaced The bulkhead and towfish PCB should be returned to C MAX for modification See the section on Replacing the Towfish PCB for advice on opening the towfish The depth sensor cable connects to J8 on the towfish PCB The depth sensor specification is in Section 15 There is no provision for zeroing the depth indication as it is not intended to be used with the same accuracy as an echo sounder LT Version 3 6 2008 46 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 23 ROV and AUV Configurations 23 ROV AND AUV CONFIGURATIONS ROV Configurations The CM2 system is suitable for use on remotely operated vehicles ROVs In place of the towfish in a towed system the sonar head consists of
26. ecking system operation With the whole system now connected as described earlier in this Section apply power to the STR C Shell or C Case The red Power indicator should light If MaxView has been installed open it and select Start from the Towfish menu Alternatively press the spacebar then select Start Towfish from the Quick Select menu If some other acquisition software is installed instead of MaxView the towfish can be started using that software When the towfish is commanded to start the green Trigger indicator on the STR should light continuously whilst the Start Towfish dialog displays the Energizing message This message should be automatically replaced after a short period by Connecting The Energizing message indicates that a voltage of approximately 42VDC is being supplied to the tow cable connector This voltage is passed to the towfish to charge its internal capacitors and start its operation Version 3 6 2008 9 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 3 Installing the System eee The Connecting message indicates that the towfish has started its initialisation and that the tow cable telemetry is being set up This message should disappear when the telemetry link has been established and the towfish has started running Note that initially the towfish runs silently i e in the muted mode This is to allow the telemetry link to complete its optimisation without any interference from the transducer drive voltage T
27. ections Causes of Image Defects 10 Routine Maintenance 21 Routine Maintenance Replacing the Towfish Breakable Washer 11 Storage and Transit 22 Version 3 6 2008 ili CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual Contents 12 Repair and Replacement 23 Replacing the Towfish PCB Replacing a Transducer Repairing the Tow Cable Replacing the Safety Lanyard Servicing the Surface Electronics Servicing the STR Servicing the C Shell Servicing the C Case 2 Servicing the C Case SE 13 Troubleshooting L 26 14 Interfaces acces 28 Towfish Tow Cable STR C Shell C Case 2 C Case SE 15 Specifications 3 30 Towfish STR C Shell C Case 2 C Case SE Tow Cables Sections 16 22 cover optional accessories 16 CM2 WIN 300 Winch ee 33 17 SK172 and SK172E Winches 37 18 WingDepressor 3 fn a a a L LI LLl l Ll l l L N 39 19 Pulleys and Counting Pulleys 41 20 Polemount Bracket a eee 43 21 USBL Transponder Bracket 44 22 Towfish Sensors lh eee ees 45 23 ROV and AUV Configurations 47 24 Warranty hace 48 Scope Limitations Fault Reporting Returns Transferability a Version 3 6 2008 iv CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 1 Summary of Warnings 1 SUMMARY OF WARNINGS The warnings summarised here are intended to prevent injury to personnel and equipment in what can be a hazardous environment OPERA
28. ending on model are accessed beneath the motor cover The motor cover is released by removing the 3 M4 screws at its base then lifting it clear On later units there is a soft start controller mounted to the inside of this cover and care must be taken not to pull on any of the attached wires Disconnect the handle from the motor mounting plate Remove the 4 M4 screws holding the slip ring cover Pull the white nylon body of the slip ring connector off the black body of the Mercotac slip ring unit Whilst pulling at the connector hold the black slip ring unit in its Version 3 6 2008 34 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 16 CM2 WIN 300 Winch recess some force may be required If the slip ring unit is accidentally pulled out of its recess during this process secure it again afterwards with flexible silicone sealant Remove the 4 M6 fasteners holding the bearing support assembly to the two cross braces Slide the bearing support assembly together with the winch drum off the motor shaft Separate the bearing support assembly carefully from the winch drum On earlier units where the handle is not removable from the bearing support assembly this operation requires some manipulation of the handle and its fasteners On later units the handle is secured to the bearing support assembly by 3 M5 screws these screws should be loosened temporarily On the inside of the hub identify the pair of wires between the end of armoured tow cable and the
29. er from integral echo sounder 78mm altitude resolution Safety features Weak link breaks to give tail first towing Sensor options Heading pitch amp roll depth 0 200m other depth ranges available Construction Stainless steel no aluminium Towfish dimensions and weights 1 24m length 17 9kg in air 12 1kg in seawater DF 17 1kg in air 11 3kg in seawater EDF Towfish temperature range 10 to 45 C operating 20 to 50 C non operating STR Specifications The Sonar Transceiver STR interfaces the towfish to an external data acquisition computer via a USB link It makes the sonar appear to the computer as a USB peripheral The STR also powers the towfish USB1 interface Digital echo data plus control and status contact C MAX for protocol Analog interface early units only L R and TRIG phono outputs outputs in real time and in replay Dimensions mm and weight 297W x 204D x 62H 2 2kg Power 10 18V DC 3A max lt 2A typical at 12V optional 24V DC 2A max lt 1A typical BNC version 10 28V DC MIL C 5015 version 100 240V AC via external power adapter Environment 0 to 45 C 10 to 80 RH 5G operating 10 to 55 C 2 to 90 RH 40G non op IP64 Version 3 6 2008 30 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 15 Specifications C Shell Specifications The C Shell provides a waterproof housing for an operating STR with waterproof external connectors It also has an internal location for a dongle for the acquisition
30. er ROV functions and the electronics bottle is powered from the vehicle supply AUV Configurations The CM2 system is suitable for use on autonomous underwater vehicles AUVs These are configured to suit the individual requirements of the AUV AUV configurations are outside the scope of this manual although sections of the manual may be relevant and be referenced in AUV documentation Version 3 6 2008 47 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 24 WARRANTY Scope CM2 components manufactured by C MAX are warranted for a period of 36 months from the date of dispatch Winches from third party suppliers all cables and all other items are warranted by C MAX for satisfactory operation for a period of 12 months from the date of dispatch MaxView software is warranted for a period of 36 months from the date of dispatch Defects will be corrected free of charge during this period Any item that fails because of a defect in design material or workmanship will be repaired or replaced by C MAX without charge Limitations C MAX is not responsible for any consequential loss nor for any failure caused by improper use mishandling or unauthorised attempts at repair nor for cosmetic or other damage which may reasonably be classed as normal wear and tear In particular if it is apparent from the condition of the CM2 WIN 300 winch that it has been abused or overheated then repair or replacement of winch components will not be covered under this warr
31. erface Tow cable or winch deck cable BNC polarity not significant Navigation data input 9 way D type serial port Counting pulley input 9 way D type serial port Printer output 25 way D type parallel Centronics port AC power input see C Case Specifications for power requirements Bulgin Buccaneer 3 way male bulkhead connector Pin L AC live pin N AC neutral pin E gnd see C Case Specifications for power requirements DC power input see C Case Specifications for power requirements Bulgin Buccaneer 2 way male bulkhead connector Pin L DC ve pin N DC ve see C Case Specifications for power requirements Version 3 6 2008 28 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 14 Interfaces C Case SE Interface Tow cable or winch deck cable MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 4 way bulkhead connector Sockets A and B polarity not significant Power input input see C Case SE Specifications for power requirements MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 6 way bulkhead connector Pin A ve DC pin B ve DC pin C N C pin D AC L pin E AC N pin F chassis Gnd Navigation data port RS232 serial port MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 4 way bulkhead connector Pin A gnd D type skt 5 pin B RX D type skt 2 pin C TX D type skt 3 pin D N C Counting pulley port RS232 serial port MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 6 way bulkhead connector Skt A gnd D type skt 5 skt B RX D type skt 2 skt C TX D type skt 3
32. flat surface using four M8 or 5 16 screws on 346 x 318mm centres The winch should be located at least 1 5m directly forward of the pulley or fairlead so that the angle of the cable remains almost perpendicular to the axis of the drum 24V DC must be provided via cables of at least 6 sq mm copper cross sectional area connected to a pair of 12V automotive batteries in series to give 24V or a single 24V truck battery A normal generator is unlikely to be able to supply the peak starting currents If the supply is fused the fuses should be slow blow of at least 50A rating FIXING CENTRES 8MM DIA FIXING CENTRES 8MM DIA CM2 Winch Fixing Centres Overload Clutch The cable drum is driven via an internal clutch that is intended to slip under excessive load The slipping torque is determined by a pair of internal disc springs The pre load on these springs is adjusted by the four hex headed clutch tension screws on the flange nearest the motor plate If the clutch is slipping under normal use tighten these by rotating them all one half turn clockwise All four screws must be rotated an equal amount As a guide with the cable almost fully wound on to the drum the clutch should not slip until the cable is pulled with a force in the range 50 70kg 300m cable or 60 80kg 200m cable Alternatively the clutch tension screws can be reset by unscrewing each until the head is just bearing on the flange but with no force When all four are at t
33. g Here the quickest way to raise the towfish may be to increase the ship s speed as quickly as possible Of course if despite this manoeuvre the towfish still strikes the obstacle or bottom the impact will be at higher speed Slowing to avoid an impact with an obstacle will almost certainly drop the towfish on to the bottom but may reduce the risk of losing the towfish If the towfish gets entangled and the ship is manoeuvring above beware of catching the tow cable in the propeller Version 3 6 2008 17 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 8 Towfish Commands Ec rrrr rr rm 8 TOWFISH COMMANDS Towfish Command Set The CM2 towfish uses the same set of commands regardless of what acquisition software is being used Towfish start stop range selection and bottom tracking control must be supported by all acquisition software other commands may or may not be supported MaxView offers short cut keys for range selection and bottom tracking control as well as for towfish start and stop Bottom tracking Up and Down These allow the operator to force the indicated altitude to the correct value so that the altimeter can resume lock on to the bottom Mute Off or On Mute allows the towfish to run as normal but with no acoustic transmissions This is useful for diagnostic purposes where an echo sounder or other acoustic source may be interfering with the image When muted indicated altitude is zero Shallow Mode Off or On Shallo
34. ghtly grease the rubber sleeves of the pins with the silicone grease provided Attach the towing bail using the breakable safety washer and the M6 cap screw with captive washer Use the 5mm hex key provided to tighten this screw The breakable washer is designed to fracture under excessive load The safety lanyard and the tow cable extension should be secured to the left hand yoke with a 3 5mm cable tie so that there is no slack in the lanyard and in the tow cable extension between the yoke and the rear fin Version 3 6 2008 8 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 3 Installing the System A Cap screw M6 with captive washer B Breakable washer replacements from sonar supplier C Bail arm left D Interlocking yoke left E Tow cable terminator assembly F Tow cable extension G Safety lanyard H Scuff plate J 3 5mm cable tie K Split ring I SAFETY LANYARD F passes through K TIGHT HERE at four positions SLACK HERE see below later units only F amp G are PERMANENTLY attached to D using J The tie lock of J must be positioned on top so that it does not interfere with the movement of the bail arm C The cable extension F should have just sufficient excess length between the terminator E and the yoke D so that if the breakable washer B breaks under load the safety lanyard G takes all the towing stress NOT the cable extension F Attaching the Towing Bail Ch
35. he muted period lasts for the first 80 pings As soon as the towfish runs the Trigger indicator flashes once per ping Wait for the gain to rise to a point where the waterfall display on the screen has filled in to show noise from the environment At this point the operation of the towfish can be given a basic bench check known as a rub test Without touching the metal of the towfish with either hand place one hand briefly on the face of one of the transducers This should result in an increase in signal on the appropriate side of the waterfall display for the time that the hand is that position at least until the automatic gain control reduces the signal Then test the other side in the same way Note that although this is called a rub test no rubbing action is necessary the signal is induced capacitively not by mechanical action The Quick Select menu accessed by pressing the spacebar can be used to change the sonar range and frequency or to stop the towfish The spacebar can also be used to clear the Quick Select menu If the tow cable is higher in resistance than a certain value the towfish will detect that its internal voltage has dropped below nominal In this case it will command the STR or other unit to increase its supply to the tow cable by a further 24V Spares and Tools Always carry spare breakable washers A 5mm hex key is the only tool required in normal operation Every towfish is supplied with a ki
36. his state each should be screwed clockwise exactly 2 full turns 720 degrees Soft Start Later units are fitted with a soft start circuit that reduces the initial acceleration of the winch motor and minimizes the starting surge current The starting current is controlled by a module that is in the electrical path from the ve terminal of the external power connector to the ve terminals of the contactors relays If this solid state soft start module were to fail it can be bypassed to allow the winch to continue to operate Version 3 6 2008 33 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 16 CM2 WIN 300 Winch Temperature Alarm Later units are fitted with an audible temperature alarm The alarm is intended to protect the winch motor from excessive temperatures particularly when recovering cable with the towfish fitted with the optional wing depressor The alarm sensor is fitted to the end of the motor casing If the casing temperature exceeds 80C the alarm sounds intermittently if it exceeds 90C the alarm sounds continuously The alarm sound stops when the temperature falls back below these limits If the alarm sounds the user should minimize use of the winch to avoid possible damage Note that the alarm also sounds briefly when power is initially connected to the winch Signal Cable The signal cable or deck cable running from the winch to the STR or C Case should preferably be a shielded twisted pair If the cable is no m
37. hown in the illustration with the wing clamp directly in front of the towfish handle assembly There should be no gap between the towfish handle assembly and the wing clamps Use the four 20mm M6 screws and washers to secure the wing clamps Check that the wing is tight on the towfish tube with no ability to rotate There should be a compressed rubber strip inside the bottom clamp to grip the tube If this is missing it needs to be replaced Attach the tail using the 35mm drop nose pin instead of the normal 25mm pin Put the removed 25mm pin in a safe place for future 1 FB O A Tail B Drop Nose Pin 8mm dia x 35mm C Wing D Top Clamp E M6 Screw amp Washer 4 F Bottom Clamp CM2 Wing Depressor Version 3 6 2008 39 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 18 Wing Depressor Launching the Towfish and Wing Use the handle at the end of the wing when initially lowering the towfish The wing handles can also be used when reaching for the towfish to recover it Be aware that the wing can cause the towfish to glide forward on launch Be careful that it does not head for a propellor Towing the Towfish when Wing is fitted Refer to the illustration for the effect of the wing hydrodynamic down force on the towfish depth For any particular depth a shorter length of cable can be used with reduced layback 4 7MM ARMOURED CABLE SS5 OR LOG5 30 7 6MM SOFT CABLE CX8 30 100 z A 100 B
38. l This gives greater immunity from spurious echoes from the surface which may be useful in shallow water but sometimes at the cost of reduced effective range The wakes of motor vessels contain a vast number of microscopic bubbles which may take ten minutes or more to dissolve Wakes left by other vessels can show up prominently on the sonar image and should not be confused with permanent features Note that a large object such as a wreck or a piling structure for example may appear to be distorted if it tilts towards the direction from which it is being viewed or extends above the altitude of the towfish Version 3 6 2008 20 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 10 Routine Maintenance 10 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Routine Maintenance Maintenance is simple and is normally limited to the following tasks a Immediately after use thoroughly wash the towfish with fresh water if it has been exposed to seawater also wash the tow cable and winch b Daily or whenever it is suspected that the breakable washer attaching the bail to the towfish has been stressed in use inspect the washer refer to the replacement procedure below c Periodically inspect the whole system particularly the cable for accidental damage that might otherwise go unnoticed d Clean the exterior of all items when appropriate for the STR or C Case use a cloth lightly damped with fresh water no solvents e For galvanized steel armoured cable every 90 days or eve
39. l types may be used as simple pulleys or with addition of a Pulley Sensor and cable are suitable for conversion to counting pulleys C A Wheel B Axle lever C Suspension shackle D Working Load Limit placard E Direction of ve cable count F Pulley sensor connector cap G Magnet one of two H Axle clip over centre action c Counting Pulley Type L Cable Guides If a pulley is to be used with a polyurethane sheathed tow cable there may be circumstances where the stickiness of the cable would cause it to ride up on the rim of the pulley and jam where it reaches the supporting arms This is more likely when the cable is only under light tension insufficient to pull the pulley into line with its path This riding up is unlikely to occur with a steel armoured cable in normal use To avoid the problem of PU cables riding up an optional cable guide set is available for fitting to Type L pulleys These guides are raised for loading the cable then dropped into position over the pulley rim to guide the cable and ensure that it cannot ride up Version 3 6 2008 41 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 19 Pulleys and Counting Pulleys One guide shown in operating position and other shown raised for illustration only wsx Pulley Cable Guides Counting Pulley The purpose of the counting pulley is to allow the tow cable scope i e the length c
40. ly to the full extent This will release the nose but it will be retained by the grip of the O rings Rotate the nose to loosen this grip pulling outwards at the same time If necessary use two screwdrivers with their blades in the recesses each side of the nose to start the extraction process Putting a rubber band round the nose may enable it to be gripped more easily As the nose is replaced rotate it to align the locking screws Wind each screw counter clockwise just enough to lock the nose in position Use MINIMUM torque Replacing a Transducer To replace one or both of the acoustic transducers do not separate the rear bulkhead from the towfish tube Remove the tube assembly as described in the previous section Remove the two temporary cable ties and then lift out the pair of transducers still hinged together with the hinge rod Slide out the hinge rod Be careful to retain the adjuster components on the rod They must be grouped at the front screw end with the screw head on the cam pointing forwards The assembly order on the rod is the adjuster components cam coil spring M5 washer then the transducers Never remove the angled backplates from the transducers Replace the transducers by the reverse procedure and refit the tube assembly as described earlier Repairing the Tow Cable In the event that the wet end of the cable requires re termination this may be performed by the Factory Alternatively the cable may be
41. move the pulley cable and replace the cap on the pulley sensor The pulley cable connections are as follows Pulley sensor connector conductor D type connector red 2 black 3 white 4 screen 5 yellow 7 room a Version 3 6 2008 42 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 20 Polemount Bracket 20 POLEMOUNT BRACKET Introduction Some users prefer to use a rigid overside mount for the towfish in certain circumstances instead of towing it The advantage is that the towfish is not endangered when manoeuvring in restricted depths or near obstructions Note that the disadvantages of rigid mounting are a The towfish motion is not isolated from roll pitch and yaw of the boat b The towfish altitude cannot be adjusted to give the optimum image rigid mounting generally means the towfish is too high off the bottom for best central coverage and for best shadow angles c The image from the beam passing under the hull can be affected by reflection from the hull resulting in multipart distortion An alternative to rigid mounting is towing from the bow or from the beam Fitting the Polemount Bracket The positioning of the overside pole and its mounting to the hull is outside the scope of this manual Fit the CM2 polemount bracket to the lower end of the pole as shown in the illustration tightening the U bolts and ensuring that shakeproof washers are fitted under the M8 nuts Tape the terminator in position
42. n Adjuster Cam F O ring seal P Q and R are all mounted on G Locking Screw the central Hinge Rod not shown H Rear Bulkhead S M5 screws and washers J M4 screw amp shakeproof T Fin Keel Assy washer or M4 nyloc nut U Keel Spring inside keel K Towfish PCB L Signal Cable Before disassembly temporarily insert 3 5mm cable ties to secure the transducers Disassembled Towfish Remove the two M5 socket cap head screws at the forward end of the keel This is easier if the towfish tube is pressed down on the keel to keep pressure off the screws Push the tube forward and then disconnect the two transducer connectors Completely separate the tube assembly from the keel transducer assembly The rear bulkhead is now free to be extracted from the tube but it will be retained by the grip of the O rings Rotate the rear bulkhead to loosen this grip pulling outwards at the same time If necessary use two large screwdrivers with their blades in the recesses each side of the rear bulkhead to start the extraction process Note that in cold conditions the rear bulkhead may be released more easily from the grip of the O rings if the tube is heated near the joint for example by pouring hot water over this area Note also that if the rear bulkhead and the tube become misaligned i e off axis they may tend to jam together When withdrawing or inserting the PCB attached to the rear bulkhead do not allow the black aluminium heatsink o
43. n the end of the PCB to scratch the sealing surface of the tube Version 3 6 2008 23 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 12 Repair and Replacement kw rS wr Whenever the rear bulkhead or the nose has been removed the end of the tube is vulnerable to damage Even a short drop on to a hard surface may distort the bore To remove the PCB first disconnect all attached connectors Then remove the M4 screw in the rear bulkhead bracket that retains the PCB For later units an M4 stud and locknut is used instead of an M4 screw When removing or re attaching the PCB be careful not to damage the small thermometer chip on the underside of the PCB by catching it against the bracket Reassembly requires care The two O ring seals on the rear bulkhead may be renewed using standard nitrile rubber seals of 49 5mm inside diameter section diameter 3 0mm medium hardness Shore Hardness A70 All the sealing surfaces must of course be clean and dry and they should be very lightly lubricated with the silicone grease provided The replacement of the rear bulkhead O rings and cleaning are best done with the PCB removed Reassemble the tube assembly to the keel transducer assembly by the reverse process Rotate the transducers to the 10 depression angle cam dots high then remove both cable ties from the slots There is normally no need remove the nose of the towfish but if there is proceed as follows Screw the two locking screws inwards clockwise light
44. nnect the winch deck cable to an STR Start the system and check for satisfactory operation After correct operation has been checked disconnect the deck cable again Seal around the cable slot in the drum with flexible silicone sealant and wind at least several turns on to the drum so that the sealant cures in the correct position Replace the motor cover being careful to align the tabs with the slots in the motor plate and secure it with the three M4 x 6 screws Version 3 6 2008 35 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 16 CM2 WIN 300 Winch Accessing the Winch Drive Components The winch drive components include the integrated motor gearbox unit pair of switching relays soft start module and its power transistor cooling fan and motor temperature alarm These are all accessible beneath the motor cover Note that some of the components may be absent from early units The motor cover is released by removing the three M4 screws at its base then lifting it clear A soft start controller is mounted on the inside of this cover except early units and care must be taken not to pull on any of the attached wires TOWCABLE SLIPRING SLIPRING SIGNAL PIEZO SOUNDER WET END ROTATING STATIC D OVERHEAT ALARM 9 HB E BLACK WHITE PAIR NON SPECIFIC POLARITY BLUE MOSFET TRANSISTOR NOTES 1 CONNECTORS EXCEPT TOW CABLE SHOWN FROM REAR 7 SOFT START CONTROLLER AND MOSFET TRANSISTOR 2 BLUE IS WHITE ON EA
45. oint Securing a Soft Tow Cable with a Prusik Knot Attaching the Towfish Straighten out the end of the tow cable and if it is a steel armoured cable ensure that there is no more than a half turn of inherent twist in it a s s sr Version 3 6 2008 7 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 3 Installing the System BEFORE fitting the TOWING BAIL to the towfish A Safety lanyard _ B Drop nose pin First fit the SAFETY C Tow cable extension LANYARD then insert and secure the DROP NOSE PIN amp connector Look between the fins to identify the ANGLE of the orientation pin on the 3 way CONNECTOR on the bulkead may be any angle 0 359deg Align the TOW CABLE CONNECTOR at the same angle Mate the connectors amp push fully home Pull the SAFETY LANYARD and the TOW CABLE EXTENSION forward between the fins Then fit the BAIL next illustration Attaching the Safety Lanyard and Tow Cable Extension First remove the drop nose pin from the rear of the keel feed the loop of the safety lanyard into the end of the keel and replace the pin to secure the loop Drop the nose of the pin to 90 degrees to ensure that the pin cannot fall out Remove the dust cap from the tow cable underwater connector Engage the tow cable socket on to the plug on the rear of the towfish being careful to align the connector correctly lt is good practice to keep this plug clean and occasionally and only very li
46. onnect the tow cable or winch signal cable or deck cable to the STR Connect a navigation data cable to the PC if required As GPS and other sources of navigation data often output via an RS232 serial connection and as serial ports are becoming less common on PCs this connection may require the use of a serial to USB converter Note that if a CM2 C Shell fitted with an STR is being used the GPS data from the C Shell s optional internal GPS receiver is already mixed with the sonar data on the C Shell s USB output If a counting pulley is to be used connect its cable to the PC This may also require a serial to USB converter Instead of an STR some CM2 systems are supplied with all in one C Case 2 or C Case SE data acquisition subsystems with integral PC C Case 2 or removable panel mounted PC C Case SE These require tow cables and power cables fitted with the appropriate connectors Interface details are available in Section 14 Version 3 6 2008 6 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 3 Installing the System a aT Tow Cable Put adhesive tape markers on the tow cable a few metres above the terminator to warn when the towfish is close to the vessel Installing a Winch and Pulley if used The tow cable should run directly from the top of the winch drum to a suitable pulley or fairlead Any pulley or fairlead must be no smaller than the cable s recommended minimum radius preferably considerably larger A pulley is
47. ore than 10m an RG58 coaxial cable is suitable Polarity of connection is not important Pins B and F are used on the winch connector The other end of the cable should be fitted with a BNC or MIL C 5015 connector depending on the version of the STR etc Control Pendant The control pendant supplied with the winch includes a pair of switches mechanically interlocked so that only one wind in or wind out can be operated at any instant The connections for the control pendant are as follows Pin E White button wind out Pin H Common 24v Pin A Black button wind in Winch Specifications Capacity 300m of 4 7mm tow cable Power 24V at up to 100A peak 50A peak if soft start fitted Construction Stainless steel Winch dimensions mm and weight 450W x 350D x 300H 47kg when fitted with 300m cable 63kg packed in transit case with control pendant power cables etc Environment 10 to 45 C operating 20 to 50 C non operating Replacing the Tow Cable Tools required include metric hex keys metric combination wrenches 10mm 8mm 7mm and a No2 Pozidrive or a Phillips screwdriver Loctite 243 or equivalent not high strength Studlock is also needed If a tow cable is fitted wind its full length except for a couple of turns on to another temporary reel To remove the cable drum the winch handle has first to be removed The handle is secured to the motor mounting plate by two M5 screws whose nuts or heads dep
48. ow cable can be handled without gloves but is still capable of giving friction burns if allowed to slip Flying the Towfish Set the display to show the water column i e not slant range corrected then lower the towfish to an altitude in the range 5 15m initially The indicated altitude not necessarily the true altitude at this stage is shown in MaxView s sonar parameters or equivalent and may also be also marked on the display by a pair of lines overlying the initial bottom echoes Check that the altimeter is locked on the initial bottom echo not on the surface echo nor is left in a neutral position IF THE ALTIMETER INITIALLY FAILS TO LOCK ON TO THE BOTTOM CORRECTLY USE THE FORCE UP DOWN CONTROL TO PUSH IT INTO LOCK Locking the Bottom Tracking after Launch In MaxView the bottom tracking control is Towfish Bottom Tracking or Altimeter in early versions The indicated altitude cannot exceed 20m for EF operation 40m for HF and 60m for LF If the towfish is operated above these maximum altitudes the image may be degraded also the altimeter may try to lock on to surface echo instead of the bottom Minimum indicated altitude is 1 4m MaxView and other acquisition programs may sound an alarm if the altitude falls below a preset value Version 3 6 2008 14 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 5 Operating the Towfish As soon as the altimeter has locked to the bottom and the image is normal wind the cable in or o
49. re terminated in the field using the termination kit available as a standard accessory Steel armoured cables cannot normally be repaired mid way along their length by splicing because the bulk of such a splice would prevent the cable from layering properly Manually handled soft tow cables can in an emergency be spliced but it is difficult to ensure that the splice retains sufficient strength and such a repair is not recommended If a steel armoured cable is damaged close to the winch end and the damage is such that the cable is unserviceable then this damaged inboard section will need to be cut out The shortened cable will then need to be re terminated on to the winch In these circumstances or if the cable is to be completely replaced consult Section 16 or 17 for guidance on removing and replacing a tow cable on the CM2 WIN 300 or SK172 winches The guidance for these winches may also be applied where appropriate to larger winches Replacing the Safety Lanyard A damaged or worn lanyard should be replaced with a factory produced item to ensure that the dimensions are correct The latest design of lanyard is superior to the earlier pattern and is easier to retrofit Version 3 6 2008 24 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 12 Repair and Replacement wr wari If a lanyard must be constructed locally in emergency it should have an internal length measured over 8mm pins of 98 5cm Servicing the Surface Electronics Some items are S
50. rear of the slip ring unit Cut this pair of wires so as to LEAVE A LENGTH of approximately 100mm still attached to the slip ring unit Undo the cable grip on the tow cable and remove the cable from the drum Feed the new cable through the slot in the drum Attach a cable grip to the tow cable to prevent it being withdrawn in normal use several cable turns must always be present on the drum because the cable grip is not intended to hold full towing forces Attach the 2 insulated wires to the pair of wires projecting from the slip ring unit insulating the joints with heatshrink sleeving Polarity is not important A Motor cover H Handle later version R Cable drum empty B Control connector J Bearing retainer S Slip ring unit enlarged view C 24V DC power connector K Bearing support assembly T Slip ring connector enlarged view D Motor mounting plate L Slip ring cover U Flange bearing end E Bronze sleeve M Signal connector V Hub and slip ring unit F Drive shaft and key N Clutch tension screws W Cable entry slot G Forward cross brace P Flange motor end U Cable guard right amp left CM2 Winch Disassembled Re install the hub drum bearing support assembly and handle by the reverse of the disassembly procedure Those fasteners that are not fitted with nylon lock nuts should be secured using Loctite 243 or equivalent Temporarily connect the other end of the tow cable to a towfish and co
51. rum Ensure that all equipment particularly the STR is dry before packing Keep the empty cases closed whilst the system is in use so that they do not accumulate condensation Version 3 6 2008 22 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 12 Repair and Replacement 12 REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT Replacing the Towfish PCB The towfish internally contains only lead ballast and a single printed circuit board PCB This PCB can be replaced as a unit by the user Note that this PCB is complex and is not user serviceable Any attempted repair of this PCB by the user will invalidate the warranty and may cause permanent damage The towfish should be opened and resealed only in low or moderate humidity conditions to avoid the possibility of condensation forming internally when the towfish is immersed in cold water It is assumed that the tow cable and safety lanyard have been disconnected Dismantling the towfish is easier if someone is available to hold it in position resting with its nose and keel on a bench with the keel held upright Set the transducer depression angle to 10 and temporarily put cable ties through the slots shown on the illustration This secures the transducers to the keel A Tube M Transducer plug B Grip Assy N Transducer with backplate Do not remove the Nose and Ballast C Ballast P M5 washer y to replace the O ring seals D Standoff EDF towfish only Q Cam Spring E Nose R Depressio
52. ry 20 deployments whichever is more frequent spray chain lube or WD40 or similar into the cable terminator Insert a small screwdriver or spike between the black PVC sheath and the tow cable then insert the tube extension of the chain lube dispenser alongside the screwdriver and inject enough lubricant to ensure that the internal strands of the cable hidden by the sheath are protected from corrosion Protecting the Cable Armour from Corrosion Galvanized Type only f Follow the winch maintenance instructions The towfish O ring seals may be replaced every 5 7 years This can be done by the user or by the Factory or local representative See the section on Replacing the Towfish PCB for advice on opening the towfish Replacing the Towfish Breakable Washer The breakable washer secures the tow cable bail assembly to the spigot on the towfish It should be replaced if the bail has pulled free or the washer shows signs of stress This washer should be inspected regularly Version 3 6 2008 21 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 11 Storage and Transit 11 STORAGE AND TRANSIT Keep the towfish transducers from becoming excessively hot by keeping them out of direct sunlight The system should be stored and transported in purpose designed containers Internally padded shipping storage cases can be supplied for all the system components On the optional CM2 or SK172 winches tape or strap the tow cable to prevent it unreeling from the winch d
53. se signal wires Remove the end plate holding the outboard bearing for the drum Remove the screws securing the drum flange and lay the flange aside Note how the tow cable is routed Reach into the drum loosen the central sealing gland and then withdraw the coaxial signal cable that extends from the end of the tow cable Replace the tow cable by the reverse of the above procedure first inserting the tow cable in the slot in the winch drum Identify the two conductors extending from reduced diameter section of the tow cable Twist these together and push them down the central conduit Connect the conductors to terminals 1 and 2 on the rotating portion of the slip ring Polarity is not important Check the slip ring connections through to pins B and F on the external connector Use a small amount of silicone rubber compound to fix the two signal cable wires to the rotating section This will prevent the wires vibrating and fracturing wall Os ar lH A Drum flange removed to fit cable C Phosphor bronze drive tube amp locating screws B Rotating cable conduit to slip ring D Slip ring assembly amp locating screws chamber sealing gland not shown SK172 Winch Cross Section Reach in to the drum and tighten the central gland Temporarily connect the other end of the tow cable to a towfish and connect the winch deck ca
54. software Interfaces Tow cable USB DC power Dimensions mm and weight including STR 406W x 330D x 174H 6 4kg Power single voltage version with BNC tow cable socket 12V 10 18V DC 3A max lt 2A typical 12V optional 24V 20 28V DC 2A max lt 1A typical 24V 100 240V AC via external power adapter Power wide range voltage version with MIL C 5015 tow cable socket 12 24V 10 28V DC 3A max lt 2A typical 12V 2A max lt 1A typical 24V 100 240V AC via external power adapter Environment 0 to 45 C 10 to 80 RH 5G operating 10 to 55 C 2 to 90 RH 40G non op IP67 C Case 2 Specifications The C Case 2 integrates all transceiver data recording track plotting display driver and power supply functions into a single unit It is designed to run MaxView or third party acquisition software CPU 1GHz 256MB RAM 40GB HDD Interfaces Tow cable navigation counting pulley parallel printer USB for post survey data export AC amp DC power either may be used Dimensions mm and weight 620W x 495D x 225H 13kg Power 115 230V 50 60Hz 100W max 80W typical 24V DC option 4A max 3A typical Environment 0 to 45 C 10 to 80 RH 5G operating 10 to 55 C 2 to 90 RH 40G non op IP64 operating IP67 closed C Case SE Specifications The C Case houses a laptop PC and incorporates STR electronics power conversion to power the PC and the STR electronics together with external waterproof connectors The PC runs
55. t CM2 TSK containing minor spares and consumables SSS SSS S I Version 3 6 2008 10 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 4 Planning the Survey wawww r hF ss 4 PLANNING THE SURVEY Survey Plan Every survey or search needs to be planned in advance Survey planning and post processing are topics that are wider than can be covered here Most sonar acquisition software packages including MaxView include the facility to plan survey lines for guiding the helmsman Line Spacing The frequency and range settings should be defined for the type of task being planned whether it is a search for a wreck or lost anchor or a post dredge clearance check for example The image quality is reduced in the region below the towfish because the image when received is compressed and also the steep angle results in poorer shadow information The quality is also reduced at the extremity of the range primarily because of beam spreading Survey lines should therefore be spaced with sufficient overlap e g 75m when working with 100m range setting to ensure complete coverage Overlap is also necessary to compensate for course deviations Line Direction It is normally preferable to run survey lines in the same direction as any current Where currents are very strong the lines may need to be run in only one direction against the stream as running with the stream would give too high a speed over the ground thereby reducing the number of pings on any target
56. the acoustic transducers and an ROV bottle containing the towfish electronics The transducers may be mounted close together as they are on the towfish or apart on either side of the vehicle Extension cables can be fitted between the bottle and the transducers 500mm all items drawn to scale D Retainer A Umbilical link E CM2 Transducer right hand rear view on lower right of ROV B CM2 ROV Electronics Bottle on ROV Note The transducers may need optional extension cables C CM2 Transducer left hand on lower left of ROV not shown to reach their mounting position ROV mounted Components The standard ROV configuration relies on the availability of a spare pair of conductors in the umbilical for use in powering the ROV bottle and providing the telemetry link between the bottle and the STR in the same way as the tow cable in a towed system An STR and PC at the surface complete the system The bulkhead on the end of the electronics bottle is held in place by a retainer instead of the fin keel assembly as on the towfish but otherwise much of the description of the operation and maintenance of the towed system in this manual is also applicable to the ROV system Note that the towfish mute command is particularly useful on an ROV allowing the effect of other sonars and also of mechanical and propulsion noise can be assessed Custom configurations are also possible such as where the telemetry is multiplexed with oth
57. tional polypropylene clamshell enclosure for the STR The C Shell converts an STR into a fully waterproof IP67 unit complete with waterproof connectors The STR can be quickly fitted or removed A STRbase B STR base release J Power LED C STR power K Power switch push on push off D STR link to USB hub L External connector panel E STR link to external tow cable connector M Optional GPS receiver F PC USB connector from USB hub N 4 way USB hub below STR base panel G Tow cable connector for dongle GPS and STR H Power input connector 10 28VDC P Fan 12VDC C Shell Panel and Connectors The C Shell includes a 4 way USB hub that can be used to house a dongle for the acquisition software The C Shell can also be specified with an integral GPS receiver the GPS output is fed to the hub for transmission to the external USB link Version 3 6 2008 3 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 2 System Components C Case 2 C Case 2 is the first successor to the earlier version that ran MaxPro under DOS It is an all in one data acquisition unit with an integral PC designed for use in the exposed environment of an open boat It uses MaxView or third party acquisition software running under Windows Oo a DAONA WO aja HeoVevvl Of Ogo az aala Je g GEOR Ca cee OOOO OO a Ya A Monitor screen oN SEY B Tow cable connector K DC power connector
58. urning towfish stretches the image on one side and compresses the other wasting the high resolution of which the system is capable A high power telescope can only be effective if it is held steady As well as corrupting the outer areas of the image a turning towfish also upsets the matching between the gain profile and the beam shape causing alternate light and dark patches in the inner areas of the image Use small slow wheel movements even if this means that the vessel temporarily leaves the planned survey line If an autopilot is available it will under most conditions steer a better sonar course than a human helmsman even though the heading may need to be trimmed occasionally Remember that the towfish follows the stern particularly when the tow cable is short and is therefore affected by rudder movements as well as by course deviations At the end of the survey line the helmsman must warn the sonar operator before turning and must not turn sharply or the towfish could strike the bottom Emergency Actions Emergency actions should be discussed in advance of the survey between the sonar operator and the helmsman The planned actions will depend on the water depth and depth variation bottom type and the danger from obstacles If sharply rising ground or an obstacle is detected on the ship s echo sounder it may be too late to raise the towfish by hauling in the tow cable particularly if the cable is several hundred metres lon
59. urrently deployed to be displayed to the sonar operator and be recorded within the sonar record Note that the cable scope i e the length of cable veered and layback the horizontal distance of the towfish behind the reference point on the vessel are not the same The relationship between scope and layback is complex and depends on the cable and towfish characteristics and on towing speed Unless a specific cable scope to layback conversion program is available layback must be estimated and entered manually Installing the Counting Pulley The counting pulley consists of a CM2 pulley fitted with a pulley sensor All CM2 pulleys are all fitted with one magnet Types O and S or two magnets Type L so the rotation can be detected at intervals equivalent to half metre intervals at the circumference The pulley sensor is connected to a PC s serial port via a counting pulley deck cable Depending on the PC the deck cable may need to be terminated in a serial to USB converter The PC may be the same PC that is used with an STR or may be a navigation PC for example To install the counting pulley software install the Counting Pulley Display CD that is supplied with the pulley sensor and follow the on screen instructions Locate the pulley in accordance with the advice given in Section 3 Route the counting pulley cable so that it is not under tension at any point nor likely to be tripped over When the pulley is not in use it is advisable to re
60. using duct tape or similar A Screw M10 X 40mm through towfish handle B Pole 50 52mm outside diameter not supplied C Polemount Bracket Lefthand D Polemount Bracket Righthand E Worm drive Clamp F U bolt G Tape securing Terminator to Pole H Cable tie securing Terminator Extension J Cable tie securing 2 parts of Yoke together Fitting the Polemount Bracket Use cable ties to secure the tow cable extension to prevent it oscillating and chafing in the flow Use another cable tie to secure the two halves of the yoke assembly together located in the slot in the bracket Version 3 6 2008 43 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 21 USBL TRANSPONDER BRACKET Introduction Where accurate tracking of the position of the towfish is required C MAX recommends the use of an ultra short baseline USBL acoustic tracking system Suitable USBL systems are available from several manufacturers and should be chosen so that their effective range is at least that of the maximum length of tow cable to be used with the CM2 system These systems require the use of transponder on or near the towfish The purpose of the CM2 USBL bracket is to hold a USBL transponder securely to the tow cable terminator If the transponder is simply secured to the terminator using duct tape it may generate eddy currents and oscillate these oscillations may be enough to fracture the bail arms eventually The USBL bracket also holds the
61. ut or adjust speed until the towfish flies at an altitude equivalent to 5 10 of the range limit The towfish must be flown high enough to clear any obstacles Over uneven ground flying high increases safety and prevents excessive shadowing Over flat and featureless ground flying low enhances the shadows of any object that may be present In shallow water it may be necessary to fly lower to stay below the wake In very shallow water it may be better to deploy the towfish alongside or at the bow rather than astern but keep the towfish away from the propeller Depending on speed and depth expect to pay out about 3 metres of tow cable for every metre of towfish depth not altitude Always keep a reserve of at least 3 turns of cable on the winch drum See Notes for the Helmsman Tow in the range 2 5 to 6kt speed through the water this may differ from speed over the ground or GPS indicated speed Low over the ground speeds give more scans per metre of travel and a correspondingly better image resolution Sometimes however a higher speed will give a steadier course Caution the towfish will sink towards the bottom whenever the towing vessel slows or turns Recovering the Towfish Slow to 2 to 4 knots before the towfish hits the wake Watch for the tape marker warning that the towfish is close Wash the towfish cable and winch with fresh water immediately after use in seawater When the tow cable is disconnected from the towfish c
62. vice If further advice is required consult your local representative or the Factory Version 3 6 2008 27 CM2 Sidescan Sonar User Manual 14 Interfaces 14 INTERFACES Towfish Tow Cable Interface Wet end interface Mechanical CM2 terminator bail arm assembly and tow cable extension Electrical SubConn Micro 3 female or equivalent Data pins 2 and 3 polarity not significant balancing signal in tow cable extension only pin 1 STR Interface early type Tow cable or winch deck cable BNC polarity not significant PC link USB type B socket USB1 1 or 2 0 Power input 2 5mm DC jack socket central pin ve see STR Specifications for power requirements STR Interface later type Tow cable or winch deck cable MIL C 5015 size 10 threaded 2 way bulkhead connector Sockets A and B polarity not significant PC link USB type B socket USB1 1 or 2 0 Power input MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 4 way bulkhead connector Pin A ve pin B gnd see STR Specifications for power requirements C Shell Interface PC link MIL C 5015 size 14 threaded 4 way bulkhead connector Pin A gnd pin B 5V pin C data pin D data USB1 1 or 2 0 Tow cable or winch deck cable MIL C 5015 size 10 threaded 2 way bulkhead connector Sockets A and B polarity not significant Power input MIL C 5015 size 10 threaded 2 way bulkhead connector Pin A ve pin B gnd see C Shell Specifications for power requirements C Case 2 Int
63. w mode is intended for use only in very shallow water where the user needs to use the towfish at less than the normal altitude limit of 1 4m In shallow mode the gain profile is started at the towfish position itself instead of at the first bottom echo and the indicated altitude is zero Gain Hold Off or On Gain Hold allow the automatic gain to be inhibited fixing the gain profile as it was when Gain Hold was selected Normally the only reason to disable the automatic gain is if the image of a certain target such as a wreck needs to be observed without the gain slowly changing If the gain profile is held whilst the target is in view the reflectivity of any part of the target can be directly compared Also if the target has a significant dark area holding the gain constant avoids the gain shadow as the scan moves back on to the relatively light background again Caution If the gain profile is held constant this automatically disables the towfish from measuring its altitude The reason for this is that changes in bottom reflectivity together with the fixed gain may mean that the altimeter would have difficulty in bottom tracking However the altitude can still be adjusted by the operator using the bottom tracking up and down controls Also note that the correction for the shape of the acoustic beams may be wrong if the altitude changes whilst the gain is held Gain Up or Down When Gain Hold is in the On state the overall gain profile

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