Vol 28 No 3.indd
Contents
1. Arthur Gatewood Jr drawing Indiana Covered Bridges as of 1937 S LAPORTE ELKHART LAGRANGE NOBLE DEKALB MARSHALL KOSCIUSKO 4 NEWTON PULASKI Smith type 4 truss Restored in 1995 and closed to traffic Located in Cataract Falls ET State Recreation Area 14 60 01 W BENTON a a CARROLL ee aa mg S 4 2 ae rn Arthur Gatewood Jr built in 1876 by Smith Bridge Company witha TIPPE CANOE GRANT HOWAR CLINTON TIPTON DELAWARE RANDOLPH SOME RY BOONE ee 3 5 3 ERY WAY NE eres DR MARION HANCOCK 41 PUTNAM 3 25 y SHELBY as i Jif MONROE BROWN BARTHO LOME W built in 1873 by John McKay with a Smith 8 2 4 type 4 truss Restored in 1990 14 17 01 a LAWRENCE DUBOIS 2 CRAWFORD BARRU Ka Arthur Gatewood Jr Bo p Spencerville Covered Bridge De Kalb County Robert B Yule and VANDER Richard C Smith BURGH comps Covered Bridges in Indiana Indiana History Bulletin 15 2 February 1938 54 58 ii Focus on Local History Number 16 Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 To view the entire article with a X X XXX complete list of bridges visit Howe truss www in gov history files coveredbridges pdf Indiana Covered Bridges as of 1998 Arthur Gatewood Jr Roann Covered Bridge Wabash County was Cf CAPORTE ELKHART built in 1877 by the Smith Bridge Company with NOBLE DEKALB a Howe truss and restored in 1992 It is by Fe2. As traffic goes up so do the number of crashes Elm Street may have many times the volume of the other streets that cross Long Street in this corridor At some point we may want to look at crash rates For now we are only looking at crash frequency E aS The traditional approach would be to call the Elm Street intersection a HCL and spend all of the safety funds available on countermeasures there This may include widening the lanes adding turn lanes upgrading the signals if any removing obstacles to improve sight distance changing signal phasing and timing and increasing radii at corners But we have found that many of these locations would take a lot of money to fix and even then the fixes would not take care of everything Right of way is expensive as is reconstruction or reconfiguring intersections the HCL weakness of approach is noticed particularly if using only one year of data Consider Year 2 in the table It appears that Another the intersection at Fry Road is second worse and more of a concern than any other intersections other than Elm This year it seems like it is almost as bad as Elm However crash variations from year to year show in this example as well as with real life situations that over the years it is no worse and likely a little better than other intersections This is why using at least three years of data and preferably five is a good idea The concept that
3. Program HSIP program Morning thunderstorms kept participant ensconced in the TMC Each year Indiana is allocated funds from the federal Highway Safety Improvement Program HSIP program to improve safety on all public roads not just state roads The process for selecting safety projects has to be based on solid data however so making the case for one improvement can sometimes be complicated In Indiana local public agencies LPA s mustapply to their local Metropolitan Planning Organization MPO or the Indiana HELPERS program depending on the size of the jurisdiction applying Bob Zier INDOT Chief of Staff All projects must be justified usually with several years of crash history and a Road Safety Audit Reviews RSAR but on Wednesday planners debated the process for low cost safety improvements LCSI that might be deployed throughout the roadway system To help generate new ideas INDOT played host to highway safety professionals from Washington D C and planners from Pennsylvania Ohio and Michigan FHWA supported this peer exchange a form of technical assistance through the FHWA HSIP peer to peer P2P program and FHWA State and Local Programs Team Thunderstorms roared outside as Bob Zier Chief of Staff at INDOT welcomed the group and emphasized INDOT s interest in making sure that safety is part of the planning process Mike Holowaty Manager of INDOT s Office of Safety addressed the a
4. dimensions 4 Now for the concerns In chapter 7 page 121 2nd paragraph of the above mentioned publication is this statement related to stamped concrete A high quality surface can only be obtained with a skillful installer Quality control is necessary to prevent premature dome wear In chapter 5 page 78 2nd paragraph from the interviews is the following statement A number of negative reports involved the process of stamping the truncated domes surface in concrete with very few successful experiences Stamping the dome texture on sloping concrete and getting an acceptable consistency of surface dome height and concrete hardness seemed to be an extremely difficult process requiring expert contractors One public works official in Minnesota stated that the dome surface had worn better than he expected but he would not install it again as stamped concrete because the process was too difficult At this point I leave it up to you I will state that my personal experience with this process is that the outcome is lacking the quality of equal outcomes for each dome as specified in the Public Rights of Way Accessibility Guidelines PROWAG as the included graphic demonstrates Best of luck Michele Michele S Ohmes is an author trainer consultant and motivational speaker who has helped botht the public and private sector successfully comply with the Americans with Disbilities Act For more information visit All domes must achieve w
5. every day and put Do Not Open When Chipper Is Turning on my seatbelt but it doesn t always happen And it s human nature to cut corners when you re in a rush or tired So while common sense dictates most of the rules of safety you ll see in this article know that carelessness always counteracts common sense BY THE BOOK The operating manual for a lawnmower is required reading Even if you ve operated similar mowers in the past donot skip this step Reading the manual helps you become more familiar with the machine and will specify any important nuances for safe operating especially under emergency conditions The manual also will outline maintenance requirements for the machine which will contribute to safe operation GETTING TO KNOW YOU After you ve thoroughly read user s manual get to know the machine by testing some of the controls You can do this without any formal operation even if the mower is just sitting in the equipment barn Not only will this result in more safe technical operation but you ll also be more comfortable using the mower and less likely to panic during an emergency situation should one arise It s also here that you can familiarize yourself with any attachments and how they affect handling the SUITING UP Yes it s summer and you re working outside but it s no time to be thinking about your tan Your clothing can make you more susceptible to injury so
6. keep it simple You should wear pants steel toed boots eye protection and ear protection And don t wear your clothes too loose Anything that could get sucked into machinery including hair is dangerous so if your hair is long be sure to tie it up It is also a good idea to wear long sleeves to protect yourself from the sun or from any objects being thrown from the mower chute that could potentially be projectiles HITTING THE SLOPES Perhaps no other mowing environment is more obviously fret with potential danger than sloped areas Riding mowers make them especially treacherous for even the most experienced grounds managers But there are a few techniques that can minimize a certain degree of the danger First and foremost you should use only riding mowers equipped with roll over protective structures ROPS and you should wear your seatbelt Doing these things in tandem will help protect TIPS FOR SAFE OPERATION OF RIDING MOWERS Never carry passengers Do not mow in reverse unless absolutely necessary Always look down and behind before and while backing Never direct discharged material toward anyone Avoid discharging material against a wall or obstruction Material may ricochet back toward the operator Stop the blades s when crossing gravel surfaces Do not operate machine without the entire grass catcher discharge guard or other safety devices in place and working Slow down before turning Never l
7. provided on determining locations that need immediate attention on low cost safety improvements that can be installed quickly to address specific safety needs and on various funding options available for safety improvements on local and rural roads to name a few More information on this P2P program is available on the FHWA Safety website http safety fhwa dot gov specific extension supplied later The first step in initiating this free resource is contacting the P2P coordinator This can be done by phone fax or e mail The coordinator will analyze specific needs and determine the best peer based on those needs For general information on the Local and Rural Road Safety P2P program contact Rosemarie Anderson at rosemarie anderson dot gov LIAP LOCAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM taii 4 l 4 og i el x ah Bs ke i i a rhe Ta s Se tae E a r te oi A gt eh at r E Es a pm i seis aN T n ps 4 i ai v p a Pae rre ih vite Sey eis For more details wisit www purdue edu INLTAP and click on Training z to view our upcoming events Seg sie ae AAS SS T SEPTEMBER 22 23 2010 BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS COLUMBUS IN ee eee eee ee eee ee _ _ i i rr rl el rc Summer 2010 Playing it safe Keep crews healthy by stressing safety year round by Cindy Ratcliff An estimated 75 people will die this yea
8. road safety tips and best practices Past workshops have been attended by county highway supervisors and engineers street commissioners traffic officers foreman field supervisors and public works directors Participants will receive 0 6 CEUs for the day and lunch will be provided Some topics to be covered include Roadway Safety Countermeasures ARIES Crash Database Training and Troubleshooting HELPERS Update RoadHAT Software Available Funding Sources For further information visit our web site at www purdue edu INLTAP and click on Training ADA INFORMATION CORNER Question Are we allowed to stamp a detectable warning surface into the concrete and paint it or are we required to purchase and use a separate mat Answer My answer to this comes with several considerations 1 Yes you are allowed to stamp concrete with a stamp tool designed with the detectable warning pattern 2 I strongly suggest you check out a wonderful publication available on the www access board gov site in the Public Rights of Way PROW section Detectable Warnings Synthesis of U S and International Practice You can download it This publication gives a thorough study of the many different processes used and comments from the users as to their opinions of the viability of the processes and products 3 Now an important consideration related to the detectable warnings specifications is that all the domes must achieve the specified
9. traction If the soil is sandy it s not going to be as stable turfgrass length will also affect traction as well as whether turf is wet or dry SAFE TO SAY It s dangerous enough just working outside in the groundskeeping industry For crews who maintain roadways the threat is compounded by drivers who let s face it aren t always paying attention As a matter of fact with cell phones and texting the threat of injury to a roadside crew has increased greatly That s why it s even more important to remember your orange vests when out working And always mark off with cones any work zones where your trucks are parked or where you are loading and unloading Does yourcrewneedarefreshercourse in Chainsaw Safety Indiana LTAP offers a free three hour on site class that covers Chainsaw Identification and Maintenance Personal Protective Equipment Safe Starting and Operation Procedures Safe Tree Felling and Bucking Procedures and Clearing Storm Damage For more information contact Rich Domonkos al 7605 494 2164 2 Summe 2010 ff in ae ca Lo Your Listing Place your job listing or equipment listing in our newsletter for FREE Your listing will also appear on our website free of charge Visit www purdue edu INLTAP Click on Classifieds and click on either Job Listing or Equipment Listing and click P
10. www cityengineer org August 6 Southern Mayors Roundtable Board of Directors Meeting e56 n009 September 24 50th ANNIVERSARY Northern Mayors Roundtable EZ October 3 6 ae ASPHALT PAVEMENT ASSOCIATION of INDIANA Annual Conference and Exhibition asphalt is 100 recyclable www asphaltindiana org INDIANA STREET COMMISSIONERS ASSOCIATION August 22 25 APAI IMAA Summer Meeting August 24 26 Annual Conference for more information visit www indianacounties org July 23 Communications DIPLOMA Class www indianaite org August 20 Elective DIPLOMA Class July 27 Technical Luncheon September 27 30 Annual Conference August 8 ITE 2010 Annual Meeting pe ee ee ee ee eee es ee Se INDIANA LTAP Vision Technology 1435 Win Hentschel Blvd Suite B100 West Lafayette IN 47906 4150 765 494 2164 phone 765 496 1176 fax 800 428 7639 toll free in Indiana www purdue edu INLTAP PURDUE SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING On August 5 2010 co chairs Dr Darcy Bullock JTRP and Dr John Haddock Indiana LTAP will meet with committee members to begin planning the 97th Annual Purdue Road School to be held on March 8 10 2011 If you have ideas or suggestions for a session we encourage you to send them to us before the planning meeting is held Suggestions can be sent by fax to 765 496 1176 Or visit our website www purdue edu INLTAP and click Contact Us in the upper right corner to send your suggestio
11. ALLEN passed but open to traffic NEWTON PULASKI ee BE j HUNTING TON BENTON CARROLL GRANT TIPPE HOWARD BLA CLINTON TRON DELAWARE RANDOLPH Burr arch truss MONT HAMILTON GOMERY BOONE ee EF WE je HENRY WAYNE 32 PUTNAM SHELBY a E Hj E 9 LOMEW r l MARTIN 4 Portland Mills Covered Bridge Parke County built in 1856 by Henry Wolf with a Burr arch truss It was restored in August 1996 and reopened to traffic with a thirteen ton limit 14 61 21 DUBOIS CRAWFORD GARRI ve VANDER BURGH Truss drawings on pages i and iii Historic American Engineering Record Compiled from Indiana National Park Service 1976 Covered Bridge Society lists Arthur Gatewood Jr AE mE Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1998 Focus on Local History Number 146 iii ee 15 Summer 2010 THE POWER of SPREADING I gt AROUND by Rick O Drumm P E Safety Engineer FHWA Indiana Division We see many instances of the concept of spreading it around Whether it is wealth paint mulch fertilizer happiness or love spreading the limited resources we have in smaller amounts to many places is frequently advocated over dumping it all in one place Yes some say a couple of the resources listed are not limited So does this apply to highway safety Yes indeed For years highway safety officials have been told to find their wors
12. afety also wanted an update of the software for more specific use by their personnel and supported the update for local agencies Indiana LTAP is proud to make you aware that this project that will benefit the local agencies is underway with INDOT funding It will have a definite impact on local agency roadway safety by providing a tool for local agencies to do complex safety calculations with a user friendly computer program to help in their roadway safety analyses corrections and funding applications LTAP Research in Progress Indiana Sign Retroreflectivity Study by Eric Hulme Graduate Research Assistant Purdue University Signs play an important role in roadway safety by providing information and guidance to drivers A current study funded by LTAP and conducted by Purdue University will help local agencies maintain their signs in compliance with the new requirements of the MUTCD There are approximately 757 000 signs on the 84 000 miles of county city and town roads in Indiana Assuming an average cost of 100 per sign this corresponds to approximately 75 700 000 in highway assets Historically local agencies have replaced these signs when they have reached the end of their useful life Figure 1 based on local practice and policy In many cases asignificantnumber of signs are replaced early due to vandalism and damage from crashes Figure 2 Recent versions of the MUTCD have developed criteria that assure that
13. asements or right of way to add signs to the road side and none involve major construction or reconstruction They are about signs markings signals visibility and timing One could improve these six intersections making them more The Power of Spreading it Around continued from page 17 noticeable clearer and safer for no more money likely far less than doing the one large project at Elm particularly if Elm required a lot of reconstruction or right of way The countermeasures one would do at the six intersections would add up to being maybe as effective or maybe a little more or possibly less so than the one big fix at Elm But at Elm we are targeting 41 crashes in three year and at the other six intersections we would be targeting 74 crashes in the three year period We could use the same approach for more rural settings as we consider curves on a county road system We could attempt to fix two or three of the worst curves through reconstruction of the curve improving the radius and superelevation and possibly widening the road We all know that these areexpensivecountermeasures Or we could in our system wide approach use signs advance warning and chevrons markings clearing shoulder stabilization etc ona set of 30 50 or 100 of the curves with a certain low threshold level of crashes maybe six in a three year 7 pau period Again if signs are installed an agency would need to be ab
14. aterials are used however their long term performance is frequently not known or recorded This proposal could provide a site of long lasting value where different concrete materials can be evaluated systematically over a long period of time The materials can be evaluated for their crack resistance scaling resistance corrosion resistance and overall performance in field applications This would enable local agencies to use new mixtures that provide the most beneficial long term performance 5 Selection and Structural Evaluation Guidelines for Railroad Flatcars Installed as Local Bridges in Indiana Since these are non standard items for most municipal and state agencies there is little information available regarding the proper inspection acquisition and rating of these structures Hence the development of such guidelines would be beneficial to many owners and agencies who currently own and maintain railroad flatcar bridges within their inventory 6 Bridge Maintenance Database Fatigue and Fracture Case Study Database As briefly described above the project will allow owners to access valuable data pertaining to the causes of fatigue cracking and proven retrofit strategies LIAP LOCAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 17 Summer 2010 The Four E s of Safe Road safety can be improved by using a holistic approach that encompasses all facets of design and operatio
15. cs include An Introduction to OSHA Roadway Work Zones Personal Protective Equipment and High Visibility Apparel Collisions Night Work Mechanized Equipment Electrical Safety Excavating and Trenching Confined Spaces Fall Prevention and Protection Occupation Health and Environmental Controls Each section can be taught individually as necessary Summer 2010 PLANNING TO SAVE LIV EHS by Ben Gribbon FHWA and Susan Smichencko Volpe National Transportation Systems Center INDIANAPOLIS IN I save lives boasts Rick Drumm Safety Engineer at the Indiana Division office of the Federal Highway Administration FHWA What s the leading cause of death for people age 4 to 34 he asks rhetorically explaining that traffic crashes are the leading cause and it s his job to do something about it He s no doctor or fireman but like 40 other planners who met in May at the Indiana Department of Transportation INDOT Traffic Management Center he s trying to identify projects and improve programs that make roads safer Rick Drumm FHWA Indiana Division Safety Engineer The scene on Wednesday May 12 2010 was an Indiana Peer Exchange and MPO Workshop where INDOT the Federal Highway Administration FHWA local Metropolitan Planning Organizations MPO and Regional Planning Organizations RPO gathered to improve the process for funding local road safety improvements under the Highway Safety Improvement
16. e to vandalism Guidance for sign management practices The project will in clude a discussion of options for managing your sign program While using a sophisticated GIS based management system is one option traditional paper log or computerized spreadsheet sys tems may also be effective op tions However the key to any successful sign management pro gram is keeping it current with what is in the field One recom mendation is that all agencies in clude an installation date coded sticker as shown in Figure 3 on the back of all signs A sticker system is inexpensive easy to in stall and provides a great back up for any kind of sign manage ment program The first compliance date for local agencies to begin meeting the retroreflectivity standards in the MUTCD is January 201 2 at which time all local agencies are required to have a sign maintenance program in place to address the new minimum sign retroreflectivity requirements LTAP will continue to provide information as the results of this study are finalized so stay tuned Figure 3 Installation date coded sticker on the back of a sign INDIANA LTAP ROAD SAFETY WORKSHOP WHEN July 29 2010 WHERE University Plaza Hotel 3001 Northwestern Avenue West Lafayette Indiana Who Should Attend This workshop is intended for any elected or appointed county city or town official responsible for road safety issues Transportation officials will benefit from these
17. eave a running machine unattended Always turn off the blade s set the parking brake stop the engine and remove the key before dismounting Disengage blade s when not mowing Shut off engine and wait for all parts to come to a complete stop before cleaning the machine removing the grass catcher or unclogging the discharge guard Operate machine only in daylight or good artificial light Watch for traffic when operating near or crossing roadways Always wear eye protection when operating machine Follow the manufacturer s recommendation for wheel weights or counterweights These tips are provided by the U S Consumer Product Safety Commission and American National Standards Institute ANSI you in the event that the mower loses its grip Note that you should not use the seatbelt if you have a fold down ROPS and it is in the folded position Doing so could cause more harm than good if the mower rolled and you were trapped in the seat without the full protection of the ROPS bars Depending on the angle of the slope and the mower you are using it may be possible to traverse a slope horizontally But it is usually recommended that operators mow in an up and down pattern to minimize the potential for tipping the mower Also always analyze the site before mowing Look for any element that could be a hazard such as water at the bottom of a slope or large rocks or drop offs Lastly look for anything that could affect your
18. erintendent Indiana Association of City Engineers Adrian Reid City of Bloomington Engineer Ex Officio Members of the Board Phil Beer USI Consultants representing ACEC Indiana Mike Bowman Milestone Contractors representing ICA Chuck Muller Indiana 811 utilities representative John Thomas Area Plan Commission of Tippecanoe County representing MPO Council Anne Trobaugh Indiana Association of Cities and Towns Bill Williams Monroe County Highway Director NACE States Representative Joe Williams Brown Equipment vendors representative Advisory Board Meetings The next meeting of the LTAP Advisory Board will take place on Thursday July 22 2010 Training Calendar Roadway Safety Workshop July 29 West Lafayette Road Scholar Core Course 3 Road and Highway Funding August 25 at the ISCA Conference Plymouth Transportation Expo amp Snow Plow Roadeo September 22 23 Bartholomew County Fairgrounds Columbus LPA Federal Aid Certification Training October 7 Fort Wayne Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Workshop November 18 West Lafayette LPA Federal Aid Certification Training November 30 Indianapolis Road Scholar Core Course 4 Public Purchasing December Indianapolis for more details on these workshops visit www purdue edu INLTAP require outside funding are most appropriate these improvements will be documented in a preliminary repor
19. ermillion County built with a Burr Order number 8503 arch truss 14 83 05 Indiana Historical Marker number Indiana Historical Bureau Originally published as a part of Indiana History Bulletin Volume 69 Number 1 March 1998 83 1993 2 Burr arch truss Covered Bridges in Indiana Indiana s covered bridge era began in the early R B Yule engineer of Bridge Investigation and 1830s when the National Road first crossed the Location Indiana Highway Commission and chair state The first Hoosier covered bridge was com man of the Covered Bridge Committee stated in pleted in 1835 in Henry County It is estimated that Highway magazine October 1938 The committee between 400 and 500 covered bridges may have hopes to have several good examples of covered existed in Indiana The American Society of Civil bridge construction in parks or on secondary roads Engineers suggests that perhaps 10 000 covered preserved for the use and interest of several genera bridges were built in the United States between tions to come Like most engineering works where 1805 and 1885 motion is not involved careful maintenance will Because the bridges were constructed with keep for us indefinitely these useful relics of a past timber they were covered to protect them from the generation elements They were often the largest covered area In 1998 however only ninety three covered in a community and were sometimes used for revival timber bridges remain in t
20. es are minimized through timely removal of disabled vehicles and well coordinated implementa tion of incident manage ment plans and protocol E State Farm EN LOCAL and RURAL ROADS SAFETY PEER to PEER PROGRAM Following on the success of other Peer to Peer Program the Federal Highway Administration has launched the Local and Rural Road Safety Peer to Peer LRR Safety P2P Program FHWA established this new Peer to Peer P2P Program as a form of technical assistance for local and rural highway agencies to resolve safety problems on the roads they maintain In order to reduce fatalities and serious injuries on our Nation s road network local and rural highway practitioners have to routinely integrate safety in their projects and programs The majority of the nation s roadway are owned operated and maintained by numerous small agencies and it is the aim of this program to provide access to road safety information knowledge and resources needed to address safety issues these practitioners face The LRR Safety P2P is a free volunteer oriented program that will provide peer assistance through several venues Assistance can be in the form of phone calls email exchanges general instruction or site visits depending on the agency s needs Experts with knowledge in various local and rural road safety issues have volunteered their time to provide assistance to their peers requesting help Guidance can be
21. es to 30 inch es o Placing all signs at the correct mounting height see Figure 1 and o Placing intersection warning signs the correct distance from the in tersection between 650 and 775 ft before the intersection Figure 2 New sidewalk and ramps on Jefferson Street in Logansport m o ee eS Se Figure 3 Safety improvements at Smith Road and Rogers Road in Monroe County After e Pedestrian Improvements Jefferson Street is an important connector in Logansport not only for vehicles but also for pedestrians and bicyclists including students going to and from school at Logansport Community High School The sidewalk along Jefferson Street was inadequate to serve the community and students The side walk was not a consistent width and some sections were missing and there was a lack of curb ramps so the sidewalk did not meet ADA guidelines The application for HSIP funding was submitted through the HELPERS program and the project was completed in April of 2008 increasing safety and accessibility for students and all pedestrians in Logansport e Roadway Geometric Improvements Smith Road and Rogers Road in Monroe County was the site of numer ous crashes including two injury and eight property damage crashes in a two year period The RSA identified a number of potential improvements including reconstruction of the roadway to increase the lane width and provide shoulders as well as to improve the alignment which includes bot
22. h the horizontal and vertical curves The new roadway which is shown in Figure 3 was completed in 2009 and was constructed using HSIP funds There have been no crashes on the reconstructed facility which was opened last August Figure 3 above 1 Indiana Criminal Justice Institute Indiana Traffic Fatalities at Record Low http www in gov cji 3418 htm Retrieved May 3 2010 2 Federal highway Administration FHWA FHWA Safety http safety fhwa dot gov Retrieved May 3 2010 3 Indiana Criminal Justice Institute Indiana Crash Facts 3 2010 ttp www in gov cji files FactBook_2008 pdf Retrieved May New Software to Benefit Local Agencies Indiana LTAP recently worked with Andrew Tarko PhD Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of the Center for Road Safety CRS at Purdue University regarding an update to his Hazard Analysis software to include formulas and local agency specific constants for hazard analysis The software will allow a local agency to determine if a location has crash rates above what is anticipated for the conditions and if so allows the user to select countermeasures to reduce the crash rates and calculate a benefit to cost ratio for the improvement This process is an integral part in the application process for Highway Safety Improvement Funds After discussions regarding the HELPERS project and INDOT s use of the software it became apparent that INDOT s Office of S
23. he Hoosier state Many meetings weddings and political rallies bridges have fallen victim to local apathy the forces Two major Indiana covered bridge builders J of nature arson and or careless driving Greene J Daniels and Joseph A Britton lived in the County s only covered bridge had recently been Rockville area and a third A M Kennedy working restored at a cost of 300 000 and was scheduled to with his sons and grandsons lived in Rushville reopen this spring Vandals knocked a hole in the This explains the concentration of covered bridges in 115 year old wooden structure forcing the Greene Parke and Rush counties Between them they built County Landmarks Foundation to delay the reopen 158 bridges in Indiana ing and look for funds to repair the damage In 1930 the Indiana Historical Society formed The Indiana Covered Bridge Society is trying to the Covered Bridge Committee The committee s raise awareness and appreciation of these vanishing objectives were the collection and dissemination of structures and their impact on local history For information about covered bridges and their build more information about the society contact Indiana ers They compiled a directory showing the location Covered Bridge Society Inc 725 Sanders Street of each of the then existing 202 covered bridges in Indianapolis IN 46203 1856 Indiana ee a a ee a a _ _ i __ err rl ie _ Summer 2010 DWOOODOOO Smith type 4 truss
24. he local agency in the sub mittal process for an application for funding for safety improvements Overview At the request of a local agency the HELPERS program will help identify appropriate alternatives to Figure 1 The MUTCD provides guidelines for sign address a high crash location The HELPERS office will Placement excerpt from MUTCD Figure 2A 2 coordinate an RSA to identify potential countermeasures that can be implemented to improve safety In some cases proposed projects may be eligible for federal aid money for construction of the recommended countermeasures In other cases the RSA will provide the local agency with a list of low cost countermeasures that may be implemented with local forces as funding and time permit Projects The HELPERS program can help agencies with a variety of projects Some of the projects funded under the first phase of the HELPERS program are described below e Modify Intersection Traffic Control Numerous crashes occurred at the intersection of Cartersburg Road and CR 200 South prompting Hen dricks County to request assistance of the HELPERS program Based on a review of the existing conditions and the guidelines in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices a number of safety improvements were suggested The suggested improvements which were made by the county included o Changing the intersection from 2 way stop control to 4 way stop control Increasing the size of the stop signs from 24 inch
25. in Indiana by Sarah Hubbard P E Indiana LTAP Project Manager Reducing highway fatalities is a shared goal for agencies at all levels While traffic fatalities are a leading cause of death for many age groups the trends are positive Recent Statistics indicate that Indiana has continued to make significant progress in reducing the number of fatalities with preliminary statistics indicating 680 deaths in 2009 on Indiana roadways a 16 percent reduction from the 814 deaths for the same period in 2008 and the lowest level recorded since 1925 Nationally traffic fatalities have also declined with 33 963 deaths in 2009 an 8 9 percent reduction from the 37 261 deaths in 2008 The impact of safety extends beyond lost lives In Indiana in 2008 there were over 205 000 crashes that resulted in injury or property damage and the economic cost of all crashes was over 4 6 billion Given the high cost of crashes there has been a significant investment in programs to improve safety In Indiana in 2008 8 5 million in grants was provided to local law enforcement agencies for increased enforcement and over 14 million in funding was dedicated to safety initiatives including research media and program management Closer to home LTAP with the support of INDOT and FHWA has re introduced the Hazard Elimination Project for Local Roads and Streets perhaps better known as the HELPERS program Local roads play an important
26. istrict lost Local Programs Coordinator Joe Spear On December 28 2009 Mr Spears died at IU Medical Center in Indianapolis after suffering complications following surgery performed earlier that week Mr Spears worked directly with counties cities and towns who were awarded federal funds for Group HI Bridge Group IV and transportation enhancement projects ensuring that all federal requirements were met He assisted LPA Managers by coordinating submissions of appropriate documentation from locals and consultants and maintained constant communication with the multiple local public agencies in the Crawfordsville district Indiana LTAP would like to offer our condolensces to all families friends and coworkers UPCOMING ASSOCIATION EVENTS Indiana f k Association of ASSOCIATION OF poH Cities amp Towns COUNTY COMMISSIONERS for more details visit for more details visit for inf ormatnon vesti M H s http indiana apwa net www indianacountycommissioners com www citiesandtowns org The Board of Directors meets on the July 29 aa r bees ee 7 second Thursday of every month Southern Mayors Roundtable A E alas aa and Exposition November 30 December 2 August 19 Annual Conference North Central Mayors Roundtable August 20 Southern Mayors Roundtable August 27 Northern Mayors Roundtable September 16 for more details visit North Central Mayors Roundtable www iaches org for more information visit September 17
27. istrubtion of the Motor Vehicle Highway Account and Purdue University A newsletter is published quarterly by the Indiana LTAP office at Pur due University It is distributed free to county city or town road and street personnel and others with tranportation responsibilites Advisory Board Chairman Randy Strasser Vice Chair Stephanie Yager County Commissioners Iris Kiesling Monroe County Tom Murtaugh Tippecanoe County Tom Stevens Hancock County Walter Wilson Fountain County Kevin Woodward Wells County Mayors amp Town Managers Gary Eakin Town Manager Town of Danville Michael Fincher Mayor City of Logansport Tom Jones Mayor City of Linton Randy Strasse Mayor City of Delphi Purdue University Faculty Representatives Dr Kathy Banks Professor and Head of Civil Engineering Dr Kumares Sinha Professor Dr Robert Connor Professor Dr Jon Fricker Professor Dr Jason Weiss Professor FHWA Representatives Dan Keefer LPA and Asset Managment Coordinator INDOT Representatives Audra Blasdel Grant Director Local Programs Eric Conklin Manager Office of Technical Services Association Representatives Indiana Association of County Commissioners Stephanie Yager Executive Director Indiana Association of County Highway Engineers and Supervisors Tom Kouns Boone County Highway Supervisor Bill Williams Monroe County Highway Director Indiana Street Commissioners Association Rob Roberts Town of Danville Street Sup
28. le to show that they have the right of way or easement to install them in the land beside the road As stated earlier an agency can package these improvements into one project whether using their own funds or applying for Highway Safety Improvement Program funds For assistance in this contact the LTAP HELPERS engineer System wide improvements are the next steps we all need to consider as T Ser a a i ee a e Yo gt ee es aa strane ee we work to improve the safety on our roads Spreading the funds around is not a concept of trying to make everyone happy but a concept that has been shown to be an effective tool in our safety toolbox that will make our road system safer So don t just look for the one or two big fix locations Yes you may need to work on that bad intersection or nasty curve But consider using system wide low cost countermeasures to improve safety on the roads of your jurisdiction The reduced crash numbers will be worth it RELATED LTAP RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Prototype Real Time Monitoring Procedures for Managing Signalized County Intersections As more and more Indiana counties and smaller agencies begin to install traffic signals and signal systems it is essential they develop quantitative performance measures to evaluate how either their staff or contractors are performing on the operation and maintenance of that infrastructure This project will develop the tools necessary for co
29. n The four E s of safety are engineering education enforcement and emergency medical services These are briefly described below Kocineering activities focus on designing a safe roadway Example engi neering features include the provision of adequate sight distance at intersec tions and on curves ad equate clear zone next to the roadway appropriate installation of guardrail and crash attenuators and the installation of ap propriate regulatory and warning signs to assure that drivers are aware of potential hazards Ficcion and outreach activities are important to inform drivers pedestrians and bicyclists regarding safe practices Education extends beyond drivers education and defensive driving classes and in cludes newsletters safety campaigns and public safety announcements Thanks to You Seat Belts amp _ Designated Drivers SAVE LIVES mem a A ON POLICE CHIEFS Bo ee r FEC Ty is Kosorcenent is a key component to assuring compliance and increas ing safety Enforcement activities include routine activities as well as spe cial campaigns that may be targeted toward specific issues such as seatbelt checkpoints and sobriety checkpoints LIMIT 35 YOUR SPEED i ij Koercency Response When crashes occur time ly emergency response can play a critical role in not only treating injuries and reducing fatalities but also in assuring that second ary crash
30. n by e mail We look forward to hearing from you
31. ongoing safety training Highway safety rules and regulations are revised frequently and it s important to stay up to date on those changes In addition Train Train Train Even the most experienced highway worker will never outgrow the need for TRAIN TRAIN TR AIN training offers the additional benefit of increased attentiveness Retraining helps refresh the memory which leads to a heightened awareness level says Lee It s not just about knowledge but also about reducing complacency and reinforcing the importance of safety procedures 1 http www cdc gov niosh updates healthcoal html INDIANA LTAP brings training right to your garage Call us at 765 494 2164 to schedule the following on site training sessions Work Zone Traffic Control and OSHA Flagger Training Contact John Habermann Examine properly executed work zones and learn about required safety garments Your crew will use our polling software to discuss example problems and set up scale models of work zones based on criteria given by the instructor This is a three hour course LTAP also offers a hands on flagger training course from the National Safety Council This is a four hour course OSHA 10 Hour Training Exclusively for the Roadway Construction Industry from the National Safety Council and the American Road and Transportation Builders Association Contact Neal Carboneau This course is typically two full days The topi
32. or your coworkers Keep Your Head in the Game When the sun is beating down project deadlines are looming and days have gone by without incident letting your guard lapse can be tempting Flaggers who know they re supposed to stand away from equipment perch on a truck tailgate Electronic message boards meant to inform drivers of changing traffic patterns aren t updated Vests are left unbuttoned and hard hats are discarded It happens all too often See and Be Seen The best line of defense you have is to be seen by traffic both inside and outside the work zone Most of the time people won t hit what they can see says Lee If motorists and equipment operators can see you and recognize you as a person your chances of being hit and injured or killed are greatly reduced Q Being seen in a work zone means wearing all safety gear properly Vests should be buttoned clean and discarded after they ve been washed the specified number of times It also means communicating with motorists by using easily visible advanced warning signs Use good equipment for channelizing and signs says McCarty If the sign is not readable and bright motorists might miss it H Set Up the Right Way If motorists don t know there is a work zone ahead they likely won t be prepared to react That means a greater chance of a motorist Q hitting a flagger or plowing through a barrel Work zone set
33. ost a Listing Enter your information and your listing will appear on our website for as long as you need it to If your listing is still active at the time of our quarterly newsletter printing we will run your ad in our ad here Our newsletter is distributed to over 6 500 contacts both in and out of Indiana You can also contact Lisa Calvert LTAP communications specialist for assistance at 765 494 0315 or by e mail at lwc purdue edu Tippecanoe County Surveyor Loses Battle with Cancer Steve Murray 57 Tippecanoe County Surveyor passed away on Monday June 28 2010 Mr Murray served as the county s surveyor for 10 years previously serving as the county s highway director As surveyor he was reposonsible for supervising construction maintenance and drainage He first took office in 2000 after a special election to fill the seat and ran unopposed in 2004 and 2008 During his tenure he was honored by the Association of Indiana Counties with the 2002 Outstanding County Surveyor Award In 1999 he was awarded Outstanding County Engineer He was a very progressive thinker and always wanted to do what s right for this county said Commissioner Tom Murtaugh We were truly lucky to have him serving in this capacity Services were held at the Lafayette Christian Reformed Church on July 7 8 Joe Spear INDOT Local Programs Coordinator Early this year local agencies in the Crawfordsville d
34. ot seem to be a pattern beyond the one or two HCLs that says Here here and here Let s look at this along a road with numerous intersections We will look only at crashes but one could easily focus on serious crashes those with incapacitating injuries or fatalities For three years we see these crash numbers Long Street intersects with the following streets and the number of crashes at each intersection for each of three years and the total for the three years is shown From this table we will consider the frequency number of the crashes At this point we do not know traffic volumes MEV million entering vehicles and therefore we do not know the rates But we are at least considering the frequency of crashes Obviously Elm Street stands out with far more crashes than any other intersection But at this point there are many questions to ask What are the volumes and rates What are the countermeasures for each intersection How much do these countermeasures cost How effective are those countermeasures Essentially we are asking Where is the best place to spend our safety resources In the traditional method Elm Street would get the biggest look It may be the only intersection that gets any attention as far as safety for this corridor After all it has over three times the number of crashes than all but one of the other intersections Of course that may only be due to the volume of traffic
35. pportionment of HSIP funds one third will go to local agencies Brad Mills from Evansville MPO and Roger Manning from INDOT led a discussion on the existing program after which Peers shared their experience and processes from MPOsinotherstates Mike Holowaty INDOT Manager made possible of the Office of Safet through the FHWA f ieee Say HSIP Peer to Peer P2P Program The most valuable lessons learned were the similarities and differences between the various other state MPOs as Duane Myers put it the Greenfield District MPO manager In the afternoon workshop participants worked in teams to identify strengths weaknesses of the existing system and opportunities and strategies for addressing them INDOT has acted quickly on the input received in May resulting in a new Strategic Highway Safety Plan SHSP for 2010 and Highway Safety Improvement Program Local Project Selection Guidance available at http www in gov indot div engineering shsp htm Or contact your HELPERS program at Indian LTAP http rebar ecn purdue edu LTAP TechAssist HELPERS aspx Indiana Historical Bureau Wiar mt Engeces Baile LATS by Joseph J By BE Ousiela Rockville Bute troai design 1 Balag enisting sbutmenia Clomed to vehicle trafia 1674 Listed ba Matiooal Register of Historie Placas 1004 ELECTED eld Ee NOE L T v g THS a a a aL i a A Number 16 Eugene Covered Bridge V
36. r as a result of a lawnmower related injury Another 75 000 will wind up in the emergency room being treated for cuts and bruises amputations and other life altering injuries caused by mowers These statistics are enough to land outdoor jobs in landscaping groundskeeping and lawn services on a list of the top 10 jobs that incur the most fatalities each year According to an article published by CareerBuilder in 2009 grounds maintenance ranked No 6 on the list which reported that 128 people died in 2008 as a result of working in this industry The most common manner of death falls and being struck by an object Jobs in this industry also routinely appear in the top 3 most dangerous jobs for young workers This list compiled each year by the National Consumers League NCL points to the industry as one that draws in a large number of teens who are entering the job market for the first time Just last fall a 14 year old boy in Poquoson Va died instantly as he used a shovel to push debris into a wood chipper and the machine grabbed his shovel pulling him in before he could release his grip they reported Virginia law prohibits anyone under 18 years of age from using a wood chipper according to NCL Even the Occupational Safety amp Health Administration OSHA has deemed the outdoor maintenance industry as being high risk Last year they issued 353 citations resulting in more than 190 000 in penalties Ha
37. role in maintaining mobility in Indiana and increasing safety on local roads is an important goal Recent analysis suggests that the injury crash rate on local roads in Indiana is more than twice the injury crash rate on state roads in Indiana and more than 45 percent of Indiana s highway fatalities occur on local roads The primary objective of the HELPERS program is to work with local agencies to increase safety on local roads The HELPERS program includes a number of activities to assist local agencies increase safety on local roads e Safety Training Safety training provides an opportunity to share information about safety im provements as well as a forum for local agencies to learn from one another The HELPERS pro gram held three safety training sessions throughout the state in December 2009 and a safety workshop is scheduled for July 2010 e Site Visits If a local agency has a high crash location the HELP ERS engineer will visit the site and provide a preliminary eval uation of potential safety im provements In some cases low cost improvements that do not continued on page 3 Indiana LTAP Indiana Local Technical Assistance Program LTAP was established by the Fed eral Highway Administration FHWA The purpose of the LTAP program is to translate the latest state of the art road highway and bridge technologies into systems usable by local highway agencies LTAP is funded by FHWA the local agency d
38. signs provide adequate visibility one criterion is the minimum retroreflectivity standards for the various signs and sheeting materials used on roadways Table 1 Black on Yellowor Black on Orange symbol signs Sign Color White on Red Black on White The minimum maintained retroreflectivity levels shown in this table are in units of cd lx m measured at an observation angle of 0 2 and an entrance angle of 4 0 For text and fine symbol signs measuring at least 1200 mm 48 in and for all sizes of bold Since local agencies must be in compliance with the new standards and deadlines for compliance begin in the next few years LTAP has initiated a research study to help local agencies maintain compliance with the MUTCD requirements The study involves collecting retroreflectivity data from across the state to identify how the two most common sign sheething types Engineering Grade Type and High Intensity Beaded Type HI degrade with time and is expected to provide the following guidance e Guidance on signs that should be prioritized for replacement Early results indicate that some sign colors and sheeting types degrade much more quickly than others This study will identify the sign color and sheeting type that should receive highest pri ority for replacement For ex ample preliminary indications are that all yellow signs with Type I sheeting regardless of age should be scheduled for im media
39. t for the local agency Example improvements that may be implemented by the agency include recommendations for specific signing or marking in compliance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices MUTCD and removal of vegetation to increase visibility e Road Safety Assessments RSA In some cases the results of the site visit and the crash history will indi cate that a full scale road safety assessment RSA is appropriate A road safety assessment is a formal safety performance examination of a road or intersection with an independent team In addition to visiting the site the RSA team considers all available information including maps crash data and crash diagrams and traffic volumes The RSA results in a formal report that suggests both short term and long term countermeasures to improve safety The report is given to the local agency who can identify which of the suggested countermea sures are appropriate given their objectives and budget e Clearinghouse for HSIP Funding for Class III and IV agencies In some cases proposed safety improvement projects may be eligible for federal aid money for con struction of the recommended countermeasures If the RSA identifies improvements that are eligible for fund A ROADSIDE SIGN IN RURAL AREA ing through the Highway Safety Improvement Program HSIP and if the benefit cost ratio for the proposed proj ect is high enough to warrant consideration then the HELPERS office will assist t
40. t locations These have been called among other things High Crash Locations HCL High Accident Locations Black Spots High Priority Locations Locations of Interest and Hot Spots We will use the first term here High Crash Locations HCLs No matter the name the concept is the same Where are the points on your road system that have an unusually high number or rate or possibly statistical variation of crashes or severe crashes What intersection is the worst What curve What location with a bad sight distance or poor geometrics It is true that on the highway system under your jurisdiction there may well be one or two or a handful of locations specific places where crashes or specific types of crashes are prevalent As indicated above these frequently are at intersections but may also be at curves or other location with poor sight distance or geometric challenges for the driver However what has been noticed by highway safety analysis is that while there are cases of specific sites having a high number or rate of crashes most crashes occur seemingly randomly throughout the system We say seemingly random because there may be reasons for the movement of say serious injury crashes all over our system from one year to another So again one may see a location or two with a high number or rate of crashes but most crashes occur in smaller clusters or spread throughout the entire system and there does n
41. te replacement Guidance on replacement schedules for different signs Data from across the state is be ing collected and analyzed to de velop guidelines for sign replace ment based on the degradation of sign color and sheeting type This will result in replacement schedules that are consistent with the sign materials used by each local agency Guidance on material selec tion for signs The data regard ing sign degradation for different sheeting types will allow agen cies to evaluate sign materials in Sheeting Type ASTM D4956 04 Beaded Sheeting Prismatic Sheeting AN WI VI VIL EX Xx G27 wW wW Green i W 2 120 G 2 15 Ground mounted 250 038 W235 R27 For text and fine symbol signs measuring less than 1200 mm 48 in Minimum Sign Contrast Ratio 3 1 white retroreflectivity red retroreflectivity This sheeting type should not be used for this color for this application Table 1 Federal Traffic Sign Retroreflectivity Standards MUTCD 2009 Summer 2010 Figure 1 Sign beyond its useful life Figure 2 Graffiti damaged stop sign conjunction with sign cost to make an informed choice for the most appropriate material that meets their needs For example in some cases a Type III sign may be cost effective due to its long expected lifetime In other cas es a Type I sign may make more sense for example if the sign is in a location that is particularly vulnerabl
42. unties and other local agencies to define performance measures for signalized intersections Phase I of the project is expected to be complete by late summer 2010 OTHER CuRRENT LTAP Loca Roap RESEARCH PROJECTS 1 Development of a Roller Compacted Concrete Manual for use by Local Government Agencies Development of a handbook that will inform potential users of RCC in the following areas a Smoothness of pavement at different thicknesses Load transfer effectiveness at cracks Load transfer effectiveness at sawed control joints Current Applications Bid Specifications Standard Drawings Standard mix Designs 2 Pavement Design Guide for Low Volume Roads The objective of this project is to develop a simplified pavement structural design procedure for use by local agencies 3 Sustainable Energy Impacts on Local Roads The objectives of this project are to 1 Investigate the impacts that sustainable energy sources have on local road infrastructure and 2 develop a tool that can be used by communities throughout Indiana when making decisions about the location of such facilities The success of the research will enhance local agencies ability to recover their cost of road upgrades and increased road maintenance due to the location of sustainable energy sources within their jurisdiction 4 Implementation of a Test Site To Evaluate Concrete Performance Self Curing Concrete as a New Material for Indiana Applications Many m
43. up procedures were designed for both the safety of motorists and for the safety of workers like you That s why it is absolutely essential to follow those guidelines each time you set up Keep your head in the game and keep thinking about that traffic says Indiana Departmentof Transportation Work Zone Safety Section Supervisor Pat McCarty It only takes a second for a car to hit you Think about the traffic as much as you do your work and never assume the driver sees you t 4 e i even if your work zone is only going to last a few minutes Always use proper traffic control and realize what is in the manual is the minimum says Lee Never hesitate to go above and beyond the manual to ensure your safety Avoid Internal Dangers Most highway workers are well aware of the dangers posed by traffic but they may not realize that equipment within the work zone can be equally dangerous When setting up a work zone designating separate areas for equipment and foot traffic significantly reduces the risk of accidents In addition equipment operators and workers on the ground need to maintain a constant awareness of one another If you are operating a vehicle and you can t locate the person on the ground stop what you are doing says Lee If you are on the ground don t assume the equipment operator can see you Communication and awareness are key in these situations ap
44. we will promote here loosely termed spreading the money around is that we can focus on low cost proven countermeasures and apply them to the system Therefore we will also call them system wide improvements The system here is the set of intersections Maybe we can leave the lower frequency intersections alone Dip High Arc But let s take the rest of the moderate performers for lack of a better term and apply one or several countermeasures that cost relatively little but have been shown to reduce crashes to some extent We can even put these together into one project So for Big Camp Fry Gill High and Joy let us do the following If it is signalized install backing plates make sure there is at least one signal head per lane and all signals are 12 inch diameter most are now but good to check assure all signal heads are visible and check the timing of the signals including yellow clearance and all red phases Possibly consider advance warning signs and advance street name signs If it is unsignalized assure all signs are MUTCD compliant highly retroreflective and visible no obstructions e g tree limbs Also consider advance warning signs and advance street name signs for these intersections For all intersections assure the pavement markings are retroreflective in good condition and understandable Notice none of these fixes involve right of way unless your agency doesn t have the e
45. ww michele able com the specified dimensions ee a ee 7 Ss Summer 2010 HIGHWAY WORKERS SAVE YOURSELF Five key safety strategies for avoiding injury or death in highway work zones by Megan Tsai Remember how you felt the first time you set foot in a highway work zone Traffic was whizzing by at 60 miles per hour and only barrels stood between you and those fast moving vehicles You had little more than a vest to protect yourself from an inattentive driver It was a frightening experience Most highway workers can vividly recall that first work zone visit What they forget to remember is the same dangers they noticed that first day are still present every day they go to work It s easy to become complacent says Indiana Construction Association Director of Safety Calvin Lee If you are exposed to the hazard the first time you re going to pay attention but after five days you begin to ignore it Never forget the hazard is there Every year more than 100 workersarekilledand 20 000 are injured in highway and street construction and maintenance zones It s a big number representing the serious safety threat highway workers face J The good news is there are precautions highway workers can take to protect themselves and help ensure they come home safely at the end of each workday Who knows Following these five safety strategies may mean the difference between life and death for you
46. zard communication in order to ensure chemical safety in the workplace information must be available about the identities and hazards of the chemicals yielded the most citations with 55 followed by eye and face protection at 30 It s no wonder that jobs in this market are high risk especially when you consider all the tools routinely used and the working conditions Landscaping groundskeeping and lawn service workers use hand tools such as shovels rakes saws hedge and brush trimmers and axes as well as power lawnmowers chain saws snow blowers and power shears according to NCL Some use equipment such as tractors and twin axle vehicles These jobs often involve working with pesticides fertilizers and other chemicals Rollovers from tractors ATVs and mowers are a risk Tree limb cutting and lifting and carrying inappropriately heavy loads are another potential danger so is handling chemicals pesticides and fuel Contact with underground or overhead electrical cables presents electrocution dangers Keeping crews safe under these conditions is challenging but possible and critical Most people believe that safety is common sense and to some degree it is It s not so much knowing what to do but it s making sure that your workers do it Most of us know how to be safe we re just not always so great about doing it at least consistently I know for example that I should wear sunscreen
Download Pdf Manuals
Related Search