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LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET - Epsilon Open Archive

1. Actual photosynthesis as a function M of photosynthesis at overcast and clear sky conditions tsun is the relative duration of bright sunshine PPI p Parameter for the photosynthetic light response equal to the light PAR UE m s that gives P P 2 PPMO pi in P p pon see PPM1 mgCO gDW h PPMI a P2 in P Py P2n mgCO gDW h Photosynthesis per unit leaf weight at optimal light PAR temperature and water conditions as a function of leaf nitrogen concentration n PSTSLA Latitude for the growth simulation site OBS Latitudes are given in degree units with minutes converted to decimals PTI T Lower temperature limit for growth see Tp EC PT2 T Lower temperature limit for optimal growth see T EC PT3 T Upper temperature limit for optimal growth see Tp CC ZDALI 9 A of internal canopy layers used for calculating the light PAR interception ZDAYTA tac Day number at which the calculation of Ti starts d ZID Ia Light PAR level below which leaf shedding starts WE m s ZRG r Fractional respiration of total daily growth W PARAMETERS 31 ZTAACC Ts Minimum value of the temperature sum Tac at which growth starts CC 6 16 Forest Biomass These parameters are activated by the FORESTSR switch and related to the allocation of biomass within the plant and litter fall Growth and assimilates are allocate
2. ROOTDMIN Zin Largest root depth OBS lt ROOTDMAX Only used when the GROWTH switch is set ON ROOTF Fraction of roots in layers when fully developed Index layer 1 to min 10 NUMLAY Only used when the ROOTDIST switch is set to Q ROOTT Day number for deepest root depth given of ROOTDEP Index 1 to 5 Day number for deepest root depth given of ROOTDEP 1 Index 6 Only used when the DRIVCROP switch is set to 0 PARAMETERS m m gDW m m m day number 21 e be EE 6 12 Crop biomass These parameters are activated by the CROP switch t start of growth see Plant N uptake and management parameters or simulation a certain amount of plant biomass exists on the field TOTW i i 1 3 depending on which cultivation of the year is concerned The solar radiation is absorbed by the canopy according to the radiation extinction coefficient EXTCOEFF and converted into potential growth PHOEFF The potential growth is reduced according to temperature PHOTMIN PHOTMAX and nitrogen see Crop nitrogen parameters NLEAFN and NLEAFX Growth and assimilates are allocated between roots AROOTN AROOTWA B leaves and stems ALEAFO 1 grain AGRAIN and litter ALITTER The leaf biomass and leaf area are related through the specific leaf weight WLAI The grain development starts when a temperature and daylength index becomes unity DEVALFA DEVDAYL DEVTA AGRAIN b Fraction of a
3. Unit mmH O d mmH O d mgN 17 mmH O d MJm d h d MJ m d mmELO d mmH O d CC CC To mmH O d gDW m SOILN user s manual 7 5 Annual sums If the FORESTSR switch is ON then In a special output file named SOILFOR AUT the annual sums in case of flow variables of some variables mainly those not available in the T array are presented in ASCH form in and ut denote input and output respectively The variables are given in the following order in SOIMLFOR AUT Shoot age year HORARI Line break EEES W in Total growth tonDW ha y Wa in amp Way ut Shoot growth tonDW ha vi W in amp W ut Root growth tonDW ha vii W 0 in Litter fall tonDW ha y W Available pool in plant tonDW ha ES Line break ELE N in 8 N ut Leaf nitrogen kgN ha y N in Stem nitrogen kgN ha y N in amp N ut Root nitrogen kgN ha y EEES Line break EEES N 0 in Litter fall kgN ha y N in amp Na ut Available pool in plant kgN ha y Na Available pool in plant kgN ha Nia in Leaching from falling leaves kgN ha y Nu Nitrogen taken away through harvest kgN ha y Wa Biomass taken away through harvest kgN ha y OUTPUTS 43 8 Run options Are used to specify the timestep the temporal representation of output variables and the period fo
4. The SOILN model is a model which considers all major N flows in agricultural and certain forest soils The model can conceptually be divided into three submodels the soil submodel the crop submodel and the forest submodel The soil submodel which actually is the largest and the central part of the model is described in detail by Johnsson et al 1987 Fig 1 Other papers dealing with applications to different fields are found in the reference list Fertilizer Deposition 2 e Denitri caton Soil surface A MM AA Soil layer above Manure se Aas zeg bs om rm mp pr me rm E pr em e mm rm ew ee bm mm bm mm er me Wb ee E e E sr e revert RR ET EE E ER E e rm rm rm rm Ert tt FE EE E mm E mm Bee ee pm re FR C Leaching Figure 1 An approximate schematic description of the nitrogen flows and states of the soil part of the SOILN model N denotes nitrogen and subscripts are as follows f faeces Fert fertilizer h humus li litter NH ammonium an NO nitrate SOILN has been extended with a crop growth submodel named CROP Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 describing plant growth and nitrogen uptake demand as a function of meteorological variables The submodel can be used as a substitute to the time dependent empirical plant uptake function of the soil submodel Fig 2 Futhermore a growth submodel for short rotation forests named FORESTSR is available in the same manner as is the crop growth submodel Th
5. 35 7 OUTPUTS Output variables are stored in a PG structured file named SOILNnnn BIN where nnn is the current run number lso a list of output variables are found in the summary file named SOILNnnn SUM The variables to be stored in the summary file can be selected by the switch LISALLV The output variables are divided into four categories states X flows T auxiliaries G and drivings D Asterix means that the variable have different meaning depending on if the CROP switch or FORESTSR switch is put ON Symbols given in brackets refer to Eckersten 1991a and Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 7 1 States Variable Symbol Explanation Unit CF Carbon state Faeces C gC m Index layer 1 to 2 CL _ Carbon state Litter C gC m Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 DENIT Nitrogen state Accumulated denitrification of NO3 N gN m DLOSST Nitrogen state Accumulated leaching of NO3 N N m FERT Nitrogen state Solid fertilizer N undissolved gN m GRAINW W Biomass state Grain dry weight gDW m GRAINN N Nitrogen state Grain N eh m LEAFW W Biomass state Leaf dry weight EDW m LEAFN N Nitrogen state Leaf N EN m LITABOVE Nitrogen state Harvest residue N above ground gN m NF Nitrogen state Faeces N gN m Index layer 1 to 2 NH Nitrogen state Humus N gN m Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 NH4 Nitrogen state ON DO NH4 N gN m Index layer 1 to
6. depth specified by the parameter DENDEPTH The deepest depth for denitrifiction is defined as the depth where a fraction given by the parameter DFRACLOW remains of the total denitrification capacity The remaining fraction DFRACLOW is distributed at layers above the denitrification depth to make the total denitrification capacity to unity DRIVCROP 0 Crop developement is specified by parameter values or simulated i e the Default GROWTH switch is ON The root depth is read from a driving variable file Also the potential N uptake rate is read from the same file DRIVEXT 0 External inputs of nitrogen to the model is specified by parameter values Default N ferlization rate is in a driving variable file Also the application of manure is specified in the driving variable file 2 1 3 Also variables for wet and dry deposition are specified in the driving variable file SWITCHES 15 DRIVMANA 0 Management operations are specified by parameter values Default Ploughing depth is read from a driving variable file 2 Also harvest and recirculation of crop residues are specified by variables in a driving variable file FORDRIV ON Default All driving variables are available in the input file FIXED to this value Some of the driving variables in the input file are not available or wanted to be modified This option gives access to simple substitution functions of
7. driving variables OBS Be careful this switch does not influence the calculations FORESTSR OFF No action Default ON The growth and nitrogen uptake of a short rotation forestis simulated with the FORESTSR submodel see the additional parameter sections on Forest Growth Forest Biomass Forest Nitrogen and Forest Harvest GROWTH switch must be ON and CROP switch must be OFF FORHARVEST OFF No action Default ON Itis possible to harvest at a certain day The daynumberis given by the ZSTHAR parameter Forest Harvest group FORESTSR switch must be ON FORLEAF The areal leaf weight is a driving variable in the input file ON FIXED to this value The areal leaf wight leaf thickness can be put constant Default FORRAD The daily radiation driving variable RIS is the relative duration of sunshine D the duration of sunshine tsu h d the ratio between actual and clear sky global radiation S Sc the actual global radiation S MJ m d the fractional cloudiness during daytime O FORWATER O Growth is assumed not to be limited by plant water conditions FF ON Water growth factor is given as a driving variable ETR Only available if Default FORESTSR switch and SPECIAL switch are ON 16 SOILN user s manual GROWTH OFF The plant N uptake is a function of time and root depth is input see parameter Default sections on Plant N uptake and management and
8. equation numbers given 6 SOILN user s manual 2 Getting started 2 1 Installation The model is normally distributed together with the SOIL model on a special floppy diskette for IBM PC Two different installation diskettes can be used depending on whether you are a previous user of the PGraph program or not SOIL requires that the Pgraph program is installed on your computer SOILDEMO contains a demo version of Pgraph called PGDEMO that can be used for testing and using the SOIL model with the supplied data files Independent of which diskette you have got you will use the same command for installation which is found on the diskette Type the command A INSTALL A C MODEL This means that you have inserted the diskette into a floppy disk drive named A and you want to install the model on your hard disk C in the directory named MODEL If you already have a directory with that name you should choose another name at the installation In addition to the SOILN model also files for running the SOIL model are included on the distribution diskette 2 2 Files The installation procedure will create one main directory below which the program files are stored in different subdirectories The executable files are placed in the subdirectory named EXE and sample files in subdirectory DEMO Directory Files Description EXE SOILN EXE Executable file SOILN model SOILN DEF Definition file SOILN model SOILN HLP Help file SOILN m
9. identifications Only when the OUTFORN switch is ON this file is not necessary SOILNFOR TRA A special translation file a modification of SOILN TRA which should be used when the FORESTSR switch is ON 4 4 Initial states file XXXXXX INI The file contains the initial values of all state variables 4 5 Final states file This file contains the final values of all state variables 4 6 Output file SOILNnnn SUM Contains a summary of all instructions used for the simulation and a summary of simulated results The first part of this file corresponds with a parameter file This means that you can always rename or copy this file to a file named for example MYRUN PAR which could be used as parameter file for future simulations If you do not modify the instruction by editing this file or modifying anything by using the PREP program you will reproduce your old run SOILNnnn BIN A binary file to be used by the Pgraph program for plotting results from the simulation The file contains all the outputs that where selected in the PREP program In case of having the ADDSIM switch ON you have to specify the name of the output file since the output file will be the same as used by a previous run with the model SOILNFOR AUT Annual sums of different flow variables This file has to exist Its name is fixed Only used if FORESTSR switch is ON ASCII 4 7 Validation file A validation file is a file with variables that should be compared with simulat
10. in precipitation Commercial fertilizer N FERN can be applied ata day FERDA Y and is made available at a constant rate FERK Under conditions of a water source flow to the soil this flow can also be a source of nitrogen see GWCONC DEPDRY Dry deposition of mineral N gN md A value of 0 001 correspond to 3 65 kg N ha year Normal range for an open 0 001 field in southern Sweden 0 0005 0 002 gN m d DEPWC Concentration of mineral N in precipitation mg I During a year with 800 mm infiltration a value of 0 8 corresponds to a wet deposition of 6 4 kg N ha year Normal range for southern Sweden 0 8 1 8 mg l and for central Sweden 0 4 1 0 FERDAY Fertilization date commercial fertilizer day number 140 FERK Specific dissolution rate of commerical fertilizer d A value of 0 15 corresponds to half time of 3 days and that 90 of the fertilizer 0 15 is dissolved within 15 days A higher value results in faster dissolution Dependent on fertilizer type and moisture conditions Normal range 0 05 0 5 FERN N fertilization commercial fertilizer gN m 1 gN m 10 kgN ha Normal range 0 30 gN m GWCONC Concentration of nitrate in deeper groundwater mgN T Depends on the local conditions Normal range 0 1 5 6 2 application Manure can be applied during three different periods according to day numbers assigned to MANST and MANET The manure N is split up between inorganic forms as ammo
11. kgDW ha d ZKMO a kno Coefficient for the leaf abscission function Ma ZKMI d kap Coefficient for the leaf abscission function ma d ZRM r Daily fractional maintain respiration of root and stem biomass of all ages GN ZSTBAC A ba x x implies that the areal leaf weight is constant equal to x during the EDW m season OBS Then ZSTBAD should be 0 FORLEAF switch must be ON 32 SOILN user s manual ZTDA da Length of the day after midsummer when leaf abscission starts h ZWSL w Stem biomass for which Wma is doubled kgDW ha 6 17 Forest Nitrogen These parameters are activated by the FORESTSR switch and related to plant nitrogen uptake and allocation The allocation of nitrogen follows the allocation of assimilates however also depending on maximal concentrations of the tissues concerned QNLFL an Fraction of nitrogen in the falling leaves that are leached before the litter enters the litter pool QAW a Fractional withdrawal of nitrogen in leaves before abscission QNLO Niop Optimal canopy nitrogen concentration for allocation of biomass to gN gDW roots NLX Nma Maximal leaf nitrogen concentration for N uptake gN gDW QNRX 1 Nima Maximal root nitrogen concentration gN gDW QNSX Nmax Maximal stem nitrogen concentration Gah gDW 6 18 Plotting on line These parameters activates a display of outputs on the
12. lower than NITR with a rate controlled by NITK CNORG C N ratio of microorganisms and humified products r in eq 8 Increasing the value results in larger litter N mineralization rates and increased C N ratio of litter at which the shift between mineralization and immobilization occur Normal range from 5 to 15 FECEFF Efficiency of the internal synthesis of microbial biomass and metabolites in faeces Only used when the MANURE switch is on Normal range the same as for LITEFF 0 2 0 7 FECHF Faeces carbon humification fraction Only used when the MANURE switch is on See LITHF for normal range FECK Faeces specific decomposition rate Only used when the MANURE switch is on Of the same order of magnitude as LITK Dependent on the type of manure HUMK Humus specific mineralisation rate k in eq 3 A value of 5 0E 5 corresponds to a half time of 38 years under optimal water and temperature conditions Thus the effective half time is much longer Values between 1 0E 5 and 20E 5 have been used This parameter is also dependent on the definition of the turnover of litter and humus pools according to the assumed humification fraction see LITHF If a major part of the residues incorporated into the litter pool is assumed to be remineralized Cfast litter N mineralization it is reasonable to assume a lower value than if the reverse slow litter N mineralization is assumed see LITHF LITEFF Efficiency of the in
13. management of forest biomass production systems Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Ecology and environmental Research Uppsala port 15 29 45 Eckersten H 1986a Simulated willow growth and transpiration the effect of high and low resolution weather data Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38 289 306 Eckersten H 1986b Willow growth as a function of climate water and nitrogen Department of Ecology amp Environmental Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Report 25 38 pp Eckersten H 1991a Growth and nitrogen simulation model for short rotation forest WIGO Model description Division of Hydrotechnics Report 163 Dept of Soil Sci Swed Univ of We Sci Uppsala ISRN SLU HY R 163 SE 34 pp Eckersten H 1991b Modelling daily growth and nitrogen turnover for a short rotation forest over several years ETA Eckersten H amp Ericsson T 1989 Allocation of biomass during growth of willow In K L Perttu amp P J Kowalik Eds Modelling of energy forestry growth water relations and economy Centre for Agricultural publication and documentation Pudoc Wa Sei em pp 77 85 Eckersten H Kowalik P Nilsson L O amp Perttu K 1983 Simulation of total willow production Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Section of Energy Forestry Uppsala Report 32 45 pp Eckersten H Lindroth A amp Nilsson L O 1987 Willow production related to climatic
14. names do not exist any longer and new parameters have been introduced The PREP program will tell you about parameter names that have been deleted and you are asked to correct your parameter file An important difference is that the old parameter file contained all parameter names but no other information The new parameter file contains only the valid parameters that have relevance for yourrun but in addition to that all other type of information that is needed to design a run with the model The following parameters in the old parameter file are modified or deleted Old parameter name ALFA MANF PLODAY PLOLAY ROOTL ROOT PORO Additional information Substituted with DEVALFA MANDEPTH PLOUGHDAY PLOUGHDEP ROOTDEP ROOTF Now in SOILP DAT file Now in SOILP DAT file Deleted Deleted Deleted F rteckning ver utgivna h ften i publikationsserien fr o m 1989 SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET UPPSALA INSTITUTIONEN F R MARKVETENSKAP AVDELNINGEN F R LANTBRUKETS HYDROTEKNIK AVDELNINGSMEDDELANDE 89 1 00 gt ww 89 3 89 4 89 5 59 6 89 7 59 8 59 9 89 10 90 1 90 2 90 3 91 1 91 KE 91 3 91 4 91 Di 91 6 Linn r H Persson R Berglund K amp Karlsson S E Resultat av 1988 rs f ltf rs k avseende detaljavvattning markv rd och markf rb ttring samt bevattning 70 s Persson L amp Jernl s R Apparat f r kolonnexperiment under om ttade f rh
15. of NO3 N in tile drainage Water flow to drainage tiles from total profile Xna Potential plant uptake of NO3 N NH4 N Concentration of NO3 in stream water Concentration of NO3 in stream water after N consumption in stream C N ratio of faeces Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 C N ratio of litter Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 ROOTDEPTH z Root depth ROOTDN 40 Nitrogen flow roots nitrogen demand m gDW gC m gN m d mgN 1 eN m gN m gN m 3 EN m gN m gN m d gN m d mgN 1 mmH O d gN m d mgN 1 mgN 1 m gN m d SOILN user s manual RPTOT RPTEM RUSENO3 STEMDN STREAMQ STREAMT TOTDEN TOTFI TOTMAE TOTMAL TOTMAN TOTNFMIN TOTNHMIN TOTNIT TOTNLMIN TOTUPT VDEV OUTPUTS fto Photosynthesis response function combined effect of soil water stress ETR nitrogen availability RPN and temperature RPTEM OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Pio Va Gross canopy photosynthesis at optimal temperature and water conditions for overcast day gDW md fy Photosynthesis availability response function to nitrogen OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Pac Va Gross canopy photosynthesis at optimal temperature and water conditions for a clear day gDW m d r Plant growth response function to temperature NO3 N consumption in st
16. screen during the simulation STPMAX The expected maximal value among the variables selected by STXTGD STXTGD Numbers of output variables to be presented on the screen during the simulation For instance 4200 means 4 X 2 T zero G and zero D variables X state T flow G auxiliary and D driving variables It is the first variables of those selected as output in each array that are plotted 6 19 Special These parameters are available only if the SPECIAL switch is ON They activates special routines not used or kept fixed in the original model These parameters are used for sensitivity tests and to select some special options The value for no test is given in brackets The subscript 0 denotes the original value Where both the relative and the absolute value are possible to change a constant value of the variable concerned can be chosen by setting the relative change to 0 The supply of nitrogen to leaves at growth start can be set optimal or taken as a function of the available nitrogen in the soil QSNLTO PARAMETERS 33 NMAXG NOT USED Maximal nitrogen concentration of grain biomass PSSBD tgun tsuno Absolute change of sunshine factor PSSBR tsun Esuno Relative change of sunshine factor PSTFD T T Absolute change of temp function PSTFR T T Relative change of temp function QSBRR b b Relative change of root allocation QSNA Nanem The N fertilization corresponding
17. variations in southern Sweden Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2 99 110 Eckersten H Lindroth A amp Nilsson L O 1989 Simulated growth of willow stands related to variations in weather and foliage nitrogen content In K L Perttu amp P J Kowalik Eds Modelling of energy forestry Growth Water Relations and Economy PUDOC Ma ag i p 33 63 Eckersten H amp Slapokas T 1990 Modelling nitrogen turnover and production in an irrigated short rotation forest Agr and For Meteor 50 99 123 Nilsson L O amp Eckersten H 1983 Willow production as a function of radiation and temperature Agric Meteorol 30 49 57 Perttu K Eckersten H Kowalik P amp Nilsson L O 1984 Modelling potential energy forest production In Perttu K Ed Beology and management of forest biomass production systems Dept Ecol amp Environ Res Rep 15 Swed Univ Agric Sci Uppsala 46 pp Additional information A 12 4 News Important changes in new versions will be mentioned here April 88 The GWFLOW switch was introduced to make it possible to handle soils with only deep percolation and no ground water flows in the simulated soil profile January 1989 The GROWTH switch was introduced The growth rate of the crop with respect tn nitrogen availability can be calculated The carbon and nitrogen fluxes and contents for the different parts of the plant grains leaves straw and roots are computed The help ut
18. 0 6 Normal range 0 1 6 5 Soil temperature response A common temperature response function is used for mineralisation immobilization nitrification and denitrification The function is based on a Q10 relation with a temperature base TEMBAS at which the value of the function is one Optimum activity TEMBAS Base temperature at which temperature effect 1 t in eq 10 CC 20 TEMQI10 Response to a 10 C soil temperature change Qj in eq 10 A value of 2 results in a doubled activitity with a 10 C increase in 3 temperature Normal range between 1 5 and 4 22 SOILN user s manual 6 6 Denitrification Denitrification loss of nitrate from soil to the atmosphere is calculated according to a potential rate DENPOT the nitrate concentration in soil solution and response functions for temperature and moisture The temperature response is the same as for the other biological processes The distribution of the potential rate of denitrification in the soil profile can be given separately for each layer DFRAC or according to distribution functions see switch DENDIST Denitrification increases with increasing water content in an interval MOSDEN below saturation water content PORO The shape of the response curve may be varied according to DEND Denitrification is reduced when the nitrate concentration decreases in soil water solution according to a michaelis menten type function DENHS DEND Coefficien
19. 4 Normal values 0 02 0 14 UPET t End of plant uptake period and harvest date day number index growth period 1 2 or 3 240 If the CROP switch is ON UPET i 367 implies the current growth period is not ended until the simulation is ended UPET gt 367 implies that the growing period i is stoped at day UPET i 365 Should be UPSTG lt UPET i lt UPST i 1 Not used if the FORESTSR switch is ON UPMA c Fraction of available mineral N for immobilization and fraction of GR available mineral N for plant uptake fna in eq 14 0 08 A value of 0 1 1s equivalent to that 10 of the total mineral N pool is available at one time step Normal range 0 05 0 12 UPMOV Ci Fraction of compensatory increase in uptake demand A value of 1 results in the most efficient compensation i e where all the differences between potential and actual uptake occuring in layers with mineral N deficiency is added to the uptake demand in layers where no deficiency occurred according to the root distribution A value of O represent a crop where no reallocation of the uptake demand in the soil profile occurs UPST t Start of plant uptake period day number index growth period 1 2 or 3 120 If the GROWTH switch is OFF Annual crops about 2 weeks after sowing Perennial crops start of the growing season If the CROP switch is ON The parameter equals the earliest day for start of plant development The temperature may delay the s
20. By entering the menu again immediately after the escape you see whether some more switches have become visible because of the previous change 5 1 Technical ADDSIM OFF The simulation results will be stored in a separate result file with a name Default according to the run number ON simulation results are automatically added to the result file of a previous simulation run for an earlier time period AVERAGED Note that the selected output variables must be exactly the same for the present and the previous simulation ON Default V The name of the former result file is given by the user as the output file name AVERAGEG By default the start date of the present simulation is putidentical to the terminate date of the previous simulation ON Default The final values of state variables from the previous simulation must be selected AVERAGET as the initial values of state variables for the present run see INSTATE and OUTSTATE switches Note that the OUTSTATE switch must be ON for any ON Default simulation to which results of a later simulation will be added SWITCHES 13 No new result file BIN will be created but a separate summary file SUM will be created just like for an ordinary simulation All requested driving D variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output interval If all switches AVERAGE are OFF the date given in the PG file is also at th
21. Plant root development ON The plant growth and nitrogen uptake is simulated for either a crop see CROP switch or a short rotation forest see FORESTSR switch GROWTHR Determining the calculation of the growth response function fro Only used if the CROP switch and SPECIAL switch is ON O fra Mitt fr fw Tor fr fy fy Default 1 AECA GWFLOW The PERC driving variable is considered as deep percolation to ground water This means that the whole simulated soil profile is unsaturated and that the OFF GWFLOW was OFF when running the SOIL model ON The PERC driving variable is considered as a net horizontal ground water flow Default This means that GWFLOW was ON when running the SOIL model MANURE OFF Default ROOTDIST 0 Default A linear decrease of root density from soil surface to the root depth A constant root density from soil surface to the root depth Aplication of manure and transformation of faeces 1s not considered Aplication of manure and transformation of faeces is considered Root distribution from parameter values separate fractions are given for each soil layer An exponential decrease of the root density from soil surface to the root depth The root depth is defined as the depth where a fraction given by the parameter RFRACLOW remains of the total uptake capacity The remaining fraction RFRACLOW is distributed at l
22. Tua Daily mean air temperature for optimal growth CC PHOTMIN Tmin Minimal daily mean air temperature for growth CC TOTW W t Total plant biomass at start of growth EDW m index growth period 1 2 or 3 WLAI a Specific leaf weight gDW m rn 6 13 Crop nitrogen These parameters are activated by the CROP switch and related to plant nitrogen uptake and allocation The allocation of nitrogen follows the allocation of assimilates however also depending on maximal concentrations of the tissues concerned NLEAFN nmn Minimal nitrogen concentration of leaf biomass NLEAFX Nma Maximum nitrogen concentration in leaf NROOTX Nmax Maximal nitrogen concentration of root biomass NSTEMX Nmax Maximal nitrogen concentration of stem biomass 6 14 Forest Harvest Ce e NE NOL AG These parameters are activated by the FORESTSR switch and the FORHARVEST switch and related to harvest or sudden death of biomass Harvest of plant can take place at day ZSTHAR If you simulate over several years the program harvest every year at this day However by using the CHAPAR switch you can change the value of ZSTHAR to zero after a harvest and then no more harvest will take place In this way new harvest days can be chosen as well The degree of harvest can range between 0 and 100 Y ou can choose the fraction of tissues that are taken out of growth destroyed with ZSTHDL ZSTHDS and ZSTHDQ Of this amou
23. UTFORN OFF the variables will be named according to the information stored in the file Default SOILN TRA or SOILNFOR TRA ON all variables in the output Pgraph file will be named according to their FORTRAN names OUTSTATE OFF no action geg final values of state variables will be written on a file at the end of a simulation The name of the file is specified by the user and the format is the same as used in the file for initial state variables see the INSTATE switch 14 SOILN user s manual VALIDPG OFF Default 5 2 Model Specific CROP OFF No action Default The growth and nitrogen uptake of the crop is simulated with CROP submodel see the additional parameter sections on Crop Biomass and Crop Nitrogen GROWTH switch must be ON and FORESTSR switch must be OFF No validation Validation variables will be read from a Pgraph file The name of the file is specified by the user The values in the validation file will be compared with variables from the output file DENDIST 0 Denitrification rate distribution from parameter values separate fractions are Default given for each soil layer see DFRAC 1 A linear decrease of denitrification rate from soil surface to the depth specified by the parameter DENDEPTH 2 A constant denitrification rate from soil surface to the depth specified by the parameter DENDEPTH 3 A exponential decrease of denitrification rate from soil surface to the
24. amp Karlsson S E Resultat av 1990 rs f ltf rs k avseende detaljavvalining markv rd och markf rb ttring samt bevattning Manuskript Persson R amp Wesstr m I Markkemiska effekter av bevattning med stersj vatten p land 23 s 5 bil Eckersten H WIGO model User s manual 30 s Eckersten H SPAC GROWTH model User s manual 32 s Stenlund S Rainwater harvesting Metoder f r uppsamling av regnvatten f r bevatining En litteratur versikt 24 s Jansson P E Eckersten H amp Johnsson H SOILN model User s manual 49 s
25. ayers above the root depth to make the total uptake capacity equal to unity TEMPR 0 The temperature response function for soil biological processes is calculated Default from the Q expression in the whole range The temperature response function for soil biological processes is calculated from the Q expression when the temperature is above 5 C Below that a linear decrease is assumed towards 0 C where the response diminish SWITCHES 17 SPECIAL OFF No action Gives access to the parameters in the group named SPECIAL and to certain switches Then special functions are available OBS Be careful this switch does not influence the calculations The parameters do This switch also cancels the FORLEAF switch direct effect on the calculations BEES 18 SOILN user s manual 6 PARAMETERS All parameter values may be modified by pressing the return key when the cursor is located at a certain parameter A new numerical value may then be specified Equation numbers given in the textrefers to Johnsson et al 1987 and symbols given in brackets refer to Eckersten 1991a and Eckersten amp Jansson 1991 Beneath the unit to the right in the text a default value for each parameter is often given 6 1 External inputs Dry and wet deposition to the soil is determined by a dry deposition rate DEPDRY and the water infiltration rate driving variable combined with a total concentration of nitrogen DEPWC
26. d between roots ZBRO leaves and stems ZB10 1 and the available pool ZWAI ZDWAX ZWSL The leaf biomass and leaf area are related through the leaf thickness ZSTBAC ZBAY ZBAX Rate of leaf fall depends on time of season ZTDA ZKMO 1 and canopy size see ZID in Forest Growth group A certain fraction of the leaf biomass is withdrawn to plant QBW before abscission Of the leaves reaching soil surface a fraction is directly leached QWLFL QBW by Fractional withdrawal of dry weight in leaves before abscission OBS Must be greater than 0 QMR m Mortality of roots as a fraction of the daily root growth 0 QMS m Daily relative mortality rate for stems older than one year d QWLFL a Fraction of the dry weight in the leaf fall that is leached before entering the litter pool ZBAX S b Maximal areal leaf weight gDW m ZBAY a in b b 1 a shootage Annual relative increase of the areal leaf weight both if it is given as a driving variable or if it is assumed to be constant see ZSTBAD and ZSTBAC ZBIO m b The leaf area to shoot biomass ratio at unity shoot biomass ha ton ZBI1 b Parameter related to the decrease in the leaf area to shoot biomass ratio ha ton as the shoot biomass increases ZBRO b Minimal fraction of the total daily growth that is allocated to roots ZDWAX 3 34 OW ze Maximal daily release rate of assimilates in the available pool
27. e end of the interval Otherwise the date is the middle of each output intervals All requested driving D variables will be mean values representing the whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period All requested auxiliary G variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output interval If all switches AVERAGE are OFF the date given in the PG file is also at the end of the interval Otherwise the date is the middle of each output intervals All requested auxiliary G variables will be mean values representing the whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period All requested flow T variables will be the current simulated values at the end of each output interval If all switches AVERAGE are OFF the date given in the PG file is also at the end of the interval Otherwise the date is the middle of each output intervals Ali requested flow T variables will be mean values representing the whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period AVERAGEX All requested state X variables will be the current simulated values at the ON Default end of each output interval If all switches AVERAGE are OFF the date g
28. e submodel originates from another model for willow growth named WIGO which is described by Eckersten 1991a and Eckersten amp Slapokas 1990 The formulas related to the plant in those descriptions are valid also for the FORESTSR submodel Fig 3 Background 5 Biomass Nitrogen Atmosphere Harvest Harvest Above Atmosphere Fenilizer amp Leaching Denit Figure 2 An approximate schematic description of the biomass and nitrogen flows and states of the CROP submodel of SOILN model W and N denote biomass and nitrogen Subscriptes are as follows leaf g grain r root s stem and t total The symbols outside boxes indicate how the biomass and nitrogen dynamics interact Prime sign denotes a daily change Biomass Nitrogen Atmosphere Atmosphere Fertilizer amp Leaching Denit Figure 3 An approximate schematic description of the biomass and nitrogen flows and states of the FORESTSR submodel of SOILN model W Q and N denote young biomass old biomass and nitrogen respectively Subscriptes are as follows a available leaf r root s stem and t total Dotted lines represent annual flows The SOILN model requires driving variables on soil heat and water conditions These variables are simulated by the associated model named SOIL Jansson amp Halldin 1979 This manual is linked with the theoretical descriptions through the symbol given directly after the parameter or variable name or the
29. easured nitrogen conditions in a manured and fertilised soil Plant Soil 121 251 267 Eckersten H amp Jansson P E 1991 Modelling water flow nitrogen uptake and production for wheat Fert Res 27 313 329 Gustafson A 1988 Simulation of nitrate leaching from arable land in southern Sweden Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 38 13 23 46 SOILN user s manual Jansson P E amp Andersson R 1988 Simulation of runoff and nitrate leaching from an agricultural district in Sweden Journal gees 99 33 47 Jansson P E Borg G Ch Lundin L C amp Linden B 1987 Simulation of soil nitrogen storage and leaching Applications to different Swedish agricultural systems Swedish National Environment Protection Board Rep 3356 63 pp Jansson P E Antil R amp Borg G Ch 1989 Simulation of nitrate leaching from arable soils treated with manure In J AA Hansen K Henriksen eds Nitrogen in Organic Wastes Boe to Soils International Solid Waste Professional library Academic Press 151 166 Jansson P E amp Johnsson H 1991 Title unknown manuscript Johnsson H Bergstr m L Jansson P E amp Paustrian K 1987 Simulation of nitrogen dynamics TE Josses in a layered agricultural soil Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment Johnsson H 1990 Nitrogen and Water Dynamics in Arable Soil A Modelling Approach Ge geen Losses PhD Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Dept of Soil Sciences Reports and D
30. ed variables The result of the comparison will be found in the SOILNnnn SUM file The first variable in the validation file will be compared with the first variable in the output PG file the second with the second and so wider 4 8 Soil physical properties SOILP DAT A file containing soil physical properties of the soil profile which are used for the soil water and heat simulation with the SOIL model The file is created by the PLOTPF program and must exist on the directory where the simulation will be done The table below include all the parameters in the file Only the porosity PORO and the water content at wilting point WILT are used in the nitrogen simulation A complete description of the file is found in the SOIL manual Jansson 1991b In the SOIL model the thicknesses given for each layer in the SOILP DAT file can be adjusted in the simulation Parameters in the SOIL model UDEP and LDEP in case UTHICK 0 otherwise see UTHICK Check your actual layer thicknesses used in the sum file of your SOIL simulation If necessary adjust the layer thicknesses in the SOILP DAT file used for the SOILN simulation The result of these adjustments can be seen in the SOILNnnn SUM file Input files 11 4 9 External inputs driving variable file XXXXXX BIN Depending on the value of the switch DRIVEXT different variables are expected to be find in this file at time 12 00 Value Parameter on Variable name DRIVEXT Explantation
31. gricultural Sciences P O Box 7014 S 750 07 Uppsala Sweden Present P O Box for Holger Johnsson is 7072 Remember to send a copy of your input data files and the commands used when you get any problems 12 3 References Papers and reports published with relevance for the SOILN model and publications referred to in the text SOILN nitrogen model Alven s G and Jansson P E 1987 Analyser av mellangr dors inverkan p kviveutlakningen Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Fakta mark v xter nr 5 Uppsala Bergstr m L 1987 eier and transformations of nitrogen in an Arable soil Ph D thesis Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Ecohydrologi 23 Bergstr m L Jansson P E Johnsson H and Paustian K 1987 A model for simulation of nitrogen amics in soil and nitrate leaching Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Fakta Mark v xter no 4 Uppsala Swedish version 1987 revised English version 1988 Bergstr m L amp Johnsson H 1988 Simulated nitrogen dynamics and nitrate leaching in a perennial grass ley Plant Soil 105 273 281 Bergstr m L Johnsson H and Torstensson G 1991 Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and losses using the SOILN model Fert Res In press Bergstr m L and Jarvis N 1991 Prediction of nitrate leaching losses from arable land under a een intensities using the SOIL SOILN models Soil use and management In press Borg G Ch Jansson P E amp Lind n B 1990 Simulated and m
32. ility has been updated All parameter and output variables are now included in the general help utility The specific HELP reached after typing HELP is not needed any longer Please use the F1 key for help at all stages in the simulation dialogue when you need help September 1990 The GROWTH switch activates the CROP_GROWTH submodel March 1991 The SOILN model is now adapted to a new interface and a number of new features have been introduced in connection with this adaptation The most important are found in the Switch section and in the section of input files Also a number of parameters have been deleted renamed modified or introduced Conceptually the UPMOV parameter and the UPB parameters works differently New input file SOILP DAT is introduced and the arrangement of the driving variables in the PG file has been modified A number of new driving variable files have also been introduced which can opionally be used instead of parameters for specifing management operations and other time dependent conditions June 1991 Some changes have been made on the CROP GROWTH submodel i The root allocation function is now also a function of plant biomass ii The nitrogen dependency of this function has been changed Previously it depended on the total canopy nitrogen concentration Now it depends on the nitrogen concentration of the newly formed leaf tissues iii Rootdepth is now a function of root biomass iv Litterfall is introduced v S
33. in model Unit 1 1 Fertilizer NO FERN gN m 2 2 Manure NH MANNH gN m 2 3 Manure litter or beddings MANNL gN m 2 4 C N ratio of beddings CNBED 2 5 Manure faeces MANEN gN m 2 6 C N ratio of faeces CNFEC 2 7 Mixing depth of manure MANDEPTH m 3 8 Concentration of min N in DEPWC mgN 17 precipitation 3 9 Dry deposition rate of min N DEPWC gN m day 4 10 Crop driving variable file XXXXXX BIN A file used only if the GROWTH switch is OFF Value Parameter on Variable name DRIVCROP Explantation in model Unit 1 1 Root depth ROOTDEP m 2 2 Potential nitrogen uptake UPA UPB N m day 4 11 Management driving variable file XXXXXX BIN Value Parameter on Variable name DRIVMANA GP Explantation in model Unit 1 1 Ploughing depth PLOUGHDEP m 2 2 Harvest fraction of total plant N HARHP 2 3 Above ground residue fraction of HARAR total plant N 4 Live root fraction of total plant N HARLR 5 C N ratio of above ground residues CNARES C N ratio of roots CNROOT 12 SOILN user s manual 5 SWITCHES The purpose of switches is to choose the simulation mode Switches can be OFF or ON or have a numerical value To toggle the status of a switch put the cursor at the switch an press the return key The switch will then change its value Switches may be hidden if some other switches make them irrelevant After you have modified a switch the modificationis activated by escaping ESC the menu
34. is calculated PGS PGI PGO The light extinction coefficient PKO 2 and photosynthesis light response PPMO 1 PPI then gives the corresponding canopy photosynthesis The actual cloudy conditions gives an intermediate photosynthesis PMO 2 PSTRLA Latitude for the radiation data Only used when FORRAD switch 2 PCLOUI a in D a bO see PCLOU2 PCLOU2 b in D a bO Coefficients for determining the radiation factor D is the relative duration of sunshine as function of the fractional cloudiness O only used if FORRAD switch 5 PGH Daily time fraction for which suntrack is not obscured by horizon Only used if FORRAD switch 2 PGI e PAR quanta incident above canopy devided by the corresponding global radiation Icl Scl PGO g PAR quanta incident above canopy during an overcast day devided by the corresponding value for clear sky conditions Iov Icl PGS g Parameter related to air turbidity Used for calculating global radiation O UE J 30 SOILN user s manual PKO a in k a b A c A see PK2 PKI b in k a b A c A see PK2 PK2 c in k a b A c A Coefficients for estimating the light extinction coefficient k as a function of the accumulated leaf area index from the canopy top A PMO a in M at b t C tsy see PM2 PM1 b in M atb ts C ts see PM2 PM2 c in M atb ts C ton
35. issertations 6 36 pp Johnsson H 1991 Simulation of nitrogen losses using the SOILN model NPO Research report A20 The veer ge r for dag are protean Copenhagen Denmark In press Johnsson H Nilsson Klemedtssson L and Svensson B 1991 Simulation of field scale _ dentrification losses from soils with grass ley and barley submitted to Plant and soil Paustian K Bergstr m L Jansson P E Johnsson H 1989 Ecosystem dynamics In O Andr n T Lindberg K Paustian and T Rosswall editors Ecology of Arable Land Organisms Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling Ecol Bull Copenhagen 40 153 180 SOIL water and heat model cited in this report see also Jansson 1991 Jansson P E amp Halldin S 1979 Model for annual water and energy flow in layered soil In Halldin ed Comparison of forest water and energy exchange models Int Soc Ecol Modelling copenhagen pp 145 163 Jansson DE 1991a SOIL water and heat model Technical description Division of Hydrotechnics Report xxxx Dept of Soil Sci Swed Univ of Agric Sci Uppsala Gn press Jansson P E 1991b SOIL model User s manuai Division of Hydrotechnics Communications 91 7 Department of Soil Sciences Swedish Agricultural University Uppsala ISRN SLU HY AVDM 91 7 SE about 50 pp FORESTSR growth and nitrogen uptake model Eckersten H 1984b Light penetration and photosynthesis in a willow stand In K L Perttu Ed Ecology and
36. iven CHAPAR in the PG file is also at the end of the interval Otherwise the date is the middle of each output intervals OFF Parameter values are constants for the whole simulation period S Parameter values may be changed at different dates during the simulation period The new parameter values and the dates from which they should be valid are specified after the other parameter values which are valid from the start of the simulation A maximum of 20 dates can be specified All requested state X variables will be mean values representing the whole output interval see section on Output interval The output interval is represented with the date in the middle of each period No function Driving variables will be read from a Pgraph file The name of the file is Default specified by the user Model parameters are used to define the arrangement of variables in the file see parameters in the group under the heading DRIVING VARIABLES INSTATE initial values of state variables will be read from a file The name of the file is specified by the user the format should be exactly the same as in the file for final values of state variables created by the model when the OUTSTATE switch is ON Gef LISALLV OFF only the subset of output variables selected by the user will be found in the summary file ON all output variables will be found in the summary file after the simulation Default O
37. l hydraulic properties DEMO BAT Demo file for running the SOILN model using the CROP submodel and with help of the PG program visualizing some results on the screen DEMO_C INI Initial conditions for running the SOILN model DEMO_C PAR Parameter file for simulating nitrogen dynamics of an agricultural crop during a growing season DEMO_CHA PAR An extra parameter file including changes of DEMO_C PAR DEMOXXXX PG Instruction files for the PG program used in the DEMO BAT file when showing results from the simulation DEMO_C BIN PG file with climate data for running the SOILN model DEMOZXXX BIN Files with modified output variables from the simulation examples aimed to be plotted on screen SOILNXXX BIN Files with output variables from the simulation examples SOILNXXX SUM SOILP DAT File with soil hydraulic properties FOREST DEMO BAT Demo file for running the SOILN model using the FORESTSR submodel and with help of the PG program visualizing some results on the screen DEMO_F INI Initial conditions for running the SOILN model DEMO F PAR Parameter file for simulating nitrogen dynamics of a short rotation forest DEMO_CHA PAR An extra parameter file including changes of DEMO F PAR DEMOXXXX PG Input files for the PG program used in the DEMO BAT file for showing results from the simulation DEMO_F BIN PG file with climatic driving variables for running the SOILN model DEMOZXXX BIN Files with modified output variables from the simulati
38. l range 0 5 gN m MANNH Nitrogen in ammonium in manure index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range 0 30 gN m MANST First date of manure application Index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 30 20 m 0 1 day number 100 gN m gN m gN m day number 100 6 3 Mineralisation and immobilisation The turnover of faeces and litter is treated in a similar way Rate coefficients for litter and faeces C decomposition are given by the parameters LITK and FECK respectively Efficiency constants FECEFF LITEFF determines the fraction of organic C that after respiration remains as organic C A constant carbon nitrogen ratio CNORG and a humification fraction FECHF LITHF determines the corresponding synthesis of N in faeces litter and humus pools Humus N mineralization is given by the specific rate constant HUMK Depending on the efficiency constants and the actual carbon nitrogen ratios litter and faeces may either demand nitrogen immobilization or release nitrogen as ammonium mineralisation The critical carbon nitrogen ratio for the shift from immobilization to mineralisation is determined by the 20 SOILN user s manual ratio between CNORG and FACEFF or LITEFF Transformation of ammonium to nitrate nitrification will occur if the ratio nitrate ammonium is
39. lation 9 3 Write parameter file This will create a new parameter file which includes all the instructions which are specified when the command is given The new parameter file can be used as an input file if you would like to run the model using instructions from the new parameter file 44 y SOILN user s manual 10 Warnings and Errors If you specify your input files or your parameter values in a strange way you may get EEN about this before you start executing the model There are two level Warnings and Errors Normally you will be informed about warning or errors after you have modify a parameter value and moved to the new submenu Some errors are the results of combinations of different parameters values and they may not occurr before you try to run the model In this situation a final check of all input files and all relevant parameter values are made If the final check results in any messages you can always return to the PREP program and continue to modify your instructions so they will be within valid ranges of accepted intervals If you do so the list of messages are found in an window under the execute menu In case of errors the most servere level there are no chance to run the model but in case of only warnings you may try to run the model without correcting your instructions 11 Commands You start the preparation of a simulation by pressing PREP SOLN on the command line of the DOS system This will be the starting poi
40. lge SVERIGES W LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET xecute Per Erik Jansson Henrik Eckersten Holger Johnsson Institutionen f r markvetenskap Avdelningsmeddelande 91 6 Avdelningen f r lantbrukets hydroteknik Communications Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 1991 Department of Soil Sciences ISSN 0282 6569 Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics ISRN SLU HY AVDM 91 6 SE Denna serie meddelanden utges av Avdelningen f r lantbrukets hydroteknik Sveriges Lantbruks universitet Uppsala Serien inneh ller s dana forsknings och f rs ksredog relser samt andra uppsatser som bed ms vara avif rsta hand internt intresse Uppsatser l mpade f r en mer allm n spridning publiceras bl a i avdelningens rapport serie Tidigare nummer i meddelandeserien kan i m n av tillg ng levereras fr n avdelningen Distribution Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Institutionen f r markvetenskap Avdelningen f r lantbrukets hydroteknik Box 7014 750 07 UPPSALA Tel 018 67 11 69 67 11 81 This series of Communications is produced by the Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala The series concists of reports on research and field trials and of other articles considered to be of interest mainly within the department Articles of more general interest are published in for example the department s Report series Earlier issues in the Communications series can be ob
41. llanden Manuskript Berglund K Yts nkning p mosstorvjord Sammanst llning av material fr n Lidhult J nk pings l n 18 s Messing I Saturated hydraulic conductivity as related to macroporosity in clay soils 21 s Karlsson I M Markbyggnad f r bostads och rekreationsomr den Prioritering av forskningsinsatser 17 s H kansson A Filtermaterial f r dr nering Kommentarer till en serie demonstrationsprover av grus och s g sp nsmaterial 11 s Persson R Wredin A red Vattningsbehov och n ringstillf rsel F redrag presenterade vid NJF seminarium nr 151 Landskrona 1 3 aug 1989 275 s Nitare M Rotutveckling i majs Examensarbete i hydroteknik 39 s Sandsborg J amp Bjerketorp A Kompendium i element r hydromekanik 8 Hydraulisk likformighet samt dimen sionsanalys 30 s Karlsson I M Effekten av jordkonditioneringsmedlet ammonium lauretsulfat p den hydrauliska konduktiviteten i vattenm ttat tillst nd i tv svenska lerjordar 16 s Linn r H Persson R Berglund K amp Karlsson SE Resultat av 1989 rs f ltf rs k avseende detaljavvattning markv rd och markf rb ttring samt bevattning 73 s Jansson P E ed The Skogaby Project Project description 77 s Berglund K Lindberg K amp Peltomaa R Alternativa dr neringsmetoder p jordar med l g genomsl pplighet 1 Ett nordiskt samarbetsprojekt inom Nordkalottomr det 20 s Linn r H Persson R Berglund K
42. min NUMLAY 10 NLIT Nitrogen state Litter N gN m Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 NO3 Nitrogen state Nxos 1 NO3 N gN m Index layer 1 to NUMLAY PLANT Nitrogen state Plant N including roots gN m ROOTW W Biomass state Root dry weight gDW m ROOTN N Nitrogen state Root N gN m STEMW W Biomass state Stem dry weight gDW m 36 SOILN user s manual STEMN XNAP ANE XNQR XNQS ANR XNS XQR XQS AWA A WI XWR XWS 7 2 Flows Variable ALEAFGW ALEAFGN APHOTLW APHOTRW APHOTSW AROOTGN ASTEMGW OUTPUTS N Nitrogen state Stem N N N in plant available for re translocation FORESTSR Ny N in leaves FORESTSR Nor N in roots older than one year FORESTSR Nos N in stems older than one year FORESTSR N N in roots FORESTSR N N in stem FORESTSR Q Accumulated root growth since planting or harvest except the growth of the current year FORESTSR Q Accumulated stem growth since planting or harvest except the growth of the current year FORESTSR Wa Assimilates in plant available for flushing FORESTSR W Accumulated leaf growth of the current year FORESTSR W Accumulated root growth of the current year FORESTSR W Accumulated stem growth of the current year FORESTSR Symbol Explanation Biomass flow From leaf to grain OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Wr Leaf net growth Nitrogen flow Fr
43. neous soil profiles BB SIN Input files for Pgraph and PlotpF Used in the DEMO BAT file PFPROF DBA Swedish data base with soil physical properties Use the PLOTPF PFPROF DBB program to investigate the soils in the data base and to create new data sets with soil physical properties MXX PFN Comments to the SOIL physical properties from a site XX 2 3 Running the model Before running the model you must make sure that the model and utility programs are correctly installed on your computer The subdirectory called EXE created by the installation procedure may be renamed or the file may be moved to another directory but it is important that PATH 1s set to the directory where all the files of the EXE directory is stored After setting this PATH most conveniently in the AUTOEXEC BAT file OBS the address to SOILNXXX TRA file in the XXXXXX PAR files must also be GE you can run the model by using the sample files in the DEMO subdirectories The DEMO BAT file will be a good test of the installation and it will also show a number of results without any other efforts than running the DEMO BAT file For running the program interactively use commands as specified in the section on Commands PREP SOILN DEMO Is an example of how you can make your own simulation based on information in the DEMO PAR file Getting started 9 2 4 Evaluating your simulation A successful simulation will result in two different output files numbered as nnn SOILN
44. nia MANNE organic forms as faeces N MANEN and litter N MANLN The organic forms of manure are described by carbon nitrogen ratios CNBED and CNFEC for litter and faeces respectively Applied manure is mixed into the soil down to a depth given by the MANDEPTH parameter PARAMETERS 19 CNBED C N ratio of bedding in manure index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range from 20 to 80 Default value 30 CNFEC C N ratio of faeces in manure index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Depend on type of animals Normal range 10 30 Default value 20 MANDEPTH Depth to which the applied manure is uniformly mixed into the soil Index application period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Maximum depth depth of layer 1 2 Normal range 0 5 0 25 m Default value 0 10 m MANET Last date of manure application index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 If MANET is given the same value as MANST the application of manure is made during one day MANFN Nitrogen in faeces in manure index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Normal range 0 30 gN m MANLN Nitrogen in bedding in manure index applic period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the MANURE switch is ON and DRIVEXT lt 2 Norma
45. nnn SUM SOILNnm BIN Contains a summary of simulation results A binary file comprising output variables from the simulation You start the Pgraph program by typing PG SOILNnnn or PGDEMO SOU Nnnn For details on how to use Pgraph see the Pgraph manual or use the help utility in the program F1 key Another file created by the PREP program the first time you run the model in a certain directory is SOIL STA which includes information about your run number This file could not be listed but the numbering of a run can be modified by the PREP program see section 8 Run options Program structure The preparation of the model prior to a run follows an interactive dialogue where the user has the possibility to design the run according to the present purpose The different menus can be reached in any order after moving the cursor to the subject using arrow keys and pressing return at the chosen subject Return takes the cursor down in the menus and Esc moves the cursor up one level Normally a user will start with the subjects to the left in the main menu and move to the right It is a good rule to modify the settings of switches and input files before moving to the other menus since the content of the other menus are influenced by the setting of the two first sub menus 4 Input files 4 1 Driving variable file XXXXXX BIN A driving variable file is always a PG file The variables in the PG file can be organized in differen
46. nnnnncnnnnnnnnnnnrnn os 12 A BE EE 13 By Keel e EE EE 13 9 2 Neger ege gece eebe eg 15 O PARAMETERS EE 19 6 1 Berna IMPULS Ce S o 19 6 2 Manure application sd iaa 19 6 3 Mineralisation and immobilisation s sssssessressrererrrrrerrsrsser reser nns rer rn trea 20 6 4 Soil INOIS KETTEN 22 6 5 Soil temperature response sssssmmesrerersrsrrrrrrrreserrrsrrersrrrrrserrrrrnrrrer nr rer rna 22 66 DONTE CAMOU eii lec ic abel sutidauardonteddaaeis SA 23 Or evo eege 24 6 8 SURO A WO OT beienee deeg 24 6 9 SOUP mana semental da dal 24 6 10 Plant N uptake and management oooccnccncccncnnorennnnnonnnonanccnoncaconannss 25 6 11 Plant root development nora 27 6 12 COD DIO MASS aia sa 28 6 13 TOP MIO taria la 29 6 14 Forest A A ARNES NEN 29 6 15 Forest GrOW IE EE 30 6 6 Forest BIOMASS vids a SA 32 6 17 Torest NIO EEN 33 6 18 Plotting on line GE 33 DEENEN 33 T OUTPU S naa sio roe ate Cre ee ee eo 36 A E a 36 DO E E 37 Tes PUSAN EE EE 39 dat NO AIA SY ten isso ns tdi sund ns snar ra EE 42 GE Ua SUMS E 43 EE 44 OCK RUDO a a ds 44 ET 44 8 3 Bnd CALE Een EE 44 9 4 Ehr tesisin s a 44 So Aleng 44 E e e EE 44 AE BEid Paw se 44 A SE Dun A SARA ERE EE SANT EEN 44 Za ES D o EE EE 44 BE EE EE 44 3 Writeparameter DO sand 44 10 Wa rmngs and Errors iii 45 E Commands EE 45 12 Additi nal information EE 46 1A E E L E o beet 46 12 2 Acknowledgement andas 46 123 Reterencos nacio 46 12 4 News 1 Background Uppsala 91 10 31
47. nt a certain fraction can be removed from the forest ZSTHHL ZSTHHS and ZSTHHQ whereas the rest is incorporated in the litter pool ZSTHAR t Day number for harvest counted from Jan 1 d 0 gt no harvest ZSTHDL d Fraction of the leaf biomass that is destroyed OBS Must be lt 1 0 999 PARAMETERS 29 ZSTHDQ do Fraction of the old stem biomass that is destroyed If you are giving the fraction a negative value the old root biomass is destroyed in the same proportion 0 999 as the stem ZSTHDS d Fraction of the stem biomass of the current year that is destroyed If you are giving the fraction a negative value the old root biomass is destroyed in the same 0 99 proportion as the stem OBS Must be gt 1 and lt 1 ZSTHHL h Fraction of the destroyed leaf biomass that is harvested the rest goes to litter 0 ZSTHHQ hy Fraction of the destroyed old stem biomass that is harvested the rest goes to litter I ZSTHHS h Fraction of the destroyed young stem biomass that is harvested the rest goes to litter I 6 15 Forest Growth fra APR at op keet regeert d ai zm Sgr Le aper The parameters are activated by the F RESTSR switch and related to the daily growth which is based on canopy photosynthesis Flushing occurs at a certain temperature sum ZDAYTA ZTACC Growth then depends on temperature PT1 3 Firstly radiation for a typical clear and overcast sky respectively
48. nt for adding any type of new instuctions for your simulation If a parameter file named SOILN PAR is present at the current directory default values from that file will be used otherwise original model default values will be used You can also start the interactive session with values taken from parameter file by entering the name of the parameter file name on the command line PREP SOILN DEMO will result in default values from the parameter file DEMO PAR You run the SOILN model in batch mode which means that you will not make use of the interactive session at all Instead you will run the model from default values PREP b SOILN DEMO which will result in a simulation making use of information from the DEMO PAR file If information is missing in the DEMO PAR file values from the original model definition file will be used A parameter file does not need to be complete It may be restricted to only instructions that need to be changed compared to what is found in the original model definition file There are also a possibility to specify a number of parameter files on the command line This means that the PREP program will first read the intructions in the DEMO PAR file then the NEWGROWTH PAR file and finally the NEWTIME PAR file If information for one parameter is read several times the one read last will be used Remember that the parameter files may not be complete They can be organized with only information about evapora
49. odel SOILN TRA Variable name translation file SOILN SOILNFOR TRA Variable name translation file SOILN special for the FORESTSR submodel PREP EXE Executable file PREP program PGDEMO EXE pai file Pgraph program only if the SOILDEMO diskette 1s use PG HLP Help file Pgraph program only 1f the SOILDEMO diskette 1s used SOIL EXE Executable file SOIL model SOIL DEF Definition file SOIL model SOIL HLP Help file SOIL model SOIL TRA Variable name translation file SOIL PLOTPF EXE Executable file PLOTPF program PLOTPF HLP Help file PLOTPF program Getting started DEMO BAT DEMO_F INI DEMO_F PAR DEMO SOLPAR Demo file for running the SOILN model and using the PG program for visualizing some results on the screen Initial conditions for running the SOILN model Parameter file for simulating nitrogen dynamics of a short rotation forest An extra parameter file including changes of DEMO_F PAR so as to give outputs suitable for the soil presentations DEMOXXXX PG Input files for the PG program used in the DEMO BAT file for showing results from the simulation DEMO_FF BIN PG file with climatic driving variables forrunning the SOILN model The same as DEMO_F BIN but comprising a shorter period DEMOZXXX BIN Files with modified output variables from the simulation examples aimed to be plotted on screen SOILNXXX BIN Files with output variables from the simulation examples SOILNXXX SUM SOILP DAT File with soi
50. ofile b Root allocation function W W 0 1 gC m d GN m d gN m d GN m d gN m d GN m d gN m d gN m d GN m d EN m d gDW m d gDW m d gDWm d gDW m d eDWm d gN m d gN m d Unit 39 ATEFF BI CLTPROF LEAFDN NCONC NFTPROF NGRAIN NH4T NHTPROF NLEAF NLTPROF NO8T NROOT NSTEM ODNOS PIPEL PIPENO3C PIPEQ POTUPT QNO3CI QNO3C2 RATCNF RATCNL Effect of soil temperature on the biological processes b Specific leaf area of the shoot A W Litter C in whole profile Nitrogen flow leaves nitrogen demand Concentration of NO3 N in soil solution Index layer 1 to NUMLAY Faeces N in whole profile n Actual nitrogen concentration of grain OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Py va Daily gross canopy photosynthesis at optimal temperature and water conditions gDW m q NH4 N in whole profile Humus N in whole profile n Actual nitrogen concentration of leaf Litter N in whole profile NO3 N in whole profile n Actual nitrogen concentration of root n Actual nitrogen concentration of stem Partly measured leaching of NO3 N to tile drainage system from all layers 1 8 measured NO3 concentration multiplied by simulated water flows from drainage tile system Leaching of NO3 N to tile drainage system from all layers Concentration
51. om leaves to grains OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then ON Gn Nitrogen uptake to leaf growth W Daily net root growth FORESTSR W in Daily gross root growth FORESTSR W Gn Daily gross stem growth FORESTSR Nitrogen flow from root to grain OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then N Gin Nitrogen uptake to root growth Biomass flow From stem to grain OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then W ut Leaf fall rate EN m gN m gN m gN om GN m EN m EN m gDW m EDW m DW m EDW m DW m gDW m Unit gDW m d gN m d gDW m d gDW m d gDW m d gN m d eDW m d 37 ASTEMGN _ Nitogen flow From stem to grains CFLOSS CLLOSS DECALIT DENI DEP DLOSS FINCB FINNA FINNB FINNH FNIT HARVGW HARVGN HARVLW HARVEN HARVSW HARVSN INCALIT 38 OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then ON On Nitrogen uptake to stem growth Carbon flow Faeces C loss mineralisation humification Index layer 1 to 2 Carbon flow Litter C loss mineralisation humification Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Nitrogen flow Above ground residue N to litter N Index layer 1 to 5 Nitrogen flow Denitrification of NO3 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Nitrogen flow Deposition wet and dry of mineral nitrogen to NO3 N layer 1 Nitrogen flow NO3 N leaching
52. ome variable names have been changed August 1991 A submodel FORESTSR for growth nitrogen uptake and allocation of a short rotation forest has been introduced No changes of previous functions parameter or variables have been made One switch has been added The GROWTH switch now gives you the possibility to choose between the crop simulation CROP switch and the forest simulation FORESTSR switch Switches related to FORESTSR are named FOR and four new parameter groups are introduced all named Forest October 1991 Old input files can to some extent be used when running the new version of the model The most important change is that the command files normally cailed in and used with the f switch on the command line used to run the previous version of the model in batch mode are not used any longer The instructions previously stored in this command file will in the new system be found in the parameter file 48 SOILN user s manual The following files from previous versions of the model can be used File Initial values Final values Driving variables Hydraulic soil properties Parameter file Name INI FIN BIN SOILP DAT PAR Comments No change in format No change in format can be used as initial values for state variables No change in format Introduced as a new input file to the SOILN model the same as used for the SOIL model Can be read but a number of old parameter
53. on examples aimed to be plotted on screen 8 SOILN user s manual SOILNXXX BIN Files with output variables from the simulation examples SOILNXXX SUM SOILNFOR AUT Annual values of accumulated flows ASCII SOILP DAT File with soil hydraulic properties DEMO BAT Demo file for running the SOIL model and using the PG program for visualizing some results on the screen CLIMATE BIN PG file with climate data for running the model SOILP DAT Files with soil hydraulic properties CLAY DAT SAND DAT THCOEF DAT Files with soil thermal properties SITEPROF DBA Data base with soil physical properties from some selected sites Use SITEPROF DBB the PLOTPF program to investigate the soils in the data base and to create new data sets with soil physical properties ANASOL PAR Parameter file for simulating the daily variation of soil temperature in a homogeneous soil profile FROST PAR ra file for simulating the behaviour of a freezing and thawing of the soil EVAPO PAR Parameter file for simulating the water balance of an agricultural crop SE a growing season using climate data from the CLIMATE BIN ile YEAR PAR Parameter file for simulating the annual course of water and heat flow in an agricultural soil using climate data from the CLIMATE BIN file DRIVN PAR Parameter file for creating a driving variable file for the SOILN model INFSAND PAR Parameter files for simulating infiltration and redistribution of water INFCLAY PAR in homoge
54. on of remaining living biomass N HARLR The residual 1 HARHP HARAR HARLR is considered as dead root biomass N The dead root biomass N is included into the litter N pool at the day of harvest and split between different soil horizons according to the depth distribution of roots see ROOT The dead root biomass C 1s included into the litter C pool according to a carbon nitrogen ratio of roots CNROOT At the day of ploughing PLODAY all remaining biomass N i e above ground residues and remaining living plant is included into the litter N pool down to a depth given by PLOUGHDEP Remaining biomass Cis included according to a carbon nitrogen ratio of above ground residues CNARES CNARES C N ratio of above ground residues Only used when the GROWTH switch is off and DRIVMANA lt 2 30 Normal range 20 100 Default value represents a grain crop CNROOT C N ratio of roots Only used when the GROWTH switch is off and DRIVMANA lt 2 25 Normal range 20 30 Above ground residue fraction of plant N at harvest f in eq 1 index growth period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the GROWTH switch is off and DRIVMANA lt 2 Normal range 0 05 0 3 Default value represents a grain crop HARHP Harvested fraction of plant N fip in eq 1 index growth period 1 3 Only used when the GROWTH switch is off and DRIVMANA lt 2 Depend on crop type and the specific site and application considered Normal values from 0 3 to 0 6 Default value
55. ption in stream water CONPOT o o Potential rate of nitrate consumption in stream water gN md Note that the area correspond to the total watershed area simulated Value dependent on the total stream length in the watershed as well as on the biological factors in the stream Default value 0 i e no consumption assumed CONTEM o Lower temperature limit for nitrate consumption in stream water CC 6 9 Soil management PLOUGHDAY Date of ploughing or soil cultivation day number PLOUGHDEP Depth of ploughing or soil cultivation m Normal range 0 05 0 30 m 0 25 24 SOILN user s manual 6 10 Plant N uptake and management Plant uptake of inorganic nitrogen from the soil both nitrate and ammonium is controlled by a logistic uptake function defining the potential demand UPA UPB and UPC during different periods UPST and UPET The demand for nitrogen uptake is distributed in the soil profile according to the distribution of roots see switch ROOTDIST and section 6 7 Root development The maximum amount of mineral N available for uptake from a soil layer is controlled by the UPMA parameter In cases when actual uptake from one layer is below the potenal uptake reallocation of the uptake demand may occur UPMOV Harvest of plant can take place at three different dates UPET At these dates the total plant biomass N is split into a harvest fraction HARHP a fraction of plant residues above ground HARAR and a fracti
56. r above ground residues to litter C Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Nitrogen flow Plant N to litter N Index layer I to min NUMLA Y 10 Nitrogen flow Solid fertilizer N dissolved to NO3 N in layer 1 Nitrogen flow Humification of faeces N to humus N Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow NO3 N flow between layers Index layer 1 to NUMLA Y 1 Nitrogen flow Mineralisation of faeces N to NH4 N Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow Harvest export of plant N Nitrogen flow Mineralisation of humus N to NH4 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Nitrogen flow Humification of litter N to humus N Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 Nitrogen flow Mineralizationimmobilization of litter N to NH4 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLAY 10 W Biomass flow Assimilation rate Biomass flow respiration rate of grains not used when RESPK 0 Biomass flow respiration rate of leaves not used when RESPK 0 Biomass flow respiration rate of roots not used when RESPK 0 Biomass flow respiration rate of straw not used when RESPK 0 Laut Nitrogen flow Plant uptake of NH4 N to plant N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Xxo3 1 Nitrogen flow Plant uptake of NO3 N to plant N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 7 3 Auxiliaries Variable AEFF AFR OUTPUTS Symbol Explanation Combined effect of soil water content and soil temperature on all biological processes except denitrification in total pr
57. r the simulation 8 1 Run no 8 2 Start date 8 3 End date 8 4 Output interval The output interval determines how frequent the output variables will be written to the output file The actual representation of the requested output variables can either be a mean value of the whole time interval or the actual value at time of output see the switches AVERAGEX T G D You can specify the output interval as integers with units of days or minutes days minutes 8 5 No of iterations The time step of the model is one day No other values are allowed 8 6 Run id Any string of characters may be specified to facilitates the identification of your simulation in addition to the run number The identification given will be written in the variable identification field used by the Pgraph program Be careful when using long strings of characters since the default information for identification of a field may be overwritten in some cases 8 7 Comment 9 Execute 9 1 Exit The exit command will terminate the interactive session and quit the program without starting asimulation Ifa parameter file has been created the input will be saved otherwise all information entered will be lost 9 2 Run The run command will terminate the interactive session and start a simulation using the instructions entered All the instructions are also written to the SUM file which may be used as a parameter file if you would like to reproduce the simu
58. ream water Nitrogen flow stem nitrogen demand Water flow in stream Total leaching of NO3 N to stream flow including tile drainage surface runoff and ground water percolation Actual denitrification from total profile Total leaching of NO3 N to N consumption in stream stream flow after Flow of nitrogen in faeces in manure to faeces N in total profile Flow of nitrogen in bedding in manure to litter N in total profile Flow of nitrogen in NH4 in manure to NH4 N in total profile Mineralization immobilization of faeces N to NH4 N in total profile Mineralisation of humus N to NH4 N in total profile Nitrification of NH4 N to NO3 N in total profile Mineralization immobilization of litter N to NH4 N in total profile Xna Actual plant uptake of NO3 N NH4 N total profile i Index that determines the start of grain development OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then P 1 1 va Daily net canopy photosynthesis at optimal temperature and water conditions kgDW ha d GN m d EN m d mmH LO d gN m d gN m d gN m d gN m d GN m d gN m d gN m d EN m d gN m d GN m d gN m d 41 7 4 Drivings Variable Explanation DFLOW ETR INF MEACONC PERC RIS SURR SURRE TA TEMP THETA WFLOW DBA 42 Driving variables Water flow to drainage tiles ground water flo
59. represents a grain crop HARLR Fraction of living plant N remaining after harvest f in eq 1 index growth period 1 2 or 3 Only used when the GROWTH switch is off and DRIVMANA lt 2 Normal range 0 0 6 Default represents a grain crop UPA Potential nitrogen uptake u in eq 13 eh m yr index growth period 1 2 or 3 20 Only used when the GROWTH switch is OFF Typical values may be around 20 gN m yr for a grain crop and 40 gN m yr for a grass ley in south and central Sweden OR hg OA Lan PARAMETERS 25 UPB Coefficient in plant uptake function u in eq 13 Only used when the GROWTH switch is OFF In case of an annual crop UPB is the initial plant N content gN m yr at the start of the plant uptake period i e the N content of seed A normal variation of UPB is 0 1 1 5 n b In older versions of the SoilN model the UPB parameter was defined slightly different corresponding to UPA u u Thus a value of UPB of 0 95 and UPA of 20 in the present version of the model corresponds to a value of 20 in older simulations UPC Coefficient in plant uptake function u in eq 13 GW Only used when the GROWTH switch is OFF 0 12 relative uptake rate Determines the plant development rate Increasing UPC results in that the peek uptake occurs faster and at a higher rate Typical values for rapid developing grain crops is around 0 12 and for slower developing crops like sugerbeats 0 0
60. ssimilates in other tissues transferred to grain d gt ALEAFO bio Leaf area to shoot biomass ratio at unity shoot biomass m gDW ALEAFI b Parameter determining the decrease in leaf area to shoot biomass ratio m gDW as shoot biomass increases ALITTER b Fraction of assimilates in leaf stem and root lost through litter dd AROOTN byn Minimal fraction of daily total growth allocated to roots AROOTWA Cbo Coefficient determining the relative allocation of total growth to roots as function of total plant biomass AROOTWB F c Coefficient determining the relative allocation of total growth to roots m gDW7 as function of total plant biomass DEVALFA c The asymptote of the development rate curve The inverse of ALFA GW gives the shortest possible duration of the phase in days and is therefore related to the basal vegetative period DEVDAYL F c Index 1 regulates the shape of the development photoperiod daylength h function c gt Index 2 is the critical photoperiod threshold for the development h DEVTA a cz Index 1 regulates the shape of the development temperature function CEN c Index 2 is the Threshold temperature CC EXTCOEF k Radiation extinction coefficient for the canopy LAT Latitude of the field C 28 SOILN user s manual PHOEFF e Radiation use efficiency at optimal temperature water and nitrogen gDW MJ conditions PHOTMAX
61. t in function for soil moisture aeration effect on denitrification d in eq 15 A linear response correspond to a value of 1 whereas higher values results in a concave non linear response DENDEPTH The depth where the denitification capacity ceases Only used when the DENDIST switch is set to 1 2 or 3 DENHS Half saturation constant in function for nitrate concentration effect on denitrification c in eq 16 Nitrate concentration at which the activity is half of the activity at optimal nitrate concentrations Normal range 5 15 DENPOT Potential rate of denitrification k in eq 16 Dependent on type of cropping system and soil Typical value for a barley crop on a loam soil 0 04 and for a grass ley 0 2 DFRAC Fraction of potential denitrification in layers Index layer I to minimum of 10 and NUMLAY Only used when the DENDIST switch is set to 0 The vertical distribution 1s dependent on soil organic matter content as source for the activity of denitrifiers in the different layers A first assumption may be to assume similar distribution as the root distribution or the distribution of soil organic matter DFRACLOW Fraction of the exponential function remaining below the depth where the denitrification activity ceases DENDEPTH used when the DENDIST Switch is set to 3 The activity f that are found above a depth z is given by 1 exp kextd z z Ee 1 DFRACLOW where z is the root depth and kextd is an e
62. t ways depending on how different parameters are specified The driving variables for the SOILN model is generated by the SOIL model The file should consist of the following variables Variable Name in the Explantation SOIL model Unit 1 N 1 Vertical water flow WFLOW mm day N Infiltration to soil INFIL mm day N 1 2 N Drainage flow DFLOW mm day 2 N 1 Infiltration to soil SPOOLINF mm day 2 N 2 Surface runoff SURR mm day 2 N 3 3 N 2 Soil temperature TEMP CC 3 N 3 4FN 2 Soil water content THETA vol 4 N 3 Actual potential transpiration ETR 4 N 4 Groundwater percolation PERC mm day 4 N 5 Excess surface runoff SURRE mm day 4 N 6 Air temperature TA CO 4 N 7 Global radiation RIS Jm2 day 4 N 8 Measured N conc in tiles mg l N is the number of layers in your simulation and this number must correspond to the value of the NUMLAY paramater See soil profile 10 SOILN user s manual 4 2 Parameter file XXXXXX PAR The parameter file is an ordinary DOS file with ASCH characters All parameters with actual numerical values should be included in the file If any parameter is missing in the file an message is displayed on the screen and a default value of zero is selected New parameter files may be created priorthe execution of the model using the WRITE command see EXECUTION WRITE 4 3 Translation file SOILN TRA A translation file have to exist if the variables in the output PG file should get their correct
63. tained from the Division of Agricultural Hydro technics subject to availability Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Soil Sciences Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics P O Box 7014 S 750 07 UPPSALA SWEDEN Tel 46 18 67 11 69 46 18 67 11 81 S SVERIGES oi LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET Technical Model specific Per Erik Jansson Henrik Eckersten Holger Johnsson Institutionen f r markvetenskap Avdelningsmeddelande 91 6 Avdelningen f r lantbrukets hydroteknik Communications Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 1991 Department of Soil Sciences ISSN 0282 6569 Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics ISRN SLU HY AVDM 91 6 SE Table of Contents L DACKO TOUR tia ita E 5 2 Cetuna EE 7 da SEET e EE 7 PAPAE EE 7 23 RUNN the Model sica ida 9 2 4 Evaluating your Simulation s smmmsssserssrsserrrrrsreeserrrererrsrss sr er esse rr rens or nr nan 10 9 Program SUPUG tia EE EEN 10 Eer TEE 10 AN Drive v rl able le aii ds 10 EE ee lee 11 43 Translanon TEE 11 4 4 Mial STATES Te A enn pa wueaeladewvernes 11 Ao naleta EE 11 E OU Ne ee 11 TV ACA conte scada dad 11 4 8 Soil physical properties cccsccesssccccscccesescuccescecsesscsenseceuseceeseseesees 11 4 9 External inputs driving variable file EEN 12 4 10 Crop driving variable file oocoonoccnnnocacnononsoccnonanconononocnennaness 12 4 11 Management driving variable file nonnnnnon
64. tart of growth from this date Should be UPST 1 lt UPST 2 lt UPST 3 lt 366 UPST 0 implies the period 1 is cancelled OBS This parameter is related to UPET this parameter group and TOTW Crop Biomass group Not used if the FORESTSR switch is ON Sr un 26 SOILN user s manual 6 11 Plant root development The development of the root depth is given by parameters ROOTT and ROOTDEP The distribution of plant N uptake demand and root biomass in the soil profile can be given separately for each layer ROOTF or according to distribution functions see switch ROOTDIST If the GROWTH switch is ON then ROOTT and ROOTDEP are not active Instead ROOTDINC ROOTDMAX and ROOTDMIN determine the root depth development RFRACLOW Aa Fraction of the exponential function remaining below the root depth used when the ROOTDIST switch is set to 3 The fraction of roots a that are found above a depth z is given by Ar where z is the root depth and k is an root extinction coefficient Aa exp k and In Aa Normal range of kext 2 5 4 5 corresponds to values from 0 08 to 0 01 of RFRACLOW ROOTDEP Root depth at days given of ROOTT Index 1 to 5 Only used when the DRIVCROP switch is set to 0 ROOTDINC a Root depth as proportional to root biomass OBS lt Q Only used when the GROWTH switch is set ON ROOTDMAX Zomax Smallest root depth OBS lt 0 Only used when the GROWTH switch is set ON
65. ternal synthesis of microbial biomass and metabolites in litter f in eq 5 Normal range 0 2 0 7 based on literature values of microbial growth yield Increasing the value results in increased litter N mineralization rates and a decreased C N ratio at which the shift between litter mineralization and immobilization occur LITHF Litter carbon humification fraction f in eq 6 Low values 0 1 0 3 Defining litter turnover as fast results in that a major part of the residues incorporated into the litter N pool is remineralized while a minor part is humified High values 0 6 0 9 slow litter turnover results in the reverse High values give the humus pool a more active role for the total mineralization of nitrogen A fast litter turnover has been assumed in most applications LITK Litter specific decomposition rate k in eq 4 A value of 0 035 corresponds to a half time of 20 days under optimal water and temperature conditions Thus the effective half time is much longer Increasing the value results in an increased litter decomposition rate PARAMETERS 10 OM Lan OMR bo d 0 035 21 NITK Specific nitrification rate k in eq 9 d 0 2 NITR Nitrate ammonium ratio in nitrification function n in eq 9 Normal range for agricultural soils 1 15 8 6 4 Soil moisture response A Common soil moisture response function is used for mineralisation immobilization and nitrifica
66. tion The activity is zero below the wilting point defined in the SOILP DAT file or by parameter WILT and increases to unity in a soil moisture interval given by MOS 1 Near saturation the activity decreases down to a saturation activity MOSSA in and interval given by MOS 2 Soil porosity saturation water content is defined in the SOILP DAT file or by parameter PORO The shape of the response curve in the intervals MOS 1 and MOS 2 can be varied according to the MOSM parameter MOS Water content intervals in the soil moisture response function defining ranges for increasing and decreasing biological activity dO and dO in eq 12 MOS 1 Water content interval defining increasing activity from 0 no 13 activity at wilting point to unity optimum activity at MOS 1 wilting point Normal range 8 15 vol depending on soil type MOS 2 Water content interval defining decreasing activity from 1 3 optimum activity at porosity MOS 2 to the activity given by parameter MOSSA at porosity Normal range 1 10 vol depending on soil type Default value 8 MOSM Coefficient in soil moisture function m in eq 11 A linear response correspond to the value 1 0 Values between 0 and 1 results 1 in a convex response and values larger than 1 in a concave response MOSSA Saturation activity in soil moisture response function e in eq 11 A value of I corresponds to optimum activity at saturation and Q no activity
67. tion in the NEWGROWTH PAR file information about run options like time periods in the NEWTIME PAR file Warnings and Errors 45 12 Additional information 12 1 Help Just press the F1 key and you are transferred to the help utility In some situations you will get simultaneous help as you move between different items in the ordinary menues In such a case you are fully transferred to the help by using the F2 key which may be necessary if the information from the help library is not fully within the size of the current size of the help window 12 2 Acknowledgement The SOILN model is the result of many years work A number of persons have contributed with ideas and suggestions This could easily be seen from the reference list The present updating of the SOILN model to fit the new interface PREP program of January 1991 was a joint effort by the authors of this report Per Erik Jansson has a general responsibility for the model Henrik Eckersten is responsible for the plant growth parts and Holger Johnsson is responsible for the soil nitrogen processes For a future successful work with the model you are welcomed with your contribution The development of the PREP program was made by Per Erik Jansson and Jan Clareus If you get problems find bugs or just want to report an interesting phenomena please let us know about it Write to Per Erik Jansson Henrik Eckersten Holger Johnsson Department of Soil Science Swedish University of A
68. to the demand by the plant which equals the deficit in the available pool from a certain value ON cen that is enough to meet the maximal daily plant demand Only used if Q9NDEM gt 0 OSNA works on N OBS This value is inversely related to c see QUPMAX QSNDEM QSNDEM 1 and QSNF 0 implies that Ny is taken equal to the demand by the plant 0 lt QSNDEM lt 1 implies that Np is a certain fraction of the demand QSNLD nnw Absolute change of leaf N conc QSNLDE Ninem Nipemo Relative change in the demand of N by leaves QSNLR n n Relative change of leaf N conc QSNLTO switch for supply of leaf nitrogen at start O Determines wether the leaves are supplied by optimal nitrogen content at start of growth 0 gt N t NM max W t or by the nitrogen available in the pool 1 gt N t N MIN N QSUD u u Absolute change in microbial growth rate QSUR u u Relative change in microbial growth rate RESPK Respiration coefficient accounts for carbon losses due to maintenance at gDW gDW d 10 C Not used if RESPK 0 34 SOILN user s manual ZDAYE t Day number at the end of seasonal growth lt 365 ZSALIR A A Relative change of leaf area growth ZSTBAD Switch 0 or 1 1 implies that the areal leaf weight is given as a driving variable DBA OBS Then ZSTBAC should be 0 FORLEAF switch must be ON ZSWLR W W Relative change of leaf growth PARAMETERS d 365
69. to tiles Index layer 1 to NUMLAY Carbon flow Carbon in faeces in manure to faeces C Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow Nitrogen in bedding in manure to litter N Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow Nitrogen in faeces in manure to faeces N Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow Nitrogen in NH4 in manure to NH4 N Index layer 1 to 2 Nitrogen flow Nitrification of NH4 N to NO3 N Index layer 1 to min NUMLA Y 10 Biomass flow harvest of grain OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then W Change of assimilates in plant available for flushing gDW m d Nitrogen flow harvest of grains OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Na Change of nitrogen in plant available for flushing gN m d Biomass flow harvest of leaves Nitrogen flow harvest of leaves Biomass flow harvest of straw Nitrogen flow harvest of straw Nitrogen flow Plant N to above ground residue N gN m d gC m d gC m d GN m d GN m d GN m d GN m d gC m d EN m d gN m d EN m d EN m d gDW m veg per EN m veg per EDW m veg per gN m veg per gDW m veg per gN m veg per oh m d SOILN user s manual NEWCL NEWNL NFERT NFHUM NFLOW NFMIN NHARV NHMIN NLHUM NLMIN PHOS RESPGW RESPLW RESPRW RESPSW UPPNH4 UPPNOS Carbon flow Incorporation of plant carbon o
70. w and surface runoff because of limited hydraulic conductivity in the soil Index layer 1 to NUMLAY DFLOW in the SOIL model Transpiration ratio actual potential Driving variable Infiltration of water into the soil surface including infiltration from surface pool INFIL SPOOLINF in the SOIL model Measured concentration of NO3 in tile drainage Driving variable Ground water flow PERC in the SOIL model D Solar radiation OBS If FORESTSR switch is ON then Radiation factor that can be see switch FORDRIV 1 tp Relative daily duration of sunshine 11 tsu Duration of sunshine 111 Ratio between daily values of actual and clear sky global radiation iv S Daily sums of global radiation 300 3000nm v O Mean daytime fraction of cloudiness Driving variable Surface runoff because of limited infiltration capacity in the soil surface SURR in the SOIL model Driving variable Surface runoff because of limited hydraulic conductivity in the soil SURRE in the SOIL model T Air temperature Driving variables Soil temperature Index layer 1 to NUMLAY TEMP in the SOIL model Driving variables Volumetric water content Index layer 1 to NUMLA Y THETA in the SOIL model Driving variables Water flow between soil layers Index 1 to NUMLAY 1 WFLOW in the SOIL model NOT USED b Areal leaf weight leaf biomass to leaf area ratio OBS You should set ZSTBAD 1 and ZSTBAC 0
71. xtinction coefficient DFRACLOW exp kextd and kextd In DFRACLOW Normal range of kextd 2 5 4 5 corresponds to values from 0 08 to 0 01 of DFRACLOW PARAMETERS 2 m mgN T 10 EN m d 0 04 E 23 MOSDEN Water content range in function for soil moisture aeration effect on vol denitrification 1 Water content interval defining increasing activity from 0 no activity at saturation water content MOSDEN to 1 optimum activity at saturation water content 6 7 Soil Profile NER AR II ATA Tr AR The division of the soil profile into a number of layers NUMLAY with different thickness THICK should be done in a way which corresponds to the driving variables simulated with the SOIL model NUMLAY Number of layers maximum 22 in the soil profile used in the simulation THICK Thickness of soil layers m Use values from the soil water and heat simulation UNUM Replicate number of soil parameters in SOILP DAT The replicate number is also used in the PLOTPF program UPROF Profile number as specified in SOILP DAT The profile number is also used in the PLOTPF program VC NOT USED Multiplicative factor for all layers thicknesses THICK Use value from the soil water and heat simulation 6 8 Stream water These parameters are used to account for the consumption of nitrogen in a stream CONCRI o Half saturation constant in calculation of nitrate consum

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