Chapter 22 – Appendices
Contents
1. Description This mode Fl Apply Settings F Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports come2 v wf Change Port Please select a COM port Figure 137 Select Signal Strength Test from the Mode of Operation dropdown menu 177 MCC Device Configuration ote Mode of operation Signal Strength Test v Description Displays Signal Strength and packet counters from any unit or a specific unit through a terminal emulation program Paired Device FFFFFFFF Verify Address E Apply Settings F Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports cOM82 v wf Change Port Port COMB2 Figure 138 Confirm open search or specific search by choosing Any Device or Paired Device An open search for any device is good when doing verification testing of signal strength for all instruments deployed in a field experiment MCC Device Configuration Fle Mode of operation Signal Strength Test v Description Displays Signal Strength and packet counters from any unit or a specific unit through a terminal emulation program Paired Device 01 0008FD F Verily Address Ee Apply Settings A Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports COM82 a sf Change Port Port COMBZ Figure 139 Enter the Instrument address into the Paired Device field and click verify address to lock it to a single instrument This is ide2. Precision 1 3 mm diameter x 75 mm long drill bits Tolerance 0 05 mm Drill bits The SD Card Reader allows the transfer of data from the SFM1 to a Adapter PC for rapid data transfer of large files SADNE Micro SD Card Shuttle 160 22 6 Appendix F 22 6 1 Example SM1 Packing List Sap Flow Meter Configured for Heat Ratio Method principle Consists of three probes 35mm long with 2 measurement points SFM at 7 5 and 22 5mm from probe tip IP65 rated enclosure standalone logging capability to 4GB MicroSD Card Windows software User Manual SEM SK1 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit includes Small drill guide 1 3 mm x 75 mm long Drill bits pack of 10 Micro SD Card Shuttle SFM IB Heat Ratio Sensor test block Functional verification standard An Installation disc containing Copy Protection dongle and User Manual Wireless USB Radio communication device 22 Watt solar panel with 4m cable Solar Panel Post Mount suits SP22 Solar Panels 161 22 7 Appendix G 22 7 1 Glossary The definitions of these selected terms have been taken from the Penguin Dictionary of Botany 1984 Unless otherwise denoted Bark All the tissues collectively lying outside the vascular cambium in the stem and roots of plants showing secondary growth i e the primary and secondary phloem the cortex and the periderm The term is also used in a more restricted sense to mean the tissue arising to the outside of the phellogen i e
3. the phellem when this is exposed by sloughing off of the epidermis The bark of different trees can be very distinctive and its characteristics are used to aid identification In some species the same phellogen is active each year and a thick layer consisting solely of phellem is formed e g oak beech but in most soecies a new phellogen arises annually in the cortex below the bark thus consists of both phellem and dead cortex and is termed rhytidome As the thickness of the bark increases the outer layers may either become fissured e g elm or be shed as scales e g plane or rings e g birch Cambium A lateral meristem found in vascular plants that exhibit secondary growth It gives rise to secondary tissues mostly by periclinical divisions of initial There are two cambia the vascular cambium and the phellogen cork cambium Comected sap velocity Vs Only a portion of xylem tissue the xylem lumen contains moving sap Heat pulse probes effectively measure a weighted average of the velocities of moving sap and stationary wood Marshall 1958 Sap velocity can be determined on an areal basis by measuring the fractions of sap and wood in xylem and accounting for their differing densities and specific heat capacities Heat pulse velocity Vh The velocity at which a known heat input to a plant stem moves a fixed distance between the heat source and two temperature sensors located downstream and upstream from the heat sou
4. 167 22 11 Appendix K 22 11 1 Automated Web Updates Web update automatically checks the ICT International website for the latest software and firmware for your device http www ictinternational com support software This happens each time you run the SFM1 software on your computer in an internet enabled environment The option can be accessed from the Commands Menu gt Web Update Options in the SFM software Changing the web update options can be done whether the SFM1 is connected to the software or not ER ICT SFM Eom File Commands Help p Connect to SFM Connect to SFM Disconnect From SFM Disconnect from SFM LOT Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options INTERNATIONAL HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 Not Connected EJ Not Connected Batt Please select a device Figure 128 Accessing the Web Update options from the SFM1 Software It is recommended that automatic update checking be enabled You can deselect automatically check for updates when the program starts but this is not recommended If this feature is disabled or you choose to disable the feature manual checks must be performed by going to the Help Menu of the SFM1 software You can also alter the default web address for automatic updates Deselecting the checked box will allow you to input a new URL web address in the box provided You sh
5. vi The increase in temperature from initial temperature at equidistance downstream x cm from the heater v2 The increase in temperature from initial temperature at equidistance upstream x cm from the heater a b c amp d Correction co efficient s for the effect of wounding k Thermal diffusivity K Thermal conductivity Kow Thermal conductivity of green fresh wood Ks Thermal conductivity of water 5 984 x 10 J m s C 20 C Pb Basic density of wood p Density of green fresh wood kg m ps Density of water density of sap Fy Void traction of wood c Specific heat capacity of green fresh wood Cw Specific heat capacity of the wood matrix 1200 J kg C 20 C Cs Specific heat capacity of the sap Specific heat capacity of the water 4182 J kg C 20 C m Water content of sapwood w Fresh weight of the sapwood sample kg Wa Oven dried weight of the sapwood sample kg TT Pi 3 142 C Circumference ofa circle d Diameter of a circle 164 22 9 Appendix I General structural anatomy ofa tree Jem bark Inner bark Phloem mi bh Cambium Nc Sapwood Dylem enn LETT WOO Figure 125 Generalised structure of a tree stem showing orientation of major tissues outer bark inner bark i e phloem cambium sapwood i e xylem and heartwood Kramer amp Kozlowski 1979 165 22 10 Appendix J 22 10 1 Show Themistor Calibration This feat
6. 9216 0 9770 0 21 1 9181 0 0021 0 0003 1 0000 1 9891 0 9989 O22 1 9831 0 0024 0 0004 1 0000 2 0594 0 9988 0 23 2 0509 0 0028 0 0004 1 0000 2 1326 0 9987 0 24 2 0973 0 0030 0 0005 1 0000 2 1825 0 9987 0 26 2 2231 0 0037 0 0006 1 0000 ZONI6 0 9985 0 28 2 3760 0 0046 0 0008 1 0000 2 4813 0 9983 0 30 2 5232 0 0055 0 0010 1 0000 2 6383 0 9962 156 22 2 Appendix B 22 2 1 Specifications of SM1 Sap How Meter Output Options Raw Temperatures C Heat Pulse Velocity cm hr Sap Velocity cm hr Sap Flow cms hr Litres hr 100 to 100 cm hr 0 01cm hr 120 Seconds Computer Interface USB Wireless RF 2 4 GHz Data Storage MicroSD Card Memory Capacity Up to 16GB 4GB MicroSD card included Heat Pulse Internal Battery 960MAN Lithium Polymer 4 20 Volts fully charged Battery Life Varies e With a recommended power source connected operation can be continuous e Approximately 1 5 days with a heat pulse of 50 Joules and a measurement interval of 30 minutes no external power present to recharge battery Duration User Adjustable 20 Joules default approx Equivalent to a 2 5 second heat pulse duration auto scaling User Adjustable Minimum interval 3 minutes Recommended minimum 10 minutes External Bus Power 8 30 Volts DC non polarized current draw is 190mA maximum at 17 volts per logger USB Power 5 Volts DC Needle Diameter Needle Length Measuremen
7. key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to 010008FD Please Wait 010008FD Connection Established Tx 2889 Rx 2657 rRSSI 87 IRSSI 85_ Connected 0 19 29 Auto detect 115200 8 N 1 SCROLL CAPS pum Capture Print echo Figure 146 RSSI values of gt 80 show very poor signal strength 181 22 17 Appendix Q 22 17 1 Methyl Orange MSDS MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Methyl orange Page of 3 Date of Issue 21 Spet 06 STATEMENT OF HAZARDOUS NATURE Hazardous according to criteria of Worksate Australia COMPANY DETAILS Company ProSciTech Address PO Box 111 Thuringowa Central Qld 4817 Australia Street Address 1 11 Carlton Street Kirwan Qld 4817 Australia Telephone Number 07 4773 9444 Fax Number 07 4773 2244 IDENTIFICATION SECTION Product Name Methyl orange Other Names C 1 13025 Acid Orange Dexon Diazoben Eniamethyl Orange Helianthine Gold Orange Methyl Orange B Orange 3 Tropaeol Product Code C118 CLIS1 C1185 U N Number None allocated Dangerous Goods Class None allocated and Subsidiary Risk None allocated Hazchem Code None allocated Poison Schedule None allocated Use Biological stain Physical Description and Properties Appearance Odorless orange solid Boiling Point Melting Point gt 300 deg C Vapour Pressure Specific Gravity 1 00 Flash Point Flammability Limits Not determined Solubility in water Soluble in hot water Other Properties Ingredients
8. to avoid Animal Toxicity Data RTECS Cas 547 58 0 DB63270000 LD50 LCS50 Cas 547 58 0 Oral rat LD50 60mg kg Mutagenicity Human mutation data is available However methyl orange produced negative and inconclusive results in tests by the EPA Gentox Program No other data available The information published in this Material Safety Data Sheet has been compiled from data m various technical publications It is the user s responsibility to determine the suitability of this information for adoption of necessary safety precautions We reserve the right to revise Material Safety Data Sheets as new information becomes available Copies may be made for non profit use 184
9. valid CSV file can be created e If ok set SD Card status to SD OK e lf fail set SD Card status to FILENAME ERROR If fail set SD Card status to WRONG FORMAT o If fail set SD Card status to SD ERROR 171 22 14 Appendix N 22 14 1 SFM 1 Test Block The HRM Sap Flow Meter Test Block is a functional verification standard for use with the HRM Sap Flow Meter It is designed using a thermal compound of known thermodynamic properties and encased in a housing of known dimensions The needle spacings are asymmetrically arranged which is a divergence from the Heat Ratio principle to induce an artificial Heat Pulse Velocity Each block is designed to induce an artificial velocity of approximately 18 cm hr or a mid range value of expected sap velocities as measured by the HRM in many species Depending upon the temperature conditions under which the block Is used the heat dissipation from the block will be higher or lower which will ultimately impact the measured heat ratio causing a small divergence from the expected 18 cm hr value The Test Block Is not intended to be used as a calibration device rather as a known standard for operational verification of the Sap Flow Meter This can be done in the lab as a pre deployment check before taking the equipment to the field and installation This will ensure correct functioning of the two measurement needles and the heater providing confidence in the operation of the equipment and subsequent results obtaine
10. 22 Appendices 22 1 Appendix A 22 1 1 Heat Ratio Method Conecton Coefficients Table 2 A Correction coefficients for numerical solutions derived for a range of wound diameters and corresponding to a 0 6 0 0 6 cm probe configuration where the stainless steel probes are 1 8mm in diameter Solutions were derived based on modelled temperature data at t 60 100 s Coefficients b c and d apply to Equation 6 Coefficient B Is a linear approximation Equation 13 of the polynomial relationship described by Equation 6 B Additional coefficients generated for a 0 5 0 0 5 cm probe configuration with 1 3 mm diameter stainless steel probes Wound cm b c d r B re A 0 6 0 0 6 c m probe configuration 17 1 6565 0 0014 0 0002 1 0000 1 7023 0 973 0 18 1 7077 0 0014 0 0002 1 0000 laf 309 0 9992 0 19 1 7701 0 0017 0 0002 1 0000 1 8265 0 999 0 20 1 8292 0 0019 0 0003 1 0000 1 8905 0 9990 0 21 1 8909 0 0022 0 0003 1 0000 1 9572 0 9989 0 22 1 9554 0 0025 0 0004 1 0000 2 0267 0 9988 0 23 2 0226 0 0029 0 0004 1 0000 2 099 0 9987 0 24 2 0685 0 0031 0 0005 1 0000 2 1482 0 9987 0 26 2 1932 0 0038 0 0006 1 0000 2 201 7 0 9985 0 28 2 3448 0 0047 0 0008 1 0000 2 4467 0 9984 0 30 2 4908 0 0057 0 0010 1 0000 20700 0 9983 B 0 5 0 0 5 c m probe configuration O17 1 6821 0 0015 0 0002 1 0000 1 7283 0 9775 0 18 1 7304 0 0013 0 0002 1 0000 1 7853 0 9992 0 19 1 7961 0 0016 0 0002 1 0000 1 8568 0 9971 0 20 1 8558 0 0018 0 0003 1 0000 1
11. Chemical Name CAS Number Proportion C L Acid Orange 52 Methyl Orange 547 58 0 100 182 HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Page 2 of 3 Methyl orange Health Effects Acute Swallowed Harmful 1f swallowed May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea vomiting and diarrhea Eye May cause eye irritation This product contains an anionic dye Similar dyes have not caused injury to the cornea or conjunctiva in documented exposure cases with human or rabbit eyes Skin May cause skin irritation Inhaled None allocated Chronic No information found First Aid Swallowed If victim is conscious and alert give 2 4 cupfuls of milk or water Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person Get medical aid immediately Eye Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids Get medical aid Skin Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists Wash clothing before reuse Flush skin with plenty of soap and water Inhaled Remove from exposure to fresh air immediately If not breathing give artificial respiration If breathing 1s difficult give oxygen Get medical aid First Aid Facilities Eye bath satety shower Advice to Doctor Treat symptomatically and supportively Exposure Standards No exposure standard established Engineering Controls Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low Personal Protection Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses
12. OT 31A 020 O00 Aki 23102017 Figure 135 SFM1 Internal battery voltage overlaid against external 7 Ah battery voltage The red line as referenced in the legend and displayed on the 2 4 Y Axis on the right hand side of the graph Figure 135 is the continuously measured battery voltage of the 4 V internal Lithium battery of the SFM1 Note it maintains a constant voltage from before the commencement of the battery test when connected to mains power throughout the external power supply disruption when the external battery was connected 11 20AM 24 11 12 right through in excess of 8 days 4 00PM 1 11 12 At this point the SFM1 internal battery begins to drop as it can no longer source sufficient power for operation or trickle charging of the internal battery All functions are now being performed from the internal battery which is no longer able to be charged by the external 7 Ah battery 175 Conclusions Based on the results of this test it would appear the SFM1 can be used for independent operation in the field for up to a period of 9 days 4 hours and 10 minutes using a single fully charged 12V DC 7 Ah Lead Acid Rechargeable battery At which point the instruments internal battery reaches the minimum voltage threshold and measurements are suspended As this test takes the external battery to failure fully discharged it is advised to reduce the expected longevity for field deployment to 7 days to allow a safety margin to prevent the exter
13. ackets For each transmitted packet a packet should be received back rRSSI remote signal strength on the instrument IRRSI local signal strength on the MCC Double click the MCC RSSI Test Utility icon to launch the HyperTerminal display Press ESC to initiate communications and display the Test utility Menu i WCE RSS Taut Utility I lypar Tarninal Bie gie Www Gal Tr nder thp Da as 06 amp WCC RSSI Test Utility HEC Firmeare Ver nee HEC Serial Number FOOABASD Selected Device Serial Number HLO8O8FD MENU 2 Continuous lest J burst lest Figure 142 MCC RSSI Test Utility Menu 179 22 16 4 Option 1 Select Device The MCC can be paired with a specific instrument at the time of configuration using the MCC Configuration software Alternatively the MCC can be configured to work with a specific instrument by pressing 1 on the key board to allow the serial number to be entered manually in Hex Format Once entered pressed ENTER on the keyboard to save the serial number ACERS Tost Utility iyperTirrmimal Be ere Tiia hi Doe we 3 OF i HEC RSS Test Utility MC Firaware Yer Selected Device Serial Number HL AAABED HEHU 1 Select Device 2 Continuous Test 3 Burst Test Pressing the LSC key at any time returns to main memu Serial Number in Hex Formal AAAAAHAB FFFFFFFF ATO0HSFN Figure 143 Manually setting the serial number of an instrument to RAM in the MCC1 22 16 5 Locating the instument Seri
14. aintain the SFM1 internal 4 V 1 Amp Lithium Polymer battery Instrument Information NOTE 92 When the SFM1 is connected to an Name external supply the instrument is powered directly from this power source bypassing the internal battery except for the heat pulse The measurement Heat Pulse is always supplied directly from the internal battery This iets is TO ensure continuity of supply from a regulated stable power source for the very high instantaneous current required by the heat pulse The internal 4 V lithium battery of the SFM1 is trickle charged at a very low rate by the external power supply to maintain Its full charge Figure 133 Comment Serial Humber APP Ver External Supply Solar Fower Supply 13 8 to 4emaA Internal Battery 4 15 Status Figure 133 Low rate of trickle charging internal battery 7 0 Ah Battery Test Betula Alba Tamworth x SEMI C324 C COM Ver As the internal battery has the capacity to sustain the SFM1 for up to 23 hours Figure 4 note the period between 4 10PM 1 11 12 to 3 15PM 2 11 12 where external charging ceases there is the ability to either remove a discharged external battery and swap it with a fully charged battery or remove the discharged battery leaving the instrument to operate independently from the internal battery whilst the external battery is recharged and replaced Methods The SFMI measurement mode was set to a temporal logging interval of 10
15. al Number This serial number of the instrument can be found when connecting to the instrument whether via USB or MCC RF Modem or by toggling between overall serial number SMM1C70Q and the Instrument Serial number within the Instrument Information section of the SFM software z AECC RSSI Tesi Utitiy HyperTerminal Ee pE yer Cal Damier Hio Ce wo KF OS E MCC RSSL lest Utility MCC Firmware Ver Selected Device Serial Humber HI AGREED Pressing the FSC key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to B1BBREFD Please Wait _ Canexted 01640 Aulo daimi 1162002 Figure 144 After selecting a test either Continuous or Burst Test the MCC establishes the connection to the instrument with the message Please wait _ The signal strength variables will be displayed on screen 180 MCC RSSI Test Utility HyperTerminal File Edit Yiew Call Transfer Help Dae 5 DA MCC RSSI Test Utility Pressing the ESC key at any time returns to main menu Connecting to 010008FD Please Wait 010008FD Connection Established Tx 1322 Rx 836 rRSSI 17 IRSSI 15 Connected 0 23 32 Auto detect 1152008 N 1 SCROLL CAPS yum Capture Printecho Figure 145 RSSI values lt 20 show extremely strong signal strength MCC RSSI Test Utility HyperTerminal File Edit view Call Transfer Help Dae 553 2S gr MCC RSSI Test Utility MCC Firmware Ver Selected Device Serial Number 010008FD Pressing the ESC
16. al for conducting a signal strength survey prior fo deployment MCC Device Configuration File z Mode ob Unefaliun FianalShenath Tes Desciniion Dimlays Jmral 3irengti and packet muntem tronmrany unta a telecine biel pe lemma emulation wogan Parei Davine MmoaosFo Any Device Verify Address E Apply Settings Jl Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Parts coMe2 v wf Change Port J Please select a COM port Figure 140 Click Apply Settings the changes are saved to Non Volatile RAM Then click Exit Configuration Mode and the screen is greyed out and the Red LED s on the MCC1 cease flashing The MCC1 has now been configured for Signal Strength testing 178 22 16 2 Configure Hyperterminal for RSSI Test Utility Interface Setup board rate and Click ESC to bring up the operation menu MCC RSSI Test Utility Properties X COM82 Properties p Connect To Settings i Port Settings DB MCC RSSI Test Utility Bits per second v Country region Austialia E1 Data bits 8 Enter the area code without the long distance prefix j Area code L Parity None Phone number Sa Connect using COM82 Stop bits 1 Flow control None Figure 141 HyperTerminal MCC RSSI Test Utility Properties dialogue boxes 22 16 3 RSSI Test Utility Tx number of transmitted packets Rx number of received p
17. d which will aid in data interpretation a b Photo 54 a SFM1 Sap Flow Meter needles inserted into the Test Block fb SFM1 Test Block with label Error Codes If the Sap Flow Meter or the needles have a problem one of the following error codes will typically be generated 19 19 No heater current was detected therefore no heat pulse could be fired 20 20 Sap Velocity Vs was not calculated because the temperature rise of one of the thermistors was below the cut off threshold 21 21 Sap velocity Vs could not be calculated because the temperature rise of one of the thermistors was negative 22 22 Calculated Sap velocity Vs is less than the maximum practical physiological limit of reverse sap flow Values that are significantly different from the expected verification range of 18 cm hr and are not flagged with an error code will indicate that an error exists and you should consult your Sap Flow Meter manual and commence diagnostics check and trouble shooting If no obvious answer can be determined for the disparity please contact ICT international or your local distributor Photo 55 SFM1 and Test Block 172 22 15 Appendix O 22 15 1 SFM1 Extemal Battery Operation Test without Solar Panel Aim To test and determine the longevity of field deployment of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter using a small 12 V DC 7 Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery as the sole source of external power supply to m
18. ent of water or basipetal negative sap flow within the tree from the leaves to the roots Sap The liquid consisting of mineral salts and sugar dissolved in water that is found in xylem and phloem vessels Sap flow The volumetric measurement of acropetal positive mass solute flow within a plant stem It is derived by multiplying the corrected sap velocity Vs by the cross sectional area of the conducting xylem or sapwood of the plant Sapwood alburnum The outer functional part of the secondary xylem cylinder as compared to the central non functional heartwood Transpiration The loss of water by evaporation from a plant surface Over 90 escapes through open stomata while about 5 is lost directly from the epidermal cells It has been shown that although the combined area of stomatal pores is on average only 1 2 of the total leaf area the amount of transpiration they allow is 90 of the transpiration that occurs from a water surface the same area as the leaf Transpiration rates are greatest when leat cells are fully turgid and when the external relative humidity is low Water forms a film around the mesophyll cells and evaporates into the sub stomatal chamber from where it diffuses into the air The degree of opening of the stomata stomatal resistance is of prime importance in governing the rate of water loss The width of the boundary layer at the leaf surface is also important In dry conditions transpiration can cause wi
19. ered plug pack supplying a relatively constant 13 8V supply The external mains power supply was disconnected at 10 50AM 24 10 12 shown by a sudden drop in voltage to zero The external Lead Acid battery is connected and the first measurement taken at 11 20AM 24 11 12 Note the lower supply voltage delivered by the 12V 7 AH battery approx 13V compared to the mains powered 12V DC Plug pack supplying 13 8V The external battery voltage displays a general negative trend as power is supplied to the SFM1 A slight diurnal temperature effect ambient temperature not specifically monitored although a 25 C diurnal temperature range is common at the site the test was conducted indicated by minimum battery voltage measured at approx 5 30AM each morning and a maximum voltage measured at approx 11 30AM 12 00PM each day This correlates anecdotally with the maximum and minimum temperatures measured This fluctuation is most probably due to the ambient heating of the battery resulting in a higher voltage yield or output from the battery as the internal cells are heated 174 SFM1 Battery Test 7 AH 12 DC Lead Acid Rechargable Battery No Solar Panel 7 SH External Batters SFA Interna Batar kage 23 hours of operation without extemal battery charging Cessation of external battery charging 11 W eo AS BE 5s ao Pi amy TLC E 10 00 08 Pe 10 00 03 PR TH
20. lting and so the plant may develop features such as waxy cuticles to minimise the problem Xylem wood Vascular tissue whose principal function is the upward translocation of water and solutes It is composed mainly of vessels tracheids fibre tracheids libriform fibres and parenchyma cells It should be noted however that all these cell tyoes may not be present in any one wood sample Wood anatomy is often very important taxonomically the presence or absence of the various cell types and their distribution within the xylem being important diagnostic characters The xylem occurs in association with and usually internal to the phloem 22 7 2 Acronyms CHPM Compensation Heat Pulse Method CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation DBHOB Diameter at Breast Height Over Bark HPV Heat Pulse Velocity HRM Heat Ratio Method ICRAF The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry UWA The University of Western Australia 163 22 8 Appendix H 22 8 1 Algebraic Terms Vh Heat pulse velocity V Corrected heat pulse velocity Vs Corrected sap velocity to Time to thermal equilibrium of the downstream and upstream probes after release of the heat pulse t Measurement time X1 Denotes distance between heater and the downstream temperature needle x2 Denotes distance between heater and the upstream temperature needle x The distance cm between the heater and either temperature needle
21. minutes with a Pulse Energy setting of 20 Joules for each heat pulse The data reporting option was set to Needle Temperature Mode with a sampling frequency of three 3 samples per second and 900 measurements after the heat pulse for each measurement This resulfs in a total measurement time of 5 minutes and 32 seconds for each measurement of sap flow The actual Logging Options used in the trial are disolayed directly Figure 134 from the SFM1 configuration window SD Card Logging Options H The following options reflect SD Card logging options when reporting option is set to one other than Needle Temperatures Probe Selection Inner Only Outer Only Inner and Outer Calculated Results Raw Heat Pulse Velocity Max Temperatures Average Sap Velocity Temperature Rise Ratios Sap Flow in kg Diagnostic Temperature Data Power Management Internal Battery External Supply Raw temperature mode number of measurements second Measurement s per second Raw temperature mode number of measurements after pulse measurements after pulse 5 minutes 0 seconds Total measurement time 5 minutes 32 seconds Select All Update Logging Options Figure 134 SFM1 Logging Options used in battery test NOTE 93 In every 10 minute period the SFM1 instrument is only idle for 4 minutes and 28 seconds This was chosen deliberately to increase the power burden on the 7 Ah battery whilst using the minimum rec
22. n repair SFM1 Sap Flow Meters regularly operate continuously for 2 years in the field without maintenance and repair However as mentioned heater filaments as is the case of incandescent light bulbs have a finite and unpredictable life span In this sense heaters are considered consumables that may require periodic replacement On the whole temperature probes and cables are long lasting if they are well cared for however no sensor needles measurement needles or heaters are immune to the rigours of installation and removal from woody tissue Accordingly users are reminded that a degree of attrition is to be expected and with this in mind SFM1 Sap Flow Meters are designed so that individual needles can be replaced The complete SFM1 instrument can be returned to ICT International or a local authorised ICT distributor for repair at a small labour charge plus parts In specific terms ICT International does not guarantee the following e Incorrect use or Inability fo use any supplied equipment e Mechanical damage of equipment e Heater filament failure burnout due to prolonged gt 3 seconds heating or due to end of natural lifesoan beyond the 3 month guarantee period e Corrosion or failure of thermocouples within probes or wires within cables due to repeated mechanical stress natural wear and tear e Accuracy of data e Correct analysis interpretation or extrapolation of data e Accidental loss of data e Any personal injury
23. nal battery trom being fully discharged and possible interruption of measurements through automated suspension of datalogging Further testing will be conducted to evaluate the effect of constant deep discharge on the performance of the Lead Acid batteries as it is noted they are not specifically designed for such heavy workloads Deep Cycle Marine batteries are however designed to withstand such heavy workloads and occasional to regular deep discharge without immediate impact on the serviceable life of the battery Where possible ICT recommends using large capacity 100 Ah rated or greater Deep Cycle Marine grade batteries for charging the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter in field applications either with solar charging and especially when solar charging is not available 176 22 16 Appendix P 22 16 1 Signal Strength Test Procedure Begin by changing the MCC1 Mode Press and hold down the Mode button on the MCC1 Connect the USB cable to power the MCC1 Continue to hold down the Mode button until both Red LED s light up then release the Mode button The LED s will flash alternately The MCC1 Is now in configuration mode Run the MCC Device Configuration software Scan Ports then select the MCC from the Available Ports drop down menu Click Change Ports to connect to the MCC MCC Device Configuration i Apply Settings JI Exit Configuration Mode Communications Settings Available Ports WEA MCC Device Configuration Fle Mode of operation
24. ommended configuration for the SFM1 being a 10 minute sampling interval at 20 Joule heat pulses 173 To ensure a thorough test a new 7 0 Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery was purchased and placed on charge for the recommended 12 hour period prior to use This was done to ensure the battery was at full capacity prior fo commencing the test The battery was removed from charge and independently measured with a voltmeter to verify the starting voltage The starting voltage immediately measured after removal from charge was 13 67V This voltage steadily decreased until it stabilised at approximately 13V as measured with the voltmeter prior to connection to the SFM 1 This value of approx 13V was confirmed by the SFM1 immediately upon connection to the J I instruments internal power circuit The voltage of the external 7 Ah battery was measured continuously using the internal voltmeter function of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter The data was analysed using the SFT Sap Flow Tool software The results of the test are disolayed below Photo 56 Century PS Series Model 1270 Sealed Lead Acid Battery 12V 7 Ah used in Trial Results The Blue line as referenced in the legend displayed on the 1t Y Axis on the left hand side of the graph Figure 135 is the continuously measured external battery voltage of the 12V 7Ah Lead Acid rechargeable battery Note prior to commencing the external battery test the SFM1 was connected to a 12V DC mains pow
25. or chemical safety goggles Wear appropriate protective gloves and clothing to prevent skin exposure A respiratory protection program must be followed whenever workplace conditions warrant a respirators use Flammability Not flammable under conditions of use Storage and Transport Wash thoroughly after handling Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse Use with adequate ventilation Avoid contact with skin and eyes Keep container tightly closed Do not ingest or inhale Store in a cool dry well ventilated area away from incompatible substances Keep containers ughtly closed Spills and Disposal Clean up spills immediately observing precautions Sweep up or absorb material then place into a suitable clean dry closed container for disposal Avoid generating dusty conditions Provide ventilation Fire Explosion Hazard As in any fire wear a self contained breathing apparatus in pressure demand MSHA NIOSH approved or equivalent and full protective gear During a fire irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion Vapours may be heavier than air They can spread along the ground and collect m low or confined areas Use extinguishing media most appropriate for the surrounding fire Use water spray dry chemical carbon dioxide or appropriate foam 183 Page 3 of 3 Methyl orange OTHER INFORMATION Incompatibilities Strong oxidizing agents Avoid excess heat Materials
26. or damage to plants field sites electronic equipment or any other equipment associated with the use of the SFM1 Sap Flow Meters 158 22 4 Appendix D 22 4 1 Equipment Checklist 22 4 1 1 Recommended Instumentation SFM1 Sap Flow Meter SFM SK1 Installation Kit SFT1 Sap Flow Tool Software MCC Wireless Radio Modem MCC2G Remote Data Access Hub for Data to Web Access via GSM SP22 22W Solar Panel SPPM Solar Panel Post Mount SFM TB Test Block Dremel Cordless drill Bark Depth Gauge Diameter Tape graduated in both diameter amp circumference Coring Tool Methyl Orange Indicator SFM IK2 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit 2 includes Dremel Drill SFM IK3 Heat Ratio Sensor Installation Kit 3 includes stem corer bark depth gauge diameter tape methyl orange 22 4 1 2 Ancillary tems recommended for sap flow installations Leatherman Multi tool Knife for removing thick bark if necessary Tool kit includes Small Flat blade amp Phillips head screwdrivers and fine tipped pliers Forceps Tweezers Wire Strippers Silicon grease to aid probe insertion into sapwood Plastic cable ties for anchoring cables to stems roots Tree ID Tags Electrical and gaffer tape for a variety of uses Self Amalgamating Heat Shrink 159 22 5 Appendix E 22 5 1 SAM SK1 Installation Kit Small Drill guide with 5mm spacing 4 Mounting pins each 8mm long small Drill Guide Dimensions 50 mm x 30 mm x 12 mm
27. ould only do this on the advice of ICT International 168 Web Update Options Web update checks for latest software and firmware for your device It is recommeneded that automatic Update checking is enabled however if this feature is disabled manual check can be performed at any time by going to the Help menu and checking for updates Automatically check for updates when program starts Default location for web updates Figure 129 The Default Web Update Options settings 22 11 2 Manual Web Updates Web Updates can be manually checked whether the SFM1 is connected to the software or not E ICT SFM He t Connect to SFM Disconnect from SFM i Check For Updates Display Debug Registers LOT INTERNATIONAL HEAT RATIO METHOD SAP FLOW METER Product Version 2 0 5 3 Release Date 09 05 2013 Not Connected EJ mot Connected Please select a device Figure 130 Manual check for Web updates when the SFM1 is not connected to the software 169 If the SFM1 is not connected to the software it will only be possible for the software version to be checked for possible Updates as the software has no physical way of checking the firmware version of the instrument when It is not physically connected ICT SFM SFM Software There are no software updates available SFM Firmware It is not possible to check for Firmware update when disconnected Please connect your device to perform a Firmware update check Fig
28. pdate Date Time SD Logging Options amp Show Thermistor Calibration Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options In the test example shown no calibration is present and so it reports CAL EMPTY If sensors are all at a known and carefully controlled reference temperature in an isothermal media in an isothermal calibration chamber this temperature can be added in the Cal Temp field for calibration purposes Choosing Set will reset all of the individual temperature sensors to the reference temperature From this point choosing clear will undo the setting whilst choosing save will generate a new calibration for the SFM 1 instrument 166 22 10 2 Hide Themistor Calibration The command menu item will now toggle to read Hide Thermistor Calibration Selecting this menu option will stop displaying the calibration and remove it from showing on the SFM Tab Corrections Reports SD Card PC Logging Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg C Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg L Disconnect From SFM Update DateTime Measurement Status Measurement Stopped Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse wt Update pulse energy Figure 127 Hide Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab SD Lagging Options Hide Thermistor Calibration Reset Hidden Delete Rename Dialog Web Update Options
29. rce Hydraulic lift The transfer of water or acropetal positive sap flow from great depth in the root zone for redistribution to the shallow lateral surface root system for the supply of water Under drought conditions This has the added benefit of fertilisation of fertigation by remobilisation of minerals and nutrients to the plant Hydraulic redisinbution The movement and transfer of water from regions of high water potential to low water potential such as but not limited to the transfer of water by roots from moist regions of the soil fo a dry region of the soil profile within the plants root zone Noctumal Sap How The acropetal mass flow of solutes within the conducting xylem of a plant after sunset This movement of water Is driven by atmospheric conditions of low Vapour oressure deficit The term can be used to describe actual night time transpiration where water is lost fo the atmosphere though open stomates or hydraulic refilling of the vessels and tracheids of the xylem which may have become dehydrated during the sunlight hours of the day as the xylem supplied transpiration demand from internal storage 162 Phloem bast A vascular tissue whose principal function is to translocation of sugars and other nutrients The phloem is composed mainly of sieve tubes sclerenchyma cells and parenchyma cells including companion cells It occurs in association with and usually external to the xylem Reverse flow The movem
30. t 7 5mm and 22 5mm from the needle Spacings tip Length x Width x 170 x 80 x 35mm Depth Weight 400g 157 Power Management e Internal Lithium Polymer Battery e Power On Off Switch e Internal Voltage Regulation e Optical Isolation Lightning Protection Logging e Stand Alone Logging e MicroSD Expandable Memory e USB Connectivity e Wireless Data Transfer e P65 Rated Waterproof Enclosure e Free Windows Utility Configuration Software e Low amp Zero Sap Flow Rates e Reverse Sap Flow Rates e Night Time Water Loss e Stem Sizes gt 10mm e Sap Flow in Roots e Arid Exosystems amp Drought e SFT Sap Flow Tool Software e MCC Multi Converter Wireless RF Modem e MCC2G Wireless GSM Communications hub e SFM IK Installation Kit e SFM 55 Pack of 10 55 Drill bits e SP 11 11 Watt Solar Panel e SP 22 22 Wait Solar Panel e SFM DR Dremel Drill e SFT Sap Flow Tool e SFT TB SFM Verification Test Block 22 3 Appendix C 22 3 1 Wananty The standard Terms amp Conditions of the ICT warranty are that the SFM1 Sap Flow Meter is guaranteed to be free of faulty parts and workmanship for a period of 12 months from the receipt of purchase The warranty covers back to base repair for faulty parts and labour The customer is required to pay the cost of shipping to ICT International or an authorised ICT distributor for repair ICT International will then pay the return shipping costs to the Customer Upo
31. ure 131 SFM Software feedback when performing a web update when the SFM1 is not connected to the software When the SFMI1 Is connected a check for both software and firmware is automatically performed upon opening the software and connecting to the instrument If there are no updates to perform a simple user feedback message is disolayed on screen to advise the user that no updates are available for both software and firmware If an update is available the user is prompted to accept or decline the update ICT SFM SFM Software There are no software updates available SFM Firmware There are no firmware updates available Figure 132 SFM Software feedback upon performing a web update when the SFM1 is connected to the software 170 22 12 Appendix L 22 12 1 Extension Cable Specs As the SFM1 is powered from its internal battery with a non polarised charging circuit no special power cables are required A simple 2 core Figure 8 cable or Lamp Cord of following specifications is ideal Size 2 x 24 2 Voltage Rating 3V AC Current Rating 7 5 Amps Dimensions 2 6 x 5 1mm Conductor Area 0 75mm7 Conductor Gauge 18AWG Temperature Rating 9 C Roll Size 3m 22 13 Appendix M 22 13 1 MicroSD Card Re Initialisation 22 13 11 Procedure check e Initialise SD Card e Check SD Card Communication Initialisation o If ok check whether the file system is of correct format If ok check serial number to see if a
32. ure is not intended for use by the end user It is a manufacturers calibration function that is used at the time of manufacture and may some times be used when repairing or servicing the Sap Flow Meter However the feature is made available to the end user should they wish to manually calibrate the thermistors of the instrument WARNING 21 This calibration function must only be used if a suitable calibration reference and isothermal calibration chamber is available Failure to meet this criteria will result in an erroneous calibration being stored in the instrument that will cause the Sap Flow Meter to measure inaccurately For this reason it is a hidden menu option that must manually be Displayed or Hidden This can be done from the Commands Menu From the commands menu select Show Thermistor Calibration Selecting this option displays a new section Thermistor Calibration on the SFM tab on the right side of the GUI this area of the GUI is normally blank SD Card PC Logging Corrections Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Downstream Probe deg C deg L Outer Thermistor Inner Thermistor Upstream Probe deg C deg L Thermistor Calibration Last calibration pertormed or CAL EMPTY Connect to SFM Disconnect From SFM Measurement Status Measurement Stopped Pulse Energy 20 Joule pulse we Update pulse energy Figure 126 Show Thermistor Calibration function in the SFM tab U
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