UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
Contents
1. 19 20 21 32 Bray J and Sturman C F 2002 Bluetooth 1 1 Connect without Cables Second Edition ed New Jersey Prentice Hall PTR 126 128 176 197 Borromeo S Rodriguez Sanchez C Machado F Hernandez Tamames J A de la Prieta R 2007 A Reconfigurable Wearable Wireless ECG System Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 2007 Jubadi W M and Mohd Sahak S F A 2009 Heartbeat monitoring alert via SMS Industrial Electronics amp Applications 2009 Abe H Wenxi C Togawa T Maeda T Arai R 2007 Development of a mobile phone based beat by beat sphygmomanometer Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine 2007 ITAB 2007 6th International Special Topic Conference Hong J H Kim J M Cha E J Lee T S 2007 A Wireless 3 channel ECG Transmission System Using PDA Phone International Conference on Convergence Information Technology vol no p pp 462 465 Grigorian E R R Adhami and Toutonji O 2007 Wireless EGG Monitor Computational Advances in Multi Sensor Adaptive Processing CAMPSAP 2007 2nd IEEE International Workshop on vol no pp 161 164 Semiconductors V 1999 TCRT1000 TCRT1010 Reflective Optical Sensor with Transistor Output Available from www vishay com Corporation B B INA1 14 Precision INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER Burr Brown 08 05 2011 Available from http pdf1 alldatasheet com datasheet pdf view 56674 BURR BROWN INA1142. Not to be forgotten dedication to my family who always stand by my side no matter how life turns out to be Thanks for all the support and love I had been receiving since I was born Last but not least thousands of appreciation to my friends who had been with me during the years in UTM Together we experience all the joy and hardship without any single thought of giving up Also thanks to any of my colleagues and anybody who ever provide me with any kind of assistance Thank You iv ABSTRACT In the era where technology kept changing our course of life improvement in medical field have become most needed and developed as people concern about their health above all There are various researches done all over the world to monitor health condition in the easiest way As cable becoming a burden to the user for limited mobility researchers kept finding methods to replace the usage of cables in connecting the electronic devices This project is also one of the research done in order to make health monitoring is easier without using cables This project has proposed a method of wireless health monitoring using Bluetooth technology There are four parts in this project that is sensor development amplifier development data processing and wireless transmission via Bluetooth Sensor and amplifier was developed to obtain amplified heart rate signal However due to inconsistency of output from both sensor and amplifier the heart rate was obtained
3. airlines 12 13 12 Problem Statement In this modernization world nowadays health becomes main concern of all party Ever growing industry kept on increasing by day improving the technology As widely known heart attack is the leading cause of death for both men and woman worldwide From Malaysian cause of death statistics heart disease is the number one killer which is up to 12 There are a lot of cases where patients not even realized that they actually have heart problems Therefore a mobile heart rate monitor will help patient identify the symptom of heart disease thus prevent sudden death caused by heart attack anywhere and anytime necessary The other problem is that since Bluetooth architecture is compliant with global emission rule and available on unlicensed portion of the radio frequency 2 4 GHz ISM Band therefore theoretically it can be used between medical devices However practically it is hard to achieve due to instability of Bluetooth transmission thus making a real time processing using Bluetooth is the least choice for wireless health telemonitoring 1 3 Project Objectives The main objective of this project is to design and develop a prototype system of hardware and software that can acquire and transmit heart beat wirelessly and display heart beat rate on laptop and mobile phone 1 4 Scope of Work In order to achieve the objective of the project the scope of work includes i il ii iv vi S
4. 25 amplifier part was removed from the project due to time constraint Instead the input source was taken directly from ECG simulator and amplified using Biomedical Amplifier BMA 400 as shown in Figure 4 1 The ECG simulator was set to give 80 BPM ECG pulse taken from right leg RL and right arm RA Left leg was set to be ground point in the ECG simulator All three pin was connected to ISO Z to give the polarity to the signal where RA is positive and RL is negative Then ISO Z device was connected to BMA 400 to amplify the ECG signal In BMA 400 only channel 1 was used and it was set to give AC coupling gain 1000 and band pass filter 3Hz for low frequency and 0 1Hz The output of BMA 400 is as shown in Figure 4 2 Then the output was fed to microcontroller pin RAS Figure 4 1 ECG simulator and BMA 400 gt Chi Freq 5 930 Hz Low sig ampli Chi Pk Pk LSM sov Natom A hi 7 oov SApr 2011 Ik Figure 4 2 Output of BMA 400 26 In a meantime wireless connection was established between the laptop microcontroller and PDA was established Since the range of Bluetooth network is about 10 meters other Bluetooth device also appeared in the network KcSerial icon in the Figure 4 3 indicates the microcontroller and the others are mobile phone and PDA IVT BlueSoleil Bluetooth Help wanfairuz 7 Services Connected IP 0 0 0 0 Figure 4 3 Wireless connections The COM port given by the
5. voltage of current Amplifiers are needed in a situation where the input is very small In order to have a better analysis there is a need to amplify the signal so that the output will be higher thus making the signal analysis easier However there are also 3 possibilities that amplifier circuit will amplify not only required signal but also amplify the noise Noise can be defined as unwanted signal Therefore in order to make the signal analysis the noise must be removed One of the methods to remove noise and amplify wanted signal is by using bioelectric amplifiers Bioelectric amplifiers are used to process bipotential signals The bioelectric signal is unique to biomedical systems It is generated by nerve cells and muscle cells Its source is the membrane potential which under certain conditions may be excited to generate an action potential 6 The gain of bioelectric amplifiers can either be low medium or high depending on their application The gain factor of low gain bioelectric amplifier usually is in the range of unity x1 to x10 The uses of unity gain x1 amplifiers are mostly for isolation buffering and possibly impedance transformation between signal sources and read out device 3 For medium gain bioelectric amplifiers the gain factors are usually in range of x10 to x1000 They are mostly used for ECG waveform recordings muscle potentials and so forth On the other hand high gain bioelectric amplifiers have gain fac
6. 9 MAY 2011 BLUETOOTH WIRELESS HEART RATE TELEMONITORING WAN FAIRUZ JAMILAH BT W MOHD RIDZWAN A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the reguirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Medical Electronics Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia MAY 2011 I declare that this project report entitled Bluetooth Wireless Heart Rate Telemonitoring is the result of my own research except as cited in the references The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree Signature 2 ke Name WAN FAIRUZ JAMILAH BT W MOHD RIDZWAN Date 9 MAY 2011 ii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah most gracious most merciful First of all I would like to convey my thousand of thanks to Dr Rubita bt Sudirman as my final year project supervisor for always guiding supporting and giving very helpful comments to me on the project I also would like to dedicate my appreciation especially to my brother Wan Mohd FatihilKamal for his helpful suggestions and knowledge on the project Special dedication also to Dr Fauzan Khairi and my friend Aimie Amalina who have taught me a lot in using the softwares in the project Also not to be forgotten special thanks to all of Electrical Engineering Faculty lecturers and lab technicians those have been helping me in this project directly or indirectly
7. A L 1 1 gain For the second part on the right side of Figure 1 4 shows the third operational amplifier used as unity differential amplifier with high precision resistors that are equal in value Therefore the value of resistor R R3 The properties of differential amplifiers are that they can reject equal noise on their inputs while amplifying unequal signal voltages on their inputs 1 15 Microcontroller PIC16F877A Microcontroller is a device that can be used as a complete computer on a single chip Microcontroller is different than microprocessor because microprocessor is only a heart of a computer whereas microcontroller can work on its own According to Harvard architecture basic components are input output YO pin program memory data memory and arithmetic logic unit ALU as central control unit On the other hand according to Von Neumann architecture the basic 7 components of microcontroller only composed of I O ALU and memory where both data and program memory are stored in a same memory space 9 10 Program Memory Arithmetic Logic Unit Figure 1 5 Microcontroller block diagram PIC microcontrollers are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyist due to several advantages The advantages are low cost wide ability large user base an extensive collection of application notes an availability of low cost or free development tools ability to perform serial programming and ability
8. laptop to microcontroller was COM 30 so in the Labview serial communication was also set to be COM 30 so that the data can be transmitted and displayed on the laptop screen as displayed in Figure 4 4 From the output obtained in the Labview we can see some of the similarities between the output of BMA 400 and as shown in the Labview especially for P peak and R peak of the signal However the signal obtained after wireless transmission was not as smooth as the output given This shows that for real time processing the 27 data transmission using Bluetooth will not yield accurate data Even if it does the data transmitted must be filtered and processed before it can be used for medical diagnosis This finding further proved that real time data transmission is hard to achieve due to unstability of Bluetooth transmission b circuit2 vi File Edit View Project Operate Tools Window Help 2i A peor E read buffer decimal integer string Is jis Waveform Chart Voltage m VISA resource name zam Amplitude Time Figure 4 4 Output from Labview 8 6 Supposedly after the data was transmitted to laptop it must also be transmitted to PDA for diagnosis However Labview 8 6 software was unable to detect the device because the software used was a trial version Thus it does not have any PDA module Other version of Labview was used which is Labview 8 0 but since the version used is more pre
9. repolarization in other word a recovery phase of ventricles 1 1 3 Photoplethysmograph Photoplethysmograph PPG is a technigue based on relative transparency of human skin for red or near infrared light and on the diffusing effect of red blood cells which reduces these wavelength retrodiffusions Therefore PPG technique can be used to measure any type of blood volume variation at the tested site 4 When the source of light placed against the skin the retrodiffused light will be detected by photoelectric cell located in the same place There are two types of signal that can be used first the retrodiffused light systolic diastolic variation and second through systolic diastolic damping the variation of the retrodiffused light baseline The first type of signal deals with sphygmic or arterial PPG while the second type deals with volume or venous PPG The retrodiffused light depends on the variation of quantity of red blood cells within the skin The larger the volume of red blood cells the lower the retrodiffused light Figure 1 3 shows an example of normal PPG obtained by using pulse oximeter 1000 500 H 500 H 1000 1 1 L 1 1 L L L L 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 Time Figure 1 3 PPG obtained using pulse oximeter Adapted from 5 1 1 4 Instrumentation Amplifier Amplifier is an electronic circuit that has the capability to amplify power
10. 0 Instrumentation amplifier INA 114 Block diagram of microcontroller and Bluetooth module Labview receiver block diagram Simulation of instrumentation amplifier in Multisim Microcontroller and Bluetooth module circuit ECG simulator and BMA 400 Output of BMA 400 Wireless connections Output from Labview 8 6 vili PAGE DI nun R gt N 13 13 14 14 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26 27 ALU ECG VO IC ISM LED PCB PDA PPG QoS RF SIG UART ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Arithmetic Logic Unit Electrocardiogram Input Output Integrated Circuit Industry Scientific and Medical Light Emitting Diode Printed Circuit Board Personal Digital Assistant Photoplethysmograph Quality of Service Radio Frequency Special Interest Group Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter APENDIX LIST OF APPENDICES TITLE COMPONENTS DATASHEET PROGRAMMING SOURCE CODE LABVIEW RECEIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN PAGE 33 38 40 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Research Background 1 1 1 Heartbeat Heart is one of the five vital organs It can be found in all animals with a circulatory system including all vertebras Human heart basically a hollow cone shaped 10cm in length and about the size of subject fist It lies in the thoracic cage in the middle of chest area just left of the center Heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated rhythmic contractions while rib cage is respons
11. FERENCES Viegas J 2001 The Heart Learning How Our Blood Circulates New York Rosen Pub Group pp7 8 Campbell N and Reece J Biology 2005 San Fransisco Pearson Benjamin Cummings pp 870 874 Carr J J and Brown J M 2001 Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology Fourth ed Ohio Prentice Hall pp 743 Agache P Humbert P Maibach H I 2004 Measuring the skin Berlin Springer pp 336 Photoplethysmograph 22 June 2010 Wikipedia Available from http en wikipedia org wiki Photoplethysmograph Bronzino J 2000 The Biomedical Engineering Handbook Boca Raton CRC Press pp16 File Opampinstrumentation xcf 12 November 2005 Wikimedia Commons Available from http commons wikimedia org wiki File Opampinstrumentation xcf Floyd T 2008 Electronic Devices New Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall pp 710 714 Sickle T V 2001 Programming Microcontrollers in C Eagle Rock Calif LLH Technology Pub Jasio L D Wilmshurst T Dogan Ibrahim Morton J Bates M P Smith J Smith D W Hellebuyck C 2008 PIC Microcontrollers Know It All United Kingdom Newnes pp 910 Labiod H Afifi H and Saintis C D 2007 Wi Fi Bluetooth ZigBee and WiMax The Netherlands Spronger pp 75 108 Bakker D M and Gilster D M 2002 Bluetooth End to End End to End ed R Gilster New York Hungry Minds Inc 5 13 43 49 143 148 13 14 15 16 17 18
12. PSZ 19 16 Pind 1 07 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF THESIS UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name WAN FAIRUZ JAMILAH BT W MOHD RIDZWAN Date of birth 13 JUNE 1988 Title BLUETOOTH WIRELESS HEART RATE TELEMONITORING Academic Session 2010 2011 declare that this thesis is classified as CONFIDENTIAL Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972 RESTRICTED Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done OPEN ACCESS agree that my thesis to be published as online open access full text acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange Certified bys LL SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR 880613 11 5096 DR RUBITA BT SUDIRMAN NEW IC NO PASSPORT NO NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date 9MAY 2011 Date 9 MAY 2011 I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this project report is sufficient in terms of scope and guality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering Electrical Medical Electronics j Z Signature lebak u f Name of Supervisor DR RUBITA BT SUDIRMAN Date
13. ansmitter pin thus it was connected to receiver pin of Bluetooth module Meanwhile pin RC7 was receiver pin of microcontroller thus it was connected to transmitter pin of Bluetooth module The connection between microcontroller and Bluetooth is as shown in Figure 3 3 The fourth part of this project was the wireless data transmission Before the data can be transferred Bluetooth connection was established first between the Bluetooth Module and the target device Bluetooth Module came with a pair which was the Bluetooth Dongle If the laptop used to receive the data already has Bluetooth device embedded then Bluetooth Dongle was not needed 20 h Module 31 Optio Figure 3 3 Block diagram of microcontroller and Bluetooth module Adapted from 21 The IVT BlueSoleil software was used to establish wireless connection between the Bluetooth Module and target devices which was laptop and PDA To establish the connection firstly all Bluetooth devices were turned on When IVT BlueSoleil software detected the devices all the devices appeared on the Bluetooth network range Then the devices were connected by right hand click on the device icon and connect to device option was clicked COM PORT will be automatically assigned by computer Different devices were assigned to different COM Port In the meantime software Labview 8 6 was used to receive and display the output signal on the laptop Firstly VISA resource name was us
14. aptop tanpa menggunakan wayar dengan menggunakan microcontroller dan Bluetooth CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATION LIST OF APPENDICES INTRODUCTION 1 1 1 2 13 1 4 1 5 Research Background Problem Statement Project Objective Scope of Work Thesis Outline LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 2 2 23 2 4 2 5 2 6 Introduction Wearable Wireless ECG System Heartbeat Monitoring Alert via SMS Mobile Phone Based Sphygmomanometer Wireless Technology Related Research Conclusion vi PAGE ii iii iv vi viii ix Oo OO me R 11 11 12 13 15 16 REFERENCES APPENDIX A C METHODOLOGY 3 1 Introduction 3 2 Methodology 3 3 Circuit Design 3 4 Conclusion RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4 1 Introduction 4 2 Results and Discussion 4 3 Conclusion CONCLUSION 5 1 Conclusion 5 2 Future Development vii 17 17 17 22 23 24 24 24 28 29 29 30 31 33 41 FIGURE 1 1 i2 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 LIST OF FIGURES TITLE Human heart Typical ECG waveform PPG obtained using pulse oximeter Instrumentation amplifier Microcontroller block diagram ECG system description Heartbeat monitoring system block diagram Result of heart rate obtained Blood measurement device Display on mobile phone screen Optical sensor TCRT100
15. ats about 70 beats per minute has cardiac output of 5 25 L min This is equivalent to the total volume of blood in human body During heavy exercise cardiac output will increase 2 1 1 2 Electrocardiogram When the heart muscle cells contract to make heart pumps the blood it generates an action potential which spread currents throughout the body In various parts of the body different electrical potential were produced and this difference can be recorded using surface electrodes attached to the skin These waveforms are called electrocardiogram ECG 3 M400ms A Chi J 000V s 2011 20 11 19 Figure 1 2 Typical ECG waveform Typically ECG signal is measured from left arm to right arm and the waveform measured usually as shown in Figure 1 2 ECG signal consist of P wave QRS complex and a T wave which is normally visible in every ECG signal measured P wave occur during normal atrial depolarization when the main electrical vector is directed from the SA node towards the AV node and spreads from right atrium to left atrium It usually occurs within 80 ms PQ interval is measured from beginning of P wave to the beginning of QRS complex This interval shows the time required for electrical impulse to travel to sinus node through AV node and entering ventricles The duration is between 120 to 200 ms QRS complex shows rapid depolarization of right and left ventricles It usually occurs between 80 to 120 ms Lastly T wave represent the
16. eanwhile Chapter 5 concludes the reports and the findings Also included in this chapter is the future research recommendation CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 1 Introduction This chapter discussed on the projects that have been done previously such as wearable device heartbeat monitoring system and blood pressure monitor The previous work discussed in order to understand the project better 2 2 Wearable Wireless ECG System Nowadays there are a lot of concepts like wireless hospital mobile healthcare or wearable telemonitoring emerge in medical technology industry These concepts refer to the bio signal acquisition devices that can make health monitoring easier even without staying in hospital Based on the research done previously the most important feature for a wearable device is to have a small size and light weight It also requires using only low power consumption Furthermore a wearable device must be able to interoperate with different mobile devices and communication networks in the environment Above all the most important feature of wearable device is to be able to do real time 12 processing However power consumption is a major limitation for mobile device because heavy long lasting battery is not convenient for wearable purpose In the research stated the description of the system built for the reconfigurable wearable wireless ECG system The system consists of two parts hardware sys
17. ed to specify the input was from which COM Port Then it was connected to VISA serial to define serial communication properties especially the baud rate For Bluetooth data transmission baud rate used was 115200 Next it was connected to VISA Read to read the data Lastly the data will be displayed using waveform chart The Labview diagram of the receiver part is as illustrated in Figure 3 4 VISA resource name Kai VISA SERIAL enous read buffer Figure 3 4 Labview receiver block diagram 21 22 3 3 Circuit Design The instrumentation amplifier circuit was simulated in Multisim before it was implemented on protoboard The components chosen was as stated in INA114 datasheet except that in Multisim there is no 25 kQ and 40 kQ resistor so resistor 24 kQ and 39 kQ was used instead From equation 3 1 gain of instrumentation amplifier can be calculated v1 inv OB ODeg ik G 1 3 1 1022 27 23 Figure 3 6 Microcontroller and Bluetooth module circuit For microcontroller and Bluetooth module as shown in Figure 3 6 the circuit used was bought readily made from Cytron Technologies Sdn Bhd which is model SK40 and SKKCA The connection between the microcontroller UART pin and Bluetooth pin was soldered afterwards The yellow and red light emitting diode LED on the Bluetooth model will be used to indicate the data
18. er the data obtained was not as smooth as the input given due to transmission problem Wireless data transmission to PDA was not successfully achieved due to software related problem Therefore this project succeed to fulfill the main objective of this project which is to design and develop a prototype system of hardware and software that can acquire and transmit heart beat wirelessly and display heart beat rate on laptop and mobile phone However the output of the prototype system was not as accurate as the input given thus making it hard to be used for medical diagnosis This project has proven the theory which Bluetooth wireless data transmission can be used between medical devices however it is hard to achieve due to its unstability of Bluetooth transmission 30 thus making a real time processing using Bluetooth is the least choice for wireless health telemonitoring 5 2 Future Development For future research Bluetooth technology was not recommended to be used as wireless data transmission between medical devices especially for real time data processing because real time data processing reguires accurate data transmission Even if it can be used there must be a lot of data processing and filtering before the data can be used for medical diagnosis It is also recommended to use ZigBee or GSM Module for wireless data transmission and SMS alert 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 RE
19. essing this button will reset on board KC Wirefree Bluetooth module Figure A 3 Bluetooth module board layout APPENDIX B PROGRAMMING SOURCE CODE 38 39 char uart rd void main ADCONI l OxOF Configure AN pins as digital CMCON 7 Disable comparators UARTI Init 115200 Initialize UART module at 115200 bps Delay_ms 100 Wait for UART module to stabilize UART1_Write_Text Start UART1_Write 10 Line feed UART1_Write 13 Carriage return while 1 Endless loop if UART1_Data_Ready If data is received uart_rd UARTI Read read the received data UARTI Write uart rd and send data via UART APPENDIX C LABVIEW RECEIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN 40 VISA resource name 41 read buffer a abc VISA Rdad 1 0 5 ELC a Is RB 4 Waveform Chart stop n a4 LABEL FUNCTION VISA Resource Name Select input port wireless transmission mec a mia VISA Read Read data received from transmitter Read buffer Buffer to wait for next data received Waveform Chart Display the data received in amplitude versus time Decimal integer string Buffer to wait for data to be displayed in waveform cart Stop To stop receiving the data Figure C 1 Labview block diagram and functions
20. html Technologies C KC Wirefree Bluetooth Starter Kit User s Manual 09 04 2011 08 05 2011 Available from http www cytron com my usr_attachmen SKKCA 20Usersh20Manual pdf APPENDIX A COMPONENTS DATASHEET 34 Lal Lang DOOM 4 EG sa ay PEG ODS SK40C o pea rata em rm Apem 1 P 5 e 1 jeee pematang RED cas Oa oo oo Connector for UICO0A M JP9 for USB Programmer LED Indicator 40 pin IC socket for PIC MCU Header pin and turn pin 20 Turn pin for crystal A UART Connector OP LCD Display Figure A 1 Microcontroller board layout 35 A DC power adaptor socket for user to plug in DC adaptor The input voltage should be ranged from 7 to 15V B USB connector for communication between devices and a host controller usually personal computers This function is only valid for certain model of PIC microcontroller Please refer to USB interface section The power LED will light ON when the USB cable is connected C Toggle switch to On Off the power supply from DC adaptor D Power indicator LED for on board It will light ON as long as the input power is correctly connected E 2x5 box header for UICOOA USB ICSP PIC Programmer F 2 LEDs connected to RB6 and RB7 as active High output for PIC MCU These LEDs are controllable from PIC MCU G Consist of several line of header pin and turn pin Header pin provide connector for user to solder SK40C to p
21. ible for heart protection 1 Deoxygenated blood enters heart through superior vena cava and the heart will pump the blood to lungs through pulmonary trunk Exhalation process in lungs removes carbon dioxide from blood and inhalation process absorb oxygen into blood Oxygenated blood returns from lung enter heart through pulmonary veins and will be pumped throughout the body through aorta Lett common carotid artery Brochiocephalic artery N Leit subclovion ortery z att coronary artery BAI vere cove Aortic arch Right ventridie Figure 1 1 Human heart Adapted from 1 Whether a person is awake or asleep the heart never fails to pump Heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle When it contracts it pumps blood When it relaxes its chambers filled with blood One complete sequence of pumping and filling is called cardiac cycle The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps into the systemic circuit is called cardiac output Heart rate and stroke volume will determine cardiac output Heart rate is the number of heart beat per unit of time usually in unit of beat per minute BPM It is measured from the artery pulse in the body chest wrist fingertips etc Heart rate can be measured by using heart rate monitoring system Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in each contraction In human heart average stroke volume is about 75 mL At rest a person heart be
22. isplay on mobile phone screen Adapted from 16 15 Table 2 1 Specification of communication between sensor and mobile phone Band rate 38400 bps Parity check No Stop bits 2 bits In the investigation 16 blood pressure was measured on 13 subjects Each subject s blood pressure was tested for three times to ensure data collected consistent Compared to blood pressure obtained from the commercial blood pressure monitor the systolic blood pressure obtained from mobile phone is slightly higher and diastolic blood pressure is slightly lower than average However it is easier to obtain the result from mobile phone blood pressure than the commercial blood pressure monitor and the measurement result was not affected by gender or age 2 5 Wireless Technology Related Research JH Hong et al 17 discussed on the system which composed of transmitter receiver and remote server In the transmitter stage the input was from measured ECG signal and fed to microcontroller before being sent to ZigBee transmitter Tx Then in the receiver stage the input transmitted from T will be received by ZigBee receiver R and then transmitted to PDA Data from the receiver also will be forwarded to remote server to be displayed on computer screen The experiment was conducted using necklace type transmitter attached to a subject s sternum and the ECG signal was displayed on the screen of remote server receiver Since the prototype de
23. r 2x16 LCD display at this space if want to use it Figure A 2 Further explanation on microcontroller board layout 37 B_ 5 ways header pin for external power and interface to microcontroller D Onboard 3 3V power indicator LED It is green color E Two LED indicator for USB s transmitter and receiver status On board reset button for KC Wirefree Bluetooth module A Either KC21 or KC11 will be mounted This is KC Wirefree Bluetooth module B 5 ways header pin for external power supply and interface to microcontroller If this kit is connected to microcontroller board it should be powered with 5V Please refer to hardware installation for detail connection C USB B type socket If connection to PC or laptop is required please connect one end of USB cable B type to this socket while the other end to PC or laptop D 3 3V power indicator This small green LED indicates the status of 3 3V output from on board regulator It should be ON if either external SV power or USB connection is connected to SKKCA E These are a pair of small LED red and yellow in color These LEDs are connected to on board USB to UART converter It indicates the receiver and transmitter activity It will only work if SKKCA is connected to PC or laptop through USB cable Red LED indicate USB s transmitter send data while yellow LED indicate USB s receiver receive data F Reset button for KC Wirefree Bluetooth module Pr
24. rototype board and use the YO of PIC MCU It is fully compatible between SK40B Turn pin offer simple way to check voltage with multi meter probe 40 pins of PIC MCU except OSC connected to crystal are extended out to these pin There is an extra pin on top of MCLR which is labeled as Vin is connected to the input power H Reserved for UART communication Tx and Rx pin of SK40C are connect to RC6 and RC7 respectively Ensure PIC use have the correct UART pin RC6 and RC7 I 2 x Push button connected to RBO and RB1 of PIC MCU This is extra input button for user It can be programmed as input switch 36 J Push button with the function of Reset for PIC MCU K 5K of trimmer to set LCD contrast L JP8 is provided for LCD Backlight LCD Display will have backlight if this pin is shorted M JP9 is provided for USB Connect this pin if users use USB port N 40 pin IC socket for user to plug in any 40 pin PIC MCU 8 bit It can either be 16F or 18F PIC Of course the IC package should be PDIP Please ensure the first pin is at the top side Inside IC socket there some electronics components it include a 20MHz Crystal O Turn pin is provided for crystal 20M Hz is default crystal provided in SK40C However the 20M Hz crystal can be removed and replace with other crystal Just remove the crystal and put other crystal on turn pin without soldering P Reserved for 2 x 16 LCD Display User may solde
25. s project CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND CIRCUIT DESIGN 3 1 Introduction This chapter mainly concern about how data are generated and collected in the project as well as how they are analyzed to achieve the objective of the project The detailed explanation on the procedure of the project is included in this chapter 3 2 Methodology The procedure used for the experiment can be divided into four parts sensor data acquisition data processing and wireless data transmission The first part of the project was the sensor used to detect hart beat via PPG technique Firstly the sensor used was the reflective optical sensor with transistor output TCRT1000 TCRT1010 18 96 11971 b p Y TA D A C E C c Top view Figure 3 1 Optical sensor TCRT1000 Adapted from 19 The TCRT1000 1010 has a compact construction where light emitting source and the detector were arranged in the same direction to sense the presence of any object by using the reflective IR beam from the object The features of this optical sensor are compact construction in spacing of 0 1 with 7 mm length and 4 mm wide no setting efforts high signal outputs low temperature coefficient detector provided with optical filter and Current Transfer Ratio CTR of typical 2 5 The sensing distance of the sensor is 1 mm By referring to sensor block diagram in Figure 3 1c a various values of resistor pair used to find the most suitable pair of resis
26. t of light returning to the LDR The PIC circuit then will process and analyze the signal and MAX 232 will be the interface between microcontroller and RS 232 The result obtained from the experiment is as Figure 2 3 Frequency 98Hz VPk Pk 1 62 V Figure 2 3 Result of heart rate obtained Adapted from 15 2 4 Mobile Phone Based Sphygmomanometer The research is focusing on developing a high precision non invasive continuous blood pressure monitor using pulse arrival time The software used in the research developed in the Eclipse integrated development environment with Java as the programming language The environment for mobile phone used is the Doja 5 0 profile Doja 5 0 is a Java runtime environment specification for DoCoMo s mobile phone based on the Java ME CLDC The procedure to estimate blood pressure is firstly by obtaining ECG from the tip of finger from both hands and using index finger 14 of left or right hand to obtain pulse wave Both ECG and pulse wave are sampled at 250 Hz filtered using notch filter and bandpass filter then transmitted to mobile phone Figure 2 4 shows the sensor and the blood pressure measurement device while Figure 2 5 shows the result displayed on the mobile phone screen during blood pressure estimation Table 2 1 shows the specification for communication between mobile phone sensors Figure 2 4 Blood measurement device Adapted from 16 Ack ieasfe 196 me 139 Figure 2 5 D
27. tem and monitoring application for the mobile phone or PDA Electrode based Acquisiti Figure 2 1 ECG system description Adapted from 14 The hardware system composed of three layers acquisition layer analog to processing layer and wireless transmission layer Acquisition layer built using bioamplifier and a bandpass filter while transmission layer consist of Bluetooth module The processing layer includes a microcontroller PIC 16F876 and a FPGA Xilinx Spartan3E 100 The functions of microcontroller are to capture and digitalize the ECG signal establish the connection to the Bluetooth device and send the data 14 2 3 Heartbeat Monitoring Alert via SMS The proposed system discussed by 15 was about heartbeat monitoring via SMS The hardware used involves sensor circuit PIC circuit aad MAX232 circuit The software used to simulate the design schematic capture and printed circuit board PCB design is PROTEUS 7 13 Mobile Sensor PIC MAX232 GSM D Circuit D Circuit D Circuit D Modem gt pias Figure 2 2 Heartbeat monitoring system block diagram Heartbeat is sensed using high intensity LED Light Emitting Diode and LDR Light Dependent Resistor By illuminating the fingertip skin with the high intensity LED any changes in blood volume in each pulse will be detected by LDR With each heartbeat a surge of blood from vascular system will expand capillaries in the finger thus changing the amoun
28. to re programming with flash memory 1 1 6 Bluetooth Bluetooth technology is one of the wireless communication systems developed to replace the usage of cables in electronic devices The aims for Bluetooth technology are short range radio frequency RF based wireless communication between several devices It was first developed by Ericson in 1994 and now the current developer is a special lobby of Special Interest Group SIG 11 The first governing idea behind the Bluetooth technology is to replace cable and specify wide scale Integrated Circuit IC to be deployed on large scale on various type of equipment A complete Bluetooth system requires four elements The first element is an RF portion for receiving and transmitting data Second element is a module with a 8 baseband microprocessor Third element that must have in Bluetooth module is memory and lastly the fourth element is an interface to the host device such as mobile phone or laptop The advantages of this technology are low power consumption low price high level of integration and profile simple Quality of Service QoS and error control instantaneous networks reliable and secure transmissions and lastly this technology have global compatibility and compliant with global emission rule This technology uses the unlicensed 2 4 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical ISM Band communication thus also compliant with airline regulation So it is safe to be used on
29. tor that can capture PPG signal from finger correctly In this project resistor 220 Q and 100 KQ was used where 220 Q resistor was connected to C of the emitter and 5V power supply while resistor 100KQ was connected to E and Ground The A pin was connected to Ground and C pin of receiver was connected to 5V power supply The second part was the data acquisition circuit which used instrumentation amplifier INA114 Instrumentation amplifier was chosen due to its ability to obtain high gain high input impedance and high common mode rejection ratio The output of sensor was fed into pin 3 of instrumentation amplifier As mention in introduction using equation 1 1 gain can be calculated Thus Resistor 47 Q was connected to Rg which is between pin and 8 to obtain gain was calculated using equation 3 1 which is approximately 1000 19 Protection Over Voltage k G 1 3 1 The third part of the system was the data processing For this part microcontroller PIC16F877A was used Software MicroC PRO for PIC was used to program the microcontroller and PICKit2 was used as microcontroller programmer to burn the program into microcontroller The amplified signal obtained from instrumentation amplifier was fed to the external interrupt of microcontroller PIC16F877A which is PORT A PORT A was programmed to receive analog input and transmit the data to UART pin which was PORT C pin RC6 and RC7 Pin RC6 was microcontroller s tr
30. tors of more than x1000 and usually used for very sensitive measurements such as brain waveform EEG measurements Bioelectric signal sources exhibit high source impedance thus the bioelectric amplifier used must have high input impedance Therefore the solution to both high gain and high input impedance problems is by using instrumentation amplifiers It is one of the bioelectric amplifiers which use three operational amplifiers Figure 1 4 Instrumentation amplifier Adapted from 7 Instrumentation amplifier is a differential voltage gain device that amplifies the difference between the voltages existing at its two input terminals 8 Instrumentation amplifiers are used in biomedical application for the purpose of amplifying small voltages such as bioelectric signals that may be riding on large common mode voltages The reasons instrumentation amplifiers are widely used in biomedical application are because of its ability to obtain high gain with low resistor values extremely high input impedance high common mode rejection ratio low output offset and low output ratio The voltage gain is usually set with an external resistor As shown in Figure 1 4 the first two amplifiers and the resistors are the buffers Two input amplifier are connected in the non inverting follower configuration that provide high input impedance and voltage gain The gain can be controlled by the values of resistor R and Rgain as indicated in equation 1 1
31. transmission When data is transmitted red LED blinked and when data is received yellow LED blinked 3 4 Conclusion This chapter discussed on the methodology used in the project Generally there are four stages in this project which are sensor circuit data acquisition data processing and wireless data transmission Also included in this chapter are the circuits developed for this project CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4 1 Introduction This chapter mainly discussed on the results obtained in this project Every results was discussed regardless the success or failure of each result obtained The reason behind every result is explained further in this chapter 4 2 Results and Discussion From the simulation done in Multisim the output obtained was in Volts when given input of miliVolts which shows that instrumentation amplifer can amplify the gain until 1000 However when the circuit was implemented on protoboard the output obtained was not as simulated Implemented circuit shows too much noise and the amplifier circuit did not manage to increase the gain After a lot of trial done the result showed that the amplifier circuit can only amplified the gain up to 20 There was also another problem occur which is the noise also amplified along the input signal Furthermore the circuit designed also very unstable both sensor and amplifier because the output was not consistent After a few consideration the sensor part and
32. tudy on heart beat monitoring system and its working principal Study on Bluetooth system and how it works Designing a sensor circuit that can capture heart rate Implementing amplifier circuit in the system so that the signal can be recorded easily Establish connections between microcontroller and Bluetooth system to program microcontroller to receive and transmit heart beat via UART Establish wireless connection between Bluetooth system and target device Laptop and PDA and display heart beat on the device s screen 1 5 Thesis Outline This thesis made up of five chapters The first chapter presents the introduction to the project which includes research background problem statement objective of the project and scope of work The second chapter presents about literature review on previous researches that have been done before The research discussed includes wearable ECG system methodology on how to obtain heart rate heart rate monitoring using mobile phone and other researches involving wireless technology 10 In the third chapter is the methodology and circuit design used in this project The details of the procedure for the project are also included in these chapters which are sensor data acquisition data processing and wireless data transmission The designed circuit also discussed in this chapter Fourth chapter is discussing on the results obtained in the project as well as the analysis of the result M
33. using ECG simulator and amplified using biomedical amplifier Then input was processed and wirelessly transmitted to laptop using microcontroller and Bluetooth module The output signal was displayed on laptop screen ABSTRAK Dalam era dimana teknologi semakin mengubah gaya kehidupan kita kemajuan dalam bidang perubatan adalah yang paling diperlukan kerana manusia mementingkan kesihatan mereka lebih dari yang lain Pelbagai kajian telah dilaksanakan di seluruh dunia untuk meninjau tahap kesihatan dengan cara yang paling mudah Penggunaan kabel semakin membebankan pengguna kerana menyebabkan pergerakan semakin terhad Oleh itu para pengkaji sering mencari kaedah untuk menggantikan penggunaan kabel dalan menghubungkan peralatan elektronik Projek ini juga adalah salah satu daripada kajian yang telah dilaksanakan untuk memudahkan peninjauan tahap kesihatan diri tanpa menggunakan kabel Projek ini telah mencadangkan kaedah peninjauan tahap kesihatan melalui penggunaan teknologi Bluetooth Projek ini terdiri daripada empat bahagian iaitu sensor penguat pemprosesan data dan juga penghantaran data melalui Bluetooth Sensor dan penguat telah di hasilkan untuk mendapatkan kadar denyutan jantung yang diperbesarkan Namun begitu disebabkan oleh sensor dan penguat yang dihasilkan tidak stabil kadar denyutan jantung telah diambil dari ECG Simulator dan signal diperbesarkan menggunalan penguat bioperubatan Kemudian input tersebut diproses dan dihantar ke l
34. veloped able to operate even while the subject is moving the system was suitable to be used by the old the weak and the disabled people for consistent physical condition monitoring The system designed also able to store the patient data continuously in the SD card and on the happening event the data will be sent to remote server through the receiver Eric R Grigorian et al 18 discussed in on a system developed which composed of MEMS sensor microcontroller Bluetooth and host computer In their 16 research implementation raw data was transmitted to base station for near real time processing The hardware developed in the research focus in miniaturizes the design to produce compact size prototype which allow the ability to capture necessary biometrics for the analysis On the host side the data transmitted by Bluetooth appeared as bounded serial interface The received raw data was de packetized by removing Start and stop bytes and the raw data was stripped out into an individual ECG for data analysis 2 6 Conclusion As for the conclusion of this chapter mostly previous research on heartbeat monitoring system used same procedure which involves sensor layer data acguisition layer and data processing layer For wireless technology related researches the methods used are very advanced and the prototype developed are considered applicable to healthcare systems This information from previous research will help in completing thi
35. vious than the 8 6 version the data were unable to be retrieved from input Although Labview version 8 0 have PDA module installed the software still unable to detect the device Thus no data were able to be displayed on the PDA 28 4 3 Conclusion This chapter has discussed all the results obtained in the project Since the first and second part of the project failed to produce usable output both stages were removed and replaced by ECG simulator input The input used was amplified using Biomedical Amplifier BMA 400 Bluetooth data transmission of the input was successfully displayed on the laptop but the output obtained differs than the input given due to transmission problem Lastly the output was unable to be displayed on PDA due to software related problem CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5 1 Conclusion To conclude this report generally there are four stages in this project which are sensor data acquisition and data processing and wireless data transmission to laptop and PDA However due to instability of sensor and data acquisition hardware both first and second stage was eliminated from the project For testing purpose input was taken from ECG simulator and amplified by Biomedical Amplifier BMA 400 The input was fed into microcontroller which has been programmed to transmit the data wirelessly using Bluetooth module Wireless data transmission was successfully retrieved by laptop and viewed on the screen Howev
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