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AquiferTest v.4.2 User`s Manual

1. L Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 In this example the dimensionless view is shown An example of a Theis Jacob Correction analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Unconfined HYT 164 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Dimensionless Parameters There are no additional type curve parameters for this solution method 4 7 7 Unconfined Anisotropic For an unconfined anisotropic aquifer AquiferTest provides two options Neuman or Boulton The Neuman analysis can be demanding on your system resources due to the complex calculations for the anisotropy In some cases the Boulton analysis may be a better choice AquiferTest provides the option to define which analysis to use as default when specifying Anisotropic and Unconfined in the Model Assumptions For more details General Tab on page 112 Neuman Neuman 1975 developed a solution method for pumping tests performed in unconfined aquifers which can be used for both fully or partially penetrating wells When analyzing pumping test data from unconfined aquifers one often finds that the drawdown response fails to follow the classical Theis 1935 solution When drawdown is plotted versus time on logarithmic paper it tends to delineate an inflected curve consisting of 1 a steep segment at early time 2 a flat segment at intermediate time and 3 a somew
2. where D initial saturated aquifer thickness roy effective radius of the well screen or open hole r radius of the unscreened portion of the well over which the water level is changing The mathematical model for the solution is described in Papadopulos amp Cooper 1967 The drawdown in the pumping well r rw is calculated as follows with Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Sy drawdown in the pumping well roy effective radius of the filter well r radius of the full pipe in which the water level changes Cp dimensionless well storage coefficient For the Papadopulos method the symbol a is used As shown in the above equations the well storage coefficient Cp correlates with the storage coefficient S If only early time drawdown data are available it will be difficult to obtain a match to the type curve because the type curves differ only slightly in shape The data curve can be matched equally well with more than one type curve Moving from one type curve to another results in a value of S storativity that differs an order of magnitude For early time data storativity determined by the Papadopulos curve fitting method is of questionable reliability Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 An example of a Papadopulos Cooper Solution graph has been included in the following figure Pumping Test Methods 183 a WellBoreStorage AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help B amp m fe z New
3. T Ft2yd o 4 486 3 a 4 276 4 a High High CEPE EEETTT E En 5 seie 425428 High High Click on the X button to close the Parameters dialog Click on the Pumping Test tab In the Wells table select WaterSupply2 from the well list To turn on the second pumping well change the type from Not Used to Pumping Well Click on the Discharge tab Select WaterSupply2 from the well list Select the Variable discharge option Enter the following values in the table Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Time Discharge 720 150 1440 0 ischarge U 5 gal min Constant i Variable Water Supply 2 These values indicate that the Water Supply 2 well was turned on at the same time as the Water Supply 1 however whereas Water Supply 1 pumped for 1440 minutes 24 hours at a constant discharge of 150 US gal min Water Supply 2 only ran at that rate for 720 minutes 12 hours and was then shut off 40 Select the Analysis tab 41 You will see that the theoretical drawdown curve no longer goes through the observed points instead the curve is below the data indicating that the predicted drawdown at OW has increased as a result of activating the second pumping well Time min 73 7 00 AquiferTest calculates the theoretical drawdown curve using the Transmissivity T and Storativity S values calculated earlier in this exercise 42 T
4. Depending upon selected type there will be input fields for the different coefficients A B C and D Determining the values of the coefficients is a complex process which depends on the type of data correction and the cause of the displacement In short for the four different types e addition subtraction this is simple operation could be used to correct wrong offsets of logger measurements e linear time function general trend correction 1 e if the change of water level in the aquifer can be approximated by a linear function for the time of the pumping test An Example would be seasonal drainage e log function of time An Example would be drainage of an aquifer after precipitation e periodic function could be tidal effects Note It is not possible to apply a data correction only to a certain period of time it always applies to all data It is only possible to limit to a particular well For tidal corrections the coefficients are defined as follows Customized Water Level Trends 219 A amplitude half amount of the tidal change during one period high low tide B phase displacement calculated as follows For example 2 hours after ebb PI 2 2h 6 2h PI Please note that B is dimensionless so it must be given in radian C period PI 12 h 25 min DS The range of application indicates whether the correction applies only to the current well data set or to all wells For example a local t
5. Extrapolate Discharge Waterlevel X Determination of drawdown difference for pumping steps Here the drawdown increment For each puming step is determined at a Fixed time interval The time interval is taken From the beginning of each pumping step The drawdown difference is calculated between the observed drawdown and the extrapolated drawdown of the preceeding step The program uses the number of data points entered below beginning at the end of the step to extrapolate drawdown Time d aln O 01 bog o t eae to i ie inti g a 5 Z D T T oi Ei Number of pumping steps Number of data points Time interval d C Display Delta s a f 0 065544444444 T Display Delta t Cancel This dialogue allows you to edit the number of steps to include in the analysis as well as the line fitting parameters for each step Each step in the analysis corresponds to a pumping rate entered in the pumping test tab In the example above there are six pumping rates in the test which therefore allows a maximum of six steps in the analysis The time drawdown data is plotted on a semi log graph and the slope of each line is determined based on the Number of data points you specify Selection of data points begins at the end of the step and progresses backward in time as you add more points for the line slope calculation For example if the number of points is equal to five then AquiferTest will use the last five d
6. J Filter Time min Drawdown ft o on DOD nN eUu nN ElNew analysis 1 PS new analysis 2 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From File Create a Pumping Test 600 1200 Time min 1600 2000 Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 Importing Data from an Excel File 1 In the Water Levels tab select and highlight OW2 from the Wells list Pu Pumping Welly 2 Enter the Static WL of 0 Water Levels Analysis Site Plan Static Water Level Ft fo For this well the data will be imported from an Excel file 3 Select File Import Water Level measurements 4 A Windows Explorer dialogue will appear prompting you to select an Excel xls file Navigate to AquiferTest ImportFiles and select OW2_data XLS 5 Click Open The data should appear in the grid Chapter 2 Getting Started 6 The drawdown graph will be displayed as shown below E Sample AquiferTest 5 7 o xj File Edit View Test Analysis Tools Help E amp tal S fs IE Pi New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge E water Levels Analysis Site Plan j Reports PW1 Pumping Well Static Water Level Ft jo Owi OWS Import Time Water Level TOC Add Data Correction
7. This exercise is based on the pumping test data published in Fetter Applied Hydrogeology 3rd Edition 1994 p 223 1 If you have not already done so double click the AquiferTest icon ay to start an AquiferTest session 2 When you launch an AquiferTest session a blank project with the Pumping Test tab active loads automatically The loaded page should look similar to the one shown below EE NoName AquiferTest A ee a loj x File Edit wiew Test Analysis Tools Help amp E B z New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge E Water Levels Analysis Site Plan y Reports Project Information Units Project Name Po Site Plan m o Dimensions mo Project No Po Time b x Discharge ms Client Po Transmissivity ms Pressure Pa x Location V Convert existing values r Well 1 Pumping Test Aquifer Properties a fr Pumping Test Thickness ml f i Well 1 Performed by Type Unknown x E Date 9 22 2004 7 Bar EFF BE J IER i C 122 i Aquifer DS B ES New analysis 1 g Create a New Analysis Name Type x m Y m Elevation a Benchmark Penetration R m L m b m Define analysis time range 1 Pumping Well Fully Add comments Click here to create a new well Import Wells From File Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support fo Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeo
8. vertical conductivity K horizontal conductivity For the case where t gt SD 2K S storage coefficient the function is Theory of Superposition 141 142 Wlu nap the modified Bessel function of the 2nd order is approximated K n mp J Aquifer Test uses the following formula for the computation of f at a piezometer 4D S nzb nzrd K u NI Seg sin sin Jo e P B j zh D n n For observation wells f is slightly different and is defined as 2D 1 n nza nab nad las Wu nmpk sin NZ gin M in sin ad m b d z a Gn D D D D with a distance from top of aquifer to top of well screen in the observation well z distance from top of aquifer to bottom of well screen in the observation well Using the same restriction as with the piezometer t gt SD 2Kv can be replaced with W u n 78 with 2 K n 7B and the formula used by AquiferTest reads 4D Saol naz naa _ nab nad ______ __ gt K u nz k sin sin p lt sin sin fi YE Ky lun sin 9 sin MA sin sin NOTE The corrections for partial penetration effect and anisotropy require significant computing resources As such it is recommended to first complete a calculation with fully penetrating wells and only after the model function is fitted to apply the correction for partially penetrating wells Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 4 5 Pumping Test Back
9. AquiferTest v 4 2 User s Manual Advanced Pumping Test amp Slug Test Analysis Software SF Confined AquiferTest File Edit View Test Analysis Tools Help jae SF ez Pumping Test Discharge Eg Water Levels Analysis Site Plan J Reports Project Information Units Project Name Tutoria Site Plan m H Dimensions m Project No eo a Time s Discharge ms Client oO O O Transmissivity ms Pressure mbar J Location O O JV Convert existing values PW Pumping Test Aquifer Properties OW 11b Name Breyell Niederrhein Thickness m E ow 3b Performed by Type unknown Ow 6b Date jiz 1 2003 Bar Eff BE Pw Elevation a Benchmark Penetration R m L m b m r m B m how 11b Phow 3b 2 OW 11b Observation Well 7 4 Sow 6b Time min 550 1100 0 s e e O E E E E E E A E 4 OW 6b Observation Well 139 6 0 d R Theis Dramdonn hana TM P alae aS w wea Create a New Analysis il i acer arenes zao 0 ME Add comments Ooo S T S Mea Fay Contact Technical Support Click here to create a new well Import Wells From file Well 1 Well 200 Well 30 well 1000 Well 2 Well 2 Obs data E Well 1 0 10 1 00 10 00 100 00 1000 00 10000 00 100000 00 Well 5 Han
10. Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Your fields should now look similar to the figure shown below 3 4 5 Purnping Test Discharge F1 water Levels Analysis Site Plan S Reports roject Information Project Mame Exercise 2 Hantush Analysis Project Mo 234567 Client ABC Location waterloo Hantush Walton Analysis rour Mame 9 22 2004 Performed by Date nits Site Flan Dimensions Ft Y Jus galimir mbar Time ft min Discharge Ftzja Pressure i Convert existing values Transmissivity Aquifer Properties Thickness Ft Type Bar EFF BE Aquifer In the Wells tab a pumping well has been created by default Set the parameters for that well as follows e Name PW e Type Pumping Well e X 0 e Y 0 Create another well by clicking the Click here to create a new well link under the first well Set the parameters for the new well as follows e Name OW1 e Type Observation Well e X 80 e Y 0 Your Wells grid should now look similar to the following figure 6 7 8 9 Type x Ft Ft Pumping well 0 0 1 Puy 2 oy Observation Well 0 Click here to create a mew well Elevation ai Benchmark Penetration R Ft L Ft b Ft Fully Fully Click on the Discharge tab to enter discharge data for the pumping well In the Discharge frame select the radio
11. Gravel Pack Porosity Select all Select nore Cancel The data to be imported falls into the following categories Main Menu Bar 87 88 e Well name e Well coordinates X and Y e Elevation e Benchmark elevation e Well geometry L r R b and Gravel Pack Porosity In the Wells Import dialog match the data columns in the source file to the format required by AquiferTest The source file can be a Text file Excel file or Shapefile with one row allocated for each well 1 In the first column select the wells you wish to import 2 The screen on the left shows the data set up in the file The Field mapping area on the right allows you to specify which columns in the file contain the data required by AquiferTest 3 Ifthe first row in the data file contains names of the fields check the box beside First row contains headers 4 Click Import to complete the operation 5 Review the data in the Wells table to verify if the data was correctly imported Import Map Image You can import a map image in two ways e File Import Map Image menu option e Load button in the Site Plan tab of the project 1 Using one of the methods listed a dialog will load in which you can navigate to the appropriate file Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar 2 Select the file then click Open to produce the following dialogue Georeference the Image Image Coordinates The image size is 747 x 495 pixe
12. Panvadyrvis Perf ortneed by Ansys Date zinoa analyds h hissed on assumptions From Horsley Anatysis Graph KA exude A Comments toging sme Analysts method Taree ws Change M wL Tiri 5 Cooper Frecehoeft Papacopa Doumer R Araks MWS K pudi E I i Fasia Shela Wales Yaua lorma a f DE a Derin ants Tide Tithe Fret Mirian Fiir Show Valet vau Pont edu Format Maier ut Grajines Reser Diagram The calculated K value can be found in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel for this example K 2 31E 6 m s To create a Bouwer amp Rice analysis of the same data set create a new analysis and choose Bouwer amp Rice from the Analysis methods frame of the Analysis Navigator panel Type Bouwer amp Rice in the Analysis name field Define the following properties for the axes Time e Min 0 e Max 500 Drawdown Chapter 2 Getting Started e Min 0 05 e Max 1 e Reverse Checked 13 Display the grid lines for both axes and your graph should look similar to the one shown below Slug Test EL water Level Analysis e Site Plan Reports Data from a Analysis Name Bouwer amp Rice Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date K 1 2004 7 Analysis is based on assumptions from Bouwer amp Rice Recovery period only Analysis Graph i E A lt none gt a fila Time vs Change in WL Tim
13. e Importing data from a text file or Excel spreadsheet xls e Importing data from an ASCII datalogger file asc txt or Diver Datalogger MON or Level Logger lev Entering Data Manually For OW 1 the data will be entered manually 1 Select the Water Levels tab at the top of the window Pumping Test Discharge L water Levels Analysis WW Site Plan Reports 2 Select OW1 from the Wells list in the top left corner of the window ensure this well is highlighted in blue before proceeding 26 Chapter 2 Getting Started 3 Enter the Static WL of 0 Water Levels Analysis WP Site Plan Static Water Level Ft fo 4 In the Time min and Depth to WL ft columns enter the following data Press Enter after each value to move to the next field NOTE Do not type anything in the Drawdown column Time min Water Level ft 1 1 53 2 1 87 3 2 07 4 2 22 5 2 33 6 2 42 7 2 50 8 2 56 9 2 62 10 2 67 20 3 02 30 3 22 40 3 37 50 3 48 60 3 57 100 3 82 200 4 17 300 4 37 400 4 52 500 4 63 800 4 86 1000 4 97 1440 5 16 Creating a Pumping Test 27 SE Sample AquiferTest File Edit Yiew Test Analysis Tools Help E amp lea fe E Z New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge E water Levels Analysis w Site Plan p Reports Pw Pumping Well Static Water Level Ft fo Ow OWS Import v Time Water Level TOC Add Data Correction
14. effective radius of the well open interval T Transmissivity of the aquifer S Storativity of the aquifer t time since the injection or withdrawal Jo Zero Order Bessel function of the first kind J First Order Bessel function of the first kind Yo Zero Order Bessel function of the second kind Y First Order Bessel function of the second kind The following diagram illustrates the mechanics for the Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Solution 208 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods water level in well water level at time at time t 0 t gt t m cae oe original piezometric aquifer aquiclude An example of a Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos analysis graph has been included in the following figure Slug Test Solution Methods 209 Analysis Graph amp Fit Comments lt none gt i a fi Time vs Change in WL Time tat Peps Sane ae eww a re Rmanars gt DREVEROEF I FPA eed seth aT bal Me IEHOEFT P AE Ena BE ahai Hvorslev Bouwer amp Rice T fF Ad 3 50E0 Data Series Type Curve Derivation of data point E ka 3 Derivation of type curve Dimensionsless An example of a Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos slug test is available in the project AquiferTest Examples SlugTest1 HY
15. l l Equivalent System water level att 0 Pigg hfe es ee ee ee T e a Waler level at t t ee Pe resulting te depression cone a For more details please see p 109 Kruseman and de Ridder Theory of Superposition 139 4 4 4 Effects of Vertical Anisotropy and Partially Penetrating Wells 140 Pumping wells and monitoring wells often only tap into an aquifer and may not necessarily fully penetrate the entire thickness This means only a portion of the aquifer thickness is screened and that both horizontal and vertical flow will occur near the pumping well Since partial penetration induces vertical flow components in the vicinity of the well the general assumption that the well receives water only from horizontal flow is no longer valid Krusemann and de Ridder 1990 p 159 Consequently as soon as there is a vertical flow component the anisotropic properties of the aquifer should also be considered If the aquifer is anisotropic then the permeability in the horizontal direction is different from the vertical permeability To account for partially penetrating wells the user must enter the values for the well screen lengths the distance from the bottom of the screen to the top of the aquifer b value and the initial saturated aquifer thickness These parameters are defined in the Pumping Test tab AquiferTest will then calculate the distance between the top of the well screen and the top of the aquife
16. v J Filter Time min Water Drawdown gt Level ft Ft 1 0 07 0 07 2 2 0 21 0 21 3 0 33 0 33 4 4 0 43 0 43 5 5 0 51 0 51 6 6 0 58 0 58 7 fd 0 65 0 65 6 6 0 7 0 7 9 9 0 74 0 74 10 10 0 8 0 8 ELows 11 20 1 08 1 08 liz 30 1 26 1 26 new analysis 1 13 40 1 4 1 4 new analysis 2 dial so 1 51 1 51 Create a New Analysis 15 leo 1 62 1 62 Define analysis time range prr 70 1 73 1 73 Add comments liz lso 1 81 1 81 18 90 1 9 1 9 Import Wells From file pere a TEF T Create a Pumping Test 0 245 eae 800 1200 1600 2000 Create a Slug Test Time min Contact Technical Support al 0 e ands 22 400 3 06 3 06 x acapmont Waterlon rydrogeakagie Inc 2004550 SEEN E EES NAN NA For more information on importing data and formatting Excel files please refer to Chapter 3 Import Water Levels Importing Data from a Datalogger File 1 Inthe Water Levels tab select OW3 from the Wells frame Puy Pumping Welly 2 Enter a Static WL of 0 For this well the data will be imported from a data logger file Creating a Pumping Test 29 3 From the Main Menu click File Import followed by Data logger file File Edit wiew Test Analysis Tools Help New Strg h E Open Strg o i Fumping Test Discharge Ei Water Close Puy Pumping Welly Static A Save Strg 5 Owi H Save As ON Lana ee E Map I ae Print Strg P eae E Water level measurements E Frinter Setup UB exit Sample HYT Crosw
17. 14 11 14 05 14 03 14 01 14 0 9 13 99 8 For the Static Water Level enter 13 99 9 For the Depth at t 0 enter 14 87 m ArANIAN WN T Reeeneneeeeenennns atic Water Level Ft 13 99 WL at t 0 Ft 14 67 10 Click on the B Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph The calculated drawdown appears in the Drawdown column and a graph of the Exercise 7 Slug Test Analysis 293 drawdown appears to the right of the data as shown below Slug Test Gt Water Level es Analysis Site Plan Tj Reports Static Water Level ft 13 99 WL at t 0 ft 14 87 E Import v Time Water Level TOC x Add Data Correction v J Filter Time s Water Change in Level ft WL Ft 1 14 87 0 88 2 1 14 59 0 6 l 2 14 37 0 38 4 3 14 2 0 21 5 4 14 11 0 12 6 5 14 05 0 06 ft ____ my 6 14 03 0 04 2 3 7 14 01 0 02 0 6 9 8 14 0 01 w 10 9 13 99 0 e piritan 11 g eal 04 13 lt se 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 pW 21 Time s 22 11 Click on the Analysis tab 12 In the Analysis Name type in Hvorslev Notice that this name now appears in the Analyses frame of the Project Navigator panel 13 From the Analysis method frame of the Analysis Navigator panel choose Hvorslev Time vs Change in WL COOPER BREDEHOEFT PAaPRSA Hvorsley Bouwer amp Rice 14 Set the Max and Min values on both axes so that the graph fits comfort
18. 4 aT ATt AT t t g S Se 22 rae rs FS rs Or tt s we E S s se 2 m4 4nT rS t t 4aT rs with t the equivalent Agarwal time l l t t e The expression of the recovery drawdown in this case is identical to the Cooper Jacob expression if one replaces the usual time by the equivalent Agarwal time te In the case of n successive pumping periods with constant rate q for t O to tst constant rate q gt for t t to to etc the same result is obtained 5 i nf 47 4 aT rs with an equivalent Agarwal time defined by Pumping Test Methods 187 188 with t 0 and qo 0 and t the time since the beginning of the recovery An example of a Agarwal Recovery analysis graph has been included below A Agarwal AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Deps HF A Pumping Test Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan ij Reports Agarwal Recovery Data from v Analysis Name agarwal Recovery Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 6 10 2004 Analysis is based on assumptions from AGARWAL Theis Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method IV Recovery period only Pw Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp Fit gt Exclude 7 Comments lt None gt a fi Time Drawdown P Equakent Time w a o n Ti T AE GEE Hantush OPW Theis with Jacob Correction A Owl
19. E E eee b Date 8 16 2004 Bar Eff BE Aquifer 4 A New analysis 1 B Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Name Type x m x m Elevation ai Benchmark Penetration R m L m b m Add comments 1 PW Not Used 0 0 0 0 Fully 0 01524 0 9144 2 Owl Not Used 9 144 0 0 0 Fully 0 01524 0 9144 Import Wells From file 3 Owe2 Not Used 60 96 0 0 0 Fully 0 01524 0 9144 Create a Pumping Test 4 Not Used 304 8 0 0 0 Fully 0 01524 0 9144 Create a Slug Test Click here to create a new well Contact Technical Support Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 Un The first step is to define the test information units and the test well 2 2 1 Slug Test Information The Project information Name Number Client and Location is defined on a project level and will be carried over from the previous pumping test Test Information Enter the following new information for the slug test on the Slug Test tab Slug Test Information Name Sample Slug Test Performed by Your Name Creating a Slug Test 41 42 Date Aquifer Properties Thickness m Type BE Units Test Date 10 confined leave blank AquiferTest allows you to store unique units for each pumping or slug test In this example you will define new units for the new slug test Define the following units for this slug test Site Plan m Dimensions m Time S Discharge N A Transmissivity m s Pres
20. Eff field Bar EFF BE ik Button Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction 287 The following dialog will appear Calculate Barometric Efficiency BE ji G H x Calculation of the Barometric Efficiency BE During a pumping test atmospheric pressure changes may affect recorded water levels in a well By calculating a barometric efficiency BE For the aquifer the drawdown data can be corrected for this affect The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water level in a well to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure The typical range is between 0 20 and 0 75 Click here to import the data From a file Atmospheric Water Level Pressure m cmos oneck Pressure moar Barometric Efficiency NAN x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results uea 6 Click on the Click here link above the table and browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and locate the file press vs wl txt which contains the pressure and water level data This data was collected before the test 7 Click Open to import the file Calculate Barometric Efficiency BE ie x Calculation of the Barometric Efficiency BE During a pumping test atmospheric pressure changes may affect recorded water levels in a well By calculating a barometric efficiency BE For the aquifer the drawdown data can be corrected for this affect The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water
21. End min Add Replace Delete 25 Type in 101 in the Start field and 1440 in the End field Click Add 26 Highlight the added time range Click OK Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit E F x Time Range OW Start min 101 End min 1440 Add Replace Delete 27 Click on the amp Fit Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve 28 The curve change is identical to the Define analysis time range option as evident from the calculated parameters in Results frame however the points are still visible on the analysis graph 29 The parameters in the Results frame should now be similar to the following e Transmissivity 4 48E3 e Storativity 4 27E 4 Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 275 7 4 2 Determining the Effect of a Second Pumping Well 276 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 In this section the second pumping well will be activated and AquiferTest will predict the drawdown that would occur as a result of two pumping wells running simultaneously In the previous section the aquifer parameters Transmissivity and Storativity were calculated with the Theis method In order to maintain these values you need to lock the parameters Click on the Parameter Controls icon or select View Analysis Parameters from the main menu Click on the both padlock icons beside the parameters
22. Example 1 Theis Analysis Performed by rour Mame Date 9 22 2004 Aquifer 4 All new projects have one default pumping well created in the Wells table located in the bottom half of this window Define the following well parameters for this well e Name PW1 e Type Pumping Well e X 0 e Y 0 5 Click here to create a new well link under the first well to create a new well Define the following well parameters e Name OW1 Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis 247 6 7 8 9 10 11 248 e Type Observation Well e X 824 e Y 0 The Wells table should now look similar to the following tab Name Type x Ft Ft Elevation ta Benchmark Penetration F Ft L Ft b Ft 1 Puy Purnping Well T 0 Fully 2 owi Observation Well 824 a Fully Click here to create a new well NOTE It is not necessary to enter well geometry data since the Theis analysis assumes fully penetrating wells Click on the Discharge tab to enter the discharge rate for the pumping well Pumping Test Discharge E water Levels Analysis ad Site Plan Reports In the Discharge frame select the Constant option Enter the following discharge rate 220 ischarge U 5 gal min f Constant 220 Variable NOTE PW1 is highlighted in the window to the left of the Discharge frame When there are multiple pumping wells in the test the one that is highlighted is the one for which you
23. Ft Map Image Font Symbol Size Symbol Color Width mm Height mm Georeterence Contouring Color shading Data Series Contour Settings as 7 Click the Zoom Out button until you see the following figure Example 241 Confined AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help J 0e8 6 z G4 Pumping Test G Discharge E water Levels Analysis Site Plan y Reports y Zoom in y Zoom out EX Load Image XxX Clear Image Z Re scale hed Save Map Pumping Test 1 Scale 1 y Minimum rm Map Image Font Del background Symbol Size Symbol Color Width mm Height mm Georeference ES oweb Contouring Color shading Contour Settings Axis labels S Theis Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support aes Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 x m 159 30 y m 5 00 The line contours are blue colored by default and the color shading is mono chromatic blue To modify the properties click on the Contour settings button In here you can further customize your contours by changing the style and color of the lines and customizing the well and label display as described above In addition you can modify the Data Series by selecting a different time duration well or analysis for which to calcul
24. Print button in the tool bar or select File Print from the main menu 32 Save your project by selecting File Save As and define a project name Example 1 This concludes the exercise on the Theis analysis In the next exercise you will analyze data using a method You have a choice of exiting AquiferTest or continuing on to the next exercise Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis 29 7 2 Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis This exercise is written with the assumption that you have gone through the first exercise and are familiar with the AquiferTest interface This exercise is based on the pumping test data published in Dawson and Istok Aquifer Testing Design and Analysis of pumping and slug tests 1991 p 113 1 2 254 Launch AquiferTest or if you already have the window open create a new project by clicking the c New button from the toolbar or select File New from the main menu In the Pumping Test tab enter the following information in the appropriate fields Project Information e Project Name Exercise 2 e Project No 2 e Client ABC e Location Your Town Pumping Test frame e Name Hantush Jacob Analysis e Performed by Your Name e Date fills in automatically Units frame e Site Plan ft e Dimensions ft e Time min e Discharge US gal min e Transmissivity US gal d ft Aquifer Thickness frame e Thickness 20 e Type Leaky e Bar Eff leave blank
25. baseline trends trend effects and barometric pressure changes This corrected drawdown data should then be used for the calculation of the aquifer parameters NOTE Data Pre Processing tools are available in AquiferTest Pro only According to the U S EPA SOP for Pumping Tests Osborne 1993 data pre processing is a critical step in any pumping test analysis Collecting data on pre test water levels is essential if the analysis of the test data is to be completely successful The baseline data provides a basis for correcting the test data to account for on going regional water level changes Although the wells on site are the main target for baseline measurements it is important to measure key wells adjacent to the site and to account for off site pumping which may affect the test results Osborne 1993 During the baseline trend observation period it is desirable to monitor and record the barometric pressure to a sensitivity of 0 01 inches of mercury The monitoring should continue throughout the test and for at least one day to a week after the completion of the recovery measurement period This data when combined with the water level trends measured during the baseline period can be used to correct for the effects of barometric changes that may occur during the test Osborne 1993 For more details please see EPA Groundwater Issue Suggested Operating Procedures for Aquifer Pumping Tests Paul S Osborne EPA 540 S 93
26. key Save yy Print fs Copy B Paste Pi Refresh EA Pumping Test Discharge IE Water Levels Analysis m Site Plan e Reports LP 1 Hantush Bierschenk ischarge m3 d Constant variable Time Discharge Time d Discharge 4 1306 1 2 0 25 1693 a 0 375 2423 4 0 5 3261 ElNew analysis 1 i 5 0 625 4094 Ewi Specific capacity 6 0 75 5019 Elw Well losses Create a New Analysis i Add comments G 9 Import Wells From file 10 Create a Pumping Test 11 Create a Slug Test 12 Contact Technical Support 13 _ n 16 17 18 0 4 Time d Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2007 If steady state flow is reached in each step enter the discharge water level data in the Discharge Waterlevel table as shown in the image below EA Pumping Test a Discharge e Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan e Reports ischarge m d Constant variable Discharge Water Level Time Water Level TOC Static WL m fo Extrapolate 2800 4200 5600 Q m3 d 196 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Alternatively for a step test where flow is at an unsteady state click on the Extrapolate button to extrapolate the discharge water level values from the time drawdown data Upon selecting the Extrapolate Discharge Waterlevel dialog will open as shown below
27. select a color for the well symbol e Width controls the area map width modify this value for printing purposes To restore the default enter Auto in this field e Height controls the map height modify this value for printing purposes To restore the default enter Auto in this field e Georeference loads the same Georeference the image dialog box as during the Load Image procedure Allows you to assign new georeference points for the map image e Contouring enable or disable contour lines using this check box e Color shading enable or disable color contouring using this check box Contour Lines Color Shaded Drawdown im Lt e Data Series provides options to select the pumping test data set for contouring These options are shown below Contour Lines TA F x Show Contour Lines Drawdown of PUmpirig Test lt a Analysis at Well j analysis 1 Method Theis Reservoir Parameters at point of time min 166 666666666 Grid Density Rows 100 Cols fioo cout __ About the Interface 235 Specify the pumping test the analysis the well and the point in time from which to draw data for contouring as well as the grid specifications A larger grid size gt 100X100 will result in greater detail and smoother contour lines but may also increase processing time e Contour Settings loads the dialogues that allow you to fine tune the line and color contouring as well as
28. type Agarwal Recovery 24 The graph below shows the Drawdown and recovery data 266 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests E Agarwal AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help F amp m S G Bj New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Bj Reports Agarwal Recovery Data from v Analysis Name Jagarwal Recovery Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 6 10 2004 x Analysis is based on assumptions From Theis Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Recovery period only Pw Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph stil Fe Dexcude zo o lt vone gt r Title Font Scale i P OPW Edowi ii Show values Value Font Agarwal Recovery new analysis 2 Create a New Analysis Value Format i Define analysis time range Title Font Show Values M Value Font verdana Value format 0 00 mare o O Import Wells from File Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support el Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 W7 25 Check the box beside the Recovery period only under the Data from window Data From Analysis Mame agarwal Recovery Ap alysis performed by Analysis is based on assumptions From AGARWAL Thei Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptio
29. water at an increasing rate to the fractures resulting in a partly stabilized drawdown Later during pumping the pumped water is derived from storage in both the fractures and the matrix blocks Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Leaky In a leaky aquifer the curves at early pumping times follow the Theis curve In the middle of the pumping duration there is more and more water from the aquitard reaching the aquifer At later pumping times all the water pumped is from leakage through the aquitard s and the flow to the well has reached steady state This means that the drawdown in the aquifer stabilizes Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Recharge Boundary When the cone of depression reaches a recharge boundary the drawdown in the well stabilizes The field data curve then begins to deviate more and more from the theoretical Theis curve Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Barrier Impermeable Boundary With a barrier boundary the effect is opposite to that of a recharge boundary When the cone of depression reaches a barrier boundary the drawdown will double The field data curve will then steepen deviating upward from the theoretical Theis curve Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Analytically this is modelled by an additional pumping well an image well After this phase in which the two drawdowns accumulate and the curve again adapts itself to the Theis function Well Effects Well effects in particular storage in the pumping well can
30. x Select a model function Curve Appearance Theis Color Black v Width f tush Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid Neuman Papadopulos amp Cooper OoOo O O Double Porosit Label Font Horz Position tD 1000 vertical Position above curve m a Set the dimensionless curve parameters Parameter alue Description l Sigma 0 01 Ratio of S Sy typical range 0 1 0 0001 Phi 2 Phi typical range between 0 01 and 3 Cancel 4 7 8 Fracture Flow Double Porosity Groundwater flow in a fractured medium can be extremely complex therefore conventional pumping test solutions methods that require porous flow conditions are not applicable One approach is to model the aquifer as a series of porous low permeability matrix blocks separated by hydraulically connected fractures of high permeability the dual porosity approach In this case block to fracture flow can be either pseudo steady state or transient The solutions are appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure where the aquifer is confined and D is the thickness of the saturated zone Pumping Test Methods 171 172 Piezometric surface Piezometric surface before start of pumpin after start of pumping 5 r pumping Observation well aquifer L Gravel pack aquiclude If the system is treated as an equivalent porous medium there is no flow between blocks
31. 0 30 Neuman PAPADOPULOS COOPER DOUBLE POROSITY S agarwal Recovery Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Confined Infinite Isotropic Contact Technical Support Constant 2 10 R Well Penetration Fully 2 40 2 70 3 00 Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 di Add comments g Import Wells From file 8 Create a Pumping Test r 8 Create a Slug Test Rise since Pumping Stepped mM In this example only the recovery data is displayed An example of an Agarwal recovery solution is available in the project AquiferTest Examples A garwal Recovery H YT The data requirements for the Recovery Solution are e Recovery vs time data at a pumping or observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate and duration The Recovery solution can be applied to any standard pumping test method You must enter the pumping duration in the Discharge tab and specify the pumping rate as variable If you entered measurements since the beginning of pumping select the Recovery Period only option to analyze only the data recorded after pumping was stopped This check box is located directly above the Analysis graph Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods You may enter recovery data only in the Water Levels tab however you still need to define the pumping rate information Assumptions and Domain of Validity Agarwal 1
32. 04G bone AEG ae MAES GaSe eed SER WARE eee 120 Graphine OPOS o544 65 06 44 54 be one A ee ea ee ee 121 Dn noste VIOUS esas 6 kes Cee ORG OEE Meee REECE eee es RE 121 Analysis Plots and Options 0 0 0 00 eee eens 125 Analysis PATAMOLCIS s 265 i566 a ba Gia ao ie Obes 8 GEASS eSNG aes 127 Automatic C rye FUNS se sesta ee ae 3S Baa it Baca ed ee SNe WG Sd ee 127 Mant al Curve PCG G2 stain ask ne a PO ok el den win il a ein a pene a ee ed ks 129 Theory of SUperposilion ix 325 5 hw anese ssa eae Ws aS Ge oe ew eae we Se BS a a ee 132 Variable Discharge Rates t2352 5 i he ee hee lee eke an aee rae ewes 132 M l plePampne Welisi 01 234 5eccetuho aaa i aaa e a e Ea 134 Boundary ENE CS ernn denea ioe adn dake ee a a eased WAU dette E D 135 Effects of Vertical Anisotropy and Partially Penetrating Wells 140 Pumping Lest Backeroun 64 6 0 62 5e60 os soso aeeae se eae ase See ee ees 143 Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer 20 0 0 ccc eee eens 143 Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions cccccccccccccccees 145 Theis Recovery Test Confined 5 05405 Mesos 4 edo6 505324 a eee been boned 145 Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time 0 0000 eee eee 148 Pumping Test Methods 640 hase Geko Ge ew cece ae Oe ate 82 8 oe tee ho oe es 152 Drawdo wi Sine eetarea puke ee ea oan a wee eg d Gah aes beats Un bere 152 Drawdown vs Time with Discharge 4 2 420 sewn bhai tie hee eee a
33. 419 E 0 3 Add comments 9 4 2 15 219 0 419 z 10 4 5 15 217 0 417 c Import Wells From File Pp 11 4 8 15 217 0 417 amp Create a Pumping Test 12 5 1 15 213 0 413 8 9 2 Pal el Create a Slug Test 13 5 4 15 215 0 415 kad Contact Technical Support 14 5 7 15 212 0 412 k 15 6 15 212 0 412 pa 16 6 4 15 21 0 41 nne 17 6 7 15 208 0 408 18 Tanl 15 208 0 408 19 PA 15 206 0 406 20 8 15 204 0 404 200 300 21 3 4 15 202 0 402 Time s 22 8 9 15 202 0 402 E _ 23 9 5 15 201 0 401 Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 Click on a data point to locate it in the table a AquiferTest subtracts the Depth to Static WL value from each Water Level value and produces a third column of data Change in WL as seen above 2 2 3 Creating a Slug Test Analysis Now that you have successfully defined the test details and imported water level data you can analyze the data and determine the conductivity 1 Select Analysis Create New Analysis from the Main menu and the Analysis tab will be activated Alternately click on Create a New Analysis under the Analyses frame 2 Locate the Analysis frame on the right side of the window Under the Analysis method frame select Time vs Change in WL Hvorslev Bouwer amp Rice 3 In the Analysis Name field above the graph type Time vs Change in WL 44 Chapter 2 Getting Started 4 Define the following properties for the plot axes Time axis e
34. 5 x Fie Edit wew Test Anayo Took Help Ce bev a B r GI pumpy Tout BE Cichanga 7 watar Leke E Anatas teran i Perperts Data from st Araksi Hame Thes eth deco Corredor Append Anuslysts Performed brr Andys Date imens Anobests i honed on assumptions from Thais e Lisa the Arakas pared to iteh the aboa or dick here to select a mew method Fetge period oniy Diegas Graph Anaha Graph 4 FE L Erkan comments tenes a Ga ES Analysts method Tina Draed Paresh Thets wath Jacob enrechion Piura Fapidopuka i Couper Eatin Proncrally Babor Moench Pratu Pe Hih h Soe Digar h leoh mer lxob Cooper Jacob Mi Create A Ma Anah Define sairas tines range Aad COTAN a Coti Teche hega Sehhmberger 67 68 Data From Select which wells to use for the analysis pumping tests only All wells that contain water level data will be listed in this window Data From In a slug test there is only one test well and this well cannot be selected or unselected Data From Analysis Name Assign descriptive names to the analyses Date Reflects the date for the test by default AquiferTest will use the date that the project was created The pull down calendar allows you to select a different date Analysis performed by Allows you to enter the name of the analyst Recovery period only This check box allows you to analyze only the data recorded after the pump was t
35. 503 February 1993 5 1 Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction Historic and baseline water level trends can impact the drawdown data you record during your pumping test Surrounding pumping activities or even surface disturbances Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction 215 5 1 1 Theory 216 such as trains can effect the water level during the pumping test It is important to identify all major disturbances especially cyclic activities which may impact the test data Enough measurements have to be made to fully characterize the pre pumping trends of these activities Osborne 1993 Therefore the user must record water levels near or at the well either before or after the test For example daily water level measurements taken 1 week prior to the test up to the day of the test is a general recommendation from the EPA Using the measured trend data AquiferTest performs a line fit to calculate a trend coefficient The program will also run a t test to see if the trend is significant If significant the data is then corrected based on this trend As an example a trend analysis shows a trend of water levels rising 2cm hr due to surrounding activities During the pumping test for a water level recorded 3 hours after the test begins you need to add 6 cm to the water level measurements in order to conduct a representative analysis of the aquifer If the data trend is already known i e water level fluctuations due to tidal or
36. 6 x Click on Column with the CASTE Preview Date format moo ki R Cancel Previous Logger File Wizard Step 4 In the fourth step click on the column header representing the Time The word Time will appear in the column header title box Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 x Click on Column with the TIME Preview Cancel Previous Logger File Wizard Step 5 In the fifth step click on the column header representing the Depth to WL data The title Depth to WL will appear in the column header title box The Unit for the water level data also needs to be selected the Logger File Wizard supports the following formats Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar e cm e mm e inch e ft Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 Click on Column with the DEPTH TO wL Preview Cancel Previous Import Data will be converted to the units defined for the current test At the bottom of this window specify the Co ordinate system used during the data collection Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 x Click on Column with the DEPTH TO WL Preview Depthtome l 19 20 7411401 741 01 11 21 02 165 741 01 11 22 02 eS 7411 01 at eas ce ee TMA MA 44 74 07 ad oO Fa 4 gt Unit Co ordinate system m Bo Benchmark Datum TOC 20 00 m The default system is Top of Casing Datum however if your data logger recorded data as water level elevation then you have the option of im
37. 711401 011 23 02015 0 11401 011 24 0201 4 8 7 1101 011 25 0201 4 7 7 1101 011 26 02014 6 11401 011 27 02014 50 1 2 3 4 5 5 T 5 J Brevis impart At this step you can also Load Import Settings saved from a previous import session This eliminates the task of manually specifying individual settings at each step a tremendous time saver when importing multiple datalogger files of the same format If your data was recorded using a Level Logger or Diver datalogger you have the option of selecting one of these pre defined import settings Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 a l X Load Import Settings None et 8x Pe eto e A a A E Diver Datalogger Level Logger F Series Feet Level Logger M Series Meters Level amp Temperature Logger F Series Feet 12 03 00 03 45 _Level amp Temperature Logger M Series Meters Start Import at row Preview of File D Prod 1209 00 08 45 42 09 00 o8 45 Level Loader Meters 120900 08 45 45 2 577 m 120900 08 45 55 2 931 mM T2900 09 46 05 2 974 M 120900 08 46 15 3 011 m 120900 08 46 25 3 043 m oo 4 M n E OF W Cancel Previous Import If you are using a Diver Datalogger or Level Logger choose the correct model for your data logger AquiferTest will then load the appropriate data settings for this logger file including the starting row delimiter date format and column locations Simply press the Nex
38. AquiferTest will average the pumping rates into one constant value 4 4 2 Multiple Pumping Wells Determining the cone of influence caused by one or more pumping wells can be a challenge To do so one must assume that the aquifer is limitless therefore the cone of influence is also regarded as limitless The cone of influence is considered mathematically finite only with a positive aquifer boundary condition In AquiferTest multiple pumping wells can be considered using superposition The principle states that the drawdown caused by one or more wells is the sum of multiple wells superimposed into one The following equation is used to superimpose a pumping rate for multiple pumping wells n 2 s Q W S 2 4aT 4Tt 134 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods with n number of pumping injection wells Q pumping rate at the well i r distance from the observation well to well 1 It is important to notice that superimposition of groundwater flow causes the cone of depression to develop an eccentric form as it ranges further up gradient and lesser down gradient In AquiferTest this situation is not considered as the depression cone is symmetrical to all sides and extends over the stagnation point This means representation of the cone of depression and calculation of the cone of influence does not consider overall groundwater flow 4 4 3 Boundary Effects Pumping tests are sometimes performed near the boundary of an aquifer A b
39. Benchmark Tests 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 e Name OW1 e Type Observation well e X 10 e Y 0 Click on the Discharge tab Select Constant discharge Enter the value 0 0015 in the field beside Click on the Water Levels tab Highlight OWT in the wells list in the top left corner of the tab For this well you will import the time water level data from a data logger file Select File Import Data Logger file from the main menu Browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and select the Exercise3 asc file Highlight the file and click Open This will launch the 6 step data logger import wizard In the first step select a set of settings saved in a previous import session This is a great time saver when importing many files with similar format Since there are no existing settings you define the required settings manually Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 af a x Load Import Settings None Start Import at row f File origin yvindows ANSI Previews of File E Aquiterlest40Exercises import filesiLogger asc 2709 00 08 45 05 2 000 m 2709 00 08 45 15 2709 00 08 45 25 2709 00 08 45 55 2709 00 08 45 45 2709 00 08 45 55 2709 00 08 46 05 2709 00 08 46 15 2709 00 08 46 25 oo 4 M oh E wh Previous Import The first window also allows you to select the row from which to start importing If you have headers in the first row you can start importing from row 2 There
40. Distance Drawdown e Cooper Jacob III Time Distance Drawdown 4 6 1 Theis Recovery Test confined When the pump is shut down after a pumping test the water level inside the pumping and observation wells will start to rise This rise in water level is known as residual drawdown s Recovery test measurements allow the transmissivity of the aquifer to be calculated thereby providing an independent check on the results of the pumping test Residual drawdown data can be more reliable than drawdown data because the recovery occurs at a constant rate whereas constant discharge pumping is often difficult to achieve in the field Residual drawdown data can be collected from both the pumping and observation wells Strictly applied this solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure However if additional limiting conditions are satisfied the Theis recovery solution method can also be used for leaky unconfined aquifers and aquifers with partially penetrating wells Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 183 Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions 145 piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping _ 2 after start of pumping aquiclude flow lines aquifer E equipotential lines aquiclude According to Theis 1935 the residual drawdown after pumping has ceased is Q a A _ S oe W u where r s cS ATt ATt s residual drawdown r distance from well to pi
41. Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution The Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution is used to analyze the results of a variable rate step test to determine both the linear and non linear well loss coefficients B and C These coefficients can be used to predict an estimate of the real water level drawdown inside a pumping well in response to pumping Solution methods such as Theis 1935 permit an estimate of the theoretical drawdown inside a pumping well in response to pumping but do not account for linear and non linear well losses which result in an increase in drawdown inside the well Quite often these non linear head losses are caused by turbulent flow around the pumping well Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure where the aquifer is confined and D is the thickness of the saturated zone 192 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping after start of pumping aquiclude Area of drawdown influenced by well losses D flow lines aquifer lar m E equipotential lines aquiclude The figure above illustrates a comparison between the theoretical drawdown in a well S1 and the actual drawdown in the well S2 which includes the drawdown components inherent in S1 but also includes additional drawdown from both the linear and non linear well loss components The general equation for calculating drawdown in
42. Methods AquiferTest is used to analyze data gathered from pumping tests and slug tests Solution methods available in AquiferTest cover the full range of aquifer settings unconfined confined leaky and fractured The full theoretical background of each solution method is beyond the scope of this manual However a summary of each solution method including limitations and applications is included in this chapter This information is presented to help you select the correct solution method for your specific aquifer settings Additional information can be obtained from hydrogeology texts such as Freeze R A and J A Cherry 1979 Groundwater Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632 604 p Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1990 Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Second Edition Completely Revised ILRI publication 47 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 377 p Fetter C W 1994 Applied Hydrogeology Third Edition Prentice Hall Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 691 p Dominico P A and F W Schwartz 1990 Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology John Wiley amp Sons Inc 824 p Driscoll F G 1987 Groundwater and Wells Johnson Division St Paul Minnesota 55112 1089 p In addition several key publications are cited in the References section at the end of this chapter 119 4 1 Background 120 The methodology of AquiferTest is very different from
43. OEY aad ae he E a eve oe era os te eee a ie ee eee 216 Customized Water Level Trends cc cece cece cece cece ecscsecees 218 Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction cccccccscccccscccccees 220 Moailyine Orrectons s 20 5014940 eet h saw i owaseeaee kaw saw iat see iaew aes 228 Deleting CorrechiOns 22 3 4 003 0 0s40740u ceseedloestasdew cae aetiaaetaneuasts 228 6 Mapping and Contouring cccceec cc eccceeee 231 ADOUL the INUELI ACE i6 626 34 sind 5534S Ge oe SAE SEG ee Seta 231 Data SOLICS soarana r oa ae sa are ace TA ew Aaa a eee eed A 236 Contouring and Color Shading Properties ccc cccccccccsccccces 238 Contour Ines ais oa vine bie he eS Bacio hee eho ech oe eb Ae 238 Color Shida 140s 4 ahokhe tata aene eae es Rae eid ahleted seed ee ees 239 Example x6 si50 0 3o lt dae dca seesaw ae ee eee eae ee ee eee AROE EN 240 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 245 Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis ccc cc ccccccccccees 246 Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis 0cccceeeee 254 Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution ceeceee 262 Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 000 270 Delerim Ag er Parameter Sie scweacn lh ddchd Gide hau aces ap omace Sea We hte 270 Determining the Effect of a Second Pumping Well 0 0 0 0 cee eee eee 276 Predicting Drawdown at An
44. Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge E Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Tj Reports Analysis Name pwi with Well Effects Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 12 22 2003 7 Analysis is based on assumptions from PAPADOPULOS COOPER Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Data from I Recovery period only Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp Fit J Exclude A Comments lt None gt is i al Time Drawdown E Time s Theis Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction Ewi Derivative Neuman Jew with well Effects PADOPULOS COOPER Create a New Analysis DOUBLE POROSITY Define analysis time range Add comments 4 73E 4 SD 1 58E 3 Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Confined Infinite Isotropic Variable Fly Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 An example of a Papadopulos Cooper analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples WellBoreStorage HYT Data requirements for the Papadopulos Cooper solution are e Time vs Drawdown data at a pumping well e Pumping well dimensions e Pumping rate 184 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Dimensionless Parameters Type curve properties all E E Select a model Function Curve Appearance Color Black Width E Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid USEIN Ine
45. Slug out Wells This frame lists all the wells that are present in the project Clicking on a well will activate the first tab of the current test and highlight the row that contains this well in the wells grid Discharge Rates This frame lists all the PUMPING wells used in the current test Clicking on the well in this frame will activate the Discharge tab of the current test applicable to pumping tests only PWA PAB 50 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Water level measurements This frame lists all the wells pumping and observation used in the current test Clicking on the well in this frame will open the Water Levels tab of the current test 2 PAB Fhowt1a Fhowe a Ehowib Ph oweb Fh pw Analyses This frame lists the analyses that have been done for the current test Clicking on an analysis in this frame will open the Analysis tab of the current test Time Drawdown Theis Create a Mew Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments The Analyses frame also contains links to some of the more common functions used in a test e Create a New Analysis e creates a new analysis for the current test e Define analysis time range e allows you to select a time range for the current analysis instead of using an entire dataset in case some data points are unusable for the curve fit Clicking on this link will produce the following dialog Analysis Time Limi
46. Test Trend is not significant 15 x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results Corcel _ Manually enter data in the grid or follow the Click here link above the table to import a file that contains the time vs water level correction data Once loaded into the table the datapoints will be displayed on the graph to the right of the table and the trend coefficient will be calculated The trend significance is determined by a t test statistical analysis Press OK to apply the correction to your data and two new columns will appear in your water levels table Trend Correction and Corrected drawdown used in analyses From this point continue with the analysis For more details please see Chapter 5 Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction To add a Barometric correction you must first enter or calculate the barometric efficiency BE of the aquifer To do so move to the Pumping Test tab and click on the button beside the Bar Eff field Aquifer Properties Thickness m Type Bar EFF BE 63 64 The following window will appear Calculate Barometric Efficiency BE a J j x Calculation of the Barometric Efficiency BE During a pumping test atmospheric pressure changes may affect recorded water levels in a well By calculating a barometric efficiency BE For the aquifer the drawdown data can be corrected for this affect The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water level i
47. a coordinate system To the right of the Import button is a drop down menu where you can choose the coordinate system for the water level data The options are Time Water Level TOC Time Water Level TOC Time Drawdown Time Water Level AMSL Time Water Level Bench Time Water Level TOC Top of Casing system Using the Top of Casing Datum the top of the casing TOC elevation is designated as zero and the data will be imported as measurements from the top of the well casing to the water level i e depth to water level the traditional format After you import enter the data you must enter a value for Depth to static water level Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations and plot the data on the graph Time Drawdown Using the Time Drawdown system enter the drawdown data instead of the depth to water levels Time Water Level AMSL Using the Sea Level Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the Elevation amsl you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells table After you import enter the data you must enter the value for the Static Water Elev Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations Time Water Level Benchmark Using the Benchmark Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the benchmark el
48. aU e A E PAPADOPOULOS amp COOPER Label Font DOUBLE POROSIT ae pnn Horz Position itO 1000 Vertical Position above curve Y Set the dimensionless curve parameters Typical range 10 100000 Well bore storage coefficient Abbrechen For Papadopulos the dimensionless curve parameter Sp is defined as with ro Radius of the full pipe in that the water level changes rwy Radius of the screen Using Effective Well Radius The effective radius of the well typically lies somewhere between the radius of the filter and the radius of the borehole i e it is a calculated value The exact value depends on the usable pore volume of the filter pack In AquiferTest the following values are defined in the wells table B Radius of the borehole R Radius of the screen r Radius of the riser pipe casing n Effective porosity of the annular space gravel sand pack Pumping Test Methods 185 Though not specifically indicated AquiferTest uses the value R i e screen radius as effective radius however if the option to use effective well radius use r w is selected in the Wells table AquiferTest computes this value according to the formula rw 4 R 1 n nB 4 7 11 Recovery Analysis Agarwal Solution 1980 When the pump is shut down after a pumping test the water level inside the pumping and observation wells begin to rise This rise in water level is known as recovery drawdown s Recover
49. and Diver Dataloggers e Import well locations and geometry from an ASCII file e Import water level data from text or Excel format e Windows clipboard support for cutting and pasting of data into grids and output graphics directly into your project report e Site map support for dxf files and bitmap bmp images e Contouring of drawdown data e Dockable customizable tool bar and navigation panels e Numerous short cut keys to speed program navigation AquiferTest provides a flexible user friendly environment that will allow you to become more efficient in your aquifer testing projects Data can be directly entered in AquiferTest via the keyboard imported from a Microsoft Excel workbook file or imported from any data logger file Gn ASCII format Test data can also be inserted from a Windows text editor spreadsheet or database by cutting and pasting through the clipboard Automatic type curve fitting to a data set can be performed for standard graphical solution methods in AquiferTest However you are encouraged to use your professional judgement to validate the graphical match based on your knowledge of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting of the test To easily refine the curve fit you can manually fit the data to a type curve using the parameter controls With AquiferTest you can analyze two types of test results 1 Pumping tests where water is pumped from a well and the change in water level is measured inside one o
50. are no headers in this file so you can leave everything as it is Click Next In Step 2 specify the delimiters Un check the box beside Tab and check the one beside Space Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution 263 Logger file Wizard Step Z of 6 Semicolon Comma m Space Others 120900 06 45 05 2 000 120900 08 45 15 2 546 120900 08 45 25 2012 Cancel Previous impart Click Next 14 In Step 3 specify the Date column and the format in which the date is entered Click on the first column to mark it as DATE and in the drop down menu below choose DD MM YY Your screen should look similar to the one shown below Logger file Wizard Step 3 of 6 i l E xj Click on Column with the CASTE Preview 08 45 15 08 45 25 06 45 35 06 45 45 no Af oe Cancel Previous import Click Next 15 In Step 4 specify the Time column Click on the header above the second 264 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests column Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 JA A X Click on Column with the TIME Preview 08 45 05 08 45 15 08 45 25 08 45 35 08 45 45 no Af EE Click Next 16 In Step 5 specify the Water Level column Click on the header above the third column Use the default units of m meters Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 Be ot xj Click on Column with the WATER LEWEL Previews Date _ fme hanl S O SPN Te 18 45 05 2 000 m
51. are entering data ensure that correct well is selected Click on the Water Levels tab to enter the water level data for the observation well Pumping Test Discharge E Water Levels Analysis W W Site Plan Reports In the box in the top left corner of the tab select OW1 and ensure it is highlighted W it 1 In this exercise you will import data from an MSExcel file From the main menu select File Import Water level measurements Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 12 Navigate to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and select the file Exercise 1 xls 13 Click Open The data should now appear in the time water levels table 14 Type 0 in the Static Water Level field 15 Click on the BE Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph 16 You will see the calculated drawdown data appear in the Drawdown column and a drawdown graph displayed on the right Pumping Test Discharge E Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan Reports 0 3 oF 1 3 zl he 3 6 4 1 47 5 1 5 3 ae 6 1 6 5 7 T 75 5 3 5 5 We a7 d tu woo Oo oo on amp od Pa i arm wel Static Water Level m fo Ci Import kaj Time Water Level TO Add Data Correction Filter Time 2 Water Level m Drawdown m 0 3 OF 1 3 zl J 3 6 4 1 47 5 1 5 3 me 6 1 6 5 oF 5 5 3 3 5 2 a 100 200 300 400 500 Time s 17 Click on
52. assumes the following e Unconfined or leaky confined aquifer with vertical drainage from above of apparently infinite extent e Homogeneous isotropic aquifer of uniform thickness e Water table is horizontal prior to the test e Instantaneous change in head at start of test e Inertia of water column and non linear well losses are negligible 202 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods e Fully or partially penetrating well e The well storage is not negligible e The flow to the well is in a steady state e There is no flow above the water table Data requirements for the Bouwer Rice Solution are e Drawdown recovery vs time data at a test well e Observations beginning from time zero onward the value recorded at t 0 is used as the initial displacement value Hp by AquiferTest and thus it must be a non zero value NOTE It is important to emphasize that when the Bouwer Rice method is applied to data from a test in a well screened across the water table the analyst user is adopting a simplified representation of the flow system 1 e both the position of the water table and the effective screen length are not changing significantly during the course of the test Butler 1998 For the Bouwer Rice slug test method you must enter all values for the piezometer geometry The effective piezometer radius r should be entered as the inside radius of the piezometer well casing if the water level in the piezometer is always abov
53. blocks matrix and the fractures a hydraulic conductivity specific storage coefficient and a water level height are defined as follows Parameter Matrix o Water Level Water Level height The main assumption underlying the double porosity model is that the matrix and the fracture can be considered as two overlapping continuous media Renard 2001 In addition it is also assumed that the water moves from matrix block to fracture not from block to block or fracture to block the matrix block serves only as a source of water Therefore the flow equation in the matrix is defined as q oh Of a A It is often assumed that the flow rate between the matrix and the fractures is proportional to the conductivity of the matrix and to the hydraulic head differences between the two systems qa ak h h a is a parameter that is dependent on the geometry of the matrix blocks it has units of i inverse of the square length and is defined as Pumping Test Methods 173 with A Surface of the matrix block V Matrix volume l characteristic block length At the beginning of the pumping test the water is pumped from storage in the fracture system the matrix blocks does not affect the flow Midway through the flow to the well is augmented by water released from the matrix while the drawdown in the matrix is small compared to drawdown in the fractures Towards the end of pumping the drawdown in the matrix approache
54. cm day The negative sign indicates that the water levels tend to RISE by 2 22 cm day The trend is significant as such the drawdown values should be corrected with the trend coefficient 11 Click OK to close the dialog 12 The correction data has been imported and the Time Water Level table now has two new columns Trend correction and Corrected drawdown used in analysis Time s Water Drawdown Trend Corrected Level m rm Correction drawdown Cr used in analysis Lm 1 ff 2 o a o Z 10 2 046 0 546 0 0 546 3 20 Z f1l2 O12 0 071z 4 30 2 009 0 609 0 0 809 5 40 2 077 O67 0 0000 0 677 6 50 2 951 0 951 0 0000 0 931 60 2 974 0 974 0 0000 0 974 5 70 3 011 1 011 0 0000 1 011 q 80 3 043 1 043 0 0000 1 043 i 30 3 071 1 071 0 0000 1 071 11 100 3 096 1 096 0 0000 1 096 12 6110 3 119 1 119 0 0000 1 119 13 120 3 14 1 14 0 0000 1 14 i 140 3 176 1 176 0 0000 1 176 15 160 3 208 1 208 0 0000 1 208 i amp 180 3 256 1 236 0 0000 1 236 i7 200 3 262 1 262 0 0001 1 261 l 220 3 204 1 284 0 0001 1 2841 19 240 3 305 1 305 0 0001 1 3051 z0 270 3 553 1 333 0 0001 1 3331 zi 300 3 555 1 355 0 0001 1 3551 Corrected drawdown is calculated using the trend coefficient To obtain the corrected drawdown the Trend Correction value is added to the observed drawdown In this example the Corrected Drawdown is slightly gr
55. contribute to delayed drawdown at the beginning of the pumping test At early pumping the drawdown data will deviate from the theoretical Theis curve since there will be a storage component in the well After this in mid late pumping times the drawdown curve should represent the theoretical Theis curve These well effects are more easily identified in the semi log plot Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 4 2 2 Analysis Plots and Options The Analysis plots are the most important feature in AquiferTest In the analysis graph the data is fit to the type curve and the corresponding aquifer parameters are determined In the graph the data can be plotted linearly or logarithmically The program calculates the Type curve automatically and plots it on the graph Above the graph the analysis method is listed To the right of the graph in the Analysis Navigator panel the aquifer parameters for each well are displayed in the Results frame and can be manually modified using parameter controls for more information see Manual Curve Fitting on page 129 Model Assumptions The model assumptions control which solution method will be chosen for your data and what superposition factors will be applied Using the diagnostic plots as a guide select the appropriate model assumptions and AquiferTest will select the appropriate Analysis Method from the Analysis Navigator panel From here you may continue to adjust the model assumptions in
56. data is distinguished by an X through the middle of each data symbol and is delineated in the image above Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 To the right of the graph window you will see 5 yellow diagnostic plot windows with a variety of type curves The plots are named diagnostic since they provide an insight or diagnosis of the aquifer type and conditions Each plot contains theoretical drawdown curves for a variety of aquifer conditions well effects and boundary influences which include Confined Leaky Recharge Boundary Barrier Boundary Double Porosity or Unconfined Well Effects WellBore storage Each diagnostic graph contains 3 lines e Theis type curve dashed black line e Theoretical drawdown curve under the expected conditions solid black line e Drawdown derivative curve solid green line These plots can be displayed on a log log or semi log scale by selecting the appropriate radio button above the diagnostic graphs For this example the aquifer type is not immediately evident upon inspection of only the drawdown Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis 257 data However if you look at the derivative data you can see the characteristic saddle typical of a leaky aquifer outlined in the image above Alternately you can use the semi log diagno
57. diagram please refer to Scatter Diagram on page 74 102 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar 3 2 4 Test Menu The Test menu contains the following items Create a Pumping test Selecting this menu option will create a new pumping test Another way to create a pumping test is to select the link Create a Pumping test under the Additional tasks frame in the Project Navigator When this is done the Pumping Test tab will appear and all fields will be blank except the Project Information if you have already completed this in an earlier test In addition any existing wells will be copied over to the new test but will be set to Not Used by default In the Pumping test notebook page you can enter the details of the pumping test including the Saturated Aquifer thickness Units and Wells For more information see Pumping Test Tab on page 53 The new pumping test will be saved in the existing AquiferTest project HYT file Create a Slug test Selecting this menu option will create a new slug test Another way to create a slug test is to select the link Create a Slug test under the Additional tasks frame in the Project Navigator When this is done the Slug Test tab will appear and all fields will be blank except the Project Information if you have already completed this in an earlier test Any existing wells will be copied over to the new test but will be set to Not Used by default For a sl
58. doe Oe BAe te dee 4 haga eee ve 34 R OSs Bes ects Anaesth a deans randy Ses hay er ae een ee tana Mad Oi iene ore ees 39 Creatine a Sle Test i4i34046 bare ae estado te eee ee chastened eed 40 Sie Test Mormane dca ets de ded oe dee LV eine yn Re Slee WR Oe EEE Oe eee ees 4 Water keD nad at ate ares eee ehhh wan cee eta weet es 43 Creating a SIs Test Analysis 2202040510 rane a a a swears aoa a 44 I 1 OS ERA ace ee Gah ee EE N E EE Ae en E AEE EE ara AE 47 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar ccceceees 49 General INO 55554 e0 Rh sar BS 0 Sch SOS eer HER Ad ROE KEE ON 4S Se ees 49 Project Navicator Panel lt it 5 54cech ew de ee coheed Coeu eee boa ee one S a T 49 Data Eniry and Analysis Laps 2co0nciececuivdder ci dapeve ht beuwehtblnewerohuawun 52 Man Vepa Dar iseset Grane ae eal ek he a cate Sn eon aa A 86 PI VV Uli eaaa in eter onan ene an te eh ante ead ce r ee eens 86 Ei Went 2 eta oie adhe pa taee ed aah tude meine Soe a eee ee eee 98 NEN Moni reei Gide 4 deen ee eee ee ee ae eae pa Pale a eee kee 101 Table of Contents 1X PeSC Wen a5 o34 Met eb eae eb eae gta ek Send Be eo ood See er ee A 103 Anass MEMI cec 5 cits GS at Spe Aig a he Be ts ee td Sache de yi en a at ah Aa 105 TOOS WUC Ho nc ute es dts aha and Ba ate eek bette oie da cos Sone Ge oats Beata a 108 Help Menu sere sra nels ace tte Gaon Sa be aan eee ee ees Bae ee es 116 4 Theory and Analysis Methods ccceccecceee el lO BACK Oround ss 5 4 0 6
59. e Use r w check box allows you to decide whether to use the effective radius The default setting is UNchecked Slug Test Tab The Slug Test Tab contains the same frames as the Pumping Test tab Project information is carried over in new tests The fields in the Units Slug Test and Aquifer Properties frames return to their default values General Info 57 58 All wells created outside of the slug test change their type to Not Used Any well created in the slug test will have a default type of Test Well Slug Test fee Water Level Analysis E Site Plan ay Reports nits Site Plan m Dimensions Time s Discharge Transmissivity Pressure roject Information Project Mame Sample project Project Mo 4654321 Client WHI Location waterlan Ontario j Convert existing values Aquifer Properties Thickness m 10 Type Confined r Bar EFF BE Sample Slug Test Performed by rour Name Date 6l 2 2004 Aquifer x m Y m Elevation ai Benchmark Fenetration R m L m b m Mot Used 0 01524 Mot Used 0 01524 Mot Used 0 01524 Mot Used 0 01524 Test Well 0 05 Click here to create a mew well Discharge Pumping Test only This window allows you to specify the type of discharge constant or variable and the discharge rate for one or more pumping wells ischarge U 5 gal min f Constant 150 Variable Chapter 3 General
60. eT 153 Conmined Ics evade beac ek oO aun ek et bua Pat eo Oe ae ce ie ola eee 154 Leaky Hantush Jacob Walton 0 ccc eens 157 Hantush Storage mM AGUA 4 ise voce ed Se dork wt OH eRe BENE SS Bete eee 160 Unconfined Isotropic Theis with Jacob Correction 0 0 0 ee eee 163 Unconiimned Anisomopic 45208 bios hehe Mew ORBEA ee ees ee ete eae bees 165 Fracture Plow Double Porosity ccc os4 4 dex etn Hed oats Dawe ceed ted as oe 171 Single Well Analysis with Well Effects 0 ccc eens 181 Large Diameter Wells with WellBore Storage Papadopulos Cooper 181 Recovery Analysis Agarwal Solution 1980 0 20 0 0 ccc ce eee 186 Well Performance Methods 6 00028 44 4 0 006t Calidad eee 2k eed 190 SPecilic Capacity ee caac keetacuee ett ad ae eee ae heed Boas eee eee eae 190 Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution 0 0 0 192 Slug Test Solution Methods ic34s2d5n0erenewied saetee shuns Gia eee ese wake 199 Bouwer Rice Slur Test 4 4k ite ee eek wees Pa ee eee thee eee 199 Hvorslev Sug TeS iiste etait le bah Moa te tae ed Gh a pts cet od op Tad ol os ee lt Tact 204 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Slug Test 1 0 0 cc eee 207 Referenc eS 4 4 0c ivcsiace adam skims ae eaten eusiaw saw ee av eetakate ious 212 5 Data Pre Processing 460 64 acsdosee ates deetevaweeweseaZ lS X Table of Contents Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction cccccccccccccccccccccees 215 WMC
61. edit the legend and labels For more details see Chapter 6 Contouring and Color Shading Properties below e Axis Labels allows you to display the X and Y axis interval labels on the report view useful for interpreting maps to scale 6 2 Data Series Before you can display contours or a color may you must select the pumping test well and time interval This is done in the Data Series dialog Load the Data Series options from the Map properties frame The dialog is shown below x Show Contour Lines Drawdown of Pumping Test stints Analysis at Well Method Theis Reservoir Parameter T Ft2 d 3 02E3 5 7 06E 4 at point of time min 166 666666666 Grid Density Rows 100 Cols 100 coma o e Pumping test select the pumping test for which you wish to generate contours NOTE Contouring is not available for Slug Tests e Analysis from the list of the analyses available for the selected pumping test choose the one for which you wish to generate contours e Well from the list of wells used in the selected analysis choose the one for which you wish to generate contours e at point of time type in the point in time for which you wish to view the contouring e Grid Density allows you to set the number of rows and columns for the grid used to generate contours The higher the number of rows and columns the finer the grid A fine grid allows for smoother contours however it also
62. have been used by firms regulatory agencies and educational institutions around the world We develop each product to maximize productivity and minimize the complexities associated with groundwater and environmental projects To date we have over 14 000 registered software installations in more than 85 countries Need more information If you would like to contact us with comments or suggestions you can reach us at Schlumberger Water Services 460 Phillip Street Suite 101 Waterloo Ontario CANADA N2L 5J2 Phone 1 519 746 1798 Fax 1 519 885 5262 General Inquiries sws info slb com Web www swstechnology com www water slb com Obtaining Technical Support To help us handle your technical support questions as quickly as possible please have the following information ready before you call or include it in a detailed technical support e mail e A complete description of the problem including a summary of key strokes and program event or a screen capture showing the error message where applicable e Product name and version number e Product serial number e Computer make and model number e Operating system and version number e Total free RAM e Number of free bytes on your hard disk e Software installation directory e Directory location for your current project files You may send us your questions via e mail fax or call one of our technical support specialists Please allow up to two business days for a respo
63. its predecessors In earlier versions you would select the most suitable analysis method for the data based on the assumptions and data requirements and obtain the results In AquiferTest the approach is somewhat reversed Now you specify the model assumptions aquifer type isotropy boundary conditions discharge type and well penetration and AquiferTest attempts to select the most suitable solution method In addition some of the methods from v 3 5 have been replaced For example in AquiferTest v 3 5 Pro the Theis method was implemented in five formats e Classical Theis solution with the assumption of isotropic infinitely extending confined aquifer and constant pumping rate e Theis Prediction same assumptions as classical Theis solution however no drawdown data was necessary e Theis Forward similar assumptions however using superposition could also support multiple pumping wells variable pumping rates and correction for partially penetrating pumping wells e Stallman Forward Recharge Boundary Theis method with the addition of a correction factor for a recharge boundary e Stallman Forward Barrier Boundary Theis method with the addition of a correction factor for a negative barrier boundary condition The abundance of solution methods led to some ambiguity and vagueness concerning the assumptions and limitations of an individual method In AquiferTest there is a single Theis method by changing the model assumpti
64. m Pumping Test 1 Performed by Date 9 22 2004 7 Type Bar Eff BE Aquifer Name Type x m Y m Elevation a1 Benchmark Penetration R m L m b m Mind a a Click here to create a new well le Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 hi The first page tab is Pumping Test In this window define the project specifics test details units aquifer dimensions and wells 2 1 1 Pumping Test Information Enter the following information in the Pumping Test tab Project Information General details of the project 20 Project Name Sample Project Project No any number Client ABC Location Anywhere Chapter 2 Getting Started Pumping Test Discharge F1 water Levels Analysis sitet roject Information Project Name Sample Project Project Mo 123456 Client ABC Location anywhere Pumping Test General details for the selected pumping test e Name Example e Performed by Your Name e Date Test Date Once you have done this you should see Example in the Tests frame of the Navigator Panel you may need to click the highlighted test under the Tests frame of the Navigator Panel to see the new information 8 NoName AquiferTest File Edit View Test Analysis Tools Help bass SE A Purnping Test Discharge Ee Water Levels Analysis Siter Example Project Information Project Mame Sample Project Project Mo 123456 Client ABC i gca
65. order to reach a more representative solution Alternately you may directly select the Analysis Method and AquiferTest will then select the corresponding model assumptions The following model assumptions are available for the pumping test solutions e Type Confined Unconfined Leaky Fractured e Extent Infinite Recharge Boundary Barrier Boundary e Isotropy Isotropic Anisotropic e Discharge Constant Variable e Well Penetration Fully Partially Each time a model assumption is modified AquiferTest will attempt to recalculate the theoretical drawdown curve and a new automatic fit must be applied by the user If the automatic fit fails then a manual curve fit can be done using the parameter controls Also adjusting model assumptions may result in the addition of a new aquifer parameter s or removal of existing ones apart from the usual parameters Transmissivity T and Storativity S For example if you change the aquifer type from confined to leaky an additional parameter for hydraulic resistance c will be added for each well in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel and its value will be calculated Alternately changing the aquifer type back to confined will hide this parameter and the c value will no longer appear in the Results frame NOTE Model assumptions are not available for slug test solutions nor for the Theis Recovery or Cooper Jacob methods Graphing Options 125 Dimensionless Graphs Aqu
66. problems with displaying labels on the AquiferTest forms It scales up down so all controls can be seen and accessed 114 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar User fields tab Reports General Constants Appearance User fields User defined Fields o o Fage Properties Visible Caption Use default font Use default position Left mm Top mrm AquiferTest allows you to create up to four user defined fields for displaying in project reports A text field can be added to any of the following project tabs Pumping Slug Test Discharge Water Level and Analysis Use this tab to specify the properties for each user defined field Properties Visible Caption Use default font O Font Times New Use default position T Left mm 10 Top mrm 271 The field properties include Visible Enable Disable user defined field Selecting this option will add the field to its respective tab Deselecting this option will remove the field from its respective tab For example when the user defined field for the Pumping Slug Test tab is enabled it will appear below the date field under the Pumping Slug Test tab as shown in the image below Main Menu Bar 115 B POP EE PIT EPO a e aval wahion n Benchinark Penetration R mi L ri ri rim Ef funnen l 1 Pumping Well ti Fuly Caption Specify a caption for the field e g Sample in the image above Use default fo
67. program takes the data point at 10 s because delta tis 90 s compared to the other point where delta tis 200 s If Log is selected the program uses the 300 s data point because ABS log 300 log 100 is 0 477 compared to ABS log 10 log 100 which is 1 113 Appearance tab Reports General Constants Appearance User Fields Colors For Wells Table Pumping Wells O Sky Blue Observation Wells O Money Green Piezometers Marker Symbols Well Color P W Type curves use same color as markers i Draw marker symbols behind type curve Form Scaling Scale Factor 100 Colors for Wells Table Specify the colors to differentiate between the pumping and observation wells Marker Symbols In this form you can also customize the appearance of the symbols which are used to represent the wells on the site map and analysis graphs Use the combo boxes to select the color and shape of the symbol The symbols are assigned to the wells based on the order in which they were created If the Type curves use same color as markers check box is selected all type curves will be colored the same color as the markers If the Draw marker symbols behind type curve option is selected the marker symbols will always appear behind the type curves Form Scaling The Form Scaling option allows you to set a scaling factor for the main form This is helpful when using large fonts for your display or having other
68. takes longer to process AquiferTest calculates contours based on the pumping rate of the selected pumping test and the Transmissivity and Storativity values calculated in the selected analysis If 236 Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring you enter a point in time which is AFTER the test time period there are two possibilities for the drawdown calculations e In case of constant pumping rate the pumping duration is assumed to be infinite e In case of variable pumping rate it is assumed that the pumping has stopped after the last pumping period and the time afterwards is recovery Exporting Gridded Drawdown Data Once the grid has been calculated you may export the grid values to a text file for interpretation analysis with other tools Simply right mouse click on the Map window and select Export Grid A dialog will appear prompting for a filename The file will be saved as a tab delimited text file containing three columns X Y Drawdown Exporting Drawdown Contours You can export drawdown contours to shapefile format by clicking on the Save Map button in the toolbar Specify a filename and select the Contours Line Shape SHP option from the Save As Type combo box Exporting Wells You can export project wells to shapefile format by clicking on the Save Map button the toolbar Specify a filename and select the Well locations shape SHP option from the Save As Type combo box Exporting Site Map Once the site map is disp
69. the Analysis tab Pumping Test Discharge et Water Levels Analysis lb Site Plan Reports 18 In the Data from window select OW1 19 In the Analysis Name field type Theis Analysis Your fields should now look Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis 249 similar to the figure below Pumping Test Discharge Be Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Bj Reports Data From Analysis Name Theis Analysis Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date gj2212004 Analysis is based on assumptions From Theis Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Recovery period only 20 Click on the amp Fit Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve and the analysis graph should appear as shown below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp ied A lt none gt B iha Time Drawdown Time min ae Ts ZAM MN NWN NS YS Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman Papadopulos Cooper Double Porosity T fF 1 32E3 Confined Infinite Isotropic Constant Wel Penetration Ful Drawdown ft co o oS H N o 21 To modify the plot axes expand the Display frame of the Analysis Navigator panel and check the box beside Dimensionless Type Curve Derivation of data points Derivation of type curve You should now see the following analysis graph 250 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Diagnostic Graph Analy
70. the groundwork for the test It contains such information as project name location date the units of the test and aquifer and well parameters YE Sample AquiferTest Sample Slug Test pamm __ Se C C C ee e E EalNew analysis 1 Elnew analysis 2 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Project Information In this frame specify the general information about the project such as the project name number person or organization for whom the project was performed and the location of the test 53 54 Pumping Test In this frame provide a unique test name to facilitate navigation and your name as a signature for the output The Date reflects the date the test was conducted use the pull down calendar to select a new date a June 2004 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri 1 ees 4 T a J i 1l i4 15 616 17 1 fl 24 25 2 25 eo 29 30 Units In this frame specify the units for the collected data and optionally convert the values to different units for the output using the Convert existing values feature described below e Site Plan specify units in which the well XY coordinates elevation and benchmark were measured Available units are e Dimensions specify the units in which the well and aquifer parameters were measured Available units are
71. the new scale Each diagnostic graph contains three lines eTheis type curve dashed black line Theoretical drawdown curve under the expected conditions solid black line Leaky or recharge boundary 9 Urawdown derivative curve solid green line NOTE The curves on the diagnostic plots assume a constant pumping rate from one pumping well using a diagnostic plot with a variable rate pumping test will not provide meaningful results In some diagnostic plots there is no distinguishable difference between the time vs drawdown curves and it may be difficult to diagnose the aquifer type and conditions In this case study the time vs drawdown derivative curves as they typically provide a clearer picture of the aquifer characteristics The diagnostic plots are available as a visual aid only your judgement should coincide with further hydrogeological and geological assessment The theoretical drawdown graph templates are further explained below Confined Aquifer In an ideal confined aquifer homogeneous and isotropic fully penetrating small diameter well the drawdown follows the Theis curve When viewing the semi log plot the time drawdown relationship at early pumping times is not linear but at later pumping times it is If a linear relationship like this is found it should be used to calculate the hydraulic characteristics because the results will be much more accurate than those obtained by matching field data points
72. trend line appear on a graph to the right of the table Calculate Trend i a i x Calculation of the Trend Coefficient The aquifer may be influenced by natural recharge or discharge which will result in a rise or fall in the hydraulic head By interpolation from hydrographs of the well and the piezometers this natural rise or fall can be determined for the pumping and recovery periods This information is then used to correct the observed water levels Kruseman and de Ridder Click here to import the data From a file Observation well UUA Begin of measurements Time s Water s Level m 1 8 21 2 86400 8 24 a 172800 8 25 4 259200 8 26 5 345600 8 32 6 432000 8 36 es 7 518400 8 38 8 604800 8 4 9 691200 8 44 10 777600 8 44 11 864000 8 44 G 12 950400 8 47 Trend coefficient m s 2 58E 7 1036800 5 48 PEM Result of t Test Trend is significant 14 1123200 8 48 Ate x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results meu 284 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Below the graph you will see the calculated Trend coefficient displayed If this is not visible click on the Click here to refresh the graph and update the results link below the graph At the bottom of the dialog there will be a label indicating if the trend is significant which is determined by t test In this example the calculated trend coefficient is 2 58 E 7 m s or 2 22
73. used with one pumping well only since it may result in overlapping the lines fills if used with more than one well The Discharge axis will use the same label fonts as defined for the drawdown axis An example of a time drawdown plot with discharge is shown below Well 2 Well 2 Obs data E Well 1 4 7 3 Confined Theis Theis 1935 developed an analytical solution for the equations presented in the previous section as follows em du rs 7 Tt QO Ta sirt 154 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods For the specific definition of u given above the integral is known as the well function W u and can be represented by an infinite Taylor series of the following form Th ue W uw 0 5772 lo u u ae 2 3 3 3 Using this function the equation becomes Oo 2 SEEEN W 4a ut The line on a log log plot with W u along the Y axis and 1 u along the X axis is commonly called the Theis curve The field measurements are plotted as t or tly along the X axis and s along the Y axis The data analysis is done by matching the line drawn through the plotted observed data to the Theis curve The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping _ _ 2 after start of pumping J E o r b m aquifer _ h Ho aquiclude An example of the Theis graph is shown belo
74. water levels for the currently active well e Analysis prints the current analysis graph and results e Pumping Slug Test Site Map tab prints the current map view This could include well locations basemaps and drawdown contours or color shaded map e Report in the Report tab you have the opportunity to select from desired report templates To do so expand the navigation tree in the left portion of the Reports tab and select which printouts you wish to obtain and press Print NOTE A print preview of any printable report can be obtained in the Reports tab by selecting the appropriate view from the navigator tree Print options are not available for Discharge plots or the plots in the Diagnostic Graphs tab Use the copy feature Edit Copy from the main menu then paste these images into a document or graphics editor Printer Setup Selecting this option will load the dialogue to set up your printer Exit Exit the program Ensure that you have saved the project before exiting 3 2 2 Edit Menu The Edit menu contains the following items Copy Copy the selected item from AquiferTest to the Windows clipboard Depending on your Windows System setup the decimal sign used for the data will either be a period 98 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar or a comma You can change this within Windows by selecting Start gt Settings gt Control Panel gt Regional Options Paste data from the Windows clipboard i
75. 0 Leaky aquifer unsteady state flow accounts for storage changes in the aquitard Export drawdown contours to polyline shapefile geometry and attributes Export well locations to points shapefile geometry and attributes Import well locations from point shapefile geometry and attributes Added 4 user defined report fields with user defined label name text value and style settings 1 1 2 New Features in Version 4 1 The following new features are available in Version 4 1 Chapter Introduction Analysis Methods e Added Theis Recovery analysis e Added Cooper Jacob analysis e Time Drawdown e Distance Drawdown e Time Distance Drawdown e Option show the Cooper Jacob validity line and define different values for u e Added Boulton method this analysis method is suitable for unconfined aquifers anisotropic or isotropic with fully or partially penetrating wells This is an optional substitute for the Neuman analysis e Added option to display Statistics for the Automatic fit under the Analysis menu The statistics report may be saved to file TXT or XLS or copied to a clipboard or printed as is Maps and Contouring e Export contour lines modified the grid export routine in order to have real world x y z coordinates e Added features to export to graphics format BMP and copy to clipboard Data Import e Added support for MON Diver Datalogger format Units e Added imperial gallons min or day also be included a
76. 0 0 05 3 Observation Well 1000 0 05 3 Not Used 0 0 16404199 9 54251968 Click here to create a new well e Name provide a unique name for each well e Type define the type of well In a pumping test the available types are e Pumping well e Observation well e Piezometer e Not used while in a slug test the available types are e Test well e Not used NOTE In a slug test only one well can have the Test Well status To add additional wells create new slug tests The Default setting for the first well in the project is Pumping well The default setting for any well created thereafter is Observation well or Test Well for a slug test To 56 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar change the well type activate the Type field of the desired well and click again to produce a pull down menu From the menu choose the desired well type Type Mot Used Pumping Well Observation Well Wok Used e X X coordinate of the well e Y Y coordinate of the well e Elevation amsl well elevation relative to sea level e Benchmark well elevation relative to a benchmark e Penetration penetration type of the well fully penetrating or partially penetrating The default is a Fully penetrating well e R the screen radius e L screen length e b distance from the top of the aquifer to the bottom of the screen e r casing radius e B borehole radius e n gravel pack porosity
77. 0 z0 3500 200 4500 150 i2 1 2 3 im 6 P laJ 5 g 120 10 y 11 ice 12 5 13 20 14 15 ad 16 1 a 16 19 ae 70 21 ee rt a o w a a Water Levels Tab This panel contains fields for observation well data entry and provides graphical representation of this data Data may be copied and pasted imported using the Data Logger Wizard or imported from a text or Excel file When importing from Excel only the first table sheet is imported and the data must be in the first two columns Time in the first and Water Levels in the second In addition there are data filtering options and data corrections trend affects barometric affects etc By reducing the number of measured values you can improve the program performance and calculate the aquifer parameters quicker Analysis Tab The analysis panel contains the forum for calculating the aquifer parameters using the abundance of graphical solution methods There are two main tabs available Diagnostic and Analysis Diagnostic graphs The Diagnostic graph provides tools for interpreting the drawdown data and is a visual aid for determining the aquifer type if this is not well understood The measured drawdown data are plotted on a log log scale or a semi log scale On the right side apart from the actual graph the processes characteristic of different aquifer types are schematically represented By comparing the observed data to the pre A
78. 12 09 00 03 45 15 2 546 m 12 09 00 03 45 25 2 712 m 12 09 00 03 45 35 2 009 m 12 09 00 03 45 45 2 077 m AAN na Aree ane pe a Unit Co ordinate system im moe oeoo Cancel Previous impart In addition use the default co ordinate system of Top of Casing Datum Click Next 17 In Step 6 there are options to specify the start time and data filtering options The data loggers usually record measurements at pre set time intervals and as such record many repetitive water level measurements To import so much redundant data slows down the processing speed The data can be filtered by time or by change in water level Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution 265 Select the radio button beside the By change in depth to WL and enter 0 01 Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 i x Time at t 0 Date jan 2000 Time a 45 05 Ald Format widiy mport C Al Data By change in time f By change in ater Level m o Al Cancel Previous Import Click Import 18 A dialog box will appear indicating 233 data points have been imported Click OK 19 Enter Static Water level as 2 0 20 Click on the B Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph The calculated drawdown appears in the Drawdown column and a graph of the drawdown appears to the right of the data 21 Move to the Analysis tab 22 Select OW1 from the Data from window 23 In the Analysis Name field
79. 258 4448 9 984188235 8 98925 2208 10 06575546 9 99125 2044 10 05352037 10 99991 8 10 00050168 11 98125 2864 10 11469579 12 98925 2208 10 06575546 13 99458 5104 10 03312857 9 968 98125 286 100525 09 14 98391 9312 10 09838235 Atmospheric Pressure Pa 1S _ 100258 4448 9 984188235 Barometric Efficiency 0 60 16 99325 188 10 04128529 v Click here to refresh the graph and update the results Cancel The dialog displays a graph with the data and fits a line and calculates the BE value Click OK to accept the barometric efficiency value This value will now appear in the BE field in the Pumping Test tab Correct Observed Drawdown Data for Barometric Effects Once the BE value has been determined it can be used for correcting the observed drawdown data To do so load the Water Levels tab and ensure there is time drawdown data for an existing well Then select Add Barometric Correction and the following window will appear Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction 225 Barometric Data Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during 4 pumping test Click here to import the data From a File For each water level measurement Aquifer Test will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure Measured at Atmospheric Pressure Fa m m o Wi a x i Lo a ao ui a ao i E pa T Time s Click her
80. 4 1 5 About the Interface AquiferTest is designed to automate the most common tasks that hydrogeologists and other water supply professionals typically encounter when planning and analyzing the results of an aquifer test The program design allows you to efficiently manage all information from your aquifer test and perform more analyses in less time For example you need to enter information about your testing wells e g X and Y coordinates elevation screen length etc only once in AquiferTest After you create a well you can see it in the navigator panel or in the wells grid When you import data or create an analysis you specify which wells to include from the list of available wells in the project If you decide to perform additional analyses you can again specify from the available wells without re creating them in AquiferTest There is no need to re enter your data or create a new project Your analysis graph is refreshed and the data re analyzed using the selected solution method This is useful for quickly comparing the results of data analysis using different solution methods If you need solution specific information for the new analysis AquiferTest prompts you for the required data About the Interface 11 12 1 5 1 Getting Around A typical AquiferTest window is shown below followed by descriptions of the different sections Menu Navigation Tabs Bar Pumping Test nicharge CT water Levet Tul Anshis Ml ste Pla
81. 980 derived rigorously the previous expressions under the assumptions of a two dimensional radial convergent flow field in an infinite confined aquifer with a fully penetrating well with or without skin effect and no well bore storage It assumes also that the Cooper Jacob approximation is valid late time asymptote Agarwal shows empirically that the method is valid for a single well test with well bore storage and skin effect when the pumping time is large 7 r t gt 30 0 lt p 4 T where T Transmissivity r Casing radius if different from the screen radius o Skin factor In addition Agarwal demonstrates that the method provides good results for vertically fractured wells with infinite and finite flow capacity fracture Gringarten et al solution Reference Agarwal R G 1980 A new method to account for producing time effects when drawdown type curves are used to analyze pressure buildup and other test data Proceedings of the 55th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper SPE 9289 Pumping Test Methods 189 4 8 Well Performance Methods 4 8 1 Specific Capacity This test is commonly used to evaluate over time the productivity of a well which is expressed in terms of its specific capacity C Specific capacity is defined as c T Ah where Q pumping rate Ah drawdown in the well due to both aquifer drawdown and well loss We
82. Cancel Previous import Click Next 9 Step 4 will appear which allows you to specify the Time column Click on the column that contains the Time data i e the second column in the example below Click Next Creating a Pumping Test 31 Logger file Wizard Step 4 of 6 i X Click on Column with the TIME Preview Cancel Previous impart 10 Step 5 will appear which allows you to specify the Depth to water level WL column and also to set the units for the data In this example click on the third column 11 Select the source Units for the file ft If the source units are different from the test units AquiferTest will automatically convert the data to the units used in the test 12 You can also specify the coordinate system to use for the data In this example leave the default Top of Casing datum as seen below Logger file Wizard Step 5 of 6 dB a x Click on Column with the WATER LEWEL Preview E E s0004 oe UU Co ordinate system E TOC Toc 0 00 m Cancel Previous import Click Next For more information on different types of the coordinate system please see Chapter 3 Selecting a coordinate system 32 Chapter 2 Getting Started 13 Step 6 will appear which illustrates the Date and Time format that will be used for the data This final step also allows you to apply a filter to the data which is an excellent idea when working with datalo
83. Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar e Discharge specify the units in which discharge was recorded Available units are e Transmissivity specify the units in which the transmissivity values will be calculated Available units are are The Convert existing values checkbox allows you to convert the values to the new units without having to calculate and re enter them manually On the other hand if you created a test with incorrect unit labels you can switch the labels by de selecting the Convert existing values option That way the physical labels will change but the numerical values will remain the same NOTE The default units for new tests can be defined in the Tools Options General window General Info 55 Any field that prompts you for or displays calculated values shows the units used in square brackets unless the value is dimensionless Aquifer Properties In this frame enter aquifer parameters such as Thickness Type Confined Unconfined Leaky Fractured Unknown and Barometric Efficiency The diagram beside the frame displays different well geometry parameters that you will be required to enter to describe the wells used in the project Wells Grid This table contains the information about well geometry and location of each well in the project x Ft Ft Elevation tai Benchmark Penetration R Ft L Ft b Ft Pumping well D 0 05 3 Observation well 30 0 05 3 Observation Well 20
84. Data Correction from the context menu as shown below Pumping Test Discharge EL water Levels Analysis site Plan Pu Well 1 Pumping Well Static Water Level m 2 L Import v Time Water Level TOC 7 Add Data Correction Y Time s Water Drawdown Barometric Corrected a Level m m Correction drawdown m used in analysis m 2 10 2 546 0 546 N5536 i 20 2712 oO712 0 0 E0 Strg C 4 30 2009 loso oo Aoi stat gt PP ad X Delete Strg Entf poa i Delete All 6 50 2 931 0 931 0 0 S 60 2 974 0 974 0 0 import data 3 0 3 011 Lol 0 0 Import Data Logger file 9 80 3 043 1 043 Delete correction This option is available only if the cursor is in the table and in a column with correction data 228 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Deleting Corrections 229 230 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Mapping and Contouring AquiferTest now includes enhanced mapping features which allow you to display contouring and color shading of drawdown data along with site maps in the Site Map window NOTE Contouring and Color Shading is available in AquiferTest Pro only 6 1 About the Interface The mapping and contouring options are available under the Site Plan tab displayed in the image below fel Purging tee GG Ohcterge FP wane ure TI ans GP Stern eget 5 taut Display eels from toon iene Ei Laaj imag 2 i brags T B
85. Display Progress bar slower Parameter Factor 4 Multiply idivide by f1 Cooper amp Jacob Validity line u Range 0 01 0 1 0 01 Distance Dravwdown nearest point f Linear f Logarithm Define the physical and mathematical constants that AquiferTest uses for different computations The density of water and acceleration due to gravity are used e g in the barometric pressure correction calculations The confidence interval of the t test is used in the trend correction Automatic fit specify the maximum number of iterations to be used during the automatic fit and display a progress bar in the Analysis graph window Higher iterations will result in slower processing times Parameter Factor Set a factor for adjusting parameter values this is used in the Analysis Parameter controls when doing the manual adjustment of the curve fit and aquifer parameters The default interval value is 1 5 Cooper Jacob e Set a value for u for the validity line Value must be between 0 01 and 0 1 e Select the option for determining closest point for the Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown analysis When using this method you are required to enter a time value for the analysis If there is no observed water level for this time value AquiferTest will search for the next closest observation point back and forward in time Assume you are looking for the closest point for t 100 s and you have data points at 10 s and 300 s If Linear is selected the
86. E is known the measured drawdown can be corrected To do so the user must provide time vs pressure data recorded DURING the pumping test It is possible that the atmospheric pressure measurements are not recorded at the same point in time as the drawdown measurements In this case AquiferTest uses linear interpolation between the next available pressure value to modify the original data An example is illustrated below 100200 100000 99800 Vaterlevel 8 p a water level jel D atmosperic pressure 99200 99000 In the figure above you can see how AquiferTest will interpolate the atmospheric pressure p a for the time of water level measurement WL2 at t 2 where no value for p a is available AquiferTest will use the values of p a 5 and p a 3 for linear interpolation and to calculate a straight line function of the form y mx b Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Apa _ pla pa At t t 99000 100100 7 1100 1100 PA ed WD p a 3 p a 2 b y mx 100100 1100 1 5 100100 1650 101750 Once the coefficients m and b are calculated the value of t 2 will be inserted into the equation y mx b and the result is the value of p a WL2 used for the calculation of Ah p p a 1100 2 101750 99550 From the changes in pressure observed during the test and the known relationship between Ap and Ah the water level changes as a result of changes in pressure alone Ap can be
87. ER DOUBLE POROSITY T U S gal 1 87E4 3 61E 4 Analysis panel Dravaiown ft Aquifer type Confined Aquifer extent Infinite Isotropy Isotropic Well Penetration Fully Main Menu Bar 101 Analysis Status Show the analysis status message box The analysis status message box is visible when the Analysis tab is activated and an Autofit is performed The information may be advisory in nature or may report the specifics of an error in the analysis Errors are usually caused by the absence of required data for a chosen analysis Message Automatic Fit for OW a succeeded Analysis Parameters Show or hide the analysis parameter controls These controls allow you to manually position the type curve to your data Parameter fle x T U 5 galfd Fr SEs 3 44E 4 e 3 81E 4 a High High Depending on the test you can adjust the values for different parameters to see how this affects the drawdown curve Use the up and down arrow keys or the slider bars to adjust the values and see the resulting drawdown curve change in the graph below For more details please see Chapter 4 Manual Curve Fitting Scatter Diagram Show a scatter diagram of the current fit For more information on the scatter
88. Info and Main Menu Bar You must select a pumping well for which the discharge data is to be entered PB If the discharge is variable this tab is used to enter the time periods and values for the discharge AquiferTest also presents the time discharge data graphically as it is entered Pumping Test Discharge IF Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan F Reports ischarge U 5 gal min Constant Variable Time 5 Discharge _ 2000 100 3500 200 4500 150 wo Oo J oh on od j lie oS oo co E E i vi 4 E o 2000 3000 Time s NOTE AquiferTest will not allow you to enter any information in the discharge table until Variable radio button is selected in the Discharge frame 1 e the discharge table time and discharge columns is active only if Variable is selected as the discharge type Under the wells list there is a drop down menu where you can switch from the default Time vs Discharge to Discharge vs Water Level Discharge Water Level data is required only for a single well Specific Capacity analysis See Chapter 4 Specific Capacity for more details General Info 59 Time Discharge Water Levels Tab In this tab enter the water level data for the pumping and observation wells in the test Options in this tab allow you to import a dataset from an Excel or a data logger file set up the coordinate system add data correction and filter th
89. K to close the dialog and apply the correction Two new columns will appear in the Water levels table Barometric correction and Corrected drawdown used in analysis An example is shown below SA Ex7Barometric AquiferT est Pumping Test 1 Well 1 Pumping Well well 2 Well 1 Well 2 Well 1 FO Well 1 Py well 2 PS New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support For this example the original water level is modified to show the trend and barometric effect The time was simply multiplied by 3 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 12 Now return to the Analysis tab 13 Click on the ca Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve Take note of the new aquifer parameter values 14 A Barometric Analysis report may be printed from the Water Level branch of the navigator tree in the Reports tab This report will display the trend data with corresponding graph and the t test statistics An example is shown below 4 Pumping Test Eea Discharge E water Levels Analysis e Site Plan 4 Reports Select Printouts _ Site Map wells B m Water Level Data Well 2 Barometric Data Ana
90. MODFLOW 2000 SEAWAT 2000 MODPATH MT3DMS 1V MT3D99 RT3D VMOD 3D Explorer WinPEST Stream Routing Package Zone Budget MGO SAMG and PHT3D Applications include well head capture zone delineation pumping well optimization aquifer storage and recovery groundwater remediation design simulating natural attenuation and saltwater intrusion Hydro GeoAnalyst HydroGeo Analyst is an information management system for managing groundwater and environmental data HydroGeo Analyst combines numerous pre and post processing components into a single program Components include Project Wizard Universal Data Transfer System Template Manager Materials Specification Editor Query Builder QA QC Reporter Map Manager Cross Section Editor HGA 3D Explorer Borehole Log Plotter and Report Editor The seamless integration of these tools provide the means for compiling and normalizing field data analyzing and reporting subsurface data mapping and assessing spatial information and reporting site data AquiferTest Pro AquiferTest Pro designed for graphical analysis and reporting of pumping test and slug test data offers the tools necessary to calculate an aquifer s hydraulic properties such as hydraulic conductivity transmissivity and storativity AquiferTest Pro is versatile enough to consider confined aquifers unconfined aquifers leaky aquifers and fractured rock aquifers conditions Analysis results are displayed in report format or may b
91. Methods The units for the specific capacity measurement are the following Pumping rate units per distance ft or m of drawdown For example The Specific Capacity test assumes the following e The well is pumped at a constant rate long enough to establish an equilibrium drawdown e Drawdown within the well is a combination of the decrease in hydraulic head pressure within the aquifer and a pressure loss due to turbulent flow within the well The data requirements for the Specific Capacity test are e Pumping well geometry e Drawdown vs discharge rate data for the pumping well This data is entered in the Discharge tab as shown below Well Performance Methods 191 BF specificCapacity AquiferTest i a Be la x File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help SSi ff ke Pumping Test Discharge IR Water Levels Analysis wo Site Plan y Reports Discharge Water Level MDischarge U 5 gal min Constant variable Y Static Water Level m jo ime Water Level TOC hte wil m 25 10 15 15 20 20 Elwell 1 Specific capacity ai Create a New Analysis Add comments 2 panem 55 40 40 Import Wells From file 60 bis a Create a Pumping Test al Create a Slug Test 10 Contact Technical Support 11 12 15 16 i 28 42 20 Q U S gal min Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 200 E 4 8 2
92. Ny y u An example of a dimensionless Hantush with Storage analysis graph has been included below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph gt Fit Exclude Fil Comments lt None gt gt Bi ita COOPER amp JACOB I 4 COOPER amp JACOB II COOPER amp JACOB III THEIS amp JACOB 1 52E3 1 50E 3 4 50E2 5 00E 3 Aquifer type Leaky Aquifer extent Infinite Isotropy Isotropic Discharge Variable Well Penetration Fully Aquitard Storage Auer type Aquifer extent isotropy Discharge Well Penetration Aquitard Storage Hantush s curve fitting method can be used if the following assumptions and conditions are satisfied e The flow to the well is in at unsteady state e The water removed from storage in the aquifer and the water supplied by leakage from the aquitard is discharged instantaneously with decline of head e The diameter of the well is very small i e the storage in the well can be neglected e The aquifer is leaky Pumping Test Methods 161 e The aquifer and the aquitard have a seemingly infinite areal extent e The flow in the aquitard is vertical e The drawdown in the unpumped aquifer or in the aquitard if there is no unpumped aquifer is negligible e The aquitard is compressible 1 e the changes in aquitard storage are appreciable e t lt S D I10K Only the early time drawdown data should be used so as to satisfy the assumption that the drawdown in the aquitard or o
93. OC Add Data Correction Filter Time min Water Drawdown mi Level Ft Fr E 4 07 0 07 2 2 4 21 0 21 a 3 4 55 O33 4 5 4 51 0 51 5 Fi 4 65 0 65 6 q 4 74 0 74 T z0 5 05 1 08 a 40 5 4 1 4 q 60 562 1 62 10 a0 5 51 1 81 11 100 5 97 1 97 lz 300 or ave 13 500 Tet 3 24 14 700 7 6 3 6 15 300 7 96 3 96 16 1000 8 02 4 02 17 1440 5 45 4 45 Select the Analysis tab Select OW 1 in the Data from window Click on the amp Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve The calculated parameter values should be e Transmissivity 3 02 E3 ft2 d e Storativity 7 06E 4 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Time min a75 as L225 ian 1575 175I 18 Since the automatic fit uses all data points often it does not provide the most accurate results For example you may wish to place more emphasis on the early time data if you suspect the aquifer is leaky or some other boundary condition is affecting the results In this case there is a boundary condition affecting the water levels drawdown between 700 1000 feet south of Water Supply 1 You need to remove the data points after time 100 minutes There are several ways to do this either by de activating data points in the analysis they will remain visible but will not be considered in analysis or by applying a time limit to the data data outside the time limit is removed from the display You will examine both options Fro
94. Scale Linear e Min 0 e Max 500 Change in Water Level e Scale Linear e Min 0 e Max 0 5 Slug Test F1 water Level Analysis a Site Plan I Reports Data From Analysis Name hew Analysis 1 Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 6 16 2004 This is a Time Drawdown Plot without calculations Use the Analysis panel or click here ta select a new method Recovery period only Analysis Graph q Fit zH Exclude 7 Comments lt None gt E Time vs Change in WL Time s COOPER BREDEHOEFT PAPS 30 Hvorsley Bouwer amp Rice A Minimum gfe Minimum Shot value Font value format Value Font Value Format o veprue s CEE Changa in watar laval m y 4 tt Pas u a Ren is Lm 5 Using the steps listed above create a new analysis for this data set 6 Select Hvorslev from the Analysis methods frame of the Analysis Navigator window 7 Type Hvorslev in the Analysis name field at the top of the window 8 Define the following properties for axes Time Creating a Slug Test 45 9 10 11 12 46 e Min 0 e Max 500 Drawdown e Min 0 05 e Max 1 e Reverse Checked Display the grid lines for both axes and your graph should now look similar to the one shown below 24 siog Test E Water Level E anatyss Qi Ste plan Renports Data from Aunahpsie Marne piros Apnenik
95. Scatter Diagram button to load a scatter diagram of the current fit The diagram plots the observed drawdown values X axis against the calculated drawdown values Y axis providing a visual representation of the quality of the fit The 45 degree line colored red represents an ideal scenario where the calculated values equal the observed values However this is not likely to happen in many real life scenarios If the data points appear above the line then the calculated values are larger than the observed values which may indicate that the model is over predicting If the data points are under the line then the calculated values are less than the observed values which may indicate that the model is under predicting The scatter diagram can also be viewed in the statistics report which can be accessed by selecting Analysis Statistics from the main menu Note The Scatter Diagram is only available for analysis methods with model functions e g Theis Hantush etc It is not available for the legacy methods straight line methods e g Cooper amp Jacob Hantush Bierschenk Specific Capacity Slug Tests etc 74 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Message window The message window displays all the messages warnings and error reports that occur while you conduct the data analysis This message fades after five seconds Message Automatic Fit for OW a succeeded Analysis Navigator panel The Anal
96. Site Plan fe gt Dimensions ft Project No iz3s56 Time min v Discharge U S galimin Client ABC Transmissivity u s galid ft gt Pressure Pa Location anywhere JV Convert existing values PW Pumping Test Aquifer Properties owl Name Exampe Thickness ft fio owe Performed by Your Name Type Confined ows Dake enso x Bar Eff BE d Pumping Well 2 owl Observation Well 30 0 0 0 Fully 3 3 owe Observation Well 200 0 0 0 Fully 0 05 3 ferenn 4 ows Observation Well 1000 0 0 0 Fully 0 05 3 ElNew analysis 1 Click here to create a new well Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support In this manner you can add as many wells as required to a project The new wells that are added to the project will appear in the Wells frame of the Project Navigator panel SEULE You will see there are now 4 wells in the Wells frame in the Project Navigator panel on the left side of the main window In addition wells that are set as type Pumping Well will appear under the Discharge Rates frame in the Project Navigator panel and all wells will appear under the Water Level Measurements frame in the navigation panel Selecting a well in one of these frames will load the appropriate input page tab for the well For example clicking on PW1 under the Disch
97. T The Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos method assumes the following e confined aquifer e the aquifer is isotropic homogenous compressible and elastic e the layers are horizontal and extend infinitely in the radial direction e the initial piezometric surface before injection is horizontal and extends infinitely in the radial direction e Darcy s law is valid for the flow domain e the well is screened over the entire saturated thickness of the aquifer is fully penetrating e the volume of water is injected or withdrawn instantaneously at time t 0 The data requirements for the Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Solution are e Time vs depth to water level at a large diameter test well e well geometry Dimensionless Parameters Additional type curves for this method may be added by changing the CD value in the Type Curve properties dialog as shown below 210 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Type curve properties Slug Test Solution Methods 211 4 10 References 212 Birsoy V K and W K Sumpzers 1980 Determination of aquifer parameters from step tests and intermittent pumping data Ground Water vol 18 pp 137 146 Boulton N S 1963 Analysis of data from non equilibrium pumping tests allowing for delayed yield from storage Proc Inst Civil Eng 26 469 482 Bouwer H 1989 The Bouwer and Rice Slug Test An Update Ground Water vol 27 No 3 pp 304 309 Bouwer H and R C Rice 1976 A s
98. T Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis Leaky HYT Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Fractured H YT Fractured Aquifer Warren Root Double Porosity MultiplePumpingWells HYT Confined Aquifer Multiple Wells SpecificCapacity HYT Discharge vs Drawdown Single Well analysis WellBoreStorage HYT Well Bore Storage Papadopulos Cooper PartialPenetration HYT Partially Penetrating Wells Neuman Unconfined H YT Unconfined Aquifer Theis with Jacob correction SlugTestl HYT Bouwer amp Rice Hvorslev SlugTest2 HYT Bouwer amp Rice Hvorslev StepTest HYT Variable Rate Pumping Test Theis CooperJacob H YT Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis but using a straight line method similar to a Cooper Jacob analysis Moench Fracture Skin HYT Fracture flow fully penetrating wells Hantush Bierschenk H YT Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss solution Hantush Storage HYT Leaky Aquifer Hantush with storage method Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Index Agarwal recovery analysis theory 186 analysis menu 105 create analysis 105 Analysis parameter controls lock feature 130 Analysis Plots and Options 125 Analysis Statistics 107 automatic curve fit 2 127 bail test theory 199 204 Barometric Efficiency BE Calculating from Observed Data 223 Barometric Trends Theory 221 Barrier Boundary 138 Boulton 168 Boundary Effects 135 Bouwer Rice analysis theory 199 confined aquifer radial flow 143 Contouring Color map properties 239 Exa
99. Test frame e Name Hvorslev and Bouwer Rice Analysis e Performed by Your Name e Date filled in automatically Units frame e Site Plan ft e Dimensions ft e Time s e Transmissivity ft d Remaining units are not used and can be left as is In the Wells table a well has been created automatically By default the type is set to Not Used Change the type to Test Well by activating the Type cell of the well and then clicking again to produce a drop down menu DO NOT double click Enter the following information for the well e Name TW e R 0 083 e L 10 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests e r 0 083 nits Site Plan lt Dimensions ft 7 Time s r Discharge Fts g roject Information Project Mame Exercise 3 Hvorslev Project Mo 345678 Client ABC Transmissivity Faya Pressure mbar Location waterloo I Convert existing values Aquifer Properties Thickness Ft Type JUnknown Bar EFF BE lug Test Name Hvorslev Performed by Sasha Date 6 10 2004 Aquifer x Ft Ft Elevation ai Benchmark Penetration R Ft L Ft b Ft Click here to create a new well 6 Click on the Water Levels tab to enter the water level data for the test well 7 In this exercise you will enter the data manually Type in the following information using Tab key or arrow keys to move from cell to cell Water Level 14 87 14 59 14 37 14 2
100. The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water level in a well A h to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure A p _ Ah y Ap BE with A h change in water level m A p change in pressure Pa N m y specific weight of water N m this value can be defined in the Tools Options Constants tab The specific weight y is defined as Y P E p density of water Kg m g acceleration of gravity m s The acceleration of gravity g depends on geographic latitude For most places on Earth the value is 9 82 m s However if you are close to the equator the value decreases to 9 78 m s whereas close to the poles North or South it is about 9 83 m s The density of water p is a function of the temperature At 10 C the value is 999 7 kg m gt However for heated thermal water or water with solute minerals a correction of this value may be necessary The default value for y used in AquiferTest is 9807 057 N m3 To calculate the change of water level in an aquifer caused by the atmospheric pressure change alone rearrange the formula for the BE to get Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction 221 222 _ BEAp 4 Ah The Barometric Efficiency BE may be entered directly into AquiferTest in the Pumping Test tab or may be calculated To calculate the BE value the user must provide pressure vs water level data recorded from a well near the test site before or after the test Once the B
101. You have the option to exit the program make sure you save the changes or to continue on to the next exercise Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis 261 7 3 Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution 262 This exercise demonstrates analysis of recovery data using the Agarwal solution new to AquiferTest In addition the Data Logger Wizard feature will be demonstrated This exercise assumes that you are familiar with the program interface feel free to return to Exercise for the basics on navigating AquiferTest 1 2 3 Start AquiferTest or if you already have the program open create a new project In the Pumping Test tab enter the following information Project Information frame e Project name Exercise 3 Agarwal Recovery e Project No 3 e Client ABC e Location Your Town Pumping Test frame e Name Agarwal Recovery e Performed by Your Name e Date filled in automatically Units frame e Site Plan m e Dimensions m e Time s e Discharge m s e Transmissivity m s Aquifer Properties frame e Aquifer Thickness 20 m The new project will contain one pumping well by default Set the parameters for this well as follows Well 1 e Name PW e Type Pumping Well e X 0 e Y 0 Next create a new well Click on the Click here link to add a new well to the table Define the parameters for this new well as follows Well 2 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and
102. _Settings for example These settings can be recalled in the future and used for importing data sets in a similar format see Logger File Wizard Step 1 To finish the import process click Import and the datapoints will be imported into your project Import AquiferTest 3 X Project To import a project from AquiferTest v3 X from the main menu select File Import AquiferTest 3 x Database 1 In the dialogue that appears navigate to the database mdb that contains the desired project 2 Double click on the database or click Open after highlighting the database The following dialogue will appear Importing AquiferTest Database m p X File Es 4quiferTest3 Olagt350 Exercises Exercises MOB Select a project Exercises Exercise 6 Theis Prediction Theis forward solution 3 Select the appropriate project and click OK 4 The selected project will load into the active Aquifer Test project window Main Menu Bar 97 The imported project can then be saved in v 4 X format Print There are two ways that you can send your report to the printer e Select File Print e Click the el Print icon in the toolbar below the Main Menu Both options listed above will produce an output depending on which window is active in the project e Pumping Slug Test Wells tab prints the list of wells in the project accompanied by the coordinates and geometry e Discharge no output available e Water Levels print
103. aa aie hen Uae Map w T Test 1 si This tab allows you to load a map of the site of the project You can only load one map per project For instructions on how to load a map see description of Load Image button below The Site Plan tab is managed using a tool bar located above the map image and the Display wells from and Map properties dialog boxes About the Interface 231 The tool bar consists of the following buttons 4t Zoomin 4 Zoomout Gy Load Image 3X Clear Image Re scale ley Save Map r Zoom in draw a rectangle around the area you wish to magnify E Zoom out zoom out to the full extent of the map amp Load Image opens an Explorer window where you can navigate to the appropriate image file containing the map Supported image formats are bmp wmf emf jpg and dxf e Select the image file and click Open and the following dialog will load Georeference the Image Image Coordinates The image size is 747 x 495 pixels Please georeference the image with known coordinates Upper right corner m 747 Y m 495 Lower left corner x m p Y m fo e In this dialog georeference the image by entering the coordinates for the map s lower left and upper right corners NOTE By default the number of pixels are converted to meters to keep the map proportions e Click OK After georeferencing the image will appear similar to the image below 232 Chapte
104. ably on the page 294 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 15 Click on the X Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve 4nalysis Graph L A lt None gt a inn Time s 16 If you are not satisfied with the fit of the line use Parameter Controls to adjust it 17 Once you are finished the results in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel should display the calculated conductivity value K 8 10 E 1 ft d 81 ft day The following table illustrates a comparison of the conductivity value to that obtained in AquiferTest 3 5 and with the published reference AquiferTest AquiferTest Published 4 X 3 5 Fetter 1994 Conductivity ft d 8 37 E 8 39 E 7 9 E 1 18 For this slug test data you can also perform the Bouwer amp Rice analysis 19 Create a new analysis by selecting Analysis Create a new analysis from the main menu analysis Tools Help Create a Mew Analysis Greate analysis considering well effects Define analysis time range Fit zH Exclude 7 Comments 20 In the Analysis Name field type Bouwer amp Rice Notice this name now appears in the Analyses frame of the Project Navigator panel 21 Select Bouwer amp Rice from the Analysis Method of the Analysis Navigator Exercise 7 Slug Test Analysis 295 296 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 pan
105. aky confined aquifers with unsteady state flow The conditions for the leaky aquifer are shown below Pumping Test Methods 157 158 watertable potentiometric surface of confined aquifer leaky confining layer at ad 4 h h a 0 aquifer i b K E EE ee confining layer In the case of leaky aquifers the well function W u can be replaced by the function Walton W u r L or Hantush W u B and the solution becomes i Whe AnT where Leale L leakage factor the leakage factor is termed B when used with the Hantush method and T KD where T Transmissivity K Conductivity D saturated aquifer thickness In AquiferTest the model parameter C hydraulic resistance units time is used with the Hantush method The larger C the smaller and or more slowly the infiltration is due to Leakage The C value must be defined for each data set in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods An example of a Hantush Jacob analysis graph has been included below YE Hantush AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help amp led E fe B 2 New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge A Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Ta Reports sh Walton Analysis Data from Ta Analysis Name Hantush walton Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 6 10 2004 Analysis is based on a
106. alysis Pumping Well Analysis Well Losses For more information on the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss solution please refer to a pumping test reference such as Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 4 9 Slug Test Solution Methods In a slug test a solid slug is lowered into the piezometer instantaneously raising the water level in the piezometer The test can also be conducted in the opposite manner by instantaneously removing a slug or volume of water bail test With the slug test the portion of the aquifer tested for hydraulic conductivity is small compared to a pumping test and is limited to a cylindrical area of small radius r immediately around the well screen AquiferTest provides three slug test analysis methods e Bouwer amp Rice e Hvorslev e Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 4 9 1 Bouwer Rice Slug Test The Bouwer Rice 1976 slug test is designed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer The solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure water level in well water level at time ginal pi o surface at time to t 0 t gt to Bouwer Rice 1976 developed an equation for hydraulic conductivity as follows Slug Test Solution Methods 199 2 Feen r In TTET 7 2L t h where r piezometer radius or r p if water level change is within the screened interval R radius measured from centre of well to undist
107. and fractures Groundwater travels only in the fractures around the blocks In this sense the porosity is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume Where there is flow from the blocks to the fractures the fractured rock mass is assumed to consist of two interacting and overlapping continua a continuum of low permeability primary porosity blocks and a continuum of high permeability secondary porosity fissures or fractures impermeable Fractured rock T impermeable There are two double porosity models used in AquiferTest which have been widely accepted in the literature These are the pseudo steady state flow Warren and Root 1963 and the transient block to fracture flow for example Kazemi 1969 The pseudo steady state flow assumes that the hydraulic head distribution within the blocks is undefined It also assumes that the fractures and blocks within a representative elemental volume REV each possess different average hydraulic heads The magnitude of the induced flow is assumed to be proportional to the hydraulic head difference Moench 1984 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Both the Warren Root and Moench fracture flow with skin analysis methods are described below Warren Root 1963 AquiferTest uses the pseudo steady state double porosity flow model developed by Warren and Root 1963 The solution states that a fractured aquifer consists of blocks and fissures For both the
108. aped blocks was modified by Moench 1984 to support sphere shaped blocks Well test data support both the pseudo steady state and the transient block to fracture flow solutions For transient block to fracture flow the fractured rock mass 1s idealized as alternating layers slabs or spheres of blocks and fissures Sphere shaped Slab shaped Block Thickness Fracture Thickness Fracture Moench 1984 uses the existence of a fracture skin to explain why well test data support both the pseudo steady state and transient block to fracture flow methods The fracture skin is a thin skin of low permeability material deposited on the surface of the blocks which impedes the free exchange of fluid between the blocks and the fissures 7 Block thickness J Skin thickness a Fracture thickness If the fracture skin is sufficiently impermeable most of the change in hydraulic head between the block and the fracture occurs across the fracture skin and the transient block to fracture flow solution reduces to the pseudo steady state flow solution Pumping Test Methods 177 178 The fracture skin delays the flow contributions from the blocks which results in pressure responses similar to those predicted under the assumption of pseudo steady state flow as follows _ 4nKH hyp h h p hy mo STEH hh Qr where hyp is the dimensionless head in the pumping well and h p is the dimensionless head in the observation wel
109. ar 86 navigator panel 13 18 tool bar 17 window layout 12 getting started installing AquiferTest 9 system requirements 8 299 Hantush Storage in Aquitard 160 Hantush Bierschenk well loss theory 192 Hantush Jacob analysis theory 157 hardware requirements 8 help menu about 117 contents 116 Hvorslev analysis theory 204 Import Data Text and Excel Import Format 90 import data ASCII text 89 data logger file 91 Import Map Image 88 import wells ASCII text 22 installation 8 load import settings data logger 92 manual curve fit 2 129 Map properties 234 Mapping and Contouring Options 231 Maps Load Image 232 Modifying Trend Corrections 228 Moench Fracture Flow 176 multiple pumping wells 134 Neuman 165 Partially Penetrating Wells 140 program options 108 project units 21 41 pumping test create 103 radial flow confined aquifer 143 Recharge Boundary 137 reference datum setting the reference datum 32 95 references 10 212 300 save graph settings 72 Scatter Plot 102 slug test create 40 103 create analysis 44 theory 199 204 software requirements 8 specific capacity theory 190 steptest analysis time discharge data format 133 superposition multiple pumping wells 134 variable discharge rates 132 system requirements 8 test menu 103 create pumping test 103 create slug test 103 Theis Recovery Test confined 145 Theis with Jacob Correction 163 theory of superposition 132 Tools Menu 108 Trend A
110. arge Rates will activate the Discharge tab and provide options for defining the pumping rates for this well Clicking on OW1 under Water Level measurements will load the Water Levels tab activate this well and provide input fields for water level data Prowl Powe Ehows In the next section you will specify the discharge rate for the pumping well and add water level data for the observation wells slew analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Before proceeding save your project by selecting File Save As from the main menu Enter the name for the project Sample then continue 25 2 1 2 Discharge Rates The purpose of this step is to define the discharge pumping rate for the pumping well PWI Click on the Discharge tab at the top of the window Pumping Test Discharge E water Levels Analysis w Site Plan Reports Or from the Project Navigator panel click on PW1 under Discharge Rates Py In the top left corner of the window select PW1 Enter the following discharge rate e Constant radio button e Type 150 in the adjacent field ischarge U 5 gal min f Constant 150 Variable 2 1 3 Water Level Data The next step in creating a pumping test is to add observation well water level data AquiferTest provides several options for adding data to a pumping test including e Manually entering each data measurement e Cut and pasting from the Windows clipboard
111. at delivers high quality three dimensional representations of subsurface characterization data and groundwater modeling results Combining graphical tools for three dimensional visualization and animation Visual Groundwater also features a data management system specifically designed for borehole investigation data The graphical display features allow the user to display site maps discrete data contours isosurfaces and cross sectional views of the data Groundwater Instrumentation Diver NETZ Diver NETZ is an all inclusive groundwater monitoring network system that integrates high quality field instrumentation with the industries latest communications and data management technologies All of the Diver NETZ components are designed to optimize your project workflow from collecting and recording groundwater data in the field to project delivery in the office Mark of Schlumberger Vil Table of Contents 1 Introduction asi 5 66 56 085 3 eb eae We See cal we oe Whats New McA GUILE 1 est occorinprrti Ae ae eee eee See eR eee ee ewes 4 New Features im Version 42 ccccct ove es one ined wind Lea we elie oe oad 4 New Features im Versi0n L 12 9 0 cut oe cna set eo aay eee a aeeaa emia ewees tied 4 New Features Version 4 0 2 usccsiivweiu doen ee tde hee eee eG Soe eaeas esti awcee ke 5 Installing Aguifer lest 0 5 t6 6 4 5 552h ie Dewy 6 Oo ee WEA ees BA a Awe Sa 8 System Regue MEMS resaca ea edited SOBEL deve E ene Shetek eee ees 8 I
112. ata points in each step to calculate the slope The Time Interval is the time from the beginning of each step at which the change in drawdown As for each step is measured The point of time for calculating As is calculated as follows Well Performance Methods 197 198 t At tds where e t starting time of step e At the specified time interval e ty calculation point for As This measurement point is essential as the difference in drawdown is calculated between each step The selection of the time interval is left to the discretion of the user AquiferTest then uses the drawdown differences and the specified time interval to produce two coefficients B linear well loss coefficient and C non linear well loss coefficient These coefficients can be used to estimate the expected drawdown inside your pumping well for a realistic discharge Q at a certain time t This relationship can allow you to select an optimum yield for the well or to obtain information on the condition or efficiency of the well Finally the Number of pumping steps allows you to edit the number of steps 1 e changes in the discharge rate to use in the discharge versus drawdown plot You should have a minimum of three steps specified to assist in obtaining a good fit of the line to the analysis plot Once the extrapolation settings have been defined click Ok to accept the drawdown values To select the analysis method from the main menu go to An
113. ate and grid the contours Try the following In the Map Appearance window e Define a Minimum value of 0 7 for the contour lines Define a Minimum value of 0 7 for the color shading e Set the Minimum color shading to blue e Set the lt color shading to white e Set the Maximum color shading to red e Set the gt color shading also to red This will produce a map view similar to the one shown below 242 Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring Example Confined AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Depe D0 A OPW Pyow1tb PS owab Ph oweb Theis Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments EA Pumping Test eam Discharge A Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan lS Reports J Zoom in y Zoom out EX Load Image xK Clear Image Zi Re scale lal Save Map Pumping Test 1 Drawdown m 1 2 eine pM Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 x m 167 00 y m 9 80 If the edge of the colored field is too rough 1 e appears as large steps Click the Data Series button and increase the number of Rows and Columns in the grid to make it finer This concludes the chapter on mapping and contouring 243 244 Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests This chapter will explore many features of AquiferTest
114. bout the Interface 15 defined templates it is possible to identify the aquifer type and conditions confined well bore storage boundary influences etc Using this knowledge an appropriate solution method and assumptions can then be selected from the Analysis tab and the aquifer parameters calculated In addition AquiferTest calculates and displays the derivative of the measured drawdown values this is helpful since quite often it is much easier to analyze and interpret the derivative of the drawdown data then just the measured drawdown data itself Analysis graph tab In the Analysis tab there are several panels on the right hand side of the graph that allow setting up the graph changing the aquifer parameters to achieve an optimal curve fit model assumptions display and other settings For more information please see Chapter 3 Analysis Tab on page 67 Site Plan Tab AquiferTest automatically plots the wells on a map layout The site map layout may contain a CAD file or raster image e g a topographic map an air or satellite photograph etc Raster images must be georeferenced using two known co ordinates at the corners of the image For more details see Import Map Image on page 88 Reports Tab The Reports page displays report previews and allows the user to select from various report templates The reports are listed in hierarchical order for the current pumping slug test A zoom feature is availabl
115. button beside Constant Enter 70 in the field to the right ischarge U 5 gal min amp Constant i Variable Click the Water Levels tab to enter the water level data for the observation well In this example you will cut and paste data from a data file Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis 255 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 256 In the window in the top left corner highlight OW Minimize AquiferTest and browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and select the file Exercise 2 xls Double click on this file to open it in MS Excel Select the first two columns of data and Copy this onto the Windows clipboard Minimize MS Excel and Maximize the AquiferTest window Activate the Water Levels tab Right click on the first cell in the Time Water Level grid and select Paste l A E AE Hah ie Drawdown 1 Time minWater Level ft Ft 0 1 0 01 wo 0 2 0 08 ae 0 3 0 22 0 4 0 37 O22 0 5 0 51 0 37 06 0 65 JE 0 7 0 77 Copy E 0 8 0 59 i og 0 99 Paste Chee 1 1 08 0 89 2 167 0 99 3 1 95 ae 4 24 5 218 Lo 6 227 LEE T J JE 15 A a4 a4 Enter 0 in the Static Water Level field Click on the BE Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph The calculated drawdown appears in the Drawdown column and a graph of the drawdown appears to the right of the data Click on the Anal
116. calculated for the test period for each well Subsequently the actual drawdown during the test can be corrected for the water level changes due to atmospheric pressure For falling atmospheric pressures Sam aE RAN For rising atmospheric pressures Scorr S Ah Kruseman and de Ridder 1991 Calculating BE from Observed Data The BE value can be defined in the Pumping Test tab or it may be calculated based on observed data To calculate the BE value locate the Bar Eff BE field in the Aquifer Properties frame of the Pumping Test tab and press the button beside the BE field Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction 223 Aquifer Properties Thickness Ft fzo woe ll Bar EFF BE A blank window for barometric data entry will appear Calculate Barometric Efficiency BE k ail i x Calculation of the Barometric Efficiency BE During 4 pumping test atmospheric pressure changes may affect recorded water levels in a well By calculating a barometric efficiency BE For the aquifer the drawdown data can be corrected For this affect The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water level in a well to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure The typical range is between 0 20 and 0 75 Click here to import the data From a file Atmospheric Water Level E Pressure m 1 2 3 m Siil s p 6 lo 110 ian 12 rem 14 Armosonerk Pressure moar dial Barometric Ef
117. ce feel free to read through the entire chapter or jump directly to a section of interest 1 2 1 Creating a Pumping Test e 2 1 1 Pumping Test Information e 2 1 2 Discharge Rates e 2 1 3 Water Level Data e 2 1 4 Creating a Pumping Test Analysis e 2 1 5 Reports 2 2 2 Creating a Slug Test e 2 2 1 Slug Test Information e 2 2 2 Water Level Data e 2 2 3 Creating a Slug Test Analysis e 2 2 4 Reports 2 1 Creating a Pumping Test The dataset for this example was taken from Dawson and Istok pg 96 To start AquiferTest navigate to Programs SWS Software AquiferTest 4 2 AquiferTest 4 2 or double click on the desktop icon Once AquiferTest is loaded there will be an empty project file loaded by default as shown below Creating a Pumping Test 19 WE NoName AquiferTest File Edit Yiew Test Analysis Tools Help E amp New Open PS New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support re Fe E z Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge water Levels Analysis Site Plan J Reports nits Site Plan m x Dimensions Time Is x Discharge Transmissivity m s 7 Pressure Pa JV Convert existing values roject Information Project Name Project No Client Location Aquifer Properties Thickness
118. ce Investigations of the United States Geological Survey Chapter B3 Type curves for selected problems of flow to wells in confined aquifers USGS Book 3 Application of Hydraulics Arlington VA 213 214 Renard P 2001 Quantitative analysis of groundwater field experiments 222 S ETH Z rich unpublished Theis C V 1935 The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage Am Geophys Union Trans vol 16 pp 519 524 Walton W C 1962 Selected analytical methods for well and aquifer elevation Ilinois State Water Survey Bull No 49 81 pg Walton W C 1996 Aquifer Test Analysis with WINDOWS Software CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Florida 33431 301 p Warren J E amp Root P J 1963 The behaviour of naturally fractured reservoirs Soc of Petrol Engrs J Vol 3 245 255 Weeks E P 1969 Determining the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability by aquifer test analysis Water Resources Res Vol 5 196 214 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Data Pre Processing Surrounding water level trends and barometric affects may have a significant impact on the water levels recorded during your pumping test AquiferTest now includes the tools to analyze these affects to determine if they played a role in your pumping test Using the data pre processor utilities you can correct your water level measurements for
119. contains all the general information pertaining to the site where the tests were conducted This information need only be entered once and is displayed in the panel unchanged for any additional tests that are created Units are specified for the currently active pumping test When a new pumping test is created the units return to default and must be changed accordingly The default units can be set by selecting Tools Options General The units for Site Plan control the About the Interface 13 XY coordinates and the elevation data the Dimensions units control the well geometry r L etc and water levels the Time Discharge and Pressure units control their respective parameters Transmissivity units control the units for the calculated parameters transmissivity storativity and conductivity Pumping test details can be entered for each new test Different descriptive names for the tests allow for easy navigation using the Project Navigator panel Aquifer properties can be specified for each pumping test These include the aquifer thickness and the aquifer barometric efficiency BE the BE value is only necessary if you intend to correct the measured drawdown data based on barometric influences The BE value may be directly entered in the field or may be calculated from observed time pressure data For more details see Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing In addition well names coordinates elevations and geometry is entered in this wi
120. cs for the selected analysis and current selected well This option may also be loaded by right clicking on the Analysis graph and selecting Statistics The following Statistics window will appear G x LL ELEI DTT Sulina xl C The summary report contains statistics for the automatic fit as well as the delta S between the observed drawdown and the drawdown value on the modeled curve A scatter diagram is displayed at the bottom of the window providing a visual representation of the quality of the current fit NOTE All data is converted to time in seconds and length in meters The statistics summary may be printed as is or exported to TXT or XLS format Main Menu Bar 107 3 2 6 Tools Menu Options Specify settings for various program options Reports tab Reports General Constants Appearance User fields Page Margins mm Left fio Right fio Top 10 Bottom fio IV Draw Frame Title Block JV Display title block in reports Company Info Schlumberger Water Sel 460 Philip St Suite La Fomes Logo Logo Preview C None Small Large File name D Program Files AquiferTest logo bmp Advanced This tab allows you to format the report printouts e Page Margins set Left Right Top and Bottom margins 108 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar J Slug Test F1 water Level Analysis Site Plan 2 Reports Select Print
121. culated parameter values should be similar to the following Transmissivity 5 01 E 4 m2 s Storativity 1 17 E 5 The following table illustrates a comparison of these values using the Agarwal solution to that obtained in AquiferTest 3 5 using the Theis Recovery solution AquiferTest 4 X AquiferTest 3 5 Agarwal Theis Recovery Transmissivity m2 s 5 01 E 4 5 02 E 4 Storativity 1 17 E 5 N A One of the major advantages of the Agarwal solution is that it provides a calculation for the storativity parameter this was not possible with the Theis Recovery solution in AquiferTest 3 5 36 Print the desired reports by selecting the Reports tab and checking the boxes beside the reports you wish to print 37 Click on the Sl Print button in the tool bar or select File Print from the main menu 38 Save your project by clicking on the Save icon or selecting File Save as from the main menu This concludes the exercise The next exercise will deal with multiple pumping wells You have the choice of exiting AquiferTest or proceeding to the next exercise Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution 269 7 4 Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells In this exercise you will learn how to use AquiferTest to not only determine aquifer properties using discharge and drawdown data but also how to use these values to predict the effect that an additional pumping well will have on drawdown at the
122. d calculate the aquifer parameters AquiferTest uses the downhill simplex method which is a minimizing algorithm for general non linear functions For more details please see J A Nelder R Mead A Simplex Method for Function Minimization Computer Journal 7 1965 308 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Exclude The Exclude button allows you to exclude datapoints based on a time range When pressed it will load the following dialog Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit P Enj Time Range Owl Start min 400 End min 200 Add Replace Delete Enter the range of exclusion in the Start and End fields and press Add The defined period will appear in the Time Range list Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit A RE x Time Range Ov1 Start min 400 End min 800 Add Replace Delete Select the defined period and click OK to apply it This will exclude data points between 400 and 800 minutes from analysis They will still be displayed on the graph but will no longer be considered when the automatic fit is applied Comments Click on the Comments Comments button to load a dialog where you can record comments for the current analysis You may alternately select Add Comments from the Analysis frame of the Project Navigator General Info 71 Settings The pull down menu to the right of the Comments button allows you to select from a list of graph se
123. d drawdown measurements can then be used in the analysis to calculate the aquifer parameters Example An example demonstrating a barometric trend analysis is available in Chapter 7 Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction 22 5 4 Modifying Corrections When a data correction is created the correction column header appears blue This header is created as a link and clicking on it will allow you to access and modify the settings for the correction Pumping Test Discharge water Levels Analysis Site Plan Reports js 1 rer uet Static Water Level m k E Import Time Water Level Time s 2 10 2 546 0 546 0 0076 0 5536 3 20 2 712 0 712 0 0152 0 7272 4 30 2 809 0 809 0 0228 0 8318 5 40 2 877 0 877 0 0268 0 9038 e lso 2 931 0 931 0 0308 0 9618 7 co 2 974 0 974 0 0348 1 0088 18 B 7 3 011 1 011 0 0266 1 0376 E e Jeo 3 043 1 043 0 0185 1 0615 3 10 90 3 071 1 071 0 0103 1 0813 3 a1 100 3 096 1 09 O01 1 107 Se 12 110 3 119 1119 0 0118 1 1308 a3 120 3 14 1 14 0 0125 1 1525 14 140 3 176 1176 0 0172 1 1588 as 160 3 208 1 208 0 0264 1 1816 16 180 3 236 1 236 0 015 1 221 ue z 200 3 262 1 262 0 0093 1 2527 pail 5 5 Deleting Corrections To delete a data correction barometric user defined or baseline trend effects place the mouse in the data correction column right mouse click and select Delete
124. data to a slug test including e Manually entering each data point e Cut and pasting from the Windows clipboard e Importing data from a text file txt or Excel xls spreadsheet e Importing data from a datalogger file asc txt or lev For this example the data will be imported from an Excel file 1 2 3 4 5 6 Creating a Slug Test Click on the Water Level tab at the top of the window Enter the following information Static Water Level 14 80 Water level at t 0 15 23 Select File Import Water level measurements Browse to the AquiferTest ImportFiles folder and locate the MW5 xls file Highlight the file and click Open Click Refresh E to display the change in water level data and graph of Time vs Change in Water Level Once completed your display should appear similar to the following figure 43 SE NoName AquiferTest i i Ol x File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Deas OF 2 Slug Test E Water Level Analysis site Plan 5 Reports Example Static Water Level m 14 8 WL at t 0 m 15 231 E Import v Time Water Level TOC Add Data Correction J Filter Time s Water Change in Level m WL m 15 232 0 432 2 2l 15 23 0 43 RN 3 2 4 15 224 0 424 4 eae 15 228 0 426 3 15 223 0 423 ee New analysis 1 6 ais 15 224 0 424 Create a New Analysis 3 6 15 219 0 419 Define analysis time range 8 3 9 15 219 0
125. dd type curve will produce the following dialogue Type curve properties A a x Select a model Function Curve Appearance Color C Black width Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid Meuman PAPFADOPULOS amp COOPER Label Font DOUBLE POROSITY one PEE Horz Position tb 1000 vertical Position above curve Y Set the dimensionless curve parameters Parameter Yalue Description Leackage Factor riL Typical range 0 001 2 IFL becomes smaller it app Abbrechen Select the type curve and specify the display parameters for that curve For more details see Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods NOTE You must have the Dimensionless mode active to see the added type curves This concludes the section on the Data Entry and Analysis windows The next section will discuss the Site Plan tab Site Plan Tab The Site Plan tab allows you to load a map for the project and optionally display contours of the drawdown data for your tests For information on how to use the Site Plan tab please see Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Reports The Reports tab allows you to customize the printed output of your project The individual reports templates are organized in the form of a tree where you can select one or more of the reports you wish to print AquiferTest 4 2 Fil Edt View Test Ansys Took Help Ehh GA Skog Test F Water Lev
126. e e The Show contour lines check box is used to enable disable the line contours The same function is performed by clicking the Contouring check box in the Map Properties frame of the Site Plan tab In addition you may specify the line color and width 238 Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring Labels frame Under the Label frame specify the display properties for the contour labels e the Value Format controls the number of decimal places for the contour labels e the Min Distance value controls the space between the contour labels the smaller the value the closer and more numerous the labels will be e the Delete Background check box allows you to show hide the background box around the label This feature is helpful if you want to read the labels on top of a map or the color shading e Font select the label font size style and color Intervals frame Under the Intervals frame specify the range of values for the contour lines e Minimum specify the minimum value for the contour line Auto is the default e Maximum specify the maximum value for the contour line Auto is the default e Distance set the value for the interval between the contour lines The smaller the Distance value the more numerous and closer the contour lines will be 6 3 2 Color Shading tab Map Appearance E EA Show color shading Transparency 4 60 Intervals m Minimum Maximum z Auto Auto ka gt Legend Bottom ka
127. e s Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopu 0 3 Hvorslev Bouwer amp Rice mern fyer vate feat fo mer lyer Ueahim Carb s The calculated K value can be found in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel for this example K 1 77E 6 m s NOTE The curve fit and resulting conductivity value K can be manually adjusted using the Parameter Controls as described in Chapter 3 Parameter Controls NOTE It is not necessary to create a new analysis each time you want to see a new analysis Simply change the analysis type in the Analysis method frame of the Analysis Navigator panel Creating new analysis windows is helpful however 1f you wish to easily compare and print a hard copy of these analyses 2 2 4 Reports To obtain relevant printouts click on the Reports tab From this window you can print out any information that you have entered or derived through analyses For example to print the dataset for MWS5 as well as the Hvorslev and the Bouwer amp Rice analyses complete the following 1 Expand the Navigator tree in the Reports tab Creating a Slug Test 47 48 2 Check the boxes beside Water Level Data Hvorslev and Bouwer amp Rice Your Reports window should now look similar to the one shown below 4 slug Test E water Level Analysis Site Plan Reports Select Printouts Print preview Page v 4 Previouspage Jh Next page Site Map vie i i Sl
128. e with preview settings The dark grey area around the page displays the margins for the current printer You can modify these settings by selecting File Printer Setup Select Print on this page to print all selected reports Using Print on a selected tab will print the context related report directly such as a data report from the Water Levels page 1 5 3 Menu Bar The menu bar provides access to most of the features available in AquiferTest For more details see Chapter 3 Main Menu Bar on page 86 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 5 4 AquiferTest Toolbar The following sections describe each of the items on the toolbar and the equivalent icons For a short description of an icon move the mouse pointer over the icon without clicking either mouse button The toolbars that appear beneath the menu bar are dynamic changing as you move from one window to another Some toolbar buttons become available only when certain windows are in view or in a certain context For example the Paste button is only available after the Copy command has been used The following tool buttons appear at the top of the AquiferTest main window E iE a E es g About the Interface New button creates a new project Open button opens an existing project Save button saves the current project Print button prints the data item which is currently getting the focus Copy button copies selected character s in a grid cell or a plot to
129. e Ridder 1990 In addition the Diagnostic plots also display the theoretical drawdown derivative curves i e the rate of change of drawdown over time Quite often the derivative data can prove to be more meaningful for choosing the appropriate solution method NOTE Diagnostic Graphs are available for Pumping Tests only Graphing Options 121 122 To view the Diagnostic Plots load the Analysis tab select the Diagnostic Graphs tab and the following window will appear Fractured AquiferTest e j x Fie Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help e b S Be P 4 Pumping Test Eza Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis K Site Plan Reports Data from _ UE 25b 1 Pumping Well Analysis Name Derivative Analysis Appendix Analysis Performed by Analysis Date 16 05 2005 Analysis is based on assumptions from Double Porosity Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Wells UE 25b 1 UE 25a 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph Recovery period only Discharge rates log log lin log UE 25b 1 Water level measurements CES uE 25b 1 zi EX UE 25a 1 aa Analyses a S Double Porosity Obs Well Confined E Pumping well E Moench 1984 Fig11 4 Define analysis time range j Add comments i Leaky or recharge boundary Additional tasks Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test H i LLI ji E 4 4 Contact Technical Su
130. e data Pumping Test Discharge E Water Levels Analysis Site Plan j Reports 1 ae woo Static Water Level m jo E5 Import v Time Water Level TOC 7 Add Data Correction v J Filter Time s Water Drawdown Level m m 1 0 002 0 002 2 36 0 002 0 002 3 42 0 002 0 002 4 48 0 002 0 002 5 54 0 002 0 002 6 60 0 005 0 005 7 72 0 005 0 005 3 84 0 007 0 007 0 42 9 96 0 007 0 007 5 10 108 0 012 0 012 3 11 120 0 015 0 015 E f 12 132 0 015 0 015 Z 0 28 13 144 0 02 0 02 14 156 0 022 0 022 15 168 0 025 0 025 16 180 0 027 0 027 0 14 Lim 210 0 037 0 037 18 240 0 045 0 045 19 270 0 052 0 052 20 300 0 059 0 059 o 21 330 0 069 0 069 0 60000 120000 180000 240000 300000 Time s 22 360 0 079 0 079 23 420 0 097 0 097 v To proceed with data entry you must first select a well for which the data will be entered Pw 1 Pumping well Cy The data can be entered in any of the following ways e manually e cut and paste from Windows clipboard 60 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info e importing data from a text file or Excel spreadsheet txt xls e importing data from an ASCII datalogger asc txt or Level Logger lev or Diver Datalogger MON Import The Import button is a shortcut to importing an Excel or a data logger file Ca Import For more information on importing data see Import on page 86 Selecting
131. e distance from the pumping well to observation well e Pumping rate The Theis solution can be used as either a single well solution or in combination with drawdown data from an observation well If used as a single well solution the pumping well is used as the discharge well and as the observation point at which drawdown measurements were taken However the user should be aware of well effects when analyzing a single well solution Dimensionless Parameters Dimensionless parameters are required for the type curves in the Dimesionless view For the Theis method no additional parameters are required Theis Straight Line Analysis The Theis analysis can also be done using a semi log straight line analysis similar to the Cooper Jacob analysis An example is shown below 156 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph ie zH A lt none gt a 1 it 10D 1DDo D O C Tr TT SCC Con S E SI a CC CN a RE OO CoS oo Co So r a EA TT Bo a Well 2 Drawdown ft In this example the time data is plotted on a logarithmic axis and the drawdown axis is linear 4 7 4 Leaky Hantush Jacob Walton Most confined aquifers are not totally isolated from sources of vertical recharge Less permeable layers either above or below the aquifer can leak water into the aquifer under pumping conditions Walton developed a method of solution for pumping tests based on Hantush Jacob 1955 in le
132. e exported into graphical formats for use in presentations AquiferTest Pro also provides the tools for trends corrections and graphical contouring water table drawdown around the pumping well AquaChem AquaChem is designed for the management analysis and reporting of water quality data AquaChem s analysis capabilities cover a wide range of functions and calculations frequently used for analyzing interpreting and comparing water quality data AquaChem includes a comprehensive selection of commonly used plotting techniques to represent the chemical characteristics of aqueous geochemical and water quality data as well includes PHREEQC a powerful geochemical reaction model GW Contour The GW Contour data interpolation and contouring program incorporates techniques for mapping velocity vectors and particle tracks GW Contour incorporates the most commonly used 2D data interpolation techniques for the groundwater and environmental industry including Natural Neighbor Inverse Distance Kriging and Bilinear GW Contour is designed for contouring surface or water levels contaminant concentrations or other spatial data UnSat Suite Plus UnSat Suite Plus seamlessly integrates multiple one dimensional unsaturated zone flow and solute transport models into a single intuitive working environment Models include SESOIL VS2DT VLEACH PESTAN Visual HELP and the International Weather Generator The combination of models offers users the ability
133. e following Steps 1 Collecting data barometric pressure vs water level prior to or after the test 2 Use this data to calculate the barometric efficiency BE of the aquifer 3 During the pumping test collect time vs water level data AND time vs barometric pressure data 4 Using the BE value determine the equivalent water level measurement at the observed time If the pressure is not recorded at the same time as the water levels linear interpolation may be used to find and correct the next available water level measurement 5 Apply the correction to the observed drawdown data 6 Use the corrected water levels for determining the aquifer parameters 220 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Theory In wells or piezometers penetrating confined and leaky aquifers the water levels are continuously changing as the atmospheric pressure changes When the atmospheric pressure decreases the water levels rise in compensation When the atmospheric pressure increases the water levels decrease in compensation By comparing the atmospheric changes expressed in terms of a column of water with the actual changes in water levels observed during the pre test period it is possible to calculate the barometric efficiency of the aquifer Kruseman and de Ridder 1991 The barometric efficiency BE is a parameter of the aquifer and specifies how it reacts to changes in atmospheric pressure The BE value usually ranges between 0 2 and 0 75
134. e registration Please follow the installation instructions and read the on screen directions carefully After the installation is complete you should see the AquiferTest icon on your Desktop screen labeled as such and or have a link in your Programs menu to SWS Software and consequently to AquiferTest To start working with AquiferTest double click this icon or navigate to the link described above NOTE To install the software from the CD ROM without the aid of the installation interface you can e Open Windows Explorer and navigate to the CD ROM drive e Open the Installation folder e Double click on the installation file to initiate the installation Installing AquiferTest 9 Follow the on screen installation instructions which will lead you through the install and subsequently produce a desktop icon for you 1 3 Updating Old Projects AquiferTest is backwards compatible and is able to open any projects from v 4 x and v 3 x It is recommended that you ALWAYS create a backup copy of any project files before you open them in the new version Specifically ensure that you back up your original MS Access database MDB which contains all project data Schlumberger Water Services is not responsible for any direct or indirect damages caused to projects during conversion It is strongly recommended that you create a secure independent back up of projects before converting 1 4 Learning AquiferTest 1 4 1 Online Help This Use
135. e the screen or as calculated by Peg lr7 1 n nR7 7 where n porosity if the water level falls within the screened interval during the slug test where r the inside radius of the well R the outside radius of the filter material or developed zone and n porosity To use the effective radius check the box in the Use r w column in the wells grid scroll to the very right of Slug test tab The radius of the developed zone R should be entered as the radius of the borehole including the gravel sand pack The Length of the screened interval L should be entered as the length of screen within the saturated zone under static conditions The height of the stagnant water column b should be entered as the length from the bottom of the well screen to the top of the aquifer The saturated thickness of the aquifer D should be entered as the saturated thickness under static conditions Slug Test Solution Methods 203 4 9 2 Hvorslev Slug Test The Hvorslev 1951 slug test is designed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer The rate of inflow or outflow q at the piezometer tip at any time t is proportional to K of the soil and the unrecoverable head difference adi g t mr FRK A hj The following figure illustrates the mechanics of a slug test water level in well water level at time at time to t 0 t gt 7 _ f o t 0 0 original piezometric surface ee ee aquiclude aquifer aqu
136. e to refresh the graph In this window enter time vs pressure data that was recorded simultaneously as the time drawdown data As mentioned earlier 1f the time measurements were not recorded at exactly the same time intervals AquiferTest will use interpolation to correct the next available water level measurement When importing data observe the following requirements e the source file must be in the same units as the test e data file must be TXT or XLS with two columns of data time vs pressure The example below shows a sample data set of time pressure data 226 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Barometric Data x Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during 4 pumping test Click here to import the data From a File For each water level measurement Aquifer Test will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure Measured at jow s Atmospheric Pressure Pa 99619 99446 399250 99651 99614 100344 100064 39925 39592 100244 100121 100299 99589 Time s 99255 100572 Click here to refresh the graph Click OK to close the dialog and return to the Water Levels window In the time water level grid two new columns will appear beside the drawdown column The first column contains the correction due to barometric effects the second column contains the new corrected drawdown value The following equation is used Scorr S Ah The correcte
137. eater than the observed drawdown 13 Switch to the Analysis tab 14 Click on the X Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve Take note of the new aquifer parameter values In this example the values are Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction 285 unchanged since the change in drawdown due to the trend is very slight 2 306 3 15 A Trend report may be printed from the Water Level branch of the navigator tree in the Reports tab This report will display the trend data with corresponding graph and the t test statistics An example is shown below TrendEffects AquiferTest Eim o xi Fie Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help J 0e8 BF 2 4 Pumping Test eam Discharge Es Water Levels Analysis F Site Plan e Reports Select Printouts Print preview Page ai Previous page Next page _ Site Map Wells Water Level Data Wela Schlumberger Water Services Pumping Te ct Trend Analy Trend Analysis 460 Philip St Suite 104 rece OSES nalysis Graphs Waterloo Ontario N2L 5J2 Wells Well 1 Well 2 Discharge rates Well 1 New analysis 1 Analysis Table Client Pumping Test Pumping Tes 1 Pumping Well Vell 1 Discharge valable average rak 0 001 m s Trem coeticieni 2 5867 m s Water level measurements SO Well 1 well 2 Analyses ES New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis HTes I Resu
138. ebb flows then the trend can be defined using a simple linear time dependent correction For more details see Customized Water Level Trends on page 218 A trend analysis generally involves the following steps 1 Collect baseline trend data time vs water level prior to and after the test measurements should be recorded at a location that will not be influenced by the pumping test activities 2 AquiferTest calculates a baseline trend and trend coefficient AquiferTest calculates the simple linear regression of the measured values and runs a t test to determine if the trend is significant 3 Apply the trend coefficient to the data collected during the pumping test time vs water level resulting in corrected drawdown measurements 4 Use the corrected drawdown values for the calculation of the aquifer parameters The general formula for trend computation is a polynomial and a function of the time t XT t AA k 0 where k 0 1 2 m Only the linear part of the trend is considered for hydrogeological observations trend of 1st order Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing XT t b bt To calculate by and bj the standard regression analysis is used To check the quality of the trend compare the linear correlation coefficient with tabular values for the t test available in most statistical texts A linear coefficient value is calculated that can be used to calculate corrected drawdown at the observatio
139. ect from three locations e File Import Data Logger File menu option e By selecting Import Data Logger File from the Import drop down menu in the Water Levels tab of the project e Right clicking on the Time Water Levels table and selecting Import Data Logger File 1 Using one of the methods listed a dialog will load in which you can navigate to the appropriate file 2 Select the file then click Open to launch the six step data logger wizard described below AquiferTest supports the following formats e Generic Text TXT ASC e Level Logger LEV e Level Logger F Series Feet e Level Logger M Series Meters e Level amp Temperature Logger F Series Feet e Level amp Temperature Logger M Series Meters e Level Loader Feet e Level Loader Meters e Diver Datalogger MON e Baro Diver 14 e Cera Diver 16 e CTD Diver ceramic 12 e CTD Diver stainless steel 9 e Muini Diver 14 e Micro Diver 15 e M TD Diver 10 e TD Diver 07 Logger File Wizard Step 1 In the first step specify the row number where you want to start importing This is useful if there is header information in the logger file that should be ignored Main Menu Bar 91 92 Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 x Load Import Settings None Start Import at row f File origin Aindows ANS Preview of File D WquiferTest3 SiExercises new txt 711401 011 19 02020 11401 011 20 02018 11401 011 21 02016 5 11401 011 22 02015 5
140. ed Water Level Trends AquiferTest provides the option to create a user defined correction factor and apply this to the observed drawdown data In confined and leaky aquifers rhythmic fluctuations of the hydraulic head may be due to the influence of tides or river level fluctuations or to rhythmic variations in the atmospheric pressure In unconfined aquifers whose water tables are close to the surface diurnal fluctuations of the water table can be significant because of the great difference between day and night evapotranspiration The water table drops during the day because of the consumptive use by the vegetation and recovers during the night when the plant stomata are closed Kruseman and de Ridder 1991 To access the User Defined Data Corrections go to the Water Levels tab click on the Add Data Correction button and the following dialog will appear Data Conection x Description Formula Type f Simple Delta 5 Formula used Linear time dependent A A Logarithmic time dependent Periodic time dependent Coefficients 4 m 4oply to f Selected Well Only i All Wells 218 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing In the Data Correction dialog enter a name for the correction then select a formula type There are four formula types to choose from Simple Delta S drawdown As A Linear Time Dependent As A t Logarithmic Time Dependent As A log B C t Periodic Time Dependent As A sin B C t
141. ed the necessary Well details elevation amsl or the benchmark elevation BEFORE you import enter your data Logger File Wizard Step 6 In the sixth step specify which data values are imported If the file contains many duplicate water levels typical for a logger file you may want to filter the data as shown below You can filter the data by either change in time or change in water level Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 Ed Time B 45 05 AM All Data By change in time 3 By change in Depth to YL m po Cancel Previous The number of datapoints that can be imported by AquiferTest is limited by available system resources However from a practical point of view importing duplicate Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar datapoints is not useful in a conventional aquifer analysis You should try to minimize the number of datapoints imported for each analysis as the performance decreases with increased data points Applying one of the import filter options under Import will allow you to reduce the number of datapoints imported You can also apply a filter after the data has been imported See Filter on page 65 for more details Click on the Save icon in the lower left corner to save the settings that you have just used for the datalogger import Save settings x Save curent wizard settings as E Ok Cancel Enter a name for the personalized settings and click OK My
142. el Time vs Change in WL LOOPER BREDEHOEFT PAPA Hyvorsley Bouwer amp Rice A warning message will appear indicating Missing Parameter Aquifer Thickness Error Missing Parameter Aquifer Thickness Enter a value in the tab Return to the Slug Test tab and locate the Thickness field in the Aquifer Properties frame Enter a value of 10 0 Return to the Analysis tab Select Bouwer amp Rice in the Analysis frame of the Project Navigator panel Click on the X Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve If you are not satisfied with the fit of the line use Parameter Controls to adjust it Once you are finished the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel will display the conductivity value K 6 47 E 1 ft d 64 7 ft day The following table illustrates a comparison of the conductivity value to that obtained in AquiferTest 3 5 AquiferTest AquiferTest 4 X 3 5 Conductivity ft d 6 47E 1 6 23 E To print your reports go to the Reports tab Expand the navigator tree and select the box beside Bouwer amp Rice under Analysis Graphs Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 32 Check the boxes beside any other reports you wish to print NoName AquiferTest Ee lol x Fie Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Eas br G Slug Test E water Level Analysis Site Plan Reports Select Printouts Print preview Page P Previous pa
143. el EJ Analyse QP ste rian Reports Pik previn a Saeul Prinbouts Elros Elese pice Crnaibe a Mew Anahe Delim arahi kia rare Agi ginant Aiiki kks Igal Yai From a a Create a Puriri Test Create a Shug Test Coat Technical huaai i Schlumberger Prednis pagre You can scroll through multi page report components e g water level data report for hundreds of data points using the Next Page Previous Page buttons above the Preview window The company header and logo for the reports can be defined in the Options dialog available under the Tools menu AquiferTest includes several pre defined report templates the report template structure cannot be modified however using the Layout drop down menu in the upper right corner you can specify which components to show hide in the various reports General Info 83 84 e Layout Wells specify what information you wish to be printed in the Wells report Wells report settings Customize the well report layout Columns Coordinate Coordinate Elevation tamsly Benchmark Penetration C Screen radius Screen Length C Casing radius Boring radius CI b Bottom of well screen Top of Aquifer fi Print well image with legend e Layout Trend Analysis specify what information you wish to be printed in the Trend Analysis report Trend Analysis Report E F x v Print diagram ata columns E ie 2 C
144. ell or any well at a given set of coordinates 46 Return to the Pumping Test tab and locate the Wells table Create a well with the following parameters e Name OW 2 e Type Observation Well e X 700 e Y 850 e L 50 e r 0 25 e R 0 30 47 Select the Water Levels tab 48 Select OW 2 from the list of wells Enter the following dummy data points for this well Time Water Level 1 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1440 1 49 Enter the Depth to static water level of 0 Water Supply 1 Pumping atic Water Level FE fo Water Supply 2 Pumping 1 p pb p pab pb pa pak Import ha Add Data C Drawdown Ft Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 279 NOTE These values are dummy points They are used to establish the time period in which you are interested the water level values are irrelevant since you are going to PREDICT them AquiferTest simply requires Water Level data to accompany the Time intervals 50 Click on the B Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph 51 Return to the Analysis tab 52 Check the box beside OW 2 53 Click on the R Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve Time min 7 The calculated values for the Transmissivity and Storativity for OW 2 are different from those for OW 1 since the automatic fit attempted to fit the curve to the dummy values you entered for the drawdown To calcu
145. ell Loss Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined leaky or unconfined e The aquifer has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The aquifer is pumped step wise at increased discharge rates e The well is fully penetrating e The flow to the well is in an unsteady state 194 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods The data requirements for the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution are e Time drawdown data from the pumping well e Time discharge data for at least three equal duration pumping sessions Using the Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution is simply a matter of formatting the data correctly The table below illustrates the pumping time and discharge rates for the example project Hantush Bierschenk2 HYT Time min Discharge m d 180 1306 360 1693 540 2423 720 3261 900 4094 1080 5019 When you enter your time discharge data in AquiferTest your first entry is the initial pumping rate Using the table above as an example the pumping rate from 0 180 minutes was 1306 m day The second pumping rate from 180 360 minutes was 1693 m day and so on The figure below shows the data entered in the Time Discharge table Well Performance Methods 195 HantushBiershenk2 AquiferTest File Edit View Test Analysis Tools Help P New 2 Open
146. ell slugs H T Slugtest H T PartiallyPenetrating HYT StepTest HYT Agarwal HT a 4 5 6 tiil 4 In the Windows Explorer window that appears navigate to AquiferTest ImportFiles and select OW3_logger txt 5 Click Open to initiate the 6 step Logger file Wizard 6 The first step displays a preview of the data set the Start Import at row to 1 Logger file Wizard Step 1 of 6 re x Load Import Settings None Start Import at row f File origin Windows ANSI Preview of File EquiferTest40yovy3 logger txt 5 20 2004 09 01 05 00 5 20 2004 09 02 05 00 5 20 2004 09 03 05 00 5 20 2004 09 04 05 00 5 20 2004 09 05 05 00 5 20 2004 09 06 05 00 5 20 2004 09 07 05 00 5 20 2004 09 08 05 00 oo 4 M oh E w a NOTE The Load Import Settings allows you to load the settings specified during a previous import session Click Next 7 Step 2 will appear which allows you to specify the delimiter ensure TAB is selected Click Next Chapter 2 Getting Started Logger file Wizard Step 2 of 6 Semicolon Comma i Space Others 0 9 07 05 9 02 05 8 Step 3 will appear which allows you to specify which column contains the Date and the Date format Click on the column header which contains the Date data i e the first column in the example below Logger file Wizard Step 3 of 6 E E X Click on Column with the CASTE Preview Date format miyy bs
147. em i e aquifer plus well were precisely known This is generally not the case so interpreting a pumping test is primarily a matter of identifying an unknown system System identification relies on models the characteristics of which are assumed to represent the characteristics of the real aquifer system Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 In a pumping test the type of aquifer the well effects well losses and well bore storage and partial penetration and the boundary conditions barrier or recharge boundaries dominate at different times during the test They affect the drawdown behavior of the system in their own individual ways So to identify an aquifer system one must compare its drawdown behavior with that of the various theoretical models The model that compares best with the real system is then selected for the calculation of the hydraulic parameters Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 AquiferTest now includes the tools to help you to determine the aquifer type and conditions before conducting the analysis In AquiferTest the various theoretical models are referred to as Diagnostic plots Diagnostic plots are plots of drawdown vs the time since pumping began these plots are available in log log or semi log format The diagnostic plots allow the dominating flow regimes to be identified these yield straight lines on specialized plots The characteristic shape of the curves can help in selecting the appropriate solution method Kruseman and d
148. ement AquiferTest will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure Measured at Time s Atmospheric Pressure Pa 1 Atmospheric Pressure Pa Time s FFEEEFEPEPPEEEP tha Click here to refresh the graph Cancel For more details please see Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing 104 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar 3 2 5 Analysis Menu The Analysis menu contains the following items Create Analysis Create an analysis for the current pumping test Another way to create an analysis is to select the Create a New Analysis link from the Analyses frame of the Project Navigator Depending on which test is selected this function will create a new pumping test analysis or a new slug test analysis Create Analysis Considering Well Effects Creates an analysis using the Papadopulos Cooper method which accounts for well bore storage For more details see Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Create Analysis for Specific Capacity Creates a Specific Capacity analysis for the selected well For more details see Chapter 4 Specific Capacity Well Losses Creates a Hantush Biershenk analysis for the selected well For more details see Chapter 4 Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss Solution Define Analysis Time Range Defines a time range of data points for the selected data set Another way to perform this action is to select Define analysis time range from the Analyses frame of the Projec
149. er Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632 604 p Gringarten A C Bourdet D Landel P A Kniazeff V J 1979 A comparison between different skin and wellbore storage type curves for early time transient analysis paper SPE 8205 presented at SPE AIME 54th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition Las Vegas Nev Sept 23 26 Hantush M S and C E Jacob 1955 Non steady radial flow in an infinite leaky aquifer Am Geophys Union Trans vol 36 pp 95 100 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods References Hall P 1996 Water Well and Aquifer Test Analysis Water Resources Publications LLC Highlands Ranch Colorado 80163 0026 412p Hvorslev M J 1951 Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Ground Water Observations bul no 26 Waterways Experiment Station Corps of Engineers U S Army Vicksburg Mississippi Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1979 Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data Bull 11 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 200 p Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1990 Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Second Edition Completely Revised ILRI publication 47 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 377 p A F 1984 Double Porosity Models for Fissured Groundwater Reservoir with Fracture Skin Water Resources Research vol 20 No 7 pp 831 846 A F 1988 The Response of Partially Pene
150. es e Value Font font for axis values e Value format specify the number of decimal places the axis values e Major unit number of divisions on the axis e Gridlines display vertical gridlines on the graph Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info Drawdown axis Drawdown axis Title Drawdown Title Font Yerdana Scale Linear Minimum 0 1 Maximum Auto Show values Value Font Verdana Value Format 0 00 Major unit m Drawdown axis frame specifies parameters for the vertical axis of the analysis Title axis title that is displayed on the graph Title Font the font for the axis title Scale switch between linear and log scale To switch click on the right portion of the Scale line to produce a drop down menu and choose the alternate system Minimum minimum value on the axis Maximum maximum value on the axis Show Values show hide axis values Value Font font for axis values Value format specify the number of decimal places the axis values Major unit number of divisions on the axis Gridlines display horizontal gridlines on the graph Reverse set the origin 0 0 to the bottom left corner or the top left corner of the graph 79 Diagram Line width Diagram frame allows you to format the graph and the area immediately around it The parameters in the frame control the following parameters in the graph area Time 2 as O 500000 600000 FOO Oo dood Margins _r
151. eter Control window the parameters can be displayed by wells or by parameter type Right mouse click anywhere in the Parameters window to change the display type Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Analysis Parameters By Parameter ALE ae Se aces 2 8 L 131 4 4 Theory of Superposition The pumping test solution methods included with AquiferTest are e Theis Theis with Jacob Correction e Hantush Jacob e Neuman e Papadopulos Cooper e Warren Root Double Porosity e Boulton e Hantush Leaky with storage in aquitard e Moench Fractured flow with skin e Agarwal Recovery e Theis Recovery e Cooper Jacob I Time Drawdown e Cooper Jacob II Distance Drawdown e Cooper Jacob III Time Distance Drawdown These methods each have some general assumptions e aquifer extends radially and infinitely e single pumping well e constant pumping rate e fully penetrating well except for the Neuman method These assumptions may be modified if the pumping test data are analyzed utilizing the theory of superposition AquiferTest uses the theory of superposition to calculate drawdown in variable aquifer conditions Superposition can be applied to any solution method Superposition may be used to account for the effects of pumping well interference aquifer discontinuities groundwater recharge well borehole storage and variable pumping rates The differential equations that describe groundwater flow are
152. evation you have entered for that well This elevation is relative to an arbitrary benchmark that would have been established during a site survey 61 AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells table After you import enter the data you must enter the value for the Static Water Elev As with the sea level datum AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations by calculating the difference between the static water level elevation and the water levels recorded during the test Add Data Correction The data correction drop down menu is located to the right of the Coordinate system Using this menu you can add a user defined data correction trend correction or barometric correction to the dataset For more details see Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing 1 To add a User defined Custom correction click on the button Add data correction itself not the down arrow beside it The following dialog is displayed Data Correction a i TA X Description Mame CENA Dake Correction Formula Type f Simple Delta 5 Formula used Linear time dependent h A Logarithmic time dependent Periodic time dependent Coefficients A Ft 4oply to f Selected Well Only f All Wells In this dialogue choose the type of correction you wish to implement by selecting the appropriate radio button As you do so a formula is displayed on the right hand side of the dialogue and fields fo
153. ezometer T transmissivity of the aquifer KD S and S storativity values during pumping and recovery respectively t and t elapsed times from the start and ending of pumping respectively 146 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Using the approximation for the well function W u shown in the Cooper Jacob method this equation becomes O 4Tt ai In s ln ln AnT r S r o When S and S are constant and equal and T is constant this equation can be reduced to 2 30 a log AnT t To analyze the data s is plotted on the logarithmic Y axis and time is plotted on the linear X axis as the ratio of t t total time since pumping began divided by the time since the pumping ceased An example of a Theis Recovery analysis graph has been included below Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions 147 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph 7 L J lt None gt a fila 20 00 o 0wWw2 Left Mouse Button Shift line Right Mouse Button Rotate line An example of a Theis Recovery analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Theis_Recovery HYT The Theis Recovery Solution assumes the following e The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent e The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumping e The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping e The well is fully penet
154. ficiency NAN x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results In this window enter Pressure vs Water Level data This data must be recorded before or after the test at a location near the test well The data values can be entered in the grid on the left hand side Or to import data click on the appropriate link above the table Data may be imported in TXT or XLS formats When importing data observe the following requirements e the source file must be in the same units as the test e data file must be TXT or XLS with two columns of data pressure and water level Once the data is entered the dialog will look similar to the following 224 Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Calculate Barometric Efficiency BE Ed Calculation of the Barometric Efficiency BE During a pumping test atmospheric pressure changes may affect recorded water levels in a well By calculating a barometric efficiency BE For the aquifer the drawdown data can be corrected for this affect The BE is defined as the ratio of change in water level in a well to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure The typical range is between 0 20 and 0 75 Click here to import the data From a file Atmospheric WaterLevel Pressure Pa m 10 115 1 Wee wee 10 02497185 2 100125 1224 9 992344957 3 99991 8 10 00050168 4 100258 4448 9 984188235 5 100525 0896 9 967874791 6 100391 7672 9 976031513 rm 100
155. files BAK Add unit text to axis label Auto Save every 10 Minutes Language English Load display settings on switiching to JLog Log dimensionless wiew Default method for unconfined anisotropic aquifer NEUMAN Default Units Site Flan m Dimensions m Time s Discharge Jus galjrnin Transmissivity JFeafa Pressure Pa Contains general program settings such as e File location specify default folder for saving opening projects e Additional options Load the program as full screen Display notifications warning messages in the Analysis tab Create back up files of your project with extension BAK Enable the Autosave feature and specify the time interval Set the display language Select a graph template to be used when you switch to Dimensionless view Default method for unconfined anisotropic aquifer analysis Choose between Neuman or Boulton The selected analysis method will be used by default whenever unconfined anisotropic is set for the model assumptions e Default Units set the units that are loaded with each newly created test Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Main Menu Bar Constants tab Physical Constants Density of Water kg m 399 7 Gravitational Acceleration ms2 2 81 Mathematical Constants Confidence interval For t Test 35 Options For Automatic Fit Maximum Number of Iterations 500 Tolerance Defaulk 1E 3 ji OE 8 j
156. for simulating the downward vertical flow of water and the migration of dissolved contaminants through the vadose zone UnSat Suite Plus includes tools for project management generating synthetic weather data modeling flow and contaminants through the unsaturated zone estimating groundwater recharge and contaminant loading rates and preparing compliance reports Visual HELP Visual HELP is a one dimensional unsaturated zone flow modeling application built for optimizing the hydrologic design of municipal landfills Visual HELP is based on the US E P A HELP model Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance and has been integrated into a 32 Bit Windows application It combines the International Weather Generator Landfill Profile Designer and Report Editor Applications include designing landfill profiles predicting leachate mounding and evaluating potential leachate seepage to the groundwater Visual PEST ASP Visual PEST ASP combines the powerful parameter estimation capabilities of PEST ASP with the graphical processing and display features of WinPEST Visual PEST ASP can be used to assist in data interpretation model calibration and predictive analysis by optimizing model parameters to fit a set of observations This popular estimation package achieves model independence through its capacity to communicate with a model through its input and output files Visual Groundwater Visual Groundwater is a visualization software package th
157. g Test EE Discharge C7 water Levels E Analysis i ste pian F Reports Data from OM Anakysis Mama es Appendte CHE Analysts Prrfoemed by Anahi Date ajs Analyas b based on assumptione From Their Ute the Anaysi panel bo modiy the assumptions or cick bere bo seka a rew metic T oeo peering oniy Diagnostike Graph Analr s Grach A Ft E Ewchude A Comments Log Loy z w E Papier extent Birita x Leotropeyr Leohropec Ce Wiel Perreiration Fulby Drawdown Ingeart Wells fron hike Chane a Pumping Test Create a Shug Test Contect Technical Support E If necessary modify the axis min and max values as circled above 14 The calculated Transmissivity and Storativity values are displayed in the Results frame for each well T U S gal d ft 1 87E4 T U S gal d ft 2 32E4 6 79E 4 T U S gal d ft 3 4464 3 81E 4 The curve fit can be manually adjusted using the parameter controls click on the itm parameter controls button located in the top right corner above the graph Chapter 2 Getting Started Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph Re Fit 4 Exclude Fe Comments lt None gt 7 m 4 Time min LOO LOUD LOOOD The following dialog will appear Parameter ee T U S galfd Fr Ss 3 44E 4 e 3 81E 4 4 High High Parameter controls allow you to apply your own expertise and knowledge of t
158. g on the down arrow beside the Add data correction button and selecting Trend Correction Add Data Correction Iv Eil Trend Correction Barometric Correction Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction 283 The Calculate Trend dialogue will appear Calculation of the Trend Coefficient The aquifer may be influenced by natural recharge or discharge which will result in a rise or Fall in the hydraulic head By interpolation from hydrographs of the well and the piezometers this natural rise or fall can be determined For the pumping and recovery periods This information is then used to correct the observed water levels Kruseman and de Ridder Click here to import the data From a file Observation well I bd Begin of measurements Time s Water Level m 1 2 2 4 E 5 i 7 A i 8 9 10 11 12 Time jal 13 j eml Trend coefficient m s 14 Result of t Test Trend is not significant 15 x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results wea 7 In the Observation well drop down menu select Well 2 your observation well 8 Follow the Click here link above the data table 9 Browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and locate the file Trenddata xls This file contains daily measurements of time s vs water level m data recorded by a logger for 42 days 10 Click Open You will see the data points displayed in the table and the calculated
159. ge JL Next page Site Map Wells Water Level Data Analysis Graphs _ Hvorslev Pumping Test 1 Wells via e TW Analysis Table Analyses El Hvorslev E Bouwer Rice Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Additional tasks Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Schlumberger 33 Click on the Sl Print button in the tool bar or select File Print from the main menu 34 Save your project by clicking on the Save icon or selecting File Save as from the main menu This concludes the practice exercises If you have any unresolved questions about AquiferTest please feel free to contact us for further information Schlumberger Water Services 460 Phillip Street Suite 101 Waterloo Ontario CANADA N2L 5J2 Phone 1 519 746 1798 Fax 1 519 885 5262 General Inquiries sws info slb com Web www swstechnology com www water slb com Exercise 7 Slug Test Analysis 297 7 8 Additional AquiferTest Examples Once you have completed the exercises feel free to explore the sample projects that have been included in the Examples folder These examples encompass a wide variety of aquifer conditions and appropriate solutions The following examples are available 298 Agarwal recovery H YT Confined Aquifer Agarwal recover Confined HY
160. gger files Generally datalogger files contain thousands of data points however a large percentage of them are repeated values that are essentially useless By applying a filter to the data set you can reduce a large data set down to a reasonable few hundred data points The filter may also be applied after data import in the Water Levels tab For further description of this feature please see Filter page 65 Logger file Wizard Step 6 of 6 Eo x Time at t 0 Date s20r2004 Time a 00 05 AM Format widiy mport f Al Data C By change in time 2 f By change in Vater Level m o Cancel Previous Import Circled above is the Save import settings icon Using this feature you can save the settings you have used to load the logger file and recall them the next time a logger file is loaded 14 Click Import to begin importing the data Once completed the following dialogue will appear Information 15 Click OK to complete the import process and the data will be imported into the Water Level table 16 The graph of the Time vs Drawdown for OW3 will be displayed as shown Creating a Pumping Test 33 below YE Sample AquiferTest File Edit Yiew Test Analysis Tools Help J amp ia S i Pj New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge Ek water Levels TE Analysis m Site Plan w Reports Bel Pumping Well Static Water Level Ft
161. ground 4 5 1 Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer The partial differential equation that describes saturated flow in two horizontal dimensions in a confined aquifer is ah oA Soh dx ay Tat Written in terms of radial coordinates the equation becomes aA igh 5 gh a ee n a gdr r gr T gt The mathematical region of flow illustrated below is a horizontal one dimensional line through the aquifer from r 0 at the well to r at the infinite extremity l r t 0 h hg m h r t Potentiometric surface piezometer well flow confined aquifer TS T The initial condition 1s hiriO hy forallr Pumping Test Background 143 144 where h is the initial hydraulic head 1 e the piezometric surface is initially horizontal The boundary conditions assume that no drawdown occurs at an infinite radial distance hioot hy forallt and that a constant pumping rate Q is used gh Q n PJ gt fort gt 0 lim The solution of the above equation describes the hydraulic head at any radial distance r at any time after the start of pumping Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 4 6 Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions The following pumping test methods require a fixed set of assumptions as such these assumptions may not be modified on the Analysis plot These include e Theis Recovery Analysis e Cooper Jacob Methods e Cooper Jacob I Time Drawdown e Cooper Jacob II
162. hapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info e Layout Barometric effects report specify what information you wish to be printed in the Barometric Effects report Barometric Effects Report aba columns ca fe 2 e Layout Analyses specify what information you wish to be printed in the Analysis report Analyses Report E TA Customize the analyses report layout Columns Print average value cancel The Report tab is test specific 1 e it offers the options to print components only for the currently selected pumping or slug test To print specific reports place a check mark beside the desired report and click the id Print button or select File Print from main menu This concludes the description of the tabs In the next section the main menu items will be discussed 85 3 2 Main Menu Bar 3 2 1 File Menu The File menu contains the following items New Create a new project To return to the existing project select Open Project AquiferTest projects are saved with the extension HYT Open Open an existing AquiferTest project Recently opened projects appear at the bottom of the File Menu Close Close the current project Save Save the current project Save As Save the current project as a new file name Import The import menu contains several options You can import one of the following e Well locations and geometry from an ASC TXT XLS or SHP fi
163. hat steeper segment at later time The early segment indicates that some water is released from aquifer storage instantaneously when drawdown increases The intermediate segment suggests an additional source of water which is released from storage with some delay in time When most of the water has been derived from this additional source the time drawdown curve becomes relatively steep again In the groundwater literature this phenomenon has been traditionally referred to as delayed yield Neuman 1979 This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure Pumping Test Methods 165 Q piezometric surface before start of pumping a piezometric surface after start of pumping equipotential Lh i i e an a aw TTN The equation developed by Neuman representing drawdown in an unconfined aquifer is given by i 8 Wf uas ug B where W u Up B is known as the unconfined well function S 4Tt Type A curve for early time Up po 4Tt Type B curve for later time B K D K K Ky vertical and or horizontal permeability Sy Specific Yield usable pore volume The value of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity can be determined from T K 5 The value of the vertical hydraulic conductivity can be determined from PDK F r7 K 166 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Two sets of curves are used Type A curves are good for early drawdown data when water is released f
164. he data by manually adjusting the curve fit and updating the values for Transmissivity and Storativity 2 1 5 Reports To print a report with the results perform the following 1 Select Reports Tab 2 In the Select printouts frame expand any categories you wish to print and select Creating a Pumping Test 39 40 the reports you wish to print EA Pumping Test Eza Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Reports Select Printouts Print preview Page Previous page je Next page Site Map wells Z Water Level Data City State Province Jowi Address y Ow2 Company Name Number 23432 Vl OWS Contact Info Sait Ge m Analysis Graphs alton c a Pumping Test Example Pumping Vell PYVI A Theis Time vs Drawdown a sa ak SUSE Time vs Drawdown Dischaye Rak 150 U S galimir Theis Analysis Table 1000 10000 100000 james y cuaton ater Thels Obsemaltion Vell Transimis sia ly U S gan 3 Select File Print or click on the my Print button in the main toolbar This concludes the exercise for creating a pumping test In the next section we will examine t
165. he Theis analysis assumes a Constant discharge however AquiferTest allows you to change the model assumptions in the tests as you will do now Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 271 43 Expand the Assumptions frame of the Analysis Navigator 44 In the drop down menu beside Discharge change Constant to Variable Well Penetration Fully Confined Infinite Isotropic Constant Variable and click anywhere in the Assumptions panel to apply the changes Confined Infinite 45 You will notice that now at 720 minutes the curve rises sharply which is equivalent to a sudden decrease in drawdown This coincides with WaterSupply2 being shut off after 720 minutes As a result the total discharge from the two wells decreases to 150 gpm from 300 gpm and the resulting drawdown is less Tire min 73 J J 130 300 a50 tod i200 1350 1300 NOTE You may need to modify the max value for the drawdown axis to see the entire curve Using this procedure AquiferTest allows you to predict the effect of any number of pumping wells on the drawdown at a well 278 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 7 4 3 Predicting Drawdown at Any Distance from the Pumping well In this section an imaginary observation well will be added at the property border close to the pumping test site The following procedure will allow you to predict the drawdown at that w
166. he process of creating a slug test 4 Save your project before proceeding by selecting File Save 2 2 Creating a Slug Test In this section you will learn how to create a slug test set the slug test units enter water level data for the test well and finally how to create the Slug Test analysis and calculate the hydraulic conductivity The following instructions are presented with the assumption that you have gone through the Chapter 2 Creating a Pumping Test and the screenshots will reflect that Chapter 2 Getting Started For the slug test the same sample project Sample H YT will be used as in the first part of this exercise In this example data is recorded at MWS where a slug bail of water is removed and the water levels are recorded To create the slug test select Test Create Slug Test from the Main menu This will load the Slug Test tab the first page as shown below SE NoName AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help dhe D A Slug Test Ie water Level Analysis site Plan aj Reports Example Project Information Units Project Name Sample project Site Plan m 7 Dimensions m 7 Project No 123456 Time s 7 Discharge ms 7 Client ABC Transmissivity mzs 7 Pressure Pa Location anywhere JV Convert existing values F Pi Slug Test Aquifer Properties Name Slug Test 2 Thickness m a f Performed by Type Unknown
167. iclude Hvorslev defined the time lag Ty the time required for the initial pressure change induced by the injection extraction to dissipate assuming a constant flow rate as where ris the effective radius of the piezometer F is a shape factor that depends on the dimensions of the piezometer intake see Hvorslev 1951 for an explanation of shape factors 204 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods K is the bulk hydraulic conductivity within the radius of influence Substituting the time lag into the initial equation results in the following solution mr ine K ho FT L where h is the displacement as a function of time h is initial displacement The field data are plotted with log h h on the Y axis and time on the X axis The value of 7 is taken as the time which corresponds to A h 0 37 and K is determined from the equation above Hvorslev evaluated F for the most common piezometers where the length of the intake is greater than eight times the screen radius and produced the following general solution for K r Inf R Ka cnc ELF where L is the screen length R is the radius of the well including the gravel pack Tz is the time lag when h hg 0 37 The effective piezometer radius r should be specified as the radius of the piezometer check the Use r w in the Wells grid Slug Test Solution Methods 205 Slug Test Bail Test 2r Static water level a Static water level aq
168. iferTest also provides a dimensionless representation of the analysis graph In this graph time tp and drawdown sp are plotted without dimensions NOTE Similar to the diagnostic plots the dimensionless graph is appropriate for constant pumping rates only and a single pumping well The following definitions are specified Tt DT PS 2aTs D7 Q where T Transmissivity t Time since beginning of pumping r radial distance to the pumping well S Storage coefficient s Drawdown Q pumping rate Reference Renard P 2001 Quantitative analysis of groundwater field experiments 222 S ETH Z rich unpublished p 41 126 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Adding Type Curves In the dimensionless mode additional user defined type curves may be added for an improved analysis In the Analysis Navigator Panel under Type Curves click on the Add Type curve option and the following dialogue will appear E Type curve properties e pll Select a model Function Curve Appearance KURLE E Color a Black Width me Garreckion PEE ae eee eal Style EE Meuman a PAPADOPULGS amp COOPER Label OoOo Font DOUBLE POROSITY ae pier Horz Position tb 1000 Vertical Position above curve Y Set the dimensionless curve parameters Parameter Yalue Description Leackage Factor riL Typical range 0 001 2 IFL becomes smaller it app Abbrechen For each selected model function the dimensio
169. ily entered and modified later if needed The data entry and analysis windows have been separated into navigation tabs the tabs are logically ordered such that the information flow is in a left to right fashion this means that data is first entered in the far left tab then the process proceeds to the right from there The tabs are explained below For pumping tests Pumping Test Discharge FN Water Levels Analysis Site Plan Reports e Pumping Test project particulars aquifer properties pumping test details and info well locations and dimensions and units e Discharge specify constant or variable discharge rates for one or more pumping wells e Water Levels time drawdown data filtering and trend affects e Analysis contains selected analysis graphs and associated options diagnostic plots drawdown derivatives and calculated parameters e Site Plan map showing basemaps well locations and optional contouring of drawdown e Reports preview and print selected reports For slug tests Slug Test E water Level Analysis Site Plan Reports e Slug Test project particulars aquifer properties slug test details and info well locations and dimensions and units e Water Levels water level data e Analysis analysis graphs and calculated parameters e Site Plan map showing basemaps and well locations e Reports preview and print selected reports Pumping Test Tab The pumping test tab
170. in Aquitard analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Hantush Storage HYT The table below illustrates a comparison between the results in AquiferTest 4 2 and those published in Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 on page 93 AquiferTest 4 2 Published Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 93 4 7 6 Unconfined Isotropic Theis with Jacob Correction The water table in an unconfined aquifer is equal to the elevation head potential Transmissivity is no longer constant and it will decrease with increasing drawdown This means that there is not only horizontal flow to the well but there is also a vertical component which will increase the closer you get to the well Pumping Test Methods 163 Since transmissivity in unconfined aquifers is not constant there is no closed solution for this aquifer type That is why the measured drawdown is corrected and the pumping test is interpreted as being in a confined aquifer The Jacob modification Jacob 1944 applies to unconfined aquifers only when delayed yield is not an issue and when drawdowns are small relative to the total saturated thickness Neuman 1975 Delayed yield is present in most unconfined aquifers at early times during the pump test and is only absent at late times when the drawdown approximates the Theis curve As such Jacob s correction should only be applied to late time drawdown data Kruseman and DeRidder 1994 Jacob 1944 proposed the followi
171. including various single and multiple pumping well solution methods importing data from Excel and a datalogger file ASC and planning a pumping test The functionality of each feature is explained in detail in the following exercises e Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis e Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis e Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution e Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells e Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction e Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction e Exercise 7 Slug Test Analysis These exercises are designed to help you familiarize yourself with various functions of the program but also to provide you with comparisons of the results obtained from AquiferTest to some other sources including published works and AquiferTest 3 5 The sequence of a typical AquiferTest session is 1 2 3 4 5 Open or create a project Enter and or import data and well information Select an analysis method Fit the type curve Print the output If AquiferTest is not already installed follow the instructions found in Chapter 1 Introduction Installing AquiferTest on page 8 245 7 1 Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis 246 This exercise is designed to introduce you to the basic functions and pathways in AquiferTest Go through this chapter carefully taking note of the locations of different shortcuts buttons tabs links etc
172. ircled above For more details on the diagnostic graphs see Chapter 4 Diagnostic Plots Now that you are confident that the aquifer is leaky you can select the appropriate solution method and calculate the aquifer parameters 23 Click on the Analysis Graph tab 24 Select Hantush from the Analysis methods frame of the Analysis navigator 258 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests panel Time Drawdown Theis Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman PAPSDOPULOS COOPER DOUBLE POROSITY 25 In the Analysis Name field enter Hantush Jacob Data From Analysis Name Hantush Jacob Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date fin 1 2004 Analysis is based on assumptions From Hantush Use the 4nalysis panel bo modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method 26 Click on the amp Fit Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve The analysis graph should appear similar to below 27 If you are not satisfied with the fit use Parameter Controls to adjust the curve Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp 3 A lt None gt a Cha Time Drawdown Time min 0 Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman Papadopulos Cooper Double Porosity 1 80 Infinite Isotropic Constant 2 40 To view the Dimensionless Type Curve view expand the Display frame of the Analysis Navigator panel and check the box beside Dimensionless This option is not de
173. is time range will restrict AquiferTest to performing calculations using only data points that fall within the defined boundaries The points that fall outside these boundaries will neither be displayed on the graph nor be considered in the analysis To define the time range for an analysis select Define analysis time range from the Project Navigator panel to the left of the analysis graph In the window that appears select the type of range you wish to impose on your data and enter the bounding values Click OK to implement the changes and return to the analysis graph Perform an Automatic fit on the modified dataset Points not within the time range will be temporarily hidden from the graph For more information on defining analysis time range please see Define analysis time range on page 51 4 3 2 Manual Curve Fitting The Automatic Fit may not always yield the most appropriate curve match and as such you can use a manual curve fit Your professional judgement is essential for the proper assessment of the AquiferTest data You are encouraged to use your knowledge of the local geologic and hydrogeologic settings of the test to manually fit the data to a type curve Analysis Parameters 129 130 For the manual adjustment of the parameters there are several options e Enter new parameter values manually in the fields in the Results panel e Use the Parameter Controls The Parameter Controls window can be loaded by clicki
174. itting should be used This could also suggest aquifer conditions that are outside the typical range for Transmissivity and Storativity For more complex model assumptions attempt a manual fit with appropriate parameter values for your site adjust the values for the parameters manually or enter numeric values in the parameter fields THEN use the Automatic Fit feature Excluding Data Points from the Automatic Fit When data points are excluded from the analysis they remain visible on the graph however they are no longer considered in the automatic fit calculations To exclude points from analysis click the Exclude button above the analysis graph and define the time range for the data points to be excluded Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit a x Time Range OV 1 Start min 400 End min 200 cancel Enter the time range and press Add Then highlight the defined range and click OK to exclude the points Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit Time Range ii Start min 400 End min 800 Add Replace Delete C D con _ Upon returning to the analysis graph once again perform Automatic fit AquiferTest will do an autofit on the remaining points however the excluded points will still be visible For more information on excluding data points please see Exclude on page 71 Define Analysis Time Range Defining an analys
175. ity Flow coefficient typical range 0 0001 5 For a given value of varying A lamda changes the time at which the flat part of the S drawdown starts the larger this value the longer is the middle phase of the decreased drawdown and the longer it will take before the drawdown follows the Theis curve For a given value of A varying changes the time duration of the flat part of the curve the late time Theis curve is translated horizontally Large values of A indicate that water will drain from fractures quickly then originate from the blocks A small value of A indicates that the transition will be slow For more details please see Kruseman and de Ridder p 257 Moench Fracture Flow with Skin The theory for pseudo steady state flow is as follows Moench 1984 1988 4nKD ha 2 ho hy where hy is the dimensionless drawdown and tg is the dimensionless time 176 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods The initial discharge from models using the pseudo steady state flow solution with no well bore storage is derived primarily from storage in the fissures Later the fluid will be derived primarily from storage in the blocks At early and late times the drawdown should follow the familiar Theis curves For transient block to fissure flow the block hydraulic head distribution within an REV varies both temporally and spatially perpendicular to the fracture block interface The initial solution for slab sh
176. jo OWw2 Import F Time Water Level TOC Add Data Correction J Filter Time min Water Drawdown ft New analysis 1 new analysis 2 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From File Create a Pumping Test 800 1200 Create a Slug Test Time min Contact Technical Support Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 WY Now that you have imported one datalogger file and saved the process as a template importing subsequent datalogger files of the same format can be extremely quick In the next section you will learn how to create an analysis to examine the water level data that has been imported into the project 17 To save the project click File Save from the main menu or click on the a Save button in the toolbar 2 1 4 Creating a Pumping Test Analysis The next step is to examine and analyze the data and determine the aquifer parameters from the pumping test data 1 From the main menu select Analysis Create New Analysis and the Analysis tab will be activated alternately click on Create a New Analysis under the 34 Chapter 2 Getting Started Analyses frame of the Project Navigator Analysis Tools Help Create a New Analysis Create analysis considering well effects Create analysis for specific capacity Define analysis time range amp Fit Exclude Es Comments 2 Choose Time Drawdow
177. l Trersl Is slgnitcant Comidence Nka tor HTesl 95 of Freedom 40 Define analysis time range Add comments Additional tasks Import Wells From file Water Level m Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support DD Schlumberger This completes the exercise You may now exit AquiferTest or proceed to the barometric correction exercise 286 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 7 6 Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction This exercise will demonstrate how to add a barometric correction to the observed drawdown data As with the previous exercise the AquiferTest project has already been created for you The exercise assumes that you are familiar with the AquiferTest interface If not please review Exercise 1 1 Start AquiferTest and select File Open from the main menu or click on the E Open button in the tool bar 2 Browse to the folder AquiferTest Examples and select the project Barometric hyt 3 Click Open The pumping test consists of one fully penetrating pumping well pumping at 0 001 m3 s for 30 000 s Drawdown is observed at an observation well located 10 meters away 4 Once the project has loaded go to the Analysis tab and take note of the Transmissivity and Storativity values in the Results frame of the Analysis Navigator panel E 5 Return to the Pumping Test tab and click on the button beside the Bar
178. late the predictive drawdown curve you must change the Transmissivity and Storativity values for OW 2 to match those of OW 1 You will assume that the aquifer parameters at OW are the same as those at OW2 Match your Results panel as shown below 280 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 54 Click anywhere on the Results navigation panel to apply the changes The following graph is produced Time min 73 The upper curve is the predicted drawdown in the well at the new coordinates The actual data points for OW 2 have no bearing on the new drawdowns curve The curve is the predicted drawdown that would occur if there were two pumping wells one running at 150 US gal min for 24 hours and another with the same pumping rate but for only 12 hours You can see that the drawdown at OW 2 is less than that observed at OW 1 This occurs because OW 2 is located further away from the pumping wells so the effect is not as pronounced 55 Print the desired reports by selecting the Reports tab and checking the boxes Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 281 282 beside the reports you wish to print 56 Click on the ed Print button in the tool bar or select File Print from the main menu 57 Save your project by clicking on the j Save icon or selecting File Save as from the main menu This concludes the exercise The next exercise deals with using data corrections a new fea
179. layed to your liking you have a few options for exporting e Click on the Copy icon on the toolbar then paste the map image into an image editor e Click on the Save Map icon The image can be saved as a BMP file then loaded into an image editor for further processing or converting to alternate formats By default AquiferTest will create an image that is high resolution 1859 X 2094 Data Series 237 6 3 Contouring and Color Shading Properties The Contouring and Color Shading map properties may be accessed by clicking Contour Settings button from the Map Properties frame of the Site Plan tab The Properties window for the graph will appear as shown in the following figure Map Appearance y a x Show contour lines Color width 3 Labels W Display Min distance mm 50 al Value Format 0 0 y Delete backgrou Font Intervals m Minimum Maximum Distance Auto Auto Auto r we a The Map Appearance window contains two tabs e The Contour lines settings tab is used to set the appearance properties for the contour lines and labels e The Color Shading tab is used to set the appearance properties for the color shading contours 6 3 1 Contour lines tab Map Appearance a l X Show contour lines Color width 3 Labels W Display Min distance mm 50 Value Format 0 08 Delete backgrou Font Intervals m Minimum Maximum Distance Auto Auto ka Auto r w
180. le e Site Maps e Water Level data e Data Logger File e An AquiferTest version 3 X project database Importing Well Locations and Geometry You can import well locations and geometry into your project from two locations e File Import Import Wells from file menu option e By right clicking on the Wells grid and selecting Import Wells from file 86 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar e Selecting Import wells from file from the Additional tasks frame of the Project Navigator Using one of the methods listed above the following dialogue is produced in which you can select the file either ASC TXT XLS or SHP file containing your well information Look ir E ImportFiles F gt inl g My Recent Documents Desktop Exercisel xls Exercise xls Exercised asc Exercise xls MWS xls OW data xls E Gwa logger bet press vs wl txt Z bime vws pressure Ext Trenddata xls Project shp i S My Documents F T hy anna File name Exercised asc Files of type All supported file formats PALS A TXT ASC Y Cancel All supported file formats L5 TXT ASC CoV Ei D E Elevation Benchmark t k Jr a Geanina 3 65 0 35 0 35 0 35 0 35 0 35 0 35 Field mapping x Coordinate Coordinate 01 10 00 0 0 0 Re Elevation amsl Benchmark Screen radius Screen Length Tia TMM ON Be Casing radius Boring radius Spel rel be e ENEN ENE
181. level in a well to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure The typical range is between 0 20 and 0 75 Click here to import the data From a file Water Level Atmospheric Pressure Pa 1 ERDEM 10 02497185 2 100125 1224 9 992344957 l3 99991 8 10 00050168 4 100258 4448 9 984188235 5 100525 0896 9 967874791 6 100391 7672 9 976031513 7 100258 4448 9 984188235 la 98925 2208 10 06575546 99125 2044 10 05352037 10 399991 8 10 00050168 11 98125 2864 10 11469579 12 98925 2208 10 06575546 13 99458 5104 10 03312857 14 98391 9312 10 09838235 15 100258 4448 9 984188235 6 Armosonerk Pressure Pa Barometric Efficiency 0 60 99325 1886 10 04128529 X Click here to refresh the graph and update the results Lig eee gn Cancel As the data loads into the table the graph appears to the right of the table and barometric efficiency B E is calculated and displayed below the graph If this does not occur click the Click here link below the graph to refresh the display The calculated barometric efficiency is 0 60 288 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 8 Click OK to close this dialog and notice that 0 60 now appears in the Bar Eff field in the Aquifer Properties frame in the Pumping Test tab Bar EFF BE 0 60 9 Return to the Water Levels tab Add a Barometric correction to Well 2 by clicking on the down arrow beside the Add data cor
182. linear in the dependent variable drawdown Therefore a linear combination of individual solutions is also a valid solution This means that e The effects of multiple pumping wells on the predicted drawdown at a point can be computed by summing the predicted drawdowns at the point for each well and e Drawdown in complex aquifer systems can be predicted by superimposing predicted drawdowns for simpler aquifer systems Dawson and Istok 1991 In AquiferTest the standard solution methods can be enhanced by applying superposition the various superposition principles are explained below 4 4 1 Variable Discharge Rates Pumping rates from an aquifer are sometimes increased in several steps in order to better assess aquifer properties In AquiferTest drawdown calculated during variable discharge periods is analyzed using the superposition principle Using the superposition principle 132 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods two or more drawdown solutions each for a given set of conditions for the aquifer and the well can be summed algebraically to obtain a solution for the combined conditions For variable discharge rates the following equation is used Q Q Q y r s att Ant v Par 4aT JEE the equation shown here applies for the Theis solution where t gt t _ with Q pumping rate starting from t 0 Q pumping rate at pumping stage 1 n number of pumping stages The drawdown at the time t corresponds to the drawdo
183. ll e The well is considered to be of an infinitesimal width e Flow is horizontal toward or away from the well Data requirements for the Hvorslev Solution are e Drawdown recovery vs time data at a test well e Observations beginning from time zero onward the observation at t 0 is taken as the initial displacement value Hp and thus it must be a non zero value NOTE Hvorslev has presented numerous formulae for varying well and aquifer conditions AquiferTest uses a formula method that can be applied to unconfined in addition to confined conditions This method could be applied to unconfined conditions for most piezometer designs where the length is typically quite a bit greater than the radius of the well screen In this case the user must assume that there 1s a minimal change in the saturated aquifer thickness during the test Finally it is also assumed that the flow required for pressure equalization does not cause any perceptible drawdown of the groundwater level For other conditions and more details please refer to the original Hvorslev paper For the Hvorslev analysis method you must enter all values for the piezometer geometry The effective piezometer radius r should be entered as the inside radius of the piezometer well casing if the water level in the piezometer is always above the screen or as calculated by Peg lr7 1 n nR if the water level falls within the screened interval during the slug test where r
184. ll loss is created by the turbulent flow of water through the well screen and into the pump intake The results of testing are useful to track changes in well yield over time or to compare yields between different wells Specific capacity is estimated by plotting discharge on a linear X axis and drawdown on a linear Y axis and measuring the slope of the straight line fit An example of a Specific Capacity test has been included in the following figure SA SpecificCapacity AquiferTest BRE Be loj x File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help F amp lew S Pj New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan B Reports Analysis Name well 1 Specific capacity Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 7 29 2004 7 The specific capacity C is calculated using the drawdown at steady state flow of different discharge rates Data from P Recovery period only Well 1 Analysis Graph amp Fit 7 Comments lt none gt a fi Well 1 C fe min 0 13368 m well 1 Elwell 1 Specific capacity Create a New Analysis Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support E ENS E OEE Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 An example of a Specific Capacity analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples SpecificCapacity HYT 190 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis
185. lls table Enter the following information for this well Creating a Pumping Test Name Type X coordinate Y coordinate Elevation amsl Benchmark Penetration R effective radius L screen length b dist from bottom of well screen to top of aquifer r casing radius Owl Observation Well 30 0 0 0 Fully 0 05 3 leave blank 0 025 23 24 Using the same procedure add two additional observation wells and define the details as listed below and Name Type X coordinate Y coordinate Elevation amsl Benchmark Penetration R effective radius L screen length b dist from bottom of well screen to top of aquifer r casing radius Name Type X coordinate Y coordinate Elevation amsl Benchmark Penetration R effective radius L screen length b dist from bottom of well screen to top of aquifer r casing radius OW2 Observation Well 200 0 0 0 Fully 0 05 3 leave blank 0 025 OW3 Observation Well 1000 0 0 0 Fully 0 05 3 leave blank 0 025 Chapter 2 Getting Started Once completed your wells table should appear as seen in the following figure SE NoName AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Creating a Pumping Test Dehe OF A Pumping Test Discharge EL Water Levels Analysis Site Plan i Reports Project Information Units Project Name Sample Project
186. logic Inc 2004 3 In this step you will fill in the information needed for the project and or the test Not all information is required however it is helpful in organizing tests and data sets In the Project Information frame enter the following e Project Name Example 1 e Project No 1 e Client ABC e Location Address City State Province Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests In the Pumping Test frame enter the following e Name Example 1 Theis Analysis e Performed by Your Name e Date Filled in automatically with the current date HINT To move from one data entry box to the next use the Tab key or the arrow keys In the Units frame fill in the following e Site Plan ft e Dimensions ft e Time min e Discharge US gal min e Transmissivity ft7 d e Pressure mbar In the Aquifer Properties frame enter the following e Thickness 48 e Type Confined e Bar Eff leave blank Your fields should now look similar to the figure below Pumping Test Discharge F1 water Levels Analysis Site Plan Reports nits Site Plan lt Dimensions ft ka Time min Discharge Jus galimir Transmissivity Feafa Pressure mbar T i Convert existing values roject Information Project Mame Example 1 Theis Analysis Project Mo 123456 Client ABC Location waterloo Aquifer Properties Thickness Ft 42 Type Confined r Bar EFF BE
187. ls With both the pseudo steady state and transient block to fracture flow solutions the type curves will move upward as the ratio of block hydraulic conductivity to fracture hydraulic conductivity is reduced since water is drained from the blocks faster With the fracture flow analysis you can also plot type curves for the pumping wells However for pumping wells it may be necessary to consider the effects of well bore storage and well bore skin If the well bore skin and the well bore storage are zero the solution is the same as the Warren and Root method 1963 The equations for well bore storage are as follows C Wp INTS where C nR for changing liquid levels or C V wPw8Cobs where V is volume of liquid in the pressurized section p is the density g is the gravitational constant Cops 1s the observed compressibility of the combined fluid well system and S is the calculated storativity This solution however is iterative If you move your data set to fit the curve your storativity will change which in turn alters your well bore storage An example of a Moench Fracture Flow analysis graph has been included in the following figure Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods GA Pumping Test E Discharge 7 Water Levels E Prstec QQ ste Plan Reports ata Fron a Bikra Merer hy bizt FE Apeh 7 a Anaha parfonmad i Analysts dabe iano Aahas it bised on assumptis hon Moench Irecture Mom Ki
188. ls Please georeference the image with known coordinates Upper right corner w m 74 Y m 495 Lower left corner x m p Y m fo AquiferTest will scan the image for the number of pixels in the image and assign 1 length unit per pixel in the X and Y axis by default 3 To georeference the image enter the coordinates for the map s bottom left and top right corner 4 Press OK The map will be loaded in the Site Plan tab of the project For more information on map options and well symbols see Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring Import Water Levels You can import water level data from an ASCII text file or Excel spreadsheet into your project from three locations File Import Water Level measurements menu option e Clicking on the Import button in the Water Levels tab of the project e Right clicking on the Water Level table and selecting Import data 1 Using one of the methods listed a dialog will load in which you can navigate to the appropriate file 2 Select the file then click Open NOTE Ensure that you are in the Water Levels tab and that the appropriate well is selected before importing water level data This procedure will copy the data into the Water Level table Main Menu Bar 89 90 Text and Excel Import Format To import data from a file it must be set up in a specific format The source data must be in a text TXT or MSExcel XLS file containing two column
189. ls to shapefile format SHP Upon selecting this option a Windows explorer dialog will open as shown below Hamp Graphie EMF Well localors Shape inns Shane r I SHP SHF Navigate to the desired folder location on your hard drive and specify a file name From the Save as type combo box select the file type you would like to export e g Bitmap Graphic BMP Well Locations Shape SHP or Contour Lines Shape SHP Finally click Save to export the data The Display wells from option allows you to select the pumping test with the appropriate wells Select all the boxes to display all wells in the project NOTE If no map is loaded the wells will be displayed on a white background In the Map properties dialog you can change the following settings e Scale 1 specify the scale for the map drawing canvass This is the ratio between distance on the printed map and the actual dimensions 1 e 1 1000 means 1 cm in the map is equivalent to 1000 cm or 10 m e x Minimum the x coordinate of the left edge of the map field e y Minimum the y coordinate of the bottom edge of the map field e Map Image check box that allows you to show hide the map image e Font modify the font for the well name e Delete background check box that allows you to show hide the background box around the well name e Symbol Size define the size of the well symbol Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring e Symbol Color
190. lug test method for determining hydraulic conductivity of unconfined aquifers with completely or partially penetrating wells Water Resources Research vol 12 no 3 pp 423 428 Butler James J 1998 The Design Performance and Analysis of Slug Tests Lewis Publishers Boca Raton Florida 252 p Cooper H H J D Bredehoeft and I S Papadopulos 1967 Response of a finite diameter well to an instantaneous charge of water Water Resources Research vol 3 pp 263 269 Cooper H H and C E Jacob 1946 A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well field history Am Geophys Union Trans vol 27 pp 526 534 Dawson K J and J D Istok 1991 Aquifer Testing design and analysis of pumping and slug tests Lewis Publishers INC Chelsea Michigan 48118 334 p Dominico P A and F W Schwartz 1990 Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology John Wiley amp Sons Inc 824 p Driscoll F G 1987 Groundwater and Wells Johnson Division St Paul Minnesota 55112 1089 p Ferris J G D B Knowless R H Brown and R W Stallman 1962 Theory of aquifer tests U S Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1536E 174 p Fetter C W 1988 Applied Hydrogeology Second Edition Macmillan Publishing Company New York New York 592 p Fetter C W 1994 Applied Hydrogeology Third Edition Prentice Hall Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 691 p Freeze R A and J A Cherry 1979 Groundwat
191. lysis Graphs Analysis Table Print preview Page f Previous page JL Next page xmospheric Pressure Pa 25 an _ __ 3 _ S S _ _ to ptt 3 e 5 s P 8 s EEJ 2 2 23 EE Schlumberger Water Services Pumping Test Barometric Effects Page 1of2 460 Philip St Suite 101 pag aa hemes S H2L 5J2 Pumping Tesi Pumping Ter 1 Pumping Vell Vell 1 Dis change valable average rak 0 001 nr Barome te Eficlency BE 0 80 The next exercise will deal with the Hvorslev slug test analysis You have the choice of exiting AquiferTest or continuing on to the next exercise Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction 291 7 7 Exercise 7 Slug Test Analysis This exercise is written with the assumption that you have gone through the first exercise and are familiar with the AquiferTest interface This exercise is based on the slug test data published in Fetter Applied Hydrogeology 3rd Edition 1994 p 250 1 2 3 4 5 292 Start AquiferTest or if you already have it open create a new project by clicking the BE New icon in the toolbar or selecting File New from the main menu Create a new slug test by selecting Test Create a Slug Test from the main menu Complete the fields for the Slug Test as follows Project Information frame e Project Name Exercise 7 e Project No 7 e Client ABC e Location Your Town Slug
192. m the Main menu bar select Analysis Define analysis time range or select this option from the Analysis frame of the Project Navigator panel dow 2 es News analysis 1 Create a Mew Analysis Define analysis tine range Add comments Import Wells Frorn File Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 273 274 The following dialogue will be produced Analysis Time Limit A a X Before i After Between and Cancel 19 Select Before and type in 101 This will include all the data points before 101 minutes and will remove all the data points after that period Click OK 20 Click the Automatic Fit icon and see how the graph has changed The points after 100 minutes are no longer visible change the axes Min and Max values if necessary to see the effect J J lz fa 35 21 The parameters in the Results frame have changed to e Transmissivity 4 48E3 e Storativity 4 27E 4 22 Now restore the graph to normal select Define analysis time range again and selecting All Click OK 23 Click on the amp Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve 24 You will now exclude the points Click Exclude icon above JH Exclude Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests the graph The following dialogue will appear Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit f 7 E i xj Time Range OW Start min
193. monstrated in this Exercise 28 The Results frame of the Analysis navigator displays the calculated values These values should be approximately e Transmissivity 4 20E 3 US gal d ft e Storativity 9 97E 5 Exercise 2 Leaky Aquifer Hantush Jacob Analysis 259 e Hydraulic resistance 2 85E 4 The following table illustrates a comparison of these values to that in AquiferTest 3 5 and with those published AquiferTest AquiferTest Published 4 X 3 5 Dawson 1991 Transmissivity 4 20 E 3 6 1 E 3 4 11 E 3 US gal d ft 9 97 E 5 9 08 E 6 9 50 E 6 29 To print your report click on the Reports tab 30 Expand the Navigator tree in the left portion of the Reports tab 31 Check the box beside the Hantush Jacob under Analysis Graphs 4 Pumping Test E Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan Reports Select Printouts Print preview Page x P Previous page JL Next page Site Map Wells Water Level Data Analysis Graphs r Water Servi Hantush Jacob 460 Philip St Suite 101 i ri Analysis Table tlic Ontario SOU 32 Click on the Sl Print button in the tool bar or select File Print from the main menu 33 Save your project by clicking on the Save icon or selecting File Save as Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests The next exercise will demonstrate analysis of recovery data from a pumping test using the Agarwal solution
194. mping well Well 2 e Name Water Supply 2 e Type Not Used this pumping well will be activated later in the exercise e X 350 e Y 100 e L 50 e r 0 25 e R 0 3 Click Click here to create a new well to add a new observation well Well 3 e Name OW 1 e Type Observation Well e X 350 e Y 250 e L 50 e r 0 05 e R 0 06 Click on the Discharge tab Select Water Supply 1 from the well list Select Variable in the Discharge frame Enter following values in the Discharge Table Time Discharge 1440 150 Water SU z er psec Water Sypply 2 ischarge LI 5 gal min Constant Variable Time min Discharge 4 1440 150 m I Exercise 4 Confined Aquifer Multiple Pumping Wells 271 212 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Click on the Water Levels tab Select OW1 from the well list For this exercise the data set will be imported from an excel file From the main menu select File Import Water Level measurements Browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and select the file Exercise4 xls Click Open Enter Static Water Level of 4 0 Click on the B Refresh button in the toolbar to refresh the graph The calculated drawdown appears in the Drawdown column and a graph of the drawdown appears to the right of the data Water Supply 1 Pumping W zatic Water Level Ft p 2 Pumping V4 Water Sup pl Ci Import Time Water Level T
195. mple 240 Grid Density 236 Properties 238 Selecting Data Series 236 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos analysis theory 207 Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Method 150 Time Distance Drawdown Method 151 Time Drawdown Method 149 Cooper Jacob Method 148 coordinate system setting the reference datum 32 95 Correct Observed Drawdown Data for Barometric Effects 225 create analysis 34 105 pumping test 103 slug test 40 103 create analysis 105 Create Analysis Considering Well Effects 105 Create Analysis for Specific Capacity 105 curve fitting automatic 2 127 manual 2 129 Index data copy 98 delete 99 paste 99 time limited analysis 106 Data Filtering 65 data logger Diver datalogger 92 importing data 91 Level Logger settings 92 load import settings 92 setting the reference datum 32 95 supported formats 91 data menu data logger file 91 import 89 Data Trend Analysis and Correction 215 Delete a Graph Template 100 Delete Analysis 100 Delete Pumping Test 99 Delete Slug Test 99 Deleting Trend Corrections 228 demonstration exercises see exercises discharge rates 26 drawdown vs time curve general information 152 with discharge 153 edit menu 98 copy 98 paste 99 Entering Data Manually 26 Export Drawdown Contours 237 Gridded Drawdown Data 237 Site Map 237 Wells 237 Export drawdown contours 234 Export well locations 234 file menu 86 fracture flow analysis theory 176 Fracture Flow Double Porosity 171 general overview menu b
196. n Reports Project Infiormastiers Lara Project Hame f ct She Plan Diea b e Prorbock Ne feet 6 60O i sS Tires nin i U S galinin Navigator SO E Panels Licata 3 Oriri FF Cerent existira wala Supaher Proqeertion Thickness Ft pn Bw DF DE Data Entry Fully TIRAS DAS Crests a Pumping Test Crests a Sling Test Conheck Teachers Spg Status Bar The AquiferTest Interface is composed of several components e Navigation Tabs Provide access to the data entry and analysis windows in the program these include Pumping Slug Test Discharge Water Levels Analysis Site Plan and Reports e Menu Bar Contains menu commands with access to all the functions available in the AquiferTest Toolbar Contains several context sensitive short cut buttons for some of the frequently used AquiferTest tools e Navigation Panel Contains a tree view of all of the components which comprise an AquiferTest project These include panels for Tests Wells Discharge Rates Water Level data Analyses and other frequently used tasks e Data Entry Contains the fields and grids for data entry and visualization e Status Bar Displays the program status The following sections describe each of these components in greater detail Chapter 1 Introduction 1 5 2 Navigation Tabs The interface in AquiferTest has been designed so that information can be quickly and eas
197. n a well to the corresponding change in atmospheric pressure The typical range is between 0 20 and 0 75 Click here to import the data From a file Atmospheric Water Level L Pressure m pm 2 3 a4 pP pa 6 a 110 m rem 13 14 Arnos oneck Pressuce m osr 115 Barometric Efficiency NAN ka x Click here to refresh the graph and update the results Manually enter data in the grid or follow the Click here link above the table to import a pressure vs water level data file As the data is imported into the table it is graphically displayed to the right of the table and the barometric efficiency is calculated and displayed below the graph Click OK and the coefficient will appear in the Bar Eff field Bar EFF BE 0 60 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Return to the Water Levels tab and select the appropriate well From the Add data correction drop down menu choose Barometric correction to produce the following dialog Barometric Data En x Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during a pumping test Click here to import the data from a file For each water level measurement AquiferTest will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure z Time s Atmospheric Pressure Pa A 2 3 4 5 6 x Click here to refresh the graph Manually e
198. n from the Analysis method frame of the Analysis Navigator panel 3 Inthe Analysis Name field type Time vs Drawdown SE NoName AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help jae GHO A Pumping Test Discharge A water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Reports Data from v Owi Analysis Name New analysis 1 Appendix V Ow2 E Analysis performed by Analysis date 8 16 2004 x This is a Time Drawdown Plot without calculations Use the Analysis panel or click here to select a new method I Recovery period only Pw Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph il amp Fit gt Exclude A Comments lt none gt B fd pies Time Drawdown 220 9wa Time min 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 00 lil Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman SOP W PAPADOPLILOS COOPER Pow 1 40 DOUBLE POROSITY PS owz2 Sows 2 80 PS New analysis 1 c Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range 3 8 Add comments 64 20 Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test 5 60 Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support 7 00 4 Expand the Time axis and Drawdown axis frames and if desired change the Creating a Pumping Test 35 scale from Logarithm to Linear Memm ato aerma fo 18 Maximum Show Vous A abe fomat fo re 5 Adjust the Max and Min fields in the above mentioned frames by highlighting the value or word Auto i
199. n the field and replacing it with a new value so that the graph fits comfortably in the graphing area see the image below for suggested values Your graph should now appear similar to the one shown below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph S S ee ee ee amp Fit a DO Exclude Comments ennes o B i i Time Title Dha I DO 1iDDD 120D 140D 1600 1EDD 2000 Title Font E _ oo Tithe Font ca Became nae z vern paeroa fo Gridlines 6 Clickonthe amp FF Automatic Fit button to perform an automatic fit for 36 Chapter 2 Getting Started the selected well 7 Repeat this for each data set by highlighting each well in the Data from window then clicking onthe amp Fit Automatic Fit button 8 To create a Theis analysis click Analysis Create New Analysis from the Main Menu bar 9 Inthe Analysis methods frame of the Analysis Navigator panel choose Theis Time Dravwdown Theis Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman Papadopulos Cooper Double Porosity 10 In the Analysis Name field type Theis 11 Expand the Display frame and check the box beside Dimensionless 12 This will display the Theis analysis on the traditional log log plot 13 Perform an Automatic fit as described above Your graph should look similar to Creating a Pumping Test 37 the one shown below Naame AquailerTest Fie EX err Teck Analnis Took Help james DHO eA omgin
200. n wells AquiferTest calculates the change in water level based on the trend t Test Student test To check the trend for statistical significance the Pearson correlation coefficient r is calculated as below lS xr ITY IEA Ex borer The calculated value of r is compared with the critical value The critical values are available in tabular form in most statistical reference books To calculate the critical value first obtain the value of quantile of the test t a DF There are two required parameters a confidence interval DF degrees of freedom which is n 2 n number of data points The formula to calculate ty pp 1s complex and is not illustrated in this manual The confidence interval can be defined in AquiferTest in the main menu under Tools Options and under the Constants tab The default value is 95 To obtain the critical value ry pp the formula from Sachs 1974 is used ly DF r a DF 9 Ape eae Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction 217 If the absolute value of the Pearson coefficient r is GREATER than the critical value ra pp then the trend is SIGNIFICANT If the absolute value of the Pearson coefficient r is LESS than the critical value Ty pp then the trend is NOT SIGNIFICANT Reference Langguth amp Voigt 1980 413 ff Example An example demonstrating a data trend analysis is available in Chapter 7 Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction 5 2 Customiz
201. nS alAtiCn lt iid cote E EEE ohne dese eb ee le See Ieee eee Sheen ete oe ue eee 9 Updating Old Projeciss asc 66sec oss Cade eee oe 8e Woe ee aoe te owes 10 Learning AGUHCE CSE 306 6756 5 5 5 4 50 e wer eG SG eae SSeS wash ease ese ENS ee s 10 Onine Hel Perepe a Sees hse aoe he Gus AAEM Gath este Se eee ae boa hs we ae Bae Ge ee are 10 Sample Exercises and Tutorials onnenn os aeesee ee eave ds eyecare Vee Zane 10 Sue cested Reference Materials so2o1Gswveta tee Ae ere a ee da eats eee ee 10 ADOuUt the Interlace xs 66 555 c t di reai ok tie Seid oh oh da eed r wk oaks 11 e110 2407 2160101116 nae eee ee Ring a GARE LS MARR OM ae or SRR a fr hee oe ere e Seats eee ee 12 Navigation labs oa severed cache aa beets wn aoe eee eee eee ae ake 13 TVS TD Al se ates tte are aa Suhre Ua a ect eet ns ane nee 16 Aguer lest LOO bars 3 2 30 Shwe sauces eee hoe sh Sees pa ken ek sake 17 Project Navigator Panels 63 4 0G 0 45 owe done ae eae Coa ak a oh eMeeo Sheen hes 18 2 GANG Started aioe sn be cwas haere ea cect eter camass 19 Creating a Pompina Tesi siic 6 4 046 owe ereaie eb edn i saa i be bw ewe 19 F mpne eS 6M FO rma ON aah a ah nhc cote Je hel ale Gh neal ae Re heh BS a oe aS Saad Ghee erat eg hn 20 Di cehirre Rates incase ese eae inion Po le erie ha a ee eNotes EAER 26 VY Ae ey LDI eet ege ee eaves a as ceca es i cen ws Sapo eet ee eee Ge HG a one a ease are eee 26 Creaune a Punipine Test Andlysis 0 lt 4 02 3 0 oi4 0 650 eS 5
202. nalysis Theory 216 t Test Student test 217 units project 21 41 Using Effective Well Radius 185 variable pumping rate data 133 Vertical Anisotropy 140 view menu 101 well importing wells 22 well performance analysis specific capacity 191 Index
203. navigator displays the calculated values These values should be approximately Exercise 1 Confined Aquifer Theis Analysis 251 e Transmissivity 1 32E 3 ft d e Storativity 2 09E 5 The following table illustrates a comparison of these values to that in AquiferTest 3 5 and with those published AquiferTest AquiferTest 3 5 Published 4 X Fetter 1994 Transmissivity ft2 d 1 32 E 3 1 29 E 3 1 40 E 3 Storativity 2 09 E 5 2 18 E 5 2 40 E 5 27 To print the analysis click the Reports tab Pumping Test Discharge Ft Water Levels Analysis Site Plan Bj Reports 28 The navigation tree in the left portion of the tab lists all reports that are available for printing Expand this tree 29 Under the Analysis Graphs select the box beside Theis Analysis 30 In the window to the right you will see the preview of the print out EA Pumping Test Ema Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis w Site Plan Reports Print preview Page z tf Previous page i Next page Select Printouts Site Map Wells Water Level Data E v Analysis Graphs Schlumberger Water Servic ew analysis 460 Philip St Suite 101 Waterloo Ontario N2L 5J2 Analysis Table Print Navigator previe tree You can define your company information and logo under Tools Options 22 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 31 Click on the i
204. ndary The cross sectional view of the Stallman recharge condition is seen in the following figure Theory of Superposition 137 _ Recharging boundary P Real Bounded System water level at t 0 water level at t t Confining Layer Line of Eero Drawdown Recharging Q Well mage OO l Discharging Eoo a at e a a Wn impression cone 1 Equivalent System LC WaterlevelattO L L g water level at t t pouent A i i l _ depression i cone m Confining Layer Barrier Boundary For a barrier boundary the imaginary system has two wells discharging at the same rate the real well and the imaginary well The image well induces a hydraulic gradient from the boundary towards the imaginary well that is equal to the hydraulic gradient from the boundary towards the real well 138 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Impermeable rock a Barrier boundary Piezometer 5 Discharging Well Discharging Well imaginary Real Line of Zero Drawdown The cross sectional view of the Stallman Barrier condition is seen below Vv Barrier boundary Q Real Bounded System water level at t 0 l EE reg ann rea E 4 l water b level at t t j a Y 0 g Lineof Zero Drawdown l DischargingQ ee Discharging Well real a l gt Well image
205. ndow XY coordinates are required as they are used to calculate the radial distance to the pumping well Well geometry values r R L b are necessary only for certain solution methods If the option use r w is selected then values for n gravel pack porosity must be defined All wells are available for the entire project 1 e within the file for several pumping slug tests However the Type attribute refers only to the current pumping slug test Slug Test Tab The slug test panel contains the same fields for the project units test aquifer wells and site information as does the pumping test panel Discharge Tab Pumping Test only This panel allows the user to specify the discharge rates for each pumping well Discharge rates may be constant or variable For variable pumping rates the measured rates are entered into the table and are plotted automatically on the corresponding graph window on the right AquiferTest interprets the numerical data as the end of the respective pumping stage Therefore there is no need to enter a pumping rate at time 0 simply enter the rate at the end of the interval For example Time s Discharge GPM 2000 100 3500 200 4500 150 The above inputs correspond to a first pumping stage from 0 to 2000 s with 100 gpm Pumping stage 2 from 2000 s to 3500 s with 200 gpm and pumping stage 3 from 3500 to 4500 s with 150 gpm Chapter Introduction Time s Discharge 2000 10
206. ng The piezometric surface was horizontal prior to pumping The well is pumped at a constant rate The well is fully penetrating Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible The values of u are small rule of thumb u lt 0 01 In AquiferTest it is possible to define different values of u for the validity line For more details see Constants tab on page 113 Cooper Jacob I Time Drawdown Method The above equation plots as a straight line on semi logarithmic paper if the limiting condition is met Thus straight line plots of drawdown versus time can occur after sufficient time has elapsed In pumping tests with multiple observation wells the closer wells will meet the conditions before the more distant ones Time is plotted along the logarithmic X axis and drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions 149 2 30 220 r S __ 4 TAS i An example of a Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown analysis graph has been included below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp L A lt None gt a fila Left Mouse Button Shift line Right Mouse Button Rotate line An example of a CooperJacob I analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples CooperJacob HYT The data requirements for the Coo
207. ng correction Scor 8 s 2D where Scor the corrected drawdown s measured drawdown D original saturated aquifer thickness An example of a Theis Jacob Correction analysis graph has been included below Y Theis with Jacob Correction AquiferTest File Edit Yiew Test Analysis Tools Help J amp C Fe 5 Pi New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan 5 Reports Data from v Analysis Name Theis with Jacob Correction Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 8 26 2004 7 Analysis is based on assumptions from Theis with Jacob Correction Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Recovery period only Brunnen 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph im Brunnen 2 eae i lt Fit Exclude Comments lt None gt 7i e a 5 pe Brunnen 1 Neuman PAPADOPULOS COOPER OBrunnen 1 DOUBLE POROSITY A Brunnen 2 T n d 2 46E3 S THEIS Auswertung 3 44E 4 aquifer mit verz gerter E E Theis with Jacob Correction Create a New Analysis Unconfined Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create 4 Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Dimensionsless
208. ng on the Parameter Controls button or by selecting View Analysis Parameters T U S galfd Ft 5 sae SQ sen 3 Ql High High Use the options here to modify the parameter values and achieve the optimal curve fit In the parameter controls there are several options e Enter new parameter values manually in their respective fields e Adjust the parameter values up down using the slider controls e If the cursor is in the input field the parameter can be adjusted by the use of the keyboard arrow keys up will increase the value down will decrease the value division and or multiplication by a default factor 1 5 e Use the up down buttons adjacent to each respective parameter field The parameters can become fixed by clicking the lock button by locking a parameter the value will remain constant the next time an automatic fit is applied When the parameter is locked the icon will appear as follows A Using this feature you can lock in a certain curve shape and then use the Autofit option and see the resulting drawdown You can also lock parameters for use in e Predicting drawdown at other locations e Fixing known parameter ratios e g P value for Boundary barrier e Fixing known parameter values e g Lambda for Double Porosity solution When a parameter is not locked the icon will appear as follows ia and it will be considered when the Automatic fit 1s applied In the Param
209. nless curve parameters must be defined Define the range for the parameters Also define the color line thickness and description so that it may be easily identified on the graph window Click OK and the window will close and the type curve will be displayed on the graph The curve name will appear as a new item under the Type Curves panel Simply select this item to modify the curve later or right mouse click on the curve name in the panel and select Delete to remove it The type curve options for each solution method are explained in their respective sections below 4 3 Analysis Parameters 4 3 1 Automatic Curve Fitting To fit a type curve to your data using the Automatic Fit option ensure that the desired well is highlighted at the top of the window in the Analysis tab in the Data from box if the well is selected it will be outlined in a blue box Then click the amp Fit Fit icon from the analysis menu bar Analysis Parameters 127 128 AquiferTest uses the downhill simplex method which is a minimizing algorithm for general non linear functions to automatically match the type curve to your data If the automatic fit is successful there will be a confirmation message If the fit fails there may be a warning message and a suggestion on what to do to fix it NOTE If the automatic fit fails or the fit results in the data being plotted off the graph window i e the data is not visible then a manual curve f
210. not be determined or the value that is calculated may not accurately and reliably represent the actual site conditions When doing a single well analysis it is recommended to use a solution method that accounts for well bore storage The Papadopulos Cooper method available in AquiferTest accounts for these well effects 4 7 10 Large Diameter Wells with WellBore Storage Papadopulos Cooper Standard methods of aquifer data analysis assume storage in the well is negligible however for large diameter wells this is not the case At the beginning of the pumping test the drawdown comes not only from the aquifer but also from within the pumping well itself or from the annular space surrounding the well i e the gravel filter pack Pumping Test Methods 181 182 Thus the drawdown that occurs is reduced compared to the standard Theis solution However this effect becomes more negligible as time progresses and eventually there is no difference when compared to the Theis solution for later time drawdown data Papadopulos devised a method that accounts for well bore storage for a large diameter well that fully penetrates a confined aquifer Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Using the Jacob Correction factor this method can also be applied to unconfined aquifers The diagram below shows the required conditions for a large diameter well Qy a ENE Confining Layer f D gt Aquifer few Confining Layer
211. ns or click h 26 A following message will appear No Discharge period specified use varaible rate The recovery test requires that you define the time when the pumping stopped To do this use the variable discharge rate option as described below 27 Return to the Discharge tab 28 Select Variable in the Discharge frame 29 For this pumping test the pump was shut off after 30 000 s In the first cells of the Exercise 3 Recovery Data Analysis Agarwal Solution 267 Time and Discharge columns type in 30000 and 0 0015 respectively ischarge m s Constant Variable Time 5 Discharge 4 1 30000 d dqz Zaia 30 Return to the Analysis tab 31 You can see that the graph has refreshed displaying only the recovery portion of the data Equtaknt Time 2000 191 l d 1 amp 3 12000 20000 Rise clnce Pumping Stopped mM e B 32 Change the Scale of the Time axis to logarithm 33 Press the Fit button to perform autofit to the data Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp 3 TA lt none gt a fied Time s 0 H N o Drawdown m H ao D 268 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 34 The data and the curve fit quite well together however if you wish you can use the Parameter Controls to manually adjust the curve fit 35 The cal
212. nse Technical support is available 8 00 am to 5 00 pm EST Monday to Friday excluding Canadian holidays Phone 1 519 746 1798 Fax 1 519 885 5262 E mail sws support slb com Training and Consulting Services Schlumberger Water Services offers numerous high quality training courses globally Our courses are designed to provide a rapid introduction to essential knowledge and skills and create a basis for further professional development and real world practice Open enrollment courses are offered worldwide each year For the current schedule of courses visit www swstechnology com training or e mail us at sws training slb com Schlumberger Water Services also offers expert consulting and peer reviewing services for data management groundwater modeling aqueous geochemical analysis and pumping test analysis For further information please contact sws services slb com Waterloo Hydrogeologic Software We also develop and distribute a number of other useful software products for the groundwater professionals all designed to increase your efficiency and enhance your technical capability including e Visual MODFLOW Premium e HydroGeo Analyst e Aquifer Test Pro e AquaChem e GW Contour e UnSat Suite Plus e Visual HELP e Visual PEST ASP e Visual Groundwater Visual MODFLOW Premium Visual MODFLOW Premium is a three dimensional groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling application that integrates
213. nt Select to show the field on the report using the default report font Font If Use default font is unchecked specify a customized font style for the field text Use default positionSelect to position the field on the report in its default position Deselect this option and use Left mm and Top mm to define a different position on the report page Left mm Define a position along the Y axis Top mm Define a position along the X Axis Note Page coordinates values are expressed relative to the upper left corner of the page 0 0 If the Use default position option is disabled you can also drag and drop the field anywhere on the report as desired 3 2 7 Help Menu The Help menu contains links to assist you should problems arise while you are working with Aquifer Test Contents Opens the table of contents of the on line help file The help file is identical to the printed user s manual however it contains cross referenced links that allow you to find information quicker Tutorial Loads the Tutorial instructions The Learning by Doing tutorial will guide you through most of the major functions of AquiferTest and is designed to highlight the program s capabilities 116 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar About Displays license version and copyright information for AquiferTest and how to contact us Main Menu Bar 117 118 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Theory and Analysis
214. nter data in the grid or follow the Click here link to the file that contains the time vs pressure data that was collected at the same time as the drawdown data As it is imported the data will be presented graphically on the right Click OK to apply the correction to the drawdown data and return to the Water Levels tab You will see that there are two new columns Barometric correction and Corrected drawdown used in analyses For more details see Chapter 5 Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction Filter The Filter check box is located to the right of the Data Correction menu and it allows you to reduce the number of data points in the dataset according to a specific criteria There are two instances where filtering can be done in the program e While importing a data logger file e After manual data entry or importing a text Excel file General Info 65 66 Clicking on the Filter link will display the following dialog x Data Filtering Options Filter type Time difference At 5 Change in corrected drawdown As m W Retain observations when discharge rate changes en In this dialog you can specify the parameters for filtering There are three ways to filter data e By time difference e By change in drawdown e By change in drawdown after a trend barometric or user defined correction has been applied To define a filter select the desired filter option and enter the criteria fo
215. nto AquiferTest With this command only the first two columns are transferred Therefore ensure that the first two columns of the information on the clipboard are the desired columns of data When pasting data from a spreadsheet the data must be in adjacent columns with the time data on the left and the water level data on the right When pasting data from a text editor the columns of data must be separated by tabs tab delimited Delete Delete an entry Alternately highlight the entry then right click and select Delete from the menu that appears Entries include Time Water level measurements and Well data To delete a Test or an Analysis use the Delete Object option Delete Object Main Menu Bar Delete objects such as analyses or tests Delete a Test 1 Select Edit Delete Object Test 2 From the dialogue that has appears choose the test you wish to delete Delete Test E x Fxample Sample Slug test Cancel 3 Press Delete 99 Delete an Analysis 1 Select the analysis to delete from the Project Navigator 2 Select Edit Delete Object Analysis 3 From the dialogue that has appeared choose the analysis you wish to delete Delete Analysis Time vs Drawdown cancel 4 Click Delete Delete a Graph Template On page 72 you learned how to save the graph settings you used for a particular analysis To delete a graph settings template follow the procedure below 1 Selec
216. o select a new method i Wells UE 25b 1 UE 25a 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph I Recovery period only Discharge rates UE 25b 1 Water level measurements Sue 2sbe1 ED UE 25a 1 i Analyses p Double Porosity Obs Well Confined E Pumping well E Moench 1984 Fig11 Leaky or recharge boundary log log C lin log Derivative Analysis Create 4 New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Additional tasks Import Wells From File Create a Pumping Test 7 oe t 7 la Contact Technical Support TT T Create a Slug Test Barrier boundary Double porosity x Schlumberger The diagnostic graph displays the drawdown values on a log log or semi log scale as well as the derivatives of those values For more details please see Chapter 4 Diagnostic Plots General Info 69 70 Analysis Graph Tab The Analysis Graph tab consists of a tool bar graph area message window and an Analysis Navigation panel Analysis Toolbar Navigator panel Graph area Fit The Ft Automatic Fit button is the first in the tool bar pressing this button will automatically fit the curve to your data set an
217. observation well and also how to predict the drawdown in a well at any point in the effective area of the pumping well s This exercise 1s divided into 3 sections To begin you will create a Theis analysis to determine the aquifer parameters Then you will examine the effect a second pumping well will have on the drawdown at the observation well used in the first section Finally you will predict the drawdown at a well at any point in the effective radius of the pumping wells 7 4 1 Determining Aquifer Parameters 270 1 Start AquiferTest or if you already have it open create a new project 2 Complete the fields in the pumping test tab as follows Project Information frame e Project Name Exercise 4 e Project No 4 e Client ABC e Location Your Town Pumping Test frame e Pumping Test Theis Multiple Pumping Wells e Performed by Your Name e Date filled in automatically Units frame e Site Plan ft e Dimensions ft e Time min e Discharge US gal min e Transmissivity ft7 d Aquifer Properties frame e Thickness 40 e Aquifer Type Unknown 3 In the Wells table complete the following information for the first pumping well Well 1 Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 4 5 6 7 e Name Water Supply 1 e Type Pumping Well e X 350 e Y 450 e L 50 e r 0 25 e R 0 3 Next create two additional wells Click Click here to create a new well to add a new pu
218. ods If the water level is in the well screen the effective radius may be calculated as follows ly re gt l n aR where n is the porosity of the gravel pack around the well screen reff1s the same as r w which is defined in the Wells table Slug Test Solution Methods 201 Slug Test Bail Test Static water level 2r Static water level 2r gt gt a A k YH a al J Ft e SE o a S m E a R LE gt m T aquifer aquifer mm 0 O E aquiclude aquiclude In cases where the water level drops within the screened interval the plot of h hg vs t will often have an initial slope and a shallower slope at later time In this case the fit should be obtained for the second straight line portion Bouwer 1989 An example of a Bouwer Rice analysis graph has been included in the following figure Analysis Graph amp Fit D Exclude A Comments lt None gt a ilu Time vs Change in WL COOPER BREDEHOEFT PAPA Hvorslev Time s oo 300 100 400 500 1E1 Bouwer amp Rice K m s 6 15E 6 1E0 Line width h h0 LESI LESZ An example of a Bouwer amp Rice slug test is available in the project AquiferTest Examples SlugTest1 HYT The Bouwer Rice Solution
219. of the Analysis Navigator window This feature allows you to apply your expertise and knowledge of the site conditions to obtain more accurate values for the above stated parameters Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Clicking on this icon will produce the following dialog box T U S galfd Fr SEs 3 44E 4 e 3 81E 4 a High High Parameters can be adjusted using the slider bars or the arrows beside the fields The values can also be manually entered into the fields When the parameters are set to the desired values they can be locked for use in predictive analyses by pressing on the 3 Lock icon beside the values The value becomes locked and the icon changes to amp When a parameter is locked it will not be modified during an automatic fit To unlock the parameter simply click on the lock button again The tabs at the top of the window are used to switch between the wells Right clicking anywhere in the dialog will allow you to switch to a View by Parameter view of the dialog View by Wells e View by Parameter General Info 73 Parameter ie x T r s 5 CUM a E 1 51E 1 al 1 51E 1 a F High F High Now you can manipulate the parameter in both wells at the same time The tabs at the top of the window are used to switch between parameters This feature is useful is you wish to set a parameter to the same value in both wells Scatter Diagram Click the
220. ons you can replicate any of the aforementioned scenarios The process in AquiferTest is systematic and as such easier to understand By explicitly indicating the known aquifer type and or conditions which can be determined using the diagnostic plots you know which effects are considered in the selected solution method Generally it is recommended that you start with a simple model and gradually increase the complexity That is for a pumping test start with the default Theis set of assumptions and change them only if you observe phenomena that do not fit this model For example if you know that the aquifer is bounded 400 m away you could initially change the assumptions from infinite to barrier bounded however this would not be the correct approach It takes some time until the depression cone reaches that barrier and you might miss other important effects in the meantime To summarize AquiferTest allows you to calculate aquifer parameters in all the possible scenarios that were available in previous versions the difference is that instead of using explicitly defined solution names Stallman etc the results are obtained by starting with a standard solution and sequentially applying correction factors in order to get to the most suitable solution Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 4 2 Graphing Options 4 2 1 Diagnostic Plots Calculating hydraulic characteristics would be relatively easy if the aquifer syst
221. or removed from a well and the change in water level in the side well is measured You can have data in one form e Time versus water level The following slug test analysis methods are available e Hvorslev 1951 e Bouwer Rice 1976 e Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 1967 The exercises in Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests will introduce you to many features of AquiferTest 1 1 What s New in AquiferTest The main interface for AquiferTest has much of the same user friendly look and feel as the previous version but with some significant improvements to analysis Some of the more significant upgrade features in the latest versions of AquiferTest are described below 1 1 1 New Features in Version 4 2 The following new features are available in Version 4 2 Analysis Methods Mapping Reports Added Hantush Bierschenk 1964 step drawdown test analysis of well loses Two data analysis options e Analyze discharge water level data for a step test where steady state is reached in each step e Manually enter the time discharge data and time water level data and ex trapolate discharge water levels from this data appropriate for a step test where flow is at an unsteady state Added Moench Fracture Flow 1984 analysis of fractured aquifers with a fractured skin e Select from Transient or Pseudo steady state block to fissure flow model e Select sphere or slab block geometry Added Hantush 196
222. oundary condition could be a recharge boundary e g a river or a canal or a barrier boundary e g impermeable rock When an aquifer boundary is located within the area influenced by a pumping test the assumption that the aquifer is of infinite extent is no longer valid The delineation of the aquifer by an impermeable layer and or a recharge boundary can also be considered using the superposition principle According to this principle the drawdown caused by two or more wells is the sum of the drawdown caused by each separate well By taking imaginary image wells pumping or injection into account you can calculate the parameters of an aquifer with a seemingly infinite extent AquiferTest creates an imaginary pumping and or injection well which is added to the calculation To account for the boundary condition a term is added to the Theis function where Theory of Superposition 135 136 ae r uu YP ART and rs Ao l AnT where r distance between observation well and real well r distance between observation well and imaginary well The extension for boundary conditions will be demonstrated only in a confined aquifer but its use in a semi confined and unconfined aquifer occurs similarly According to Stallman in Ferris et al 1962 the total drawdown is determined as ean ean s total drawdown s drawdown caused by the real pumping well s drawdown caused by the imaginary pumping well s d
223. outs Print preview Pace it Fras page aie Next page Site Map Water Level Data p Schlumberger Water Serres ss T Wira Luwi ra H _ Analysis Graphs 460 Philip St Suite 404 Waterloo Ontario NZL 52 LAGE b r D I a ee ee oaf Oa Ooa O S ie eee a EE O a O I oo O Oof OS a a oaf o o Ooo oaf o oOo Ooa O Pe D Ooa S O O j O O OAO oef TS O O af oo O aj oO O O af o boo o o O O af af ss S a O Oa o o o ao Oa o oao O a a O aj ooo af o o o Te a O af o osoo O af o aoo aj a O Ojo o Oa o One o O aj ae TE f OSS O af Oo aj om O af o Ooo Of Ono aaj Oa o O oaj o O mmm e Title Block set up your company title the way you wish it to appear on reports You have the option of disabling the title block so that it doesn t print on every page of the report Change the font and size of the title by clicking on the Font button e Logo Logo Preview define a logo that will be printed with the company info Specify the image file that contains the logo and choose the size in which it will be displayed Image files supported by AquiferTest include bitmap BMP icon ICO metafile WMEF and enhanced metafile EMF Generally your graphic should have a length to height ratio of 1 1 If your logo appears on the screen but not on printed reports your printer may not be set up for Windows operation If this occurs ask your network administrator for technical assistance Main Menu Ba
224. per Jacob Time Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Finite distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate constant Cooper Jacob II Distance Drawdown Method If simultaneous observations of drawdown in three or more observation wells are available a modification of the Cooper Jacob method may be used The observation well distance is plotted along the logarithmic X axis and drawdown is plotted along the linear Y axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows 2 30 2 2571 p 278 S o 27As r 150 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods where rg is the distance defined by the intercept of the zero drawdown and the straight line though the data points An example of a Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown analysis graph has been included below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp A lt none gt a fill Distance Drawdown Left Mouse Button Shift line Right Mouse Button Rotate line An example of a CooperJacob II analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples CooperJacob2 H YT The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at three or more observation wells e Distance from the pumping well to the observation wells e Pumping rate constant Both distance and drawdown values at a specific time are plotted so you must specify thi
225. porting the data in these formats as well e Using the Top of Casing Datum the top of the casing TOC elevation is designated as zero and the data will be imported as measurements from the top Main Menu Bar 95 of the well casing to the water level i e depth to water level the traditional format After you import enter the data you must enter a value for Depth to static water level Then click on the Refresh icon and AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations e Using the Sea Level Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the elevation amsl you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells section AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations by calculating the difference between the static water level elevation and the water levels recorded during the test e Using the Benchmark Datum the top of casing TOC elevation is designated as the benchmark elevation you have entered for that well AquiferTest will read this elevation from the value you have input in the Wells section This elevation is relative to an arbitrary benchmark that would have been established during a site survey As with the sea level datum AquiferTest will make the appropriate drawdown calculations by calculating the difference between the static water level elevation and the water levels recorded during the test NOTE Please ensure that you have enter
226. pport T Create a Slug Test Barrier boundary Double porosity Derivative Analysis Create a New Analysis Schlumberger The main plot window will contain two data series 1 the time drawdown data 2 the drawdown derivative data time vs change in drawdown The drawdown derivative data series will be represented by a standard symbol with the addition of an X through the middle of the symbol On the right side of the window you will see five time drawdown graph templates each one representing different aquifer conditions and or scenarios encountered during a pumping test These include e Confined Leaky or Recharge Boundary Barrier Boundary Double Porosity Fractured Flow and Unconfined Well Effects In the Diagnostic plots the time t is plotted on the X axis and the drawdown s is plotted on the y axis There are two different representations are available 1 Log Log scale 2 Semi log whereby the drawdown s is plotted on a linear axis Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods The scale type may be selected directly above the time drawdown graph templates Changing the plot type will display a new set of the graph templates and also plot the observed drawdown data in
227. q J J 10000 0 2000 0 3000 0 40000 2 Line width Dw ls FOWe2s Legend Legend Marker size position font The graph width and height control the graph size 80 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info Display Schlumberger Water Services Hug Teme Ane y ee Raper eee Waterloo Ontario N2L5J2 Lomallon Cava Sug Terl Sample Sug Terl Ter vel Ws Ter lCorduckd by Chir Bogdon Ter Dake 211 Wao Aguer Thickness 10 00 m Tiie a amt re ii 3 E Calculation ater Bower amp Rice Obrenmalion Kell Hydradiz Conduct y mit Type Curve Derivation of data points Derivation of type curve Display frame allows you to specify what information will be displayed on the graph e Data Series show hide time drawdown data points e Type Curve show hide the type curve e Derivation of data points display the derivative of the time drawdown data points e Derivation of type curve display the derivative of the type curve e Dimensionless display dimensionless Drawdown vs Time When data pre processing is applied another option Measured Data will be presented This option allows you to display the original measured data along with the corrected 81 The Display frame is dynamic presenting the appropriate display options for different analysis methods Type curves z type CURVE Allows you to overlay a type curve Clicking on A
228. r s Manual is supplied to you in two forms as a printed book and as an on line help file To view the electronic help version of this manual select Help then Contents 1 4 2 Sample Exercises and Tutorials There are several sample projects included with AquiferTest which demonstrate the numerous features and allow you to navigate and learn the program Feel free to peruse through these samples To begin working with your own data please skip to Chapter 2 Getting Started for a step by step summary of how to create a pumping test and how to create a slug test 1 4 3 Suggested Reference Material Additional information can be obtained from hydrogeology texts such as e Freeze R A and J A Cherry 1979 Groundwater Prentice Hall Inc Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632 604 p e Kruseman G P and N A de Ridder 1990 Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Second Edition Completely Revised ILRI publication 47 Intern Inst for Land Reclamation and Improvements Wageningen Netherlands 377 p e Fetter C W 1994 Applied Hydrogeology Third Edition Prentice Hall Inc Upper Saddle River New Jersey 691 p Chapter Introduction e Dominico P A and F W Schwartz 1990 Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology John Wiley amp Sons Inc 824 p e Driscoll F G 1987 Groundwater and Wells Johnson Division St Paul Minnesota 55112 1089 p In addition several key publications are cited at the end of Chapter
229. r and the bottom of the well screen and the bottom of the aquifer and uses these factors in the drawdown calculations AquiferTest uses the well geometry after Reed 1980 shown in the following diagram a Observation Discharging well Piezometer Ground surface Static level impermeable bed Eee ee See F k i Aquifer i inal es a 3 I E pa amp EFi impermeable bed Aquifer Test uses the vertical flow correction developed by Weeks 1969 S L w u OS AnT equation shown here is for confined aquifer with W u Theis well function Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods difference in drawdown between the observed drawdowns and the drawdowns predicted by the Theis equation is computed as follows Q i i gaT For the calculation of f two formulae exist e one for a piezometer and e one for observation wells For a piezometer f is modified and calculated with 2D os nma nzb nad W u nzf cos lt sin sin fio Swena cos Z sin sint a b d Gn with D thickness a distance from aquifer top to bottom of piezometer b distance from top of aquifer to bottom of well screen for the pumping well d distance from top of aquifer to top of well screen for the pumping well The calculation for B is as follows p JK IK with r distance from Pumping well to piezometer K
230. r 109 e Advanced Wells produces a dialogue that allows you to specify what information you wish to be printed in the Wells report Wells report settings Customize the well report layout Columns Coordinate Coordinate Elevation tamsly Benchmark Penetration C Screen radius Screen Length C Casing radius Boring radius CI b Bottom of well screen Top of Aquifer fi Print well image with legend e Advanced Trend Analysis produces a dialogue that allows you to specify what information you wish to be printed in the Trend Analysis report Trend Analysis Report a A v Print diagram ata columns E ie 2 110 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar e Advanced Barometric effects report produces a dialogue that allows you to specify what information you wish to be printed in the Barometric Effects report Barometric Effects Report ata columns ra fe 2 e Advanced Analyses produces a dialogue that allows you to specify what information you wish to be printed in the Analysis report Analyses Report A x Customize the analyses report layout Columns Analysis Name Analysis performed by Analysis date Method name Well Print average value cancel Main Menu Bar 111 112 General Tab File Location D Program Files AquiferTest41 Additional options J Full Screen on start up W Display Notifications I Create Backup
231. r 6 Mapping and Contouring oom in zoom out Ee Load Image Clear Image Ej Re scale w Save Map Cd P After the map is loaded you may need to re scale or zoom in out to achieve the desired view vq Clear Image deletes the image from the map field Fi Re scale allows you to re scale the map The Re scale determines the range of real coordinates for the wells in the pumping test Range x Max x Min x Range y Max y Min y The Re Scale also determines the origin of the wells in real coordinates Origin x Min x Origin y Min y Finally the Re Scale calculates a scale both for x and y to ensure that all wells are displayed on the map Scale x Map width mm Range x About the Interface 233 234 Scale y Map width mm Range y AquiferTest will use the scale that is the smaller from both calculations The value is then rounded down to a typical scale number which is divisible by 10 for example 1 875 would go to 1 1000 AquiferTest does not use the full map width height for the calculation in order to have a buffer distance on the map so that wells which lie on the map edge are not truncated This may result in a negative value for X or Y min The rescale does not change width or height of the map zoom factor or view port imi SaveMap Save Map allows you to save the sitemap in bitmap BMP format This option also allows you to export drawdown contour lines and project wel
232. r more observation wells or in some cases inside the pumping well itself You can present data in three different forms e Time versus water level e Time versus discharge applicable for variable rate pumping tests e Discharge versus water level applicable for well performance analysis The following pumping test analysis methods are available with fixed analysis assumptions e Cooper Jacob Time Drawdown e Cooper Jacob Distance Drawdown e Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown e Theis Recovery With these analysis methods it is not possible to modify the model assumptions For more details please see see Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions on page 145 The following pumping test analysis methods allow adjusting the model assumptions for customized analysis e Theis 1935 e Hantush Jacob Walton 1955 e Neuman 1975 e Theis with Jacob Correction e Warren Root Double Porosity Fracture Flow e Papadopulos Cooper 1967 e Agarwal Recovery e Moench Fracture Flow 1984 e Hantush with storage 1960 With these analysis methods it is possible to adjust the model assumptions to match the pumping test conditions For more details please see see Pumping Test Methods on page 152 Finally the following test is available for analyzing well performance e Specific Capacity Test Chapter Introduction e Hantush Bierschenk Well Losses 2 Slug or bail tests where a slug is inserted into a well
233. r that category Once the filter has been defined click OK to return to the Water Levels tab After applying the filter excluded data points will be temporarily hidden from the data table and the plot You can activate deactivate the defined filter using the Filter check box l E Import Time Water Level TOC 4dd Data Correction ee Train eres iceland a For more details on filtering during importing a data logger file see Import on page 86 Depth to Static Water level Enter the depth to the water level before the test began for either a pumping or slug test This depth is subtracted from the Water Level measurements to obtain the Drawdown values Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar NOTE The static water level should be entered before you proceed to enter import the time water level data Water Level at t 0 Slug tests only This field is located below Depth to static water level field and contains the water level at the start of the measuring period of the slug test 1 e immediately after the slug has been inserted or removed This completes the Data Entry portion of the program The next section describes the analysis of the data and report generation Analysis Tab General Info The Analysis tab is dynamic and contains different options depending on the type of test however the general fields are the same An example is shown below Linconhned Aquiler Test
234. r variables involved in that formula appear below Define values for the required variables and choose whether to apply the correction only to the currently selected well or to all wells in the pumping test When finished click OK to apply the correction and return to the Water Levels tab For more details see Chapter 5 Customized Water Level Trends 2 To adda Trend correction to the data select the well and dataset and select 62 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info 3 Trend Correction from the Add data correction drop down menu Time Water Level TOC Add Data Correction Trend Correction Waker Drawdown Level Ft Fr 153 153 Barometric Correction The following window will appear Calculate Trend BP xj Calculation of the Trend Coefficient The aquifer may be influenced by natural recharge or discharge which will result in a rise or Fall in the hydraulic head By interpolation from hydrographs of the well and the piezometers this natural rise or fall can be determined For the pumping and recovery periods This information is then used to correct the observed water levels Kruseman and de Ridder Click here to import the data From a file Observation well 7 Begin of measurements Time s Water Level 4 m 2 3 4 5 le rf la a 10 m 12 i2 Trend coefficient m s 0 14 Result of t
235. rating and pumped at a constant rate e Water removed from storage is discharged instantaneously with decline in head e The well diameter is small so well storage is negligible The data requirements for the Theis Recovery Solution are e Recovery vs time data at a pumping or observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate and duration 4 6 2 Cooper Jacob Method confined small r or large time The Cooper Jacob 1946 method is a simplification of the Theis method valid for greater time values and decreasing distance from the pumping well smaller values of u This method involves truncation of the infinite Taylor series that 1s used to estimate the well function W u Due to this truncation not all early time measured data is considered to be valid for this analysis method The resulting equation 1s 220 22m s log l 4 nT M S This solution is appropriate for the conditions shown in the following figure 148 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods piezometric surface piezometric surface before start of pumping _ 2 after start of pumping T te aquifer S2 S flow lines b CLCC ho hy equipotential lines aquiclude The Cooper Jacob Solution assumes the following The aquifer is confined and has an apparent infinite extent The aquifer is homogeneous isotropic and of uniform thickness over the area influenced by pumpi
236. rawdown caused by the imaginary injection well Using the new variable r the user must enter a value for the parameter P when a boundary condition is applied in the Model assumptions frame where P ratio of r to r Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods The P value can be entered in the Results frame in the Analysis Navigator panel Once the value is entered the parameter should be locked since it is a constant value 1 e the ratio between the distances is constant and should not change during the automatic fit The explanation of each boundary type is further discussed below Recharge Boundary For a recharge boundary with an assumed constant head two wells are used a real discharge well and an imaginary recharge well The imaginary well recharges the aquifer at a constant rate Q equal to the constant discharge rate of the real well Both the real well and the imaginary well are equidistant from the boundary and are located on a line normal to the boundary Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 River lt q Recharge boundar Piezometer gt ge boundary 90 A 7 a v Discharging Well Recharging Well Real imaginary Line of Zero Drawdown where a distance between pumping well and the boundary r distance between observation well and real well r distance between observation well and imaginary well There is a line of zero drawdown that occurs at the point of the recharge or barrier bou
237. rection button and selecting Barometric Correction add Data Correction Trend Correction Barometric Correction The following dialog will appear Barometric Data ah x Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during a pumping test Click here to import the data From a file For each water level measurement AquiferTest will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure Time s Atmospheric al Pressure Pa 11 a Click here to refresh the graph Cancel 10 Click on the Click here link above the table and browse to the folder AquiferTest ImportFiles and locate the file time vs pressure txt which contains the time vs pressure data This data was collected during the test The data will load into the table and plotted on the graph window on the right side of the Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction 289 290 window as shown below Barometric Data a i x Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during a pumping test Click here to import the data from a file For each water level measurement AquiferTest will interpolate a corresponding atmospheric pressure 99446 99250 99651 99614 100344 100064 99925 99592 100244 100121 100299 99589 99255 99997 100452 11 Click O
238. rend usually affects all wells while a periodic correction of the Tidal influences depends on the distance to the sea and therefore must be unique for each observation well When defining the coefficients be aware of the sign positive or negative The result of the calculation is added to the drawdown values 1 e if the value is positive the drawdown increases for negative values the drawdown decreases For example if you have a local trend where the water table decreases 1cm d the value must then be defined as negative so that the appropriate amount is subtracted from the observed drawdown Alternatively if the trend shows the water table elevation rising 1cm day the value must then be defined as positive so that the appropriate amount is added to the observed drawdown data Upon clicking OK the data correction will be applied to the measured drawdown data and an additional column will appear in the data table This column will contain the corrected drawdown using this data correction the corrected drawdown will be used in the analysis to calculate the aquifer parameters 5 3 Barometric Trend Analysis and Correction During the pumping test changes in the barometric pressure can have an affect on the recorded drawdown data and should be considered during the data analysis AquiferTest includes the tools to correct drawdown data for barometric effects using data pre processor tools Barometric pre processing generally involves th
239. rom elastic storage Type B curves are good for later drawdown data when the effects of gravity drainage become more significant The two portions of the type curves are illustrated in the following figure E PartiayPrnctrating AquilerTest Ele ER Hee Ta Anata Toots Hele Ghee OT z Te ir Test icharge Twister beens Fi Arete teran Reperts Data from Anahi Name Dsrersioniess Representation t Apperuicc pasmi Anahysis perfomed by OO o Ande a ii Anar b barad on assumptions From Miura Liebe tha Anahi panelba mady tha apoumiptiores oa clk eens to palatt Din ahai Er reer Br Pw Teagnests Graph Analysis Graph ret Ex i ction gt P PWL conta 0 10 Tl Arbre Cran eo Telimennoriess Henrieta Traite A Mey Anari Define analyse tine ranga Type A Storativity S Type B Specific Yield Sy In this example the dimensionless view is shown An example of a Neuman analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples PartiallyPenetratingWells HYT The data requirements for the Neuman Solution are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate Dimensionless Parameters The dimensionless parameters are defined as follows The following factors can be defined in the Type curve options window for the Neuman method Pumping Test Methods 167 g Gamma a Empirical constant for the drainage from
240. s an estimate of T and Sy S e Data from the early stages of the test are fitted to a second Theis curve by keeping T and adjusting S Knowing S one can determine Sy e Knowing S and Sy one can calculate o and adjust the Boulton type curve The only remaining unknown being from which q can be obtained This later part is not of main interest as is an empirical parameter without a clear physical signification The following image displays the Boulton 1963 type curves for a constant o Pumping Test Methods 169 The following image displays a diagnostic plot of Boulton 1963 type curve a O01 Si An example of a Boulton analysis is shown below Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp D J lt none gt a ia 1000 00 10000 00 An example of a Boulton analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Boulton HYT Dimensionless Parameters The dimensionless parameters are defined as follows ar S T 170 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods a Empirical constant for the drainage from the unconfined zone T 1 Sigma typical range is 0 0001 0 1 d Phi typical range is 0 01 3 The following factors can be defined in the Type curve options window for the Boulton Type curve properties i E
241. s a unit option for discharge rate 1 1 3 New Features in Version 4 0 The following new features are available in Version 4 0 Program Design e The GUI in AquiferTest is easier to navigate and use The data entry and analysis are separated into 5 or 6 simple pages tabs depending on the type of test used e Windows XP browser panels can be used for short cuts or hidden from the view e Single file format SDI application Files are smaller in size and more manageable There is one program window for each file document As such it What s New in AquiferTest 5 is possible to open several instances of the program and working on several files projects at the same time Analysis Features Analysis Plots Choose from Drawdown plot or Type Curve dimensionless on the fly Diagnostic Plots compare observed data or drawdown derivative data to standard curves in log log or semi log scales to help determine aquifer type and diagnose the presence of well effects boundary effects leaky aquifer etc before running the analysis Automatically or manually fit a data set to type curves Manually adjust parameters for any analysis type making any solution forward predictive Analysis Methods AquiferTest supports pumping test solutions for the following conditions Confined Aquifers Unconfined Aquifers Leaky Aquifers Fracture Flow Dual Porosity Aquifers Fully and partially penetrating Pumping wells and or Observations well
242. s are explained below 4 7 1 Drawdown vs Time Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods A preliminary graph that displays your drawdown versus time data This is available in the Analysis tab NPP P ee oA NET EP d S oA oR Kf et i Se Fett 6 66 oy ay FOWS When the drawdown vs time plot is selected the Model assumptions frame is not accessible in the Analysis Navigator panel To create an analysis select one of the solution methods from the Analysis Navigator panel 4 7 2 Drawdown vs Time with Discharge The discharge data can also be displayed on the Drawdown vs Time plot This graph can be useful for visualizing changes in drawdown that occur as a result of variable discharge rates To view the discharge plot select a Drawdown vs Time plot In the Display frame in the Analysis Navigator panel enable the Discharge Rate option The discharge info will then appear at the bottom half of the time drawdown plot In addition a new node Discharge Axis will appear in the Analysis panel Pumping Test Methods 153 In here you can specify several options e Percentage of Height specify the proportions of the graphs for example if 50 percent is specified then the discharge data will consume the lower 50 percent of the time drawdown plot e Fill area fill in the area under the discharge line e Fill color specify a color for the filled area NOTE The fill options should be
243. s of data The first column must be in column A far left side of the page and it must contain the elapsed time data The second column must be in column B immediately adjacent to the time data separated by Tab and it must contain water level data This may be in the format of depth to water level drawdown or water elevations ams or above a benchmark An example is shown below 1 jtime ts Depth to VL im 1 8 15 232 2 1 15 230 24 15 224 2 7 15 228 Eee 3 15 225 3 3 15 224 Ene 3 6 15 219 Eee 3 9 15 219 42 15 219 Ag 15 217 Ag 15 217 NOTE Be sure to select the water level coordinate system for the source file before importing i e Time Water Level TOC Time Water Level amsl etc from the drop down menu above the measurements window For more information on the coordinate system see page 95 Time Water Level TOC Time Water Level TOC Time Drawdown Time Water Level AMSL Time Water Level Bench The source file may contain a header in the first or second row AquiferTest will ignore this during the import AquiferTest will not convert data from different units during the import If the units in the source file are different from that defined in the current pumping slug test you can either change the units later or ensure they are properly defined before importing Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Import Data Logger File You can import a data logger file into your proj
244. s or Piezometers Infinite extent of Aquifer or bounded by recharge or barrier boundary Isotropic or Anisotropic Aquifer Constant or Variable discharge rates Single or Multiple pumping wells Well losses and well storage Agarwal Recovery analysis For Slug tests the following aquifer types are supported Graphs Confined Aquifers Unconfined Aquifers Leaky Aquifers Fully and partially penetrating test wells Large diameter well analysis accounting for storage in the well More flexibility for graph settings specify interval max min log scale grid lines etc Save custom graph settings and set as defaults Floating parameters dialog for adjusting T S and K values for multiple wells Display calculated parameter values for all wells simultaneously Chapter Introduction Fit multiple wells to one type curve simultaneously Display multiple drawdown or type curves simultaneously Use standard type curve or derivative type curve for curve fitting and parameter calculation Site Maps Load and georeference a raster image or DXF file containing a site plan Display contour lines or a color shaded map of drawdown data with an option for a site map in the background For more information see Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring NOTE Contouring and color shading available in AquiferTest Pro only Data Import and Management e Import data from Excel Text ASCII e Import data logger files with pre defined impor
245. s the drawdown in the fractures and the aquifer behaves like a single porosity aquifer with the combined property of the matrix and the fractures i e the drawdown follows the Theis curve An example of a Warren Root Double Porosity analysis graph has been included below YA Fractured AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help F amp led S 5 B New Open Save Print Copy Paste Refresh Pumping Test Discharge Ei Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan 5 Reports Data From UE 25b 1 rami TE Analysis Name JMOENCH 1984 Fig 11 Appendix Analysis performed by R hrich Analysis date 1 11 2004 x 4 Analysis is based on assumptions from DOUBLE POROSITY Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method I Recovery period only UE 25b 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph UE 25a 1 es aN amp Fit Exclude A Comments lt none gt BrT Draadakn Title Font UE 25b 1 YQUE 25b 1 Minimum EX UE 25a 1 Show values Value Font Value format M Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 Theis Standard Pumpbrunnen Beobachtungsbrunnen MOENCH 1984 Fig 11 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create 4 Pumping Test Create a Slug Te
246. s time value Cooper Jacob III Time Distance Drawdown Method As with the Distance Drawdown Method if simultaneous observations are made of drawdown in three or more observation wells a modification of the Cooper Jacob method may be used Drawdown 1s plotted along the linear Y axis and t r is plotted along the logarithmic X axis Transmissivity and storativity are calculated as follows N tJ tO N ho NA 7 4 TAS r Pumping Test Methods Fixed Assumptions 151 where rg is the distance defined by the intercept of the zero drawdown and the straight line though the data points An example of a Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown analysis graph has been included in the following figure Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph L A lt None gt a fila 3 00 Oow11b Ow3b oweb Left Mouse Button Shift line Right Mouse Button Rotate line An example of a CooperJacob III analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples CooperJacob3 HYT The data requirements for the Cooper Jacob Time Distance Drawdown Solution method are e Drawdown vs time data at three or more observation wells e Distance from the pumping well to the observation wells e Pumping rate constant 4 7 Pumping Test Methods Before doing the pumping test analysis it is helpful to plot the time drawdown data or the time vs drawdown with variable discharge rates These plot
247. save a custom data trend correction and apply it to a single well or all wells for example create a trend correction to account for the influence of tidal effects during the pumping test NOTE Data pre processing options available in AquiferTest Pro only User Settings e Save units as defaults for all new projects e Easily change units and convert values on the fly e Display Transmissivity in units of US Gal day ft Reports and Printing e Customize company name logo and header info e Several standard pre defined reports including e Site Map e Wells e Time vs Drawdown Data e Trend Correction Analysis e Barometric Correction Analysis e Analysis Plot e Analysis Summary Results table e It is now possible to print all reports at once from one window instead of having to load data reports individually For more information on AquiferTest or to order an upgrade please contact us at Schlumberger Water Services 460 Phillip Street Suite 101 Waterloo Ontario Canada N2L 5J2 Telephone 519 746 1798 Fax 519 885 5262 E mail sws sales slb com Web www swstechnology com 1 2 Installing AquiferTest 1 2 1 System Requirements To run AquiferTest you need the following minimum system configuration e A CD ROM drive for software installation e A hard drive with at least 35 MB free e A local or network printer installed Chapter 1 Introduction e A Pentium processor 300 MHz or better with 128 MB RAM e Windo
248. side a pumping well that includes well losses is written as sw BQ COP where Sw drawdown inside the well B linear well loss coefficient C non linear well loss coefficient Q pumping rate p non linear well loss fitting coefficient p typically varies between 1 5 and 3 5 depending on the value of Q Jacob proposed a value of p 2 which is still widely used today Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 AquiferTest calculates a value for the well loss coefficients B and C which you can use in the equation shown above to estimate the expected drawdown inside your pumping well for any realistic discharge Q at a certain time t B is time dependent You can then use the relationship between drawdown and discharge to choose empirically an Well Performance Methods 193 optimum yield for the well or to obtain information on the condition or efficiency of the well An example of a Hantush Bierschenk Well Loss analysis graph has been included below Discharge may agg 42th S600 FOC L L digd Specific capacity dm 2 fm 5 k Left Piusa Buitoni Sht ing Fiji Harni Butin Poohabe kii An example of a Hantush Bierschenk analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Hantush Bierschenk2 HYT The table below illustrates a comparison of the results with those published in Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Published Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 The Hantush Bierschenk W
249. sis Graph amp Fit Exclude Comments Log Log gt a fila Model Assumptions Aquifer type Confined Aquifer extent Infinite Isotropy Isotropic Discharge Constant Well Penetration Fully Time axis Title Title Font Minimum Maximum Show values Value Font Value format Major unit Drawdown Gridlines Drawdown axis Title Title Font Minimum Maximum Show values Value Font Value format Major unit Gridlines Reverse NOTE You may need to adjust the Min and Max values for the Time and Drawdown axis 22 Click on the Fit Automatic Fit icon to fit the data to the type curve 23 Click on the Parameter Controls icon to manually adjust the curve fit and the calculated parameters 24 Use the sliders to adjust the parameters for Transmissivity and Storativity or if you notice that the increment is too large and your curve moves too quickly type the new parameter values in the fields manually T Ft2yd 13253 a 2 18E 5 a High High L l 25 When you have achieved the best fit between the fitted line and your data close the parameter controls 26 The Results frame of the Analysis
250. ss Ft Type Bar EFF BE Well Locations and Geometry Defining well locations and geometry can be accomplished either by entering each well and associated geometry one by one manually or by importing the data from a text file txt or asc For this example you will manually enter and define the properties for 1 pumping well and 3 observation wells Chapter 2 Getting Started To enter a well manually locate the Wells table at the bottom half of the window By default one pumping well will already have been defined for the new project Enter the following information for this well Name Type X coordinate Y coordinate Elevation amsl Benchmark Penetration R effective radius L screen length b dist from bottom of well screen to top of aquifer r casing radius PWI Pumping Well leave blank 0 025 To change the well type click on the Type field twice not double click and select from the drop down menu The remaining fields can be left blank NOTE The Pumping well b value is the distance from the bottom of the pumping well screen to the top of the aquifer at the start time of the pumping test In this example b is not required however this value is required to complete an analysis for partially penetrating wells Next you must create an observation well To do so Click Click here to create a new well located directly below the first row in the We
251. ssumptions from Hantush Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method I Recovery period only PW Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph owl Ce Fit Exclude Comments lt None gt a ha Time Drawdown Pi i Theis with Jacob Correction Neuman PAPADOPLILOS COOPER DOUBLE POROSITY Hantush Walton Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range T U S gal 4 20E3 Add comments Import Wells From File Drawdown Create a Pumping Test Aquifer type Leaky Create a Slug Test Aquifer extent Infinite Contact Technical Support Isotropy BH Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 In this example the dimensionless view is shown An example of a Hantush Jacob analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Leaky HYT The data requirements for the Hantush Jacob no aquitard storage Solution are e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate B value leakage factor Dimensionless Parameters For Hantush the dimensionless curve parameter B is defined which characterizes the leakage The leakage factor B and the hydraulic resistance c are defined as PB with Pumping Test Methods 159 D B 4Tce T K c hydraulic resistance time D satura
252. st Contact Technical Support In this example the dimensionless view is shown An example of a Fracture Flow analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Fractured HYT The Warren Root solution requires the following data e Drawdown vs time data at an observation well e Distance from the pumping well to the observation well e Pumping rate 174 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Dimensionless parameters AquiferTest uses the dimensionless parameters s and L which characterize the flow from the matrix to the fissures ee ar k k S o S r lp Vy with rp dimensionless distance r Distance from the pumping well to the observation well r effective radius of the pumping well radius of the well screen Pumping Test Methods 175 Type curve properties 3 A 3 x Select a model Function Curve Appearance Theis Color L Black Width 3 Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid Meuman Fapadopulos amp Cooper as Double Parasi fiii mana SSS 3 L abel Font tf Horz Position kb 1000 Vertical Position above curve Y Set the dimensionless curve parameters Ratio SiMatrix y Si Fissuresi must be gt 1 Interporos
253. stic graph to interpret the aquifer conditions 22 Lin Log radio button above the yellow diagnostic graphs The following window will appear SFL eaky2 AquiferTest i lt Z i 5 218 sy x File Edit Yiew Test Analysis Tools Help dene Ge Pumping Test Discharge A Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan Reports Data from v Analysis Name New analysis 1 Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 9 23 2004 I Recovery period only Well 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph Well 2 Analysis is based on assumptions from Hantush C log log lin log Well 1 Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method sO Well 1 Fh well 2 New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Confined Define analysis time range Add comments Leaky or recharge boundary Import Wells from File Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support Barrier boundary 1E1 loa t Copyright Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc 2004 In the Semi Log plot you can compare the observed drawdown curve to the diagnostic plots In this example it is evident that the observed drawdown curve outlined in the image above is very similar to that expected in a Leaky aquifer refer to the theoretical drawdown curve in the second diagnostic graph c
254. sure N A Units for Discharge and Pressure can be ignored since these parameters are not required for slug tests Well Locations and Geometry A new well must be defined for the slug test e Click Click here to create a new well In the Wells grid at the bottom of the window enter the following information for this well Name Type X coordinate Y coordinate Elevation amsl Benchmark Penetration R effective radius L screen length MW5 Test Well b dist from bottom of well screen to top of aquifer r casing radius The remaining fields can be left blank leave blank 0 025 Chapter 2 Getting Started The Pumping well b value is the distance from the bottom of the well screen to the top of the aquifer at the start time of the pumping test In this example b is not required however this value is required to complete an analysis for partially penetrating wells NOTE The well details for previously created wells have been automatically converted to the units scheme used in the slug test If you click on your pumping test Example in the Tests frame of the Project Navigator panel those values would revert back while the values for MW5 will be converted to the units of the pumping test 2 2 2 Water Level Data The next step in creating a slug test is to add the recorded water level data from the test well MW5 As with pumping tests you have several options for adding
255. t Time Limit Data to Include min Al Before i After Between and Cancel General Info 51 52 In this dialog specify the time range that contains the data that you wish to INCLUDE in the analysis e Add comments e allows you to add comments about the current analysis Additional tasks Provides links to some of the most commonly used features of AquiferTest e Import wells from file e allows you to import well data from an Excel or a Text file Clicking on this link will initiate the same process as selecting File Import Import Wells from file from the Main menu For more details see page 86 e Create a pumping test e allows you to create a new pumping test in the project e Create a slug test e allows you to create a new slug test in the project e Contact technical support e displays information on how registered users can contact WHI technical support 3 1 2 Data Entry and Analysis Tabs The data entry and analysis window is organized into five or six tabs depending on the type of test used A pumping test has the following tabs Pumping Test Discharge Water Levels Analysis Site Plan and Reports If slug test is selected there are only five tabs since there is no discharge in the slug test Also in the slug test the Pumping Test tab is replaced by the Slug Test tab Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Pumping Test Tab General Info This tab allows you to lay
256. t Edit Delete Object Graph Template 2 From the dialogue that has appears choose the template you wish to delete Delete Graph Template 100 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar 3 Click Delete NOTE There is no undo function Be sure that you select the appropriate object before deleting 3 2 3 View Menu The View menu contains the following items Navigation Panel Show or hide the Project Navigator Button Labels When this item is selected a label is displayed under each toolbar icon When this option is not selected the toolbar buttons are displayed under the menu bar without any labels This saves space on the window Analysis Panel Show or hide the analysis panel The analysis panel is visible when the Analysis tab is activated and is located on the right side of the window Pumping Test Discharge A Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan faj Reports Data from v Analysis Name Theis Appendix v OW2 v OWS Analysis performed by Analysis date 8 16 2004 Analysis is based on assumptions from Theis Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method I Recovery period only Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph amp Fit Exclude 7 Comments lt None gt 7 a fi al Time Drawdown Time min ESAS Febi 100 sh Theis with Jacob Correction 1000 10000 100000 Hantu Neuman PAPADOPULOS COOP
257. t Navigator Main Menu Bar 105 Selecting this option will produce the following dialogue Analysis Time Limit Time Limit Data to Include mn lt lt All Before After Between and Cancel In this dialogue you can specify the time range for points that should be included The excluded points will be removed completely from the analysis graph Fit Performs an automatic fit for the selected well Alternately you may click the Fit button above the analysis graph i Fit Exclude Allows you to exclude certain data points from the analysis Alternately you may click the Exclude button above the graph J Exclude In the window that appears define the time limit ranges that should be excluded Exclude data points from the Automatic Fit ia x Time Range Owla Start s 00 End s 2000 Add Replace Delete NOTE The excluded points will remain on the graph but will be excluded from the Automatic fit To temporarily hide data points from the graph use the Define analysis 106 Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar time range option which allows you to limit the data Before After or Between specified time s Comments Allows you to add comments to the active analysis Alternately click the Comments button Comments In the window that appears enter any comments These will appear when the Analysis report is printed Statistics Allows you to view statisti
258. t gt button to confirm that your file matches the pre defined import settings in AquiferTest If you have previously saved your settings locate them in the Load Import Settings drop down menu If there are no errors in the settings the Import button will be Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Main Menu Bar activated Press the Import button to import the file If there are errors the Import button will not activate and you will need to determine the source of the error by manually going through the six steps Logger File Wizard Step 2 In the second step specify the data delimiter Knowledge of which data delimiter is used by your data logger is not required Under Separators simply click to choose the delimiter options until the data preview becomes separated into columns of date time and water level The correct delimiter when chosen will separate the data columns automatically Logger file Wizard Step 2 of 6 x Separators TAB Semicolon Comma m Space l Others Jw Treat consecutive delimiters as one Logger File Wizard Step 3 In the third step click on the column header representing the Date The word Date will appear in the column header title box The Date format also needs to be selected the Logger File Wizard supports the following formats e DD MM YY e DD MM YYYY e MM DD YY e MM DD YYYY DD MM YY e MM DD YY e YYYY MM DD Mid yyyy 93 94 Logger file Wizard Step 3 of
259. t settings for Level Loggers and Diver Dataloggers e Save data logger import settings for future use e Import wells from text or excel files e Data filter to reduce number of data points and improve calculation speed it is now possible to filter a data set AFTER it has have been imported e Filter option to keep data points where the discharge rate changes to ensure that critical data points are not lost e Import data from AquiferTest v 3 X database Data Preprocessing Options AquiferTest complies with the U S EPA Protocol U S EPA SOP for Aquifer Pumping Tests EPA 540 S 93 503 which requires pumping test data to be corrected for barometric effects and or local regional water level trends There are three data pre processing options now available e Data Trend Correction determine if the water level trend affected pumping test results Run a t test analysis on data set to determine if trend is significant or not The drawdown can then be corrected according to the trends and the corrected drawdown data may be used for the calculation of the aquifer parameters e Barometric Correction Using the Barometric Efficiency BE of the aquifer determine if barometric influence was significant or not using a t test analysis The drawdown can then be corrected according to the barometric effects and the corrected drawdown data may be used for the calculation of the aquifer parameters What s New in AquiferTest 7 e Create and
260. tate For the block geometry select either slab or sphere Dimensionless Parameters Type curve properties xj Select a model Function Theis Hantush Theis with Jacob Corre Meuman Papadopulos amp Cooper Double Porosity Curve Appearance C Black Width f solid r Label Font 1000 Jabove curve Y Color ction Style Horz Position tD Vertical Position Ratio S Matrix S Fissures must be gt 1 Interporosity flow coefficient typical range 0 0001 5 Dimensionless fracture skin Dimensionless Distance r rw gt 1 The dimensionless parameters are defined below Sigma must be gt 1 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Gamma Interporosity flow coefficient typical range 0 0001 5 1 OG TS DAK Dimensionless Distance typical value gt 1 In st Dimensionless fracture skin 4 7 9 Single Well Analysis with Well Effects Measuring Drawdown in the Well Quite often project budget restrictions prevent the installation of an observation well or piezometer at the site As such the pumping test must be conducted with a single pumping well and the drawdown measurements must be observed at this well The drawdown in the pumping well is affected however not only by the aquifer characteristics but also influenced by the following factors e Well storage e Well Skin effects e Well Losses With a single well analysis the storage coefficient may
261. te he faraka puaa ber machy he aior cr chek hana ba cases reser a Recovery pened ont Diagnostic Graph Anaya Graph i Fe D Eddie PAA Er j a tad Dimensionless Tine 1E2 1E3 1E 2 1E 1 1E0 tel 1E 1E5 1E6 1E1 p rE T Dimensionless Drawdown m ja 4 k BUE 25be 1 UE 25a 1 An example of a Moench Fracture Flow analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Moench Fracture Skin HYT The following table illustrates a comparison of the AquiferTest results to those published in Moench 1984 AquiferTest 4 2 Published Moench 1984 The Moench Solution for fracture flow assumes the following e The aquifer is anisotropic and homogeneous e The aquifer is infinite in horizontal extent e The aquifer is of constant thickness Pumping Test Methods 179 180 e The aquifer is confined above and below by impermeable layers e Darcy s law is valid for the flow in the fissures and blocks e Water enters the pumped well only through the fractures e Observation piezometers reflect the hydraulic head of the fractures in the REV e Flow in the block is perpendicular to the block fracture interface e The well is pumped at a constant rate e Both the pumping well and the observation wells are fully penetrating The model assumptions must be defined in the Analysis Panel as shown below E Fracture Skin For the block to fissure flow model select either transient or pseudo steady s
262. ted thickness of the leaky Aquitard K vertical hydraulic conductivity of the leaky Aquitard If K 0 non leaky aquitard then r B 0 and the solution reduces to the Theis solution for a confined system A log log scale plot of the relationship W u r B along the Y axis versus 1 u along the X axis is used as the type curve as with the Theis method The field measurements are plotted as t along the X axis and s along the Y axis The data analysis is done by curve matching Type curve properties Bl EN x Select a model Function Curve 4ppearance Color Black Width g Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid Heumann Papadopulos amp Cooper Doo Double Porosity Label Eune Horz Position itO 1000 Vertical Position above Curve Y Set the dimensionless curve parameters Parameter Yalue Description Leackage Factor riL Typical range 0 001 2 IFL becomes smaller it app The leakage factor B must be greater than 3 times the saturated aquifer thickness 4 7 5 Hantush Storage in Aquitard 160 Hantush 1960 presented a method of analysis that takes into account the storage changes in the aquitard For small values of pumping time he gives the following drawdown equation for unsteady flow Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 a e ee Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods where rs 4KDt r K D S p 7 xs 4N KD S S aquitard storativity Bu W u B Zerel ay
263. the clipboard Paste button pastes text from the clipboard to the active cell Refresh button refreshes the current view 17 1 5 5 Project Navigator Panels The Project Navigator panel shows the tests wells and analyses for the current project along with additional tasks The panel is styled in a XP fashion As with other Windows applications you can use the or icon to expand or collapse a frame in the panel In addition you can show hide the panel completely using the View Navigation Panel option Creating and deleting elements contained within the panel including wells data lists pumping tests slug tests and associated analyses is discussed in Chapter 2 Getting Started and Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar Please do not confuse the Project Navigator panel and Analysis Navigator panel The Project Navigator panel is located on the left of the program window and is always visible unless you hide itin the View menu The Analysis Navigator panel is located on the right of the main program window and is only visible in the Analysis tab PU Welll well 2 theis Eltime discharge plot Create a New Analysis Define analysis time rang Add comments Import Wells from file Create a Pumping Test Contact Technical Suppor Chapter 1 Introduction Getting Started This chapter is designed to serve as a quick start reference guide and is divided into sections for your convenien
264. the inside radius of the well R the outside radius of the filter material or developed zone and n porosity To use effective radius check the box in the Use r w column of the wells grid scroll to the very right The radius of the developed zone R should be entered as the radius of the borehole including the gravel sand pack The Length of the screened interval L should be entered as the length of screen within the saturated zone under static conditions 4 9 3 Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos Slug Test The Cooper Bredehoeft Papadopulos 1967 slug test applies to the instantaneous injection or withdrawal of a volume of water from a large diameter well cased in a confined aquifer If water is injected into the well then the initial head is above the equilibrium level and the solution method predicts the buildup On the other hand if water is withdrawn from the well casing then the initial head is below the equilibrium Slug Test Solution Methods 207 level and the method calculates the drawdown The drawdown or buildup s is given by the following equation CO ps Sa e Bu za n2 ur u 2aY u NG 7 Led glu 2aJ o 5 0 C where A u uJ u 2aJ W uY u 20Y u E SN ee B Tt r and Ho initial change in head in the well casing due to the injection or withdrawal r radial distance from the injection well to a point on the radial cone of depression r effective radius of the well casing r
265. the unconfined zone T 1 Sigma typical range is 0 0001 0 1 where K vertical hydraulic permeability K horizontal hydraulic permeability rp dimensionless distance r distance to observation well D saturated aquifer thickness Sy Usable pore volume Type curve properties alt i yg x Select a model Function Curve Appearance Theis Color a Black Width E Hantush Style soia Label Font Horz Position tb 1000 Vertical Position above curve Y Theis with Jacob Correction Papadopulos amp Cooper Double Porosity Set the dimensionless curve parameters Description Empirical coefficent set it at 1E9 For instant release of water Fr Typical range 0 001 6 Ratio of S Sy typical range 0 1 0 0001 Bottom of Ov well use O For Fully penetrating The practical range for the curves are B 0 001 to 4 0 Boulton Boulton 1963 developed a method for analyzing pumping tests performed in unconfined aquifer isotropic or anisotropic which can be used for both fully or partially penetrating wells 168 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Tt rS where H is defined as the average head along the saturated thickness 1 b H b hdz 0 and b the thickness of the saturated zone The simplified solution of Boulton can be used to interpret the data The procedure is as follows e Data from the final stages of the test are fitted to a Theis curve This provide
266. tion anywhere PW Pumping Test perrea Cte Performed by Your Name ows Date 8 13 2004 T Puy The Tests panel will allow you to switch between various pumping and slug tests in the project Units This section will address the issue of units for the project There are 6 combo boxes in the Units frame click on the units list for Site Plan There is a variety of metric and imperial units to choose from simply select the appropriate unit Creating a Pumping Test 21 Define the following units for this sample project Site Plan ft Dimensions ft Time min Discharge US gal min Transmissivity US gal day ft Pressure Pa nits Site Plan Ft Dimensions ft r Time min Discharge Jus gal min Transmissivity Jus galj d Ft Pressure Pa z W Convert existing values The Convert existing values checkbox allows you to convert the values to the new units without having to calculate and re enter them manually On the other hand if you created a test with incorrect unit labels you can switch the labels by de selecting the Convert existing values option That way the physical labels will change but the numerical values will remain the same NOTE The default units for new tests can be defined in the Tools Options General window Aquifer Properties Enter the following parameters of the investigated aquifer Aquifer Properties Thickness ft 10 Type confined Bar Eff leave blank Aquifer Properties Thickne
267. trating Wells to Pumpage from Double Porosity Aquifers Symposium Proceedings of International Conference on Fluid Flow in Fractured Rocks Hydrogeology Program Department of Geology Georgia State University pp 208 219 Moench A F 1984 Double Porosity Models for a Fissured Groundwater Reservoir With Fracture Skin Water Resources Research vol 20 No 7 pp 831 845 Moench A F 1993 Computation of Type Curves for Flow to Partially Penetrating Wells in Water Table Aquifers Ground Water vol 31 No 6 pp 966 971 Moench A F 1994 Specific Yield as Determined by Type Curve analysis of Aquifer_Test Data Ground Water vol 32 No 6 pp 949 957 Moench A F 1995 Combining the Neuman and Boulton Models for Flow to a Well in an Unconfined Aquifer Ground Water vol 33 No 3 pp 378 384 Moench A F 1996 Flow to a Well in a Water Table Aquifer An Improved Laplace Transform Solution Ground Water vol 34 No 4 pp 593 596 Nwankwor G I 1985 Delayed Yield Processes and Specific Yield in a Shallow Sand Aquifer Ph D Thesis Department of Earth Sciences University of Waterloo Neuman S P 1975 Analysis of pumping test data from anisotropic unconfined aquifers considering delayed yield Water Resources Research vol 11 no 2 pp 329 342 Papadopulos I S Cooper H H Jr 1967 Drawdown in a well of large diameter Water Resources Res Vol 3 pp 241 244 Reed J C 1980 Techniques of Water Resour
268. ttings When AquiferTest is installed on your computer there will be two default graph settings Log Log and Semi Log As you continue to use the software you can save your settings using the Save the graph settings as a template icon The following dialog will appear where you can provide a unique name to your settings Save settings a X Save clirent graph settings as Cancel The new settings will now appear in the pull down Settings combo box To retrieve and apply settings for the current analysis graph select a template from the list By using different graphical interpretations you may be able to gain a better interpretation and analysis of a data set For example in comparing the Cooper Jacob to the Theis analysis you can see that both methods generate similar results As these are graphical methods of solution there will often be a slight variation in the answers depending upon the accuracy of the graph construction and subjective judgements in matching field data to type curves Fetter 1994 For an example of a semi log straight line analysis similar to the Cooper Jacob straight line method see the example CooperJacob HYT in the AquiferTest Examples folder Parameter Controls Click on the Parameter controls button to load a dialog where you can manually adjust the curve fit and modify the Storativity Transmissivity Conductivity and other parameters that are displayed in the Results frame
269. ture of AquiferTest You have a choice of exiting the program or to proceed to the next exercise Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 7 5 Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction This exercise demonstrates the Data Trend Correction feature in AquiferTest The AquiferTest project for this exercise is already created the exercise deals specifically with the aspect of adding a data trend correction to the drawdown values For more information on the trend correction please see Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing 1 Start AquiferTest and select File Open from the main menu or click on the E Open button in the tool bar 2 Browse to the folder AquiferTest Examples and select the project TrendEffects hyt 3 Click Open The pumping test consists of one fully penetrating pumping well pumping at 0 001 m3 s for 30 000 s Drawdown is observed at an observation well located 10 meters away 4 Select the Water Levels tab Take a moment to review the time drawdown data for Well 2 that was observed for this pumping test Ci Import r Time Water Level TOT Add Data Correction W Filter Drawdown m 0 0 546 Ole 0 609 5 Select the Analysis tab Make note of the results obtained for Transmissivity and Storativity using Theis analysis You will now add the trend correction to the observed drawdown measurements 6 Return to the Water Levels tab Add a Data correction by clickin
270. tush C Theis with Jacob Correction well 1 Neuman PAPADOPULOS COOPER 35 Well 200 DOUBLE POROSITY ywell 1 Ed welo E well 1000 S New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create a Pumping Test Confined Aquifer extent Infinite Isotropic variable well 200 Well 30 well 1000 Fully Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support 0 01 arenes m 2008 Co developed by Thomas R hrich and Schlumberger Water Services Preface Schlumberger Water Services SWS is a recognized leader in the development and application of innovative groundwater technologies in addition to offering expert services and professional training to meet the advancing technological requirements of today s groundwater and environmental professionals Waterloo Hydrogeologic Software WHS consists of a complete suite of environmental software applications engineered for data management and analysis modeling and simulation visualization and reporting WHS is currently developed by SWS and sold globally as a suite of desktop solutions For over 18 years our products and services
271. ug Te alyds Water Level Data City State Province o p clea Address A E ee Ra Time vs Change in WL Contact Info Hvorslev Client ABC Bouwer amp Rice paom CS Analysis Table C OC CO Time s E z z a 3 z 5 a 3 From the main menu select File Print and all selected reports will be sent to the printer This completes Chapter 2 Getting Started we hope it has been useful for you For additional practice with AquiferTest please refer to Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests Chapter 2 Getting Started General Info and Main Menu Bar 3 1 General Info 3 1 1 Project Navigator Panel The Project Navigator allows you to easily move around the project as it contains links to most of its major components The Project Navigator contains following frames Tests Wells Discharge rates Water level measurements Analyses and Additional tasks Pumping Test 1 Well 1 Well 1 Fo Well 1 Ps New analysis 1 Create a Mew Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From File Create a Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Contact Technical Support General Info 49 Tests This frame contains all of the pumping tests and slug tests for the current project Assign descriptive names to each test to allows for easy recognition Test Location 4 Purping Test Location 6 Slug Test Location 4 Slug in Slug Test Location 4
272. ug test only one well can be selected as the Test Well This is done in the well Type column in the Wells grid in the Slug Test tab Create a new slug test for each additional test well For more information see Slug Test Tab on page 57 Main Menu Bar 103 Trend Correction Load options for correcting water levels due to trend effects Calculate Trend Ed Calculation of the Trend Coefficient The aquifer may be influenced by natural recharge or discharge which will result in a rise or fall in the hydraulic head By interpolation from hydrographs of the well and the piezometers this natural rise or fall can be determined for the pumping and recovery periods This information is then used to correct the observed water levels Kruseman and de Ridder Click here to import the data from a file Time min Water Level ft 1 z Time jln Trend coefficient ft min NAN Result of t Test Trend is not significant FEEEISEEPPFPPEEP xl Click here to refresh the graph and update the results concet_ For more details please see Chapter 5 Data Pre Processing Barometric Correction Load options for correcting water levels due to the influence of barometric effects Barometric Data xX Enter Barometric Data Atmospheric pressure changes cause water level changes in a well during a pumping test Click here to import the data From a file For each water level measur
273. uifer aquifer DUAERERERERECVAUCUCACNCNC ALOM aquiclude aquiclude In cases where the water level drops within the screened interval the plot of h hg vs t will often have an initial slope and a smaller slope at later time known in the literature as the double straight line effect In this case you should manually fit the line to the second straight line portion of the data Bouwer 1989 It is not necessary for the line to go through 1 0 An example of a Hvorslev analysis graph has been included in the following figure Analysis Graph amp Fit H Exclude Comments lt None gt a fila Time vs Change in WL Time s COOPER BREDEHOEFT PAPADO 5D DD 100 00 1550 00 200 00 250 00 1D0 06 150 06 400 00 450 0B 500 00 Hvor slev Bouwer amp Rice K ft4d 2 09E0 An example of a Hvorslev slug test is available in the project AquiferTestAquiferTest Examples SlugTest2 HYT The Hvorslev Solution assumes the following e Unconfined or non leaky confined aquifer of apparently infinite extent 206 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods e Homogeneous isotropic aquifer of uniform thickness e Water table is horizontal prior to the test e Instantaneous injection withdrawal of a volume of water results in an instantaneous change in water level e Inertia of water column and non linear well losses are negligible e Fully penetrating we
274. urbed aquifer material R dissipated in the aquifer cont Contributing radial distance over which the difference in head A is L the length of the screen b length from bottom of well screen to top of the aquifer h displacement as a function of time h hp must always be less than one 1 e water level must always approach the static water level as time increases ho initial displacement Since the contributing radius R of the aquifer is seldom known Bouwer Rice developed empirical curves to account for this radius by three coefficients A B C which are all functions of the ratio of L R Coefficients A and B are used for partially penetrating wells and coefficient C is used only for fully penetrating wells To analyze partially penetrating wells select the Partially Penetration option in the Wells table The calculated coefficient values can be displayed for a Bouwer amp Rice analysis by pressing Ctrl Alt D NOT Ctrl Alt Del An example of the information window is shown below z Se Information eS x Information about Bouwer amp Aice Well Penetration Fully Lr 210 00 C 7 03 The data are plotted with time on a linear X axis and h h on a logarithmic Y axis The effective piezometer radius r should be specified as the radius of the piezometer unless the water level falls within the screened portion of the aquifer during the slug test 200 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Meth
275. urned off In this case the recovery data will be analyzed using the Agarwal Recovery method For more information on this analysis method see Chapter 4 Recovery Analysis Agarwal Solution 1980 AquiferTest provides two graphing methods for the analysis Diagnostic Graph and Analysis Graph Note You can hide the general meta data fields described above i e Date Analysis Name Data From etc to allow more screen space for the diagnostic and analysis Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar graphs To do so click the a Show Hide button located in the top right corner of the Analysis tab Diagnostic Graph Tab This tab allows you to view the data displayed in the log log or semi log graph The right side contains the diagnostic graphs with theoretical drawdown curves for different aquifer conditions Interpreting the data and the diagnostic graphs should help you identify the assumptions that should be made about the data and thus to choose the appropriate analysis method Fractured AquiferTest ie 7 loj xi Fie Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help Eass hr E 4 Pumping Test jeza Discharge Ek Water Levels Analysis K Site Plan Reports Data from UE 25b 1 Pumping Well Analysis Name Derivative Analysis Appendix UE 25a 1 Analysis Performed by Analysis Date 16 05 2005 x Analysis is based on assumptions from Double Porosity Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here t
276. verlying unpumped aquifer is negligible To estimate the aquitard storativity value S ensure that the Aquitard Storage option is selected under the Model Assumptions frame as shown below Aquifer type Aquifer extent Infinite Isotropy Isotropic Well Penetration Fully Aquitard Storage Dimensionless Parameters Dimensionless parameters are required for the type curves in the dimensionless view Type curve properties x Select a model function Curve Appearance Theis Color C Black gt width b Theis with Jacob Correction Style solid gt Neuman Papadopulos amp Cooper Oooo Double Porosity Label Font Boulton on Moench fracture Flow Horz Position tD 1000 Hantush with Storage Vertical Position above curve Set the dimensionless curve parameters Parameter alue Description 1 Leackage Factor r L Typical range 0 001 2 If L becomes sma r B Beta 1 Beta controls the storage properties of the aquitard typical rz E lz The leakage factor r B is defined as Wix mix Where 162 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods L JKDc KD transmissivity c hydraulic resistance of the aquitard Typical values for r B range from 0 001 2 Beta controls the storage properties of the aquitard and is defined below rR D S p 7 oe xs 4n KD Where S aquitard storativity Typical values for Beta range from 0 05 1 An example of a Hantush Storage
277. w Pumping Test Methods 155 Confined AquilerTest i lB x Pis Bde View Tet Anaiak Took Help G ii t Be E Pumping Test B Cihana E water beis O Anatsts sae pian naats hata from Analysis Name Then Daneman operat n vi DAH y cae Arabis Prelon bey Anses Date resco Aradeni bs based on ensumobiore From Their Les tha Anahi parel Ibo medy the assumptions tr gek hara to Sebeck a pami methal 7 Renar paidion Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph Tr Coeds r Comment emnene a kia l Babeth crest hated H Tirer aaea the 10000 Hariu Thei wath Mioi Correction Namma Papei h Corgan Dibia Pirity Bouton Moench Fracture Flow Manbach with Roni Fe Thess gt Darrertoriers 10 00 Cispa Uh lait i al Riecovery Gilib c Tipa Uh jait i Create a New Analysis E Cooper th Jacot l Defina arahat time ranga E Thais Recovery Add comments P Ranks Gaib ditong tasks a T frt En Inport Wels From Pie 1 00 4 Create a Pumping Test Ramis OA Create 2 Sug Test Tria 41S Cokot Teachers Siugereat 5 15 ee 4 Renis Gilib Try T ES 5 ita 0 10 Model isampions FOWLIE 5 Anal tyt eaters aul er tibar laren In this example the dimensionless view is shown An example of a Theis analysis is available in the project AquiferTest Examples Confined HYT The Data requirements for the Theis solution are e Drawdown vs time at an observation well or from the pumping well e Finit
278. we a The Show Color shading check box allows you to show hide the color shaded map The same function is performed by clicking the Color Shading check box in the Map Properties frame of the Site Plan tab The Transparency value is used only when there is a site map image in the background and you want to display the color shading on top A higher Transparency value will result in a more transparent color shaded map allowing you to view the map layer below 100 Transparency will make the color shading completely transparent A lower Transparency value will result in a less transparent color shaded map 1 e Contouring and Color Shading Properties 239 darker color shading 0 Transparency will make the color shading non transparent and will hide the underlying site map Intervals frame Specify the range of values to use for the color shading map e lt allows you to specify a color for values that are below less than the Minimum value this is useful if you want to assign a unique color to a threshold cut off value e Minimum specify the color for the minimum value the default minimum value is Auto e Maximum specify the color for the maximum value the default value is Auto e gt allows you to specify a color for values that are above greater than the Maximum this is useful if you want to assign a unique color to a threshold value At the bottom of this dialog you can set the position for the Legend 6 4 E
279. with the log log plot Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Unconfined Aquifer The curves for the unconfined aquifer demonstrate a delayed yield At early pumping times the log log plot follows the typical Theis curve In the middle of the pumping duration the curve flattens which represents the recharge from the overlying less permeable aquifer which stabilizes the drawdown At later times the curve again follows a portion of the theoretical Theis curve The semi log plot is even more characteristic it shows two parallel straight line segments at early and late pumping times Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 Graphing Options 123 124 Double Porosity The theoretical curve for double porosity is quite similar to that seen in an unconfined aquifer which illustrates delayed yield The aquifer is called double porosity since there are two systems the fractures of high permeability and low storage capacity and the matrix blocks of low permeability and high storage capacity The flow towards the well in this system is entirely through the fractures and is radial and in unsteady state The flow from the matrix blocks into the fractures is assumed to be in pseudo steady state In this system there are three characteristic components of the drawdown curve Early in the pumping process all the flow is derived from storage in the fractures Midway through the pumping process there is a transition period during which the matrix blocks feed their
280. wn caused by the initial pumping rate plus the sum of all drawdowns caused by the change of pumping rate For more information please refer to Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data Kruseman and de Ridder 1990 p 181 Entering Variable Discharge Rates Ensure you have the time discharge data formatted correctly when using a variable pumping rate analysis The sample table below illustrates the pumping time and discharge rates for a pumping test Time min Discharge m3 d 180 1306 360 1693 540 2423 720 3261 900 4094 1080 5019 When you enter time discharge data in AquiferTest your first entry is the initial pumping rate Using the table above as an example the pumping rate from 0 180 minutes was 1306 m day The second pumping rate from 180 360 minutes was 1693 m day and so on Theory of Superposition 133 For your convenience the figure below has been included to demonstrate the correct data format in the Discharge tab Pumping Test Discharge IR Water Levels Analysis site Plan y Reports ischarge U S gal min Constant Variable Time Discharge Time s Discharge 4 1 1306 360 1693 2 3 540 2423 4 720 3261 5 6 300 4094 1080 5019 1200 800 21 Time s Be sure to select Variable discharge type from the Model assumptions frame in the Analysis Navigator panel otherwise
281. ws 2000 Pro SP4 or Windows XP Pro SP2 Windows Vista Business Enterprise or Ultimate Note Currently Windows Vista Home Basic Home Premium and Starter versions are not supported e MSExcel any version installed e A Microsoft or compatible mouse e Minimum 600 x 800 screen resolution 1024 x 768 recommended e Recommended internet connection 1 2 2 Installation AquiferTest is distributed on one CD ROM Place the CD into your CD ROM drive and the initial installation screen should load automatically Once loaded an installation interface with several different tabs will be presented Please take the time to explore the installation interface as there is information concerning other Schlumberger Water Services products our worldwide distributors technical support consulting training and how to contact us On the initial Installation tab you may choose from the following two buttons e AquiferTest User s Manual e AquiferTest Installation The User s Manual button will display a PDF document of the manual which requires the Adobe Reader to view If you do not have the Adobe Reader a link has been created in the interface to download the appropriate software The Installation button will initiate the installation of the software on your computer AquiferTest must be installed on your hard disk in order to run If you are using Windows XP or 2000 ensure that you have administrative rights for the installation and softwar
282. xample The following example will illustrate the use of contours in a pumping test 1 Start AquiferTest and open the Confined HYT project located in the Examples directory you may also try creating a drawdown map using the Getting Started example from Chapter 2 2 In this example using a Theis analysis the calculated parameters are T 9 10 E 3 m2 s and S 5 11 E 4 3 Move to the Site Plan tab and click on the Data Series button Fumping Test 1 Scale 1 s Minimum Ft y Minimum Ft Map Image ARRRAARRARRN A E EA CO Color shading mo Danone aa wea 4 In this dialogue select the pumping test from the top the appropriate analysis Theis 240 Chapter 6 Mapping and Contouring in this example and the well where the data was observed OW3b and the time duration Once you select the Well you will see a preview of the calculated Aquifer Parameters directly below the list box You may also define the grid size however the default is fine for this example Data Series m xl Display Contour Lines Drawdown on F kh EST Pumping Test Pumping Test 1 p p eae Method Theis Aquifer Parameters T m s 9 10E 3 5 5 11E 4 Time Duration s 10000 Grid Density Flows a9 Columns a9 LAAT N Cancel Apply 5 Click OK 6 Check the boxes beside Color shading and Contouring Purnping Test 1 Scale 1 Minircuirr Ft y Minimum
283. y Distance from the Pumping well 279 Exercise 5 Adding Data Trend Correction cccccccccccccccvees 283 Exercise 6 Adding Barometric Correction cccccccccccccccccees 287 Exercise 7 Slog Test Analysis 1606565 eweit citer eee Cheek ea wee 292 Additional AquiferTest Examples ccc ccc ccc ccc cece csceccccccees 298 Table of Contents Xi xii Table of Contents Introduction Congratulations on your purchase of AquiferTest the most popular software package available for graphical analysis and reporting of pumping test and slug test data AquiferTest is designed by hydrogeologists for hydrogeologists giving you all the tools you need to efficiently manage hydraulic testing results and provide a selection of the most commonly used solution methods for data analysis all in the familiar and easy to use Microsoft Windows environment AquiferTest has the following key features and enhancements e Runs as a native Windows 32 bit application e Easy to use intuitive interface e Solution methods for unconfined confined leaky confined and fractured rock aquifers e Derivative drawdown plots e Professional style report templates e Easily create and compare multiple analysis methods for the same data set e Step test well loss methods e Single well solutions e Universal Data Logger Import utility supports a wide variety of column delimiters and file layouts e Support for Level Loggers
284. y test measurements allow the Transmissivity of the aquifer to be calculated thereby providing an independent check on the results of the pumping test Recovery drawdown data can be more reliable than drawdown data because the recovery occurs at a constant rate whereas constant discharge pumping is often difficult to achieve in the field Recovery drawdown data can be collected from both the pumping and observation wells Agarwal 1980 proposed a method to analyze recovery data with interpretation models developed for the pumping period The method is based on defining a recovery drawdown s and replacing the time axis during the recovery by an equivalent time t residual drawdown s drawdown s f drawdown Ss s ta y drawdown curve 0 Pumping by Recovery Time Agarwal defines the recovery drawdown s as the difference between the head h at any time during the recovery period and the head h at the end of the pumping period 186 Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods The recovery time t is the time since the recovery started It is related to the time t since pumping started and to the total duration of pumping tp t t t If we consider the case of the recovery after a constant rate pumping test the head h in the aquifer can be expressed with the Theis solution or can be approximated by the Cooper Jacob expression Using the Cooper Jacob expression Agarwal expresses the recovery drawdown as S Pc In
285. ysis Navigator panel is located to the right of the graph area It contains all the functions that control the analysis of the selected data and the display on the screen The Analysis Navigator contains following frames e Analysis method e Results e Model Assumptions pumping test only e Time axis e Drawdown axis e Diagram e Display e Type curves General Info 75 76 In the image above all frames are shown collapsed To view the contents of each frame click on the beside the name of the frame to expand it In the following section the components of each frame will be discussed Analysis method frame e Pumping Tests Time Drawdown Hantush Theis with Jacob Correction MHeuman Papadopulos Cooper Double Porosity e Slug Tests Time vs Change in WL Hyvorsley Bouwer amp Rice The analysis frame contains all analysis methods available for the current test The available test methods differ for pumping tests and slug tests To select a test method for the analysis simply click on the analysis you wish to use and it will become highlighted in blue To learn more about the analysis methods available in AquiferTest see Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods Chapter 3 General Info and Main Menu Bar General Info Results In the Analysis Panel there is one Result frame for every data set observation well in the test The values listed in the Results frame vary depending on the anal
286. ysis tab Check the box beside OW1 in the Data from window If you are not sure whether the aquifer is leaky or not you can use the Diagnostic Plots and analyze the drawdown derivative data to provide insight on the pumping test activities This is demonstrated below Click on the Diagnostic Graph tab in the Analysis plot and the following Chapter 7 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests window will appear mF Leaky2 AquiferTest File Edit view Test Analysis Tools Help JBS SF k Pumping Test Discharge A Water Levels Analysis e Site Plan y Reports Data from v Analysis Name New analysis 1 Appendix Analysis performed by Analysis date 9 23 2004 Analysis is based on assumptions from Hantush I7 Recovery period only well 1 Diagnostic Graph Analysis Graph well 2 log log lin log Well 1 i i 1 FO Well 1 4 d i A 4 4 Py well 2 ji ji T Use the Analysis panel to modify the assumptions or click here to select a new method Confined Leaky or recharge boundary New analysis 1 Create a New Analysis Define analysis time range Add comments Import Wells From file Create 4 Pumping Test Create a Slug Test Z Contact Technical Support i i it CECE i Barrier boundary loq t x In this image you can see the observed drawdown data and the calculated derivative data The derivative
287. ysis used These values can be altered using Parameter Controls as described above Model Assumptions Pumping Tests only This frame lists the assumptions for the analysis you have chosen ne These assumptions change depending on the selected analysis method and can be altered based on the knowledge of the aquifer in question For example if you conducted a pumping test near a recharge boundary start with a basic Theis analysis if the data is characteristic of a boundary effects then modify the Aquifer Extent assumption and attempt a new curve fit If the automatic fit fails then attempt a manual curve fit using the parameter controls Constant Full To change the assumption click on the right portion of the assumption you wish to change and select a new assumption from the list The analysis view will refresh automatically To learn more about analysis methods and their assumptions see Chapter 4 Theory and Analysis Methods 77 Time axis verdana Time axis frame specifies parameters for the horizontal axis of the analysis e Title axis title that is displayed on the graph e Title Font the font for the axis title e Scale switch between linear and log scale To switch click on the right portion of the Scale line to produce a drop down menu and choose the alternate system e Minimum minimum value on the axis e Maximum maximum value on the axis e Show Values show hide axis valu

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